Barış

Res. Assist.

Throughout history, people have migrated from their homes for many reasons. Indeed, migration and immigration have significantly impacted understanding of society and social groups. After the concept of nation-states and nations emerged in the modern era, perception of multicultural society revealed the belief that different ethnic, religious, and community groups could survive together in the postmodern period. Especially in postmodern societies, the policy of assimilation, which had been the modern nation-state’s integration policy, was abandoned in favor of the salad-bowl model. From nation-states’ perspective on different subcultures, the only way for such groups to exist had been to integrate completely into mainstream society by relinquishing their ethnic identity and adopting a mainstream identity. In this context, the obstacle of assimilation posed a problem for immigrants from various ethnic backgrounds. Because other subcultures might not be ethnically rooted, multicultural community structures remained on the second plane of integration problems. Among immigrant groups, the quality of their connection with mainstream society has greatly influenced both the rebuilding of individuals’ identity perceptions and the improvement of their sense of belonging to mainstream society. In fact, immigration and migration concepts are most discussed in multicultural societies, and those discussions concern, on the whole, how perceptions of identity and belonging are transformed within those societies. Changes in feelings of identity and belonging due to individuals’ various ethnic, religious, and gender backgrounds have influenced the emergence of new identities and belonging. In recent decades, salad-bowl modeling has been a facilitating political influence in formation of hybrid identities and sense of belonging. In general, hybrid identities, within which differences coexist, have replaced classical identity because, in contemporary societies, individuals are no longer born into a single culture. Relationships with individuals having different lifestyles (e.g., religion, language, culture) change individuals’ perceptions of, for instance, free-time activities, groups of friends, and musical styles. Such new identities are multicultural societies’ most prominent feature. At the same time, perceptions of identity and belonging can be reconstructed within a framework of relationships with other subcultural groups and mainstream society, depending on these groups’ varying social interaction processes. But these processes of reconstruction are not the same for every subculture in multicultural societies. Ethnic groups forced to migrate from&nbsp;their homelands have continued to exist within their groups, and this situation increases their solidarity, especially when it is based on difficulties they experienced during migration, common blood, language, and cultural ties. One of globalization’s recent and most significant influences is the rapid development of mass media and easy transportation; such factors help migrant subcultures maintain close ties with their home countries.This study explores Ahiska Turks’ sense of belonging and understanding of identity after living away from and then returning to their homeland many years later. Their forced immigration, first to Uzbekistan, then to Russia and the Ukraine, ended in May 2016, with their resettlement in Turkey, which they regard as their home country. Despite having to live in three different societies, Ahiska Turks were able to protect their identity and sense of belonging (to Turkey). For the study, data collection was conducted with Ahiska Turks located in the Ahlat district of Bitlis province. After receiving permission from the necessary institutions, the study’s purpose was explained to potential participants and, afterward, an information form was presented for participants to sign before interviews began. In the study, interviewees’ age distribution varies from 18 to 78. The main objective of this distribution was interviewing not only those who migrated from Ukraine to Turkey, but also for those who had lived in Uzbekistan and Russia. The age distribution also increased the study’s reliability, especially for understanding relationships among younger, middle, and older generations. Generally, the open-ended interview questions related to demographic information, identity, belonging, homeland perception, and perception of other societies. The researcher varied the questions asked depending on participants’ previous answers. Interviews generally lasted from 20 to 30 minutes and were voice recorded, with an assigned number to protect participants’ personal information. For analyzing the collected qualitative data, the thematic content analysis method was most appropriate. Interview voice recordings were first transcribed into text form, and then the researcher read them repeatedly to extract specific items and to code them. Next, the researcher analyzed the coded items in order to categorize them into themes. Finally, the researcher consolidated the analytical results depending on the extracted themes.

BEING IMMIGRANT AND THE UNDERSTANDING OF SENSE OF BELONGING AND ETHNIC IDENTITY: THE EXAMPLE OF AHISKA TURKS

Ketut

Prof.

Since in the beginning of the first century, Bali has been influenced by the Indian culture. This can be seen in daily life in social culture and in the economy and politics. Nevertheless, Bali had already its own local culture before the coming of the Indian or Indic culture, the well-known adat (customary law). The adat, or desa pakraman, is still alive at present and continues to be it was and what it is: local values used to anticipate any negative impact on Balinese culture. This indigenous culture can be seen more fully in the northern and eastern parts of Bali, particularly in the mountainous regions such as the villages of Tenganan and Trunyan.Hinduism and also Buddhism have been practiced in Bali. These two influences have strongly characterized Balinese culture in the context of how the Balinese maintain their lives in the context of sustainablity. Further, Bali has also been influenced by Chinese culture, which has strengthened Balinese culture: as can be seen in a Hindu Temple in the village of Batur: a Chinese God is also worshiped there.From prehistoric times until the beginning of the first century, it is wellknown that Bali was influenced by other cultures, mainly Indian and Chinese culture. Due to those foreign influences on the indigenous Balinese culture, Bali is often called a multicultural society, in which many influences have affected its culture. Although Bali is a multicultural society, by ethnicity, the residents of the island of Bali are mostly of the Balinese, approximately 80 percent of the population.In later periods, particularly in the classical period of Balinese history, from the ninth to the fourteenth centuries, Bali was strongly influenced by other neighboring regions, such as Java, evidence of whose great traditions, Kediri and the Majapahit, can be found in the present day Bali. In classical Balinese history, we can see the persistence of indigenous Balinese culture, in such contexts as the Tri Hita Karana, in which the Balinese hold a balance between the material (sekala) and non-material (niskala) worlds. The notion of Tri Hita Karana is the three ways to get happiness, through the harmony and togetherness of the activities of people. The three elements of Tri Hita Karana consists of parhyangan, the harmonious relationship between farmer and God, implemented through rituals in rice fields; pawongan, meaning the harmonious relationship among farmers as members of a subak, with the implementation of the regulations (awig-awig) of a subak; and the third element is palemahan, presenting the harmonious relationship between farmer and environment, implemented through the maintenance of the rice field terrace. Currently, there is growing awareness among the Balinese of the adaptation of Balinese Hindu philosophy, not only in the Tri Hita Karana, but other Indian or Indic lessons as well, which are considered to be foundational for sustainable development. This can be seen in the traditional Balinese irrigation system, called the subak. Subak in Bali is a symbol of the implementation of the Tri Hita Karana philosophy, developing the cultural landscape of Bali Island. Due to the position of subak as the keeper of Balinese culture, the international world heritage institution, UNESCO, acknowledged subak as a world cultural heritage in 2012. Through the implementation of Tri Hita Karana philosophy in the subak, the subak system in Bali will be expected to be sustained nowadays and in development in the near future.Through this description, we can see how the Balinese have successfully maintained their culture, although many influences have affected their daily lives. There are some crucial issues that currently have developed in how foreign influences in the context of religious teachings has affected Balinese daily life in terms of sustainability life. There are some necessary questions addressed in this paper: First, how can we define the concept of sustainability in the context of Balinese culture, which has been strongly influenced by the Indian culture? Second, how are the Balinese perceptions regarding the concept of spirituality and the sustainability of life, expressed in communities? Third, how do the Balinese anticipate the impact of globalization to be able to live a sustainable life, called ajeg Bali? Through this analysis, we create a better understanding of the importance of the role of religious teaching in sustainability in the context of Bali Hinduism.

RELIGIOUS TEACHINGS ON SUSTAINABILITY IN THE CONTEXT OF HINDUISM IN BALI

Emel

Through critical discourse analysis of the Turkish television program Adını Feriha Koydum, this study focuses fundamentally on signs of “rich” and “poor” in the series. In addition, with the help of media practices, discourse, and social cognition, the study explains construction of social class opening to society and individuals. Besides that, the research examines how signs, and linguistic codes that constitute these signs, construct the concepts of “rich” and “poor,” and it evaluates how discourses existing through these signs and constructed discourses of class discrimination create mental models. Within this framework, the research depends on Critical Discourse Analysis principles and approaches along with simulations proposed by Baudrillard. The study demonstrates that “rich” and “poor” mental models are constructed through signs like car, mobile phone, household goods, and clothing. From a critical viewpoint, the study further discusses how television screens absorb daily lives through their created simulations and how they shape viewers’ minds by realizing fiction and fictional mental models enacted by series characters. In sum, the study proposes that the television series constructs a discourse of class and inequality by distinguishing between “rich” and “poor.”Nowadays it is possible to encounter with television series which are about romantic relationship between rich girl and poor boy or rich boy and poor girl. In these series, the signs of rich and poor lead to class discrimination and create social identities which are constructed through these signs. Besides, the signs representing rich and poor can apparently be seen in juxtaposition. At this context, media practices have a great part in the construction of the discourses which make class discrimination up.&nbsp;In the postmodern era we live in, media practices formulate our perceptions of realities. That is, media is not just a mirror of the ‘real’ world. It becomes to construct and reconstruct what the ‘real’ is (Van Leeuwen, 1996, 2009; Wodak, 1999, 2009; Ensink, 2006; Cotter, 2001; Wodak &amp; Meyer, 2001; Chouliaraki, 2000; Thornborrow, 1999; Fairclough, 1995a, 1995b; Bell, 1991; Fowler, 1981, 1991). According to Baudrillard (1985), the ‘real’ is not that we directly contact in. What we know as ‘real’ is the reality constructed by the media. Therefore, the ‘real’ becomes as a fiction; media makes fiction real, in other words, it reflects the fiction as real. This concludes in the emergence of simulations (Baudrillard, 1998, p. 235-236). Media practices construct realities with the help of signs and also construct discourses which create mental models moulding the social cognition of a community. This fictional universe replaces the ‘real’ in minds with fiction and in a broader sense, it changes the perception of reality. This ends with the mind control of audience via mental models.In this context, this study focuses on the Turkish television series Adını Feriha Koydum. Within a critical perspective, the study analyses the signs which ensure audience’s reception of rich as rich and poor as poor and underpin audience’s positioning themselves and others in one or opposing side. To reach this end, the study highlights the signs of commodities which determine the senses of rich and poor via linguistic codes of ‘possessing specific symbolic values’ and ‘lacking these symbolic values’. In other words, this study discusses the linguistic codes which determine the sense of ‘rich’ and ‘poor’, the commodities which comprise the linguistic codes and how ‘rich’ and ‘poor’ signs are constructed through these commodities and codes. In addition, the study aims to highlight the influence of television series on audience’s mental models which are shaped by the dominant discourses created by the television series. In sum, the study analyses the mental models which are created by the signs of ‘rich’ and ‘poor’ through linguistic codes and it brings a critical discussion to the discursive structures of class discrimination in television series.Adını Feriha Koydum is a Turkish television series which is broadcasted in 67 episodes between the dates of January 14, 2011 and June 29, 2012. Its theme is about the romantic relationship between a ‘poor’ girl and a ‘rich’ boy. In the series, the love affair between Feriha who is the daughter of a poor doorman working in a rich neighbourhood of Istanbul and Emir who is a rich playboy of the night life of Istanbul is shown. Feriha who is in fact poor wins a scholarship from the private universities of Istanbul and steps into the rich world which she knows from the apartment life. She conceals her own identity and behaves as if she was ‘rich’. However, she continuously faces her poverty. Here, it can be claimed that according to Feriha, being ‘rich’ means having some specific commodities which codify the sense of richness and construe the mental model of ‘rich’.&nbsp;One of the specific commodities which codify the sense of richness is the sign of car. The sign of car comes together with the other signs, makes a&nbsp;system up and therefore, takes part in the construction of the mental models of ‘rich’ and ‘poor’. The linguistic codes which fulfil ‘rich’ through the sign of car can be shown as + luxurious, + new, + expensive, + high branded. The linguistic codes of ‘poor’ are just the opposites of the ‘rich’ ones. They are - luxurious, - new, - expensive, - high branded.&nbsp;Another commodity sign which construes the sense of richness is the sign of mobile phone. As it is the case in the sign of car, mobile phones play together with other signs in the sign system of the series and take part in the construction of mental models of ‘rich’ and ‘poor’. The linguistic codes of mobile phones for ‘rich’ are + new, + expensive, + having camera, + smart, for ‘poor’ they are - new, - expensive, - having camera, - smart.The sign of house is another commodity sign which differs ‘rich’ from ‘poor’. The houses shown in television series are elements of the universe of simulations which formulate mental models of ‘rich’ and ‘poor’. In Adını Feriha Koydum, the houses are either the flats in rich neighbourhoods and villas in rich housing estates or poor doorman lodgements. The flats and villas are shown to have similar codes; however, the poor houses are codified as lacking them. Rich houses have the codes of + luxurious, + expensive, + large, + well-kept in common. The flats have an exclusive code of + upwards and villas have the code of + having swimming pool. In this context, poor houses are shown to lack these codes. Therefore, they have the codes of - luxurious, - expensive, - large, - well-kept. As it is the case for the sign of house, the sign of furniture is also the sign of ‘rich’ and ‘poor’. The linguistic codes of the sign of furniture are common with the codes of the sign of house. They are + luxurious, + expensive and + new.Another group of commodities which put forward the mental models of ‘rich’ and ‘poor’ is clothes. There is a great gap between their value of use and their symbolic values. If a piece of clothes has a brand and specific design features of that brand, they become as the representatives of the mental models of ‘rich’. The linguistic codes which lead to this representativeness are + luxurious, + new, + expensive, + high branded.&nbsp;In Adını Feriha Koydum, the main character Feriha is aware of her poverty. She does not have an expensive car, a smart phone, a large and luxurious house and luxurious furniture in her home. Therefore, Feriha is not rich.&nbsp;However, the only person who becomes aware of the poverty is not Feriha. The audience who receive the signs of ‘rich’ and ‘poor’ mental models reconstruct their mental models for richness and poverty. As it is proposed by Baudrillard, Feriha construes a reality for herself through the simulations leading by the signs of commodities on television screens. By doing this, Feriha provides the audience with simulations of reality and the fiction becomes to settle in the minds of the people. As a result, the mental models of the audience are moulded by the simulations and the audience position themselves and others as rich and poor according to these mental models.&nbsp;Here, the study claims that television series create inequality and class discrimination discourse which emerges on the difference between ‘rich’ and ‘poor’. The discrimination on television screens flows into the daily lives of audience and this leads to class discrimination in social life. It is also possible to claim that this discrimination which roots into the social cognition of audience is a result of the capitalist system which pushes people to consume more. That is, the rich endeavour to exhibit their richness through the consumption of specific commodities and the poor try to become rich through their consumption. Therefore, the capitalist system keeps its existence through the inequalities and discriminations which are created by the signs. To sum up, television series are in the locus of the class discrimination and consumption discourses and they shape society through simulations

THE CONSTRUCTION OF ‘RICH’ AND ‘POOR’ IN THE INTERFACE OF LINGUISTIC CODES AND SIGNS: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF A TURKISH TELEVISION SERIES

Caner

Yaşar

Assist. Prof.

Mustafa

Assoc. Prof.

Since its beginning, cinema has become an important means of mass communication to disseminate political ideologies, influence the masses, and impose ideas on them. Many countries have imposed their ideological teachings through cinema on the masses under their domination. Especially during the Third Riech, when the National Socialist ideology was adopted by the masses, cinema was extensively used, and the ideology of Nazism was presented to the public in a splendid way. In this respect, Dr. Joseph Goebbels, during his reign as Nazi Propaganda Minister, noticed the power of cinema over society and produced films that promoted Nazi ideology.Although Nazism officially ended after World War II, films about Nazism continued to be produced in many parts of the world. In these films, the ideology of Nazism was consistently criticized, and they emphasized only its frightening, cruel, and oppressive aspects. The number of these films based in the United States has seen an especially rapid increase in recent years.In Turkey, the number of films addressing Nazism has been quite limited until recent years. Recently, a number of Turkish films about Nazism has been released, such as Kırımlı (2014), Birleşen Gönüller (2014), and the documentary Türk Pasaportu (2011). How Nazism is presented in the academic context is examined and will be important for the emergence of the perception of Nazism in Turkish culture.Upon examining the academic literature, it is observed that the question of how the ideology of Nazism is presented in Turkish films has not been sufficiently researched. In fact, there appears to be no academic analysis of Turkish films that present political ideologies. In this respect, the present study is the first in its field and paves the way for future studies.As a result of its semiotic analysis of the film Kırımlı, the study found that the ideology of Nazism has been subjected to heavy criticism in Turkish cinema. Nazism is presented in the film in the most frightening light. The denotations of the messages given in the film were shown together with their connotations. Based on the importance of the signs and the analysis of their meanings produced in the film, it was found that the effect of the film was increased in the presentation of the ideology of Nazism. It was&nbsp;determined that there are many connotations in the film and that many signifieds are emphasized through signifiers. It was revealed that in each scene, the different or similar connotations concealed in the signs were hidden and the messages to be given were much more than given.&nbsp;In the 20th century, the cinema became an important communication tool for the ruling sovereign powers to reflect their ideologies and start dominating the masses. In particular, ideological rhetoric was common in the cinema sector in the first half of the 20th century when ideologies such as Nazism, Communism, and Fascism dominated Europe. The Nazi ideology had found a considerable place in the cinema sector after the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933. The ideology of Nazism was criticized in American films such as The Great Dictator (1940), whereas it was exalted in German films such as Triumph of the Will (Triumph des Willens, 1935) when the Nazis were in power in Germany. German films about the ideology of Nazism were produced in the period after World War II once Nazism was formally abolished. In these films, Nazi ideology was heavy criticized. Later Turkish cinema subjected Nazi ideology to deep criticism in such films as the Ankara Express (Ankara Ekspresi, 1971). This study examines Burak Cem Arlıel’s film Kırımlı, which was shown in 2014. The movie, which was adapted to the screen from Cengiz Dağcı’s novel Horrible Years (Korkunç Yillar, 1956) about the human tragedy and pain suffered by the Tatar prisoners captured in German prisoner camps during the Second World War. This study’s methodology is based on Saussure’s notion of signs. The study examines the ideology of Nazism in the film using semiotic analysis to show how Nazi ideology was reflected in Turkish cinema. The study finds that like other Turkish films on the subject, Kırımlı subjects Nazi ideology to severe criticism.There have been significant works on the ideology of Nazism, which until recently has been rarely featured in Turkish cinema. The film Kırımlı, which is examined in the scope of the study, is one of these works. In the study, the film was analyzed using the linguistician Ferdinand de Saussure’s method of semiotic analysis. Thus, the study attempted to show exactly how the ideology of Nazism was presented in the movie.The study that was focused specifically on the film Kırımlı revealed that Nazi ideology is only presented negatively in Turkish cinema. From the&nbsp;comprehensive literature review, it was determined that no one-on-one academic study exists of how ideologies were presented in Turkish films. In particular, examining how ideologies such as Nazism, Communism, and Fascism have been portrayed in Turkish films through various academic studies will allow for a comparative analysis of the presentation of ideology in Turkish society.In the film, Nazi signs, gambling crusaders, arm bands, Nazi soldiers, SS officers, and Nazi commanders all had negative meanings in connection with all of the messages they showed. Audiences make negative sense of any kind of imagery that evokes the Nazis. For example, soldiers wearing Nazi uniforms in the film were perceived entirely negatively by the audience because of those characters’ inhumane practices. In this respect, when a Nazi soldier was seen on any screen, it was clear that the audience would associate that figure with themes such as pressure, threats, and persecution.

NAZISM IDEOLOGY IN TURKISH CINEMA: “KIRIMLI” FILM AND SEMIOTICS ANALYSIS

Kamil

Meyrem

Management mentality consists of values, preferences, and trends related to management. In the formation of such mentality among managers, personal characteristics, sector characteristics, and organizational structures are effective factors. More specifically, the personal qualities that managers possess are closely related to the nature of the education that they receive, their family structure, and the social environment in which they live. Thus, besides personal and social characteristics, organizational factors also play a role in the transformation of management mentality, although the mode of action differs from one manager to another.In the management process, management mentality is transformed into different types of actions. For example, the mode of action among administrators varies according to the purpose, value, and goals of the organization, while the management style of managers in the organization is determined according to the purpose and targets of the organization as well as the characteristics of its sector. Hence, both organizational and non-organizational factors are influential in the formation of management mentality. In addition, while internal and external factors affect the management mentality of managers, such mentality also causes them to exhibit an appropriate management style since it is directly related to their actions. Consequently, the managers act according to their personal characteristics as well as their sector and organizational structures.The first effective factor in the transformation of management mentality is the concept of personal characteristics. Such attributes distinguish one manager from another, since every manager possesses different ambitions, values, preferences, motives, etc. The personality traits of administrators are one of the most important factors that determine their manner of organizing and managing the activities of the organization. The second effective factor is the concept of social factors, which include education level, family structure, and social environment. Today, it is important for an administrator to gain training and experience in the field of management, while the family structure and social environment are effective tools in the education of a manager. Hence, in the formation of the management mentality of a manager, it is necessary that he/she is educated in the management field, with sufficient experience in this area. Similarly, in the formation of the management&nbsp;mentality of an administrator, the culture of the society in which he/she lives is also influential. In sum, management mentality is shaped according to the beliefs, values, and norms adopted in society, and such aspects are vital in the transformation of such mentality into action.When considered in terms of organizational factors, there is no valid organizational structure and organizational culture in every circumstance or location. Each organization includes different organizational values and norms, different managers and management styles as well as different employees and organizational structures. Similarly, organizations operating in different sectors are involved in different business processes, through the various management styles of the managers. In fact, since the structure and organizational culture of each industry can differ, the degree of being influenced by economic, social, cultural, political, and administrative characteristics can also vary accordingly. Moreover, while the sector, organizational structure, and organizational culture that the administrators work in can affect the management mentality of the managers, the management mentality of the latter has an influence on organizational structure.Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the effective factors in the transformation of management mentality into action among managers in the public and private sectors. The hypothesis of this study is that personal, social, and organizational factors are influential in such transformation. The participants consisted of managers working in the public and private sectors of the Antalya, Isparta, and Burdur Provinces in the Western Mediterranean Region. Considering the changing socio-cultural and economic conditions, the management mentality of these managers is taken into account in order to discuss and analyze the effective factors that help transform such mentality into action. The results show that personal, social, cultural, economic, and organizational factors are influential in the transformation of management mentality among this sample of managers based in the Antalya, Isparta, and Burdur Provinces of the Western Mediterranean Region.

TRANSFORMATION OF MANAGEMENT MENTALITY TO ACTION IN MANAGERS

Mehmet

Meliha Demet

With the transformation to the information society, technology-based entrepreneurship, which is the source of innovation, exports, and employment, has become increasingly important. Thus, entrepreneurship has turned out to be one of the most important policy subjects that countries focus on in their approaches to competition and development. As such, various studies on innovative entrepreneurship have been conducted both in the public and academic domains. While some of these studies focus on personality traits from a psychological point of view (Baron &amp; Markman, 2003; Hansemark, 2003; Hisrich, Langan-Fox &amp; Grant, 2007; Koh, 1995; Laguna, 2013; Rahim, 1996; Rodriguez, 2003; Schiller &amp; Crewson, 1997), others, have analyzed the effects of social, economic, cultural, and human capital by approaching from a sociological perspective. Some studies focus specifically on cultural capital (Duchesneau &amp; Gartner, 1988; Hisrich &amp; Peters 2001; Hofstede, 1980; Morrison, 2000), others on human capital (Brush &amp; Hisrich, 1991; Evans &amp; Leighton, 1989; Honig, 1996, 1998; Orser, Hogarth-Scott &amp; Wright, 1998; Reynolds, 1997), or social capital (Birley, 1985; Burt, 1992; DiMaggio, 1992; Greene &amp; Brown, 1997; Larson, 1992; Nohria, 1992; Uzzi, 1999) and economic capital (Cansız 2014, 2016; Helmann &amp; Puri, 2002; OECD, 2011, 2015).&nbsp;Innovative entrepreneurship took root in Turkey during the 1980s, developed further in the 1990s with the advent of internet technologies, and has started to converge toward developed countries’ experiences since 2002 (Cansız, 2014, p. VIII). In recent years, various studies on innovative entrepreneurship in Turkey have focused on techno-parks. In this context, the following themes have been investigated: The effects of techno-parks on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) (Kara, 2004), the managerial problems of firms (Eroğlu, 2002; Polat, 2007), techno-park models (Babacan, 1994; Kağızman, 2008; Yazıcıoğlu, 1996), research and development collaborations (Reyhanoğlu, 2006), factors affecting innovation (Ar, 2009), and risk capital (Aydemir, 2005). However, the number of studies investigating the characteristics of entrepreneurs, the capital they possess, and their effects on firm success have remained quite limited.In this context, the main research question of this study is related to the types of capital that influence the success of entrepreneurs. This study examined&nbsp;the influence of economic, social, cultural, and human capital, which are together conceptualized as ‘entrepreneur capital’. This was executed in conjunction with exploring the influence of structural capital covering the characteristics of the ecosystem in which entrepreneurs situate and operate. Data were collected via a survey questionnaire, modeled by probit regression, and then evaluated by margin analysis.&nbsp;There was no statistically significant relationship between firm success and either the sector, the techno-park, or the city where the company operates; these are considered as the three structural capital elements of the entrepreneurial ecosystem.In terms of cultural capital, mothers’ employment status is influential in determining the success of entrepreneurs. Mothers’ employment status could have influenced success because it directly affects families’ economic and social capital capacity. In addition, successful entrepreneurship in the family is found to be a determinant of the success of entrepreneurs; this could be because of passive observation of parents’ entrepreneurial activities during childhood or more active participation in activities thereof.From the perspective of human capital, pre-school education negatively influences the success of the entrepreneur. On average the sampled entrepreneurs are 30 years old, thus pre-school education occurred 25 years ago at which time the paradigm of such education was not pursuing constant transformation and innovation; this could explain the non-existence of a positive contribution to entrepreneurial success. Work experience, which is another component of human capital, has been found to positively affect entrepreneurial success in accordance with similar findings in the extant literature. Finally, entrepreneurial experience, which is highly emphasized in the literature, does not seem to be a determinant of success. This could be explained in terms of a disjoint between entrepreneurialism on the one hand and the realities of entrepreneurial techno-civil servants which operate in the context of ineffective, sub-optimal project-based work from government organizations (Cansız, 2016). More specifically, the lack of provision in terms of commercialization requirements and insufficient monitoring and evaluation of support policies and practices could be regarded as the main culprits.Another interesting finding is that greater power in terms of economic capital,&nbsp;one of the most important elements of entrepreneurship, is not found to be effective in terms of the success of technology-based entrepreneurs. This suggests that economic capital is not sufficient for success in technologybased entrepreneurship; mental transformation, knowledge, and a broad vision are the important factors. Similarly, another interesting finding is that support for entrepreneurship from the family has a negative effect on successful entrepreneurial undertakings. The existence of certain deprivation and a lack of alternative options, however, appear to increase the likelihood of success. Thus, economic support from the family might have served to decrease entepreneurs’ willingness and motivation to succeed.&nbsp;In terms of social capital, having an effective business environment that facilitates entrepreneurs’ business pursuits has a positive impact on their success. Further, the political power of such environments negatively affects success, contrary to expectations. An effective political environment can offer certain advantages such as enabling entrepreneurs to access knowledge and support from others. But in this long, costly (economic, social and cultural) and highly competitive process that extends from R&amp;D to commercialization, the influence of political circles can turn negative and serve to impede entrepreneurs’ success. There is also a negative relationship between entrepreneurs’ trust and the success of other entrepreneurs. Likely cause of this is the one-sided formation of trust structure present in Turkey. Trust shall be the result of mutual cooperation in order that it leads to fruitful outcomes; however one-sidedness of trust structure in Turkey might have caused substantial misappropriation between the parties.

THE EFFECTS OF STRUCTURAL, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, CULTURAL CAPITALS AND HUMAN CAPITAL ON THE SUCCESS OF TECHNOLOGYBASED ENTERPRENEURS: THE TURKISH CASE

Giray

Within the globalization process, citizenship has gained a vital position in the relationship among the local, national, and global levels of social life. Moreover, it has emerged as an important basis for the rights and freedom of cultural identities and social roles, which have recently gained more visibility. This situation has rendered the idea of conceiving contemporary citizenship, through its classical definitions and under the aegis of nationstates, practically impossible. Thus, focusing on the historical processes of this concept is essential for surmounting the rigid identification of nationstate citizenship (which has occurred over the last two centuries) and the restrictions that this situation has created. Focusing on such processes can also render a broader perspective and allow one to further analyze the concept by exposing the meanings and references beyond its basic identification. Based on such a perspective, this study examines the main approaches to citizenship and discusses the new dimensions that it has recently obtained. It also defines and outlines contemporary, inclusive, and emancipatory citizenship in order to provide the framework for maintaining/improving democratic rights and freedom in the future.Apart from the introduction and conclusion, this study consists of three main chapters. The first chapter focuses on the historical background of citizenship, especially in the Western context. By examining city-states and multiple citizenships in the ancient world, it is argued that a historical reading of the concept enables one to contemplate citizenship independently of its established adherence to nation-states and nations in a modern sense. Moreover, the social circumstances and dynamics that transformed the concept into what it is today are discussed from the historical periods to the post-French Revolution era. This historical reading offers a broader understanding of the term “citizen,” by rescuing it from conventional meanings and references.The second chapter examines the principle issue in which the emphasis is between the individual and the community, while defining and re-thinking the notion of citizenship. The two main conceptualizations of citizenship (i.e., liberal individualist and communitarian) and their two variants (i.e., civic republican and radical democratic) are also discussed as different approaches to citizenship. By focusing on their criticisms of one another, it can reveal&nbsp;the deficiencies and provide the basis for reconsidering citizenship in an emancipatory manner. It also asserts that the quest for a balance between the unity of any community and individual rights can strengthen the democratic foundation of citizenship as a whole.&nbsp;The third chapter argues that, with the rise in the political value of cultural identities and social struggles in which individuals identify themselves, citizenship has become the basis on which pluralistic and emancipatory ideals as well as demands look for a “living space.” This situation leads us to re-think citizenship outside of the conventional and passive understanding of a “citizen,” as an individual whose identity is given by the state. The new dimensions of citizenship are also discussed in light of such reconsideration. Since it is impossible to touch on all of the recent forms of citizenship in this study, these forms are analyzed through four dimensions that encompass their main lines: gender, environment, culture, and post-nationality. It is posited that such an analysis and discussion over the new forms and dimensions of citizenship have key roles in the creation of a contemporary and democratic framework of citizenship.The final section of this study presents an inclusive, pluralistic, and emancipatory foundation for citizenship in today’s democracies. Based on previous discussions regarding citizenship and their historical backgrounds and processes, the various conceptualizations as well as the new forms and dimensions of this foundation are specified. As an additional conclusion, it is pointed out that the vision of citizenship (as a social aspect that can renew itself through its local, national, and transnational attachments) requires participation, demands, and daily practices in order to realize an emancipatory approach. The implication of these findings is that democratic rights and freedom can only be secured through such a dynamic vision of citizenship, instead of a static, passive, and nation-state dependent perspective.

CONCEIVING THE CONTEMPORARY CITIZENSHIP: MAIN APPROACHES, NEW DIMENSIONS AND A NEW CITIZENSHIP FRAME

Birsen

For as long as sociology has been a science its practice has been positivism. In this study, sociological reflections on developments in physics are investigated in the context of a positivistic approach. The classical period of physics reflects the positivism that is a form of dominant science in sociological studies. René Descartes is known for his influential role in the development of modern physics. He objected to the mentally influenced depiction of physical qualities in scholastic natural philosophy, and he put forward a theory that rested on the properties of extension to describe the manifest order of the natural world. Newton is also known for his influential role in the development of physics. Newton’s views on space, time, and motion dominated this subject until the advent of the theory of relativity in the 20th century. However, Newton’s and Descartes’s views were subjected to frequent criticism, beginning with contemporary thinkers and researchers and continuing to the close of the 19th century.Physics at the end of the nineteenth century found itself in crisis: there predictive theories of mechanics (Newton) and electromagnetism (Maxwell), but these did not appear to obey the same laws. The great insight that space and time are relative and light is more fundamental than either, has contributed to the solution of this problem. This is the basis of Einstein’s theory of special relativity.Developments in modern physics spurred debates on verifiability and falsifiability in the context of positivism. Popper objected to the classical observationalist and the inductivist accounts of the scientific method. He instead proposed empirical falsification. Popper believed that science starts with problems rather than with observations and is based on specific problems. One such problem leads a scientist to make observations, with which he confirms or falsifies a proposed solution to the problem. Popper states that the growth of scientific knowledge begins with the imaginative proposal of hypotheses. In other words, Popper refuted the inductive view, mainly for its use of empirical methods and inductive explanations to determine what science is. He thought that hypotheses must predict phenomena and not just offer explanations. Falsifiability or refutability is therefore the logical possibility that a hypothesis could be shown by a particular observation or experiment to be false. If a hypothesis if falsifiable, it does not mean it is false, but could be productive of knowledge.Einstein’s thoughts on relativity have indicated the terms of debate on different forms of science in sociology. Thomas S. Kuhn was one of the most influential philosophers of science of the 20th century. His contribution to the philosophy of science marked a break with several key positivist doctrines, and he suggested a new style of philosophy of science that brought it closer to the history of science. Different eras of normal science are evaluated by reference to different paradigms. Thus his perspective on the method of doing science, shaped around the concept of a paradigm, has been accepted and has broken the domination of positivism. The sociological paradigm represents the definition of the concept of society and the comprehension of its structure and dynamics, which is more or less accepted by sociologists to represent certain periods of this science development. The classical sociological paradigm pervaded positivism. This paradigm is predominant particularly in the conceptions of linear progress and determinism, the mechanical comprehension of the universe, and an idealized image of the society.A new sociological paradigm has originated from critical and creative meditation on previous systems of thought in the science of sociology. This paradigm has new assumptions and knowledge, features of which include the openness of history, the necessity of free human actions development, the appearance of new agents of social change, critical theories of society, and theories of radical changes (dialectics). This new sociological paradigm critically interprets and comprehends existing social life forms and searches for more rational ones. Because sociology is a multi-paradigmatic science, in a sociological explanation we should also take into consideration the data verified from the various theories and paradigms developed in its scope.&nbsp;Developments in physics have triggered a process of change in the field of sociology that has continued to include the rejection of methods. Feyerabend suggested that there is no universal method. His well-known article “Against Method” has had a great impact on methodological studies. This article explicitly drew a portrait of the “epistemological anarchist” as an ideal sociologist. According to him, there are no useful methodological rules that govern the progress of science. For this reason, any method would be a useless suggestion: anything goes.

REFLECTIONS OF THE DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FIELD OF PHYSICS ON SOCIOLOGY: POSITIVISM

Oğuzhan

Turkey is experiencing the crisis of labor seen in all the parts of the world. Job insecurity, health and safety problems at workplaces, de-unionization, unemployment, sub-contracting, and the degeneration of class identity and solidarity that develop with precarious employment, comprise the most important labor issues in Turkey, as in large parts of the world. This study investigates the unique political, cultural, and economic factors within Turkey that affect global labor issues; analyses the shape and size of the crisis of labor in Turkey; and discusses actual and urgent problems such as the status of sub-contracting workers. The study aims to explore the roles of all social, cultural, economic, and political dynamics in the crisis of labor in Turkey.The crisis of labor includes many social, political, and economic aspects. The rise of neoliberalism has caused significant problems related to labor: for example, legislative enforcements upon labor rights and working conditions, the decentralization of labor processes, obstacles to unionization, precarious employment, declines in labor wages, and significant rises in levels of unemployment. In particular, neoliberal legislative enforcements have created procedural problems for the social security of workers and their right to unionization.&nbsp;The Soma mining accident (2014) was a major shock to the Turkish public and attracted significant attention and criticism around labor issues. The first dimension of public criticism was related to workplace safety. The Soma mine case, where 301 workers were killed, revealed significant concerns about worker safety and regulation by the relevant governmental authorities. A second point of public focus was the use of sub-contracting workers. During the 1990s, sub-contracting workers in Turkey had been used in limited cases; however, more recently, the number of sub-contracting workers has increased dramatically. Low wages, temporary contracts, and the bypassing of legal limitations to unionization have caused this major growth in sub-contracting. Even though soon after the Soma mining accident, the Turkish government promised to eliminate the use of sub-contracted labor, sub-contracting workers still comprise an important segment of labor in Turkey. While the government has made some reforms to the status of sub-contracting workers by creating a new categorization, this will not&nbsp;improve the conditions of sub-contracting workers. Instead, it will allow these problems to be reproduced in different ways.&nbsp;&nbsp;In recent decades, it has been argued that the working-class influence on politics has weakened. Left parties (socialist, social democrat or labor parties) began to lose their electoral power; furthermore, in order to recover this loss, left parties have attempted to sway various social groups beyond the working class. In Turkey, the relationship between the working class and left political parties is more problematic than elsewhere. Political parties who identify itself as ‘left’ gain their electoral support mostly from the middle and upper classes. This leads to problems of political representation and attachment of the working class in the political sphere and difficulties around addressing labor issues.&nbsp;One of the important causes for the split between the working class and left political parties is ideological. Marxist movements in Turkey have weak social and cultural connections to the Turkish working class. A major difference between the two groups is religion. In Turkey, workers and lower classes in general tend to have strong religious convictions. However, Marxists in Turkey have for decades repeated the maxim that “religion is the opium of masses” and have never been sympathetic toward religious people. As a result, workers’ levels of religious commitments remain relatively high. This ideological problem has been transferred to left politics and has transformed into a kind of Islamophobia in recent Turkish political history.Another important dimension of the crises of labor in Turkey is the subordinated state of labor in cultural life. The cultural hegemony in Turkey is dominated by the Westernized upper classes who have not allowed the working class a role in literary, artistic or media production. Furthermore, academics, newspaper columns, and TV debates all give very insufficient attention to labor issues. This lack of media attention is responsible for the public’s lack of awareness of labor issues. The Soma incident was thus a turning point in public awareness.The primary reason why labor issues have minimal public and political influence may be the weakness of unions and processes of unionization. Not only have unionization rates experienced regular declines, but the importance of the unions for unionized workers has also decreased. Both the&nbsp;de-unionization policies brought through neoliberal influence and failures to manage active and influential social movements have led to the current weakness of labor unions.As summarized above, with reference to multiple social, political, and economic factors, this work explores the many different dimensions of labor issues in Turkey.

THE DIMENSIONS OF THE CRISIS OF LABOR IN TURKEY

MAKALE ÇAĞRISI

Adviye

Assist. Prof. Dr.

Berrin

Hakan

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

Working and Living Conditions of Women Migrant Domestic Workers in Istanbul during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Atılhan

Fatma

The Effect of Psychological Contract Breach on Organizational Silence: The Moderating Effect of Psychological Capital

Mesut

Strategic Management in IT Companies in Türkiye: Examining Strategic Statements

Kemal

Şenol

The Working Class Culture in Bursa

Roza

The Shadow of Crime: Impact on Prison Experiences and Recidivism Tendency

Prof. Dr.

Exploring Migration Motivations from Developed to Developing Countries: A Study of American Emigrants to Developing Countries

Osman

Nabila

The Problem of Early-Age Marriage in Afghanistan

Tuğba

Mithat

Analyzing Symbolic Violence Phenomenon in Project Schools

Deepfake Dilemmas: Imagine Tomorrow’s Surveillance Society through Three Scenarios

Abdullah

Measuring Beliefs in Conspiracy Theories: Developing the Turkish Conspiracy Mentality Scale (TCMS)

Gamze

Fuat

Strategies of Refugee Children in Response to Ethnic Categorization and Social Exclusion in Konya

Tuba

Ayda

Resilience and Adaptation Impact of Covid-19 on Female Entrepreneurship  and Motivation in Gaziantep-Türkiye

Hatice

Senay

Lecturer

Şehnaz

The Nexuses between Community Attachment, Tourism Support, and Cultural Heritage Protection in the Bektashi Faith Destination: The Roles of Perceived Tourism Impacts and Residency Length

Zeynep

Happiness of Working Women and Homemakers in Türkiye: The Role of  Social Norms and Issues in the Work and Home Domains

Betül

Zuhal

Sulukule Transition: Impact on Municipal Destigmatization and Stigma Stickiness

Terence

Nilüfer

Aslı

Aging Well and the Intersection of Flourishing, Connectedness, and Sense of Meaningfulness in a Changing World: Implications for Personal and Societal Responsibility

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Borabay

Kelly

Opening the Black Box of AI: A Sociological Study of AI as a Network

Ezgi

Advertising and Financial Performance in the Tourism Industry:  The Moderating Role of The Brand Architecture Strategy

Hacer

Gonca

Social Inclusion and Diversity in the Axis of Social Sustainability: A Study on Roma Women Benefiting from the Gallipoli SODAM Project

Serap

Clientelism in Public Employment in Turkey

Susana

Gabriel

Giorgia

Effect of Social Pressure and Trust on Organizational  Legitimacy: A Retailing Sector Perspective

Nilufar

Djavlonbek

Bronwyn

Ahmet

An Integrative Model of Migrant Women Entrepreneurship in Family Businesses (MWE-FB): The Substratum Market System Perspective

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Philip L.

President Trump and Migration Policy

Filiz

For various migrant groups, Turkey has been a transit country for many years. However, due to the ongoing civil war in Syria, Turkey has become the number one destination for Syrian refugees, and now hosts the largest refugee group in the world. This transformation has attracted the attention of different academic disciplines such as law, social policy, social work, psychology and sociology, and especially in politics and media, it has emerged as one of the most debated subjects in recent years. As a result, scholarly researches in increasing numbers have attempted to examine the phenomenon of forced migration from different dimensions, such as security, policy, education, health and gender. However, when considering studies examining forced migration from a gender perspective, it is seen that the studies mostly focus on women because they are more exposed to problems. This situation, which is added to the negative representation of refugee men in the host societies, causes the experience of male refugees to be invisible, and the social aid practices directed towards refugees are less susceptible to the problems of men. Based on this point, this study aims to analyze the problems of male refugees that cannot be seen because of their negative representations, and to discuss them based on social work and aid policies. In line with this purpose, the study was designed as a qualitative research. The working sample of the study consists of 17 male refugees from various nationalities residing in Eskişehir and five specialists who are working in the field of humanitarian aid. Data were collected by semi-structured interviews. The findings of the study indicate that some refugee men are exposed to many social problems, like women, such as discrimination and violence with reference to their gender. Male refugees are experiencing tensions because of their responsibility to support the family. At the same time, they are excluded from migration regulations and social aids aimed at solving these tensions. According to the findings, most of the participants have difficulties in accessing basic needs, such as employment and housing, because of the misrepresentation of masculinity of the male refugees. Although providing for the family is accepted as a male responsibility especially in economic terms, tensions arise because male refugees cannot fulfill this responsibility alone. This situation increases the problems of male refugees in the asylum process, while imposing a passive role at home for refugee women. In addition to difficult situations male refugees experience only because of their gender, their exclusion from migration regulations and social benefits makes their asylum process even more difficult. As a result, it can be concluded that social aid policies and the above-mentioned researches consider the masculinity of male refugees as a typical category in the form of constant hegemonic power against femininity. For this reason, it should primarily be accepted that there is no universal masculin ity that is always advantageous over femininity. The masculinity is also shaped and harmed by patriarchy. For masculinity is not a universal category, it is a dynamic gender identity shaped by historical and cultural conditions, just like femininity. In this respect, it is necessary to think of masculinity as a heterogeneous structure. Indeed, males with different conditions, just like women, may also be in exploited positions. Forced migration is one of these conditions. The forced migration process can make men and women suffer. Of course, it is wrong to say that in the process of forced migration, all male refugees could be in disadvantaged positions. However, social aid policies and researches seeing the masculinity as a universal category rather than a culturally constructed phenomenon, miss an important point: not all males can be equally advantageous in the patriarchal order. In other words, the idea that gender perceptions may have negative effects on men as much as they have on women should be a starting point for gaining further insights into the matter. Scholarly inquiries in this context should be aimed at a better understanding of the multiple structures of masculinity during the course of forced migration, and the inclusion of male refugees in social aid practices as visible actors.

Zorunlu Göçün Görün(e)meyen Aktörleri: Temsil ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Bağlamında Sığınmacı Erkekler

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Halil

Semanur

Although there has been an environment in which global neo-mercantilist protectionist policies have increased in recent times and the countries have further tightened immigration policies, the increase in bilateral trade and migration among the countries remains the two most important results of globalization. Some authors who address the relationship between these two outcomes of globalization have developed a theory that a country’s migration affects trade activities between the host country and the emigrant source country. Gould (1991) stated that this relationship could be realized through two mechanisms. The first is the increase in the import of the host country from the source country as a result of migrants carrying their consumption habits to the host country. The other mechanism is that transaction costs incurred in the process of acquiring information and establishing a trade relationship will be reduced due to immigrants. This is the reason why immigrants’ native language is frequently used and known in the host country and that migrants carry information about their consumption preferences in their own countries to the host country. It is stated that bilateral trade between countries will increase by means of these interaction mechanisms.In the literature, a large number of empirical studies were encountered, which examined the relationship between international trade and international migration for different countries. In these studies, the bilateral trade relations between the immigrant-receiving country, which is a center of attraction, and the emigrant countries were analyzed. From this point of view, this study aims to examine the relationship between international trade and migration for Germany, which is the center of attraction of Europe. Germany is the country with the highest number of immigrants among the European Union countries and the share of Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries is very high among the emigrant countries in Europe. In view of this situation, in the study, it was aimed to examine whether the migration of Germany from the mentioned countries was effective in the foreign trade activities with these countries.CEE countries, based on the definition of the OECD have been determined as Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. In the study covering the data set from 2000 to 2016, a panel gravity model was used.In the study the dependent variables are export and import while the independent variables are the number of immigrants, GDP and per capita GDP of the emigrant countries, the distance between the host country and emigrant countries, and the dummy variable which represents the Customs Union memberships of the countries.In the study, which was modeled for both export and import, findings showed that there was not any significant relationship between the migration and foreign trade of Germany. In the study, which was modeled for both export and import, findings showed that there was not any significant relationship between the migration to Germany and the foreign trade of Germany with CEE countries. On the other hand, GDP, per capita GDP, distance and dummy variables were found to be significant in the model in which export is the dependent variable. According to this, a positive relationship was found&nbsp;between the GDP level of CEE countries and Germany’s exports in accordance with theoretical expectation. On the other hand, there is a negative relationship between GDP per capita in CEE countries and Germany’s exports, contrary to theoretical expectation. Accordingly, per capita income, which represents the level of welfare in CEE countries, reduces imports from Germany. This situation, which is contrary to theoretical expectation, is thought to be related to the fact that these countries are former Soviet Union countries. The distance variable has a negative effect on the export, in line with the expectation. The dummy variable added to determine the impact of the Customs Union membership of the CEE countries revealed a statistically significant and positive relationship. In other words, countries’ membership to the Customs Union positively affects the export of Germany. In the import model, only the Customs Union dummy variable was significant. Accordingly, the membership of the CEE countries to the Customs Union has an increasing impact on Germany’s imports.In summary, it can be stated that Germany did not see an increase in exports from migration. On the other hand, it can be stated that both sides of the relationship are benefiting from regional integration through Customs Union membership.

Dış Ticaret ve Göç İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Çekim Modeli Analizi: Almanya Örneği

Reyhan

Introduction The aim of this study was to reveal the effects of internal migration on poverty in Turkey. In other words, in addition to the many factors that affect poverty, determining how and on what level interregional migration affects poverty is one of the main purposes of the study. The focus of the study were 12 regions in Level 1 and qualitative and quantitative methods were applied together using secondary data. The main purpose of the study is to reveal how migration that took place in the recent past and the differentiation between the regions had an effect on poverty and thus, to guide the policymakers and relevant actors. The aim of the study was to suggest opinions about which regions the individuals, who were forced to migrate due to socio-economic reasons, should incline towards and thus, to reveal alternative migration routes. Another aim of this study is to reveal the final outcomes of migration for the individuals who were living in relatively behind regions and whose poverty had become chronic in creating added value. Thus, it might be possible to determine the impact on individual wealth for those who migrate or those who choose an alternative to migration and to suggest policies.&nbsp;Literature Summary The following studies, which analyze the relationship between poverty and migration, were used as a reference in this study: Bustillo and Anton (2009), Chapman and Bernstein (2003), Güneş (2009), Martin and Taylor (2003), Raphael and Smolensky (2008), Tümtaş (2009), Suro et al. (2011), Tümtaş and Ergun (2014), and to Yıldız and Alaeddinoğlu (2011). In all of this research, it was emphasized that poverty changes with migration and most of the studies drew attention to the effect of migration from rural areas.&nbsp;Econometric Analysis The aim of this study was to reveal the effects of migration in 12 regions in Level 1 segregation of TSI on national and regional poverty. Accordingly, the necessary data set was obtained by determining indicators in accordance with the studies conducted on the relationship between poverty and migration. The used data is from 2008-2014 and was obtained from TSI on Level 1. Subsequently, the created model was estimated with panel data analysis. The econometric problems that were encountered during the analysis were corrected with necessary operations and thus, efficient estimators were obtained.InNumberOfPoorPeopleit= α + β1 lnDependencyit+ β2 lnMigrationit+ β3 lnAgricultural_Empit + β4 lnGNPPCit+ β5 lnAgricultural_Migrationit+ eit InNumberOfPoorPeopleit Number of poor individuals lnDependencyit Total age dependency ratio lnMigrationit The migration that the region receives lnAgricultural_Empit Agricultural employment lnGNPPCit Gross national product per capita (dollar) lnAgricultural_Migrationit Migration from the regions in which the agricultural sector has 6% or more share in the regional GDP (regions in which agricultural employment and production have become relatively prominent) to other regions. i Region t Date (Year)Findings and Evaluation The obtained results reveal that the relationship between the dependency ratio, migration and GNPPC are not statistically significant. However, it was observed that agriculture-based migration decreases the total number of poor people. In other words, an increase in agricultural migration by 100%, decreases the number of poor people in the country by approximately 49%. This result proves that a good number of individuals who migrate from rural to urban areas do not bring their poverty with them by finding new job opportunities. That is, by leaving the agriculture sector, the migration into regions where industry and services are prominent significantly decreases the number of poor people in the country. As a result of the analysis, it can be stated that the autonomous poverty in the discussed regions which can’t be explained with independent variables are different from each other. In other words, the effect of independent variables, such as rural migration, differs in regions in the reduction of poverty with the TR1-Istanbul region ranking first in terms of the magnitude of this effect. According to this ranking which is followed by the TR-3 Aegean and TR6-Mediterranean Regions, it can be stated that other factors which were not included in the model affected the poverty of these regions. This study in which the relationship between poverty and migration was discussed indicates that rural-based migration has a significant effect on poverty. At this point, it should not be overlooked that the knowledge-skill levels of migrated individuals would change the magnitude and direction of this effect. In other words, since agricultural-based migration is effective in the reduction of the number of poor people, this effect can be positively increased by educating the migrating population.

Türkiye’de İç Göçün Bölgesel Yoksulluk Üzerindeki Etkisi: Tarım Sektörünün Belirleyici Rolü

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Journal of Economy, Culture and Society, açık erişimli, hakemli, yılda iki kere Haziran ve Aralık aylarında yayınlanan bilimsel bir dergidir. İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi’ne bağlı Sosyoloji ve Metodoloji Araştırmaları Merkezi’nin yayınıdır. Dergi 1960 yılından beri yayınlanmaktadır. 2018 Sayı 57 itibariyle eski ismi olan Sosyoloji Konferansları yerine Journal of Economy Culture and Society adıyla yayın hayatını sürdürmektedir. 

2022 yılı itibariyle derginin yayın dili sadece İngilizcedir ve basılı versiyonu durdurulmuştur; dergi yayın hayatına e-dergi olarak devam etmektedir. Dergiye yayınlanması için gönderilen bilimsel makaleler İngilizce olmalıdır.

Journal of Economy, Culture and Society, sosyoloji alanına katkı sağlayan yüksek kalitede akademik çalışmaları yayınlamayı amaçlar. Dergimiz esas olarak sosyoloji alanına dair konuların incelendiği, araştırıldığı bir platform sağlarken, farklı alanlardan uluslararası ve disiplinler-arası okuyucu kitlesine uygun yazılara da açıktır. Derginin hedef kitlesini akademisyenler, araştırmacılar, profesyoneller, öğrenciler ve ilgili mesleki, akademik kurum ve kuruluşlar oluşturur.

Veysel

RePEc IDEAS

ProQuest

RePEc EconPapers

Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)

EBSCO

ERIH PLUS

TR Dizin

DOAJ

SOBIAD

Gale Cengage

Ulrichsweb

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Journal of Economy, Culture and Society

Journal of Economy, Culture and Society is an open access and peer-reviewed scholarly journal published biannually in June and December. It has been the official publication of the Methodology and Sociology Research Center at the Istanbul University Faculty of Economics since 1960. Starting from the 57th issue, published in 2018, the journal changed its name from “The Istanbul Journal of Sociological Studies / Sosyoloji Konferansları” to Journal of Economy, Culture and Society.
 
As of 2022 the publication language of the journal is only English and the print version has been stopped; the journal continues as an electronic only journal. The manuscripts submitted for publication in the journal must be scientific work in English.

Journal of Economy, Culture and Society is dedicated to the unlimited circulation of high quality academic contributions relevant to the field of Sociology, with an international focus. The journal provides a forum for exploring issues mainly in Sociology, but also welcomes manuscripts from other disciplines that are suitable for international and interdisciplinary audiences. The target group of the journal comprises academicians, researchers, professionals, students, related professionals and academic bodies and institutions.

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Editor in Chief

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Editorial Management Board Member

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Journal of Economy, Culture and Society is an open access and peer-reviewed scholarly journal published biannually in June and December. It has been the official publication of the Methodology and Sociology Research Center at the Istanbul University Faculty of Economics since 1960. Starting from the 57th issue, published in 2018, the journal changed its name from “The Istanbul Journal of Sociological Studies / Sosyoloji Konferansları” to Journal of Economy, Culture and Society. Journal of Economy, Culture and Society aims to provide a forum for exploring social, economic and cultural issues with an international focus. Because of the interdisciplinary and international character of the journal, manuscripts that are not suitable for an interdisciplinary and international audience should be submitted to more appropriate venues.  As of 2022, the publication language of the journal is only English. Therefore, the manuscripts submitted for publication must be scientific and original work in English. Preference will be given to manuscripts that make clear empirical contributions and/or comprise methodological and theoretical innovations.

Aim and Scope

<ul><li>Web of Science Core Collection - Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI), </li><li>TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR Dizin</li><li>DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals), </li><li>ProQuest Central   </li><li>ProQuest Turkey Database    </li><li>ProQuest Social Sciences Database     </li><li>ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection​</li><li>EBSCO Central &amp; Eastern European Academic Source</li><li>EBSCO Sociology Source Ultimate</li><li>RePEc IDEAS</li><li>RePEc EconPapers</li><li>Erih Plus</li><li>SOBİAD</li><li>Gale Cengage </li><li><a href="https://about.proquest.com/en/products-services/Ulrichsweb/" target="_blank" style="font-size: 14.6667px;">Ulrichsweb</a> </li></ul>

Indexing and Abstracting

The journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> The subjects covered in the manuscripts submitted to the Journal for publication must be in accordance with the aim and scope of the Journal. Only those manuscripts approved by every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Changing the name of an author (omission, addition or order) in papers submitted to the Journal requires written permission of all declared authors.Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unethical behaviors. All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. Plagiarism Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. If plagiarism/self-plagiarism will be found authors will be informed. Editors may resubmit manuscript for similarity check at any peer-review or production stage if required. High similarity scores may lead to rejection of a manuscript before and even after acceptance. Depending on the type of article and the percentage of similarity score taken from each article, the overall similarity score is generally expected to be less than 15 or 20%. Double Blind Peer-Review After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by the editors-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The editor provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles and hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Policies

The journal is an open access journal and all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read" target="_blank">BOAI</a> definition of open access.The open access articles in the journal are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) license.

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

Authors publishing with the journal retain the copyright to their work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a> ) and grant the Publisher non-exclusive commercial right to publish the work. CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Editor should consider publishing correction if minor errors that do not effect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper are detected. Editor should consider retraction if major errors and/or misconduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected.Editor should consider issuing an expression of concern if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive. The guidelines of <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> and <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.RetractionJournal follows <a href="https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/retraction-guidelines-cope.pdf" target="_blank">COPE’s Retraction Guidelines</a> in case of retraction. The editor has the right to retract an article if: <ul><li>There is clear evidence that the findings are unreliable; either as a result of a major error (e.g. miscalculation or experimental error), or as a result of fabrication (e.g. of data) or falsification (e.g. image manipulation).</li><li>It contains plagiarised content. </li><li>It has been published elsewhere without proper attribution. </li><li>It contains material or data without authorisation for use.</li><li>There is copyright infringement or there is some other serious legal issue.</li><li>It reports unethical research. </li><li>There is evidence that the peer-review process is compromised or manipulated.</li><li>The author(s) failed to disclose a significant competing interest (also known as a conflict of interest) that, in the opinion of the editor, would have unduly influenced the interpretation of the work or the recommendations of the editors and peer reviewers.</li></ul>In case of retraction the following steps are followed:<ul><li>Retraction notice including article title is published in a subsequent issue of the journal. The retraction notice is paginated and listed in the table of contents. </li><li>A link is provided between the retraction notice and the original article in the electronic version. </li><li>The online article is preceded by a page containing the retraction notice; the reader can then proceed to the article itself.</li><li>The original article remains unchanged, except for a watermark on the .pdf on each page stating that it has been &#34;retracted”.</li></ul>Article Removal for Legal ReasonsIn the following circumstances, except the metadata (title and authors), the text of the article is removed and a page informing that the article has been removed for legal reasons replaces the article. <ul><li>The article is found to be defamatory or to infringe the legal rights of others, and retraction is not deemed to be an adequate solution.</li><li>The article has been, or is reasonably likely to be the subject of a court order.</li><li>There is a significant risk to public health. </li></ul>

To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

The Artificial Intelligence Policy, prepared in light of developments in artificial intelligence (AI) and practices in scholarly publishing, sets out the editorial and ethical principles that authors, reviewers, and editors should follow when using such technologies. The following sources have been considered in the preparation of the AI policy:Committee on Publication Ethics <a href="https://publicationethics.org/guidance/cope-position/authorship-and-ai-tools" target="_blank">(COPE) - Authorship and AI tools</a>; International Committee of Medical Journal Editors <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html#four" target="_blank">(ICMJE) - Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Assisted Technology; World Association of Medical Editors  (WAME) Chatbots, Generative AI, and Scholarly Manuscripts</a><a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html#four"></a>AI-assisted technologies (such as large language models [LLMs], chatbots, or image generators) can develop and produce a wide variety of content, including text, images, audio, and synthetic data. When used ethically and safely, these capabilities can increase productivity and foster innovation, but when used without human guidance, they pose risks such as inaccurate and biased results, omissions and errors in citations, deficiencies in protecting privacy and intellectual property rights, and potential violations of authors' and publishers' rights. IUPress adopts the following core principles to avoid these risks in the use of AI:  <ul><li>Details of any AI used in the production of content (including but not limited to text, figures, images, and code) must be declared and clearly explained in the appropriate section of the paper (as an acknowledgement and/or in the methods section). </li><li>No AI tool may be listed as an author in any scientific paper. </li><li>Authors are responsible for the accuracy, completeness, and originality of their work, even if AI is used in any way; they are responsible for the proper referencing and attribution of others' ideas, data, words, or other materials. </li><li>Reviewers and editors must not upload submitted work, in whole or in part, to any generative AI application.</li></ul>In the editorial processes of IUPress publications, tools are available to assist editors in identifying AI-generated content. On the other hand, it is common to use AI tools that provide suggestions for improving and enhancing readability, language, and grammar, and such AI tools can be used in IUPress publications under the supervision of editors and authors.

Artificial Intelligence Policy

<ul><li>Authors are required to declare if they have used AI-assisted technologies (such as large language models [LLMs], chatbots, or image generators) in the creation of their submitted work. </li><li>Authors should explain, both in the cover letter and in the appropriate section of the submitted paper (as a footnote and/or in the methods section), which AI tool and which version of it they have used and for what purpose. </li><li>Authors should also indicate how they used the AI tool and how they assessed the validity of the results obtained using this technology, and what aspects of the paper, manuscript content, data or supporting files were influenced by the use of the AI tool or were generated by AI.</li><li>It is the authors' responsibility to ensure the accuracy, validity and appropriateness of content and citations generated by AI-assisted technologies and to eliminate potential errors, inconsistencies and biased results. </li><li>Authors should always check the original sources to eliminate possible plagiarism, recognising that there is a potential for plagiarism in texts produced with AI-assisted technologies. They should confirm that they have checked and that the sources are original.  </li><li>AI-assisted tools (such as ChatGPT) cannot be listed as authors because they cannot be responsible for the accuracy, integrity, and originality of the work, and these responsibilities are essential to authorship. Therefore, authors are responsible for all material involving the use of AI-assisted technologies. Authors should ensure that all statements in the article that state the hypotheses, interpretations, conclusions, limitations, and implications of the study represent their own opinions.  </li><li>Studies created by authors using AI tools in the following ways, which substitute for the basic researcher's and author's responsibilities, violate the principles of scientific publishing and publication ethics, and such studies are not eligible for inclusion in publications: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Generation of text or code without rigorous review, </li><li>Generation of synthetic data to replace missing data without a robust methodology, </li><li>Creation of any inaccurate, synthetic content, including abstracts or supplementary materials, </li><li>Creation and manipulation of images and figures (pictures, graphs, data tables, medical images, image snippets, computer codes and formulae) or original research data (enhancing, hiding, moving, removing or adding a particular feature within an image or figure) using AI.</li></ul></ul>

It is essential to maintain confidentiality in the peer review process and not to share or use the reviewed work in this process. <a href="https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/ethical-guidelines-peer-reviewers-cope.pdf" target="_blank">(COPE – Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers</a>)<ul><li>Reviewers should not upload a manuscript or part of a manuscript submitted to them for review to generative AI tools or large language models to assist in the review, evaluation or decision-making process, as uploading content to such AI tools by reviewers violates the authors' privacy and property rights.  </li><li>Reviewing a scientific paper is a responsibility that can only be undertaken by human beings. The critical thinking and original evaluation required for peer review is beyond the scope of this technology, and there is a risk that the technology will produce inaccurate, incomplete or biased conclusions about the paper. The peer review report and decision letters should reflect the personal assessment of the reviewers and editors of the submitted content. The reviewer is responsible and accountable for the content of his/her report. </li><li>AI tools may be used in a limited way to improve the quality of the language of the peer review report (for translation or language editing) in the context of peer review. If such use is made, the reviewer must declare the use when submitting the report. </li><li>Reviewers who suspect inappropriate or undisclosed use of generative AI in a submission should report their concerns to the editor.</li></ul>

Editors are obliged to ensure that the confidentiality of the manuscripts submitted to the journal is maintained during the evaluation process, and it is essential that the peer-reviewed work is not shared or used outside the parties involved in that process. (COPE - Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors) <a href="https://publicationethics.org/files/Code_of_conduct_for_journal_editors_Mar11.pdf" target="_blank">(COPE – Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors)</a>.<ul><li>Editors should not upload a submitted article, or any part of it, to generative Artificial Intelligence tools or Big Language Models to assist in the review, evaluation or decision-making process, as this may violate authors' privacy and property rights. </li><li>Managing the editorial review of a scientific article implies responsibilities that can only be attributed to humans. Generative AI or AI-assisted technologies should not be used by editors to assist in the evaluation or decision-making process of an article, as the critical thinking and original evaluation required for this task is beyond the scope of this technology and there is a risk that the technology will produce inaccurate, incomplete or biased conclusions about the article. The editor is responsible and accountable for the editorial process, the final decision and its communication to the authors.</li><li>Editors should not use generative AI tools to compose decision letters or abstracts of unpublished research. </li><li>Editors may use generative AI tools to help find appropriate reviewers.</li><li>If editors suspect the use of generative AI in a submitted manuscript or a submitted referee report, they should conduct an editorial review of the matter and consider the policy.</li></ul>

Journal of Economy Culture and Society is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publishers) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

Ethics

The journal adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.-    Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.-    The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.-    The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.-    Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.-    Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.-    The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.-    In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.-    If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.-    In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/58A51CDB5B23462FBD0E47E0A50DCDF2" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>. The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.The editor hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for double-blind peer review evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Peer Review

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by Editor-in-Chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. Editor-inChief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international external referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by Editor-in-Chief upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.- Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?- Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?- Is the problem significant and concisely stated? - Are the methods described comprehensively? - Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?- Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?- Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

LanguageThe language of the journal is American English.Manuscript Organization and SubmissionAll correspondence will be sent to the first-named author unless otherwise specified. Manuscpript is to be submitted online via <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jecs" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jecs</a> and it must be accompanied by a cover letter indicating that the manuscript is intended for publication, specifying the article category (i.e. research article, review etc.) and including information about the manuscript (see the Submission Checklist). Manuscripts should be prepared in Microsoft Word 2003 and upper versions. In addition, <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/58A51CDB5B23462FBD0E47E0A50DCDF2" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a> that has to be signed by all authors must be submitted.1. The manuscripts should be in A4 paper standards: having 2.5 cm margins from right, left, bottom and top, Times New Roman font style in 12 font size and line spacing of 1.5.2. The manuscripts should contain between 4500 and 8500 words and the page numbers must be at the bottom and in the middle.3.  The name(s) of author(s) should be given just beneath the title of the study aligned to the right. Also the affiliation, title, e-mail and phone of the author(s) must be indicated on the bottom of the page as a footnote marked with an asterisk (*).4.  Submitted manuscripts must have an abstract between 180 and 200 words, before the introduction, summarizing the scope, the purpose, the results of the study and the methodology used. Underneath the abstracts, 3 to 5 keywords that inform the reader about the content of the study should be specified.5. The manuscripts should contain mainly these components: title, abstract and keywords; body text with sections, footnotes and references.6. Research article sections are ordered as follows: “INTRODUCTION”, “AIM AND METHODOLOGY”, “FINDINGS”, “DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION”, “ENDNOTES”, “REFERENCES” and “TABLES AND FIGURES”.7. Introduction section at the beginning of the manuscript must be indicated as “1. INTRODUCTION”. All sections and sub-sections where the research question is described and importance of the study is explained must be numbered. The numbering format must be as 1,2,3, 4 for the main sections, and 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2 and 1.1.1, 1.2.1, 1.2.2 for the sub-sections.8. The 7th version of the APA (American Psychological Association) reference style should be used for in-text citation and references list. For information and samples on the APA 7 style please refer to http://istanbul.edu.tr:8080/en/journal/jecs/information/author-guideline and/or REFERENCES section in the Information for Authors.9. Tables, graphs and figures can be given with a number and a defining title if and only if it is necessary to follow the idea of the article. the article. The title of table should be placed above the table; caption of figure should be placed beneath the figure. Features like demographic characteristics that can be given within the text should not be indicated as tables separately.10. A title page including author information must be submitted together with the manuscript. The <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/47732043ABFE4C63922C06907098CFF1" target="_blank">title page</a> is to include fully descriptive title of the manuscript and, affiliation, title, e-mail address, postal address, phone and fax number of the author(s) (see The Submission Checklist).11. Authors are responsible for all statements made in their work submitted to the Journal for publication.12. The author(s) can be asked to make some changes in their articles due to peer reviews.13. A copy of the journal will be sent to each author of the accepted articles upon their request.14. The manuscripts that were submitted to the journal will not be returned whether they are published or not.

Author Guidelines

Manuscript Submission GuideBefore beginning the online submission process please read the Information for Authors and make sure you have the followings available:fCover letter to the editor <ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.</li> <li>Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement.</li> <li>Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.</li> <li>Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA 7.</li> </ul> </ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/58A51CDB5B23462FBD0E47E0A50DCDF2" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>Permission of previous published material if used in the present manuscript<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/47732043ABFE4C63922C06907098CFF1" target="_blank">Title page</a><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>The title of the manuscript</li> <li>All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses</li> <li>Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax number</li> <li>ORCIDs of all authors.</li> </ul> </ul>Main Manuscript Document<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The title of the manuscript</li> <li>Abstracts (180-200 words) </li> <li>Key words: 3 to 5 words</li> <li>Main article sections</li> <li>Grant support (if exists)</li> <li>Conflict of interest (if exists)</li> <li>Acknowledgement (if exists)</li> <li>References</li> <li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li> </ul> </ul>Manuscript Submission<ul type="disc"> <li style="text-align: left;">DergiPark manuscript submission site of the journal is: <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/2249/submission/step/manuscript/new" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/2249/submission/step/manuscript/new</a> </li> <li style="text-align: left;">The manuscript must be submitted through the account of the corresponding author. The account of authors other than the corresponding author or someone else who is not included as an author in the work must not be used for submission. All correspondence regarding the submission is made with the corresponding author through e-mail via the DergiPark system.</li> <li style="text-align: left;">While uploading Main Document, make sure that the main document has no information that clarify the author’s identity. Due to double blind peer review, Main Document must not include Title Page, the name of author or any other detail that can disclose the author identity. </li> </ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>Files to be uploaded separately<ul type="disc"> <li>Copyright Agreement Form</li> <li>Permissions obtained for previously published material if used in the present manuscript</li> <li>Title page</li> <li>Main Manuscript Document</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The title of the manuscript </li> <li>Abstracts (180-200 words) </li> <li>Key words: 3 to 5 words</li> <li>Main article sections</li> <li>Grant support (if exists)</li> <li>Conflict of interest (if exists)</li> <li>Acknowledgement (if exists)</li> <li>References</li> <li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li></ul></ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>

Although references to review articles can be an efficient way to guide readers to a body of literature, review articles do not always reflect original work accurately. Readers should therefore be provided with direct references to original research sources whenever possible. On the other hand, extensive lists of references to original work on a topic can use excessive space on the printed page. Small numbers of references to key original papers often serve as well as more exhaustive lists, particularly since references can now be added to the electronic version of published papers, and since electronic literature searching allows readers to retrieve published literature efficiently. Papers accepted but not yet included in the issue are published online in the Early View section and they should be cited as “advance online publication”. Citing a “personal communication” should be avoided unless it provides essential information not available from a public source, in which case the name of the person and date of communication should be cited in parentheses in the text. For scientific articles, written permission and confirmation of accuracy from the source of a personal communication must be obtained.Reference Style and FormatJournal of Economy Culture and Society complies with APA (American Psychological Association) style 7th Edition for referencing and quoting. For more information:-    American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). APA.-    <a href="http://www.apastyle.org" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org</a>Citations in the TextCitations must be indicated with the author surname and publication year within the parenthesis.If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;).Samples:More than one citation;(Esin et al., 2002; Karasar, 1995)Citation with one author;(Akyolcu, 2007)Citation with two authors;(Sayıner &amp; Demirci, 2007)Citation with three, four, five authors;In references with three or more authors, valid for the first use; (Ailen et al., 2000)Citations in the ReferenceAll the citations done in the text should be listed in the References section in alphabetical order of author surname without numbering. Below given examples should be considered in citing the references.Basic Reference TypesBooka) Turkish BookKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8th ed.) [Preparing research reports]. 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Book Translated into TurkishMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler [Mindsets] (A. Kotil, Trans.). İletişim Yayınları. (Original work was published in 1990, 7th Edition.)c) Edited BookÖren, T., Üney, T., &amp; Çölkesen, R. (Eds.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi [Turkish Encyclopedia of Informatics]. Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Turkish Book with Multiple AuthorsTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y., &amp; Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme [Performance evaluation in Turkish search engines]. Total Bilişim.e) Book in EnglishKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation.  McGraw-Hill Education.f) Chapter in an Edited BookBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh University Press.g) Chapter in an Edited Book in TurkishErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi [Organization culture: Its functions, elements and importance in leadership and business management]. In M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi [Organization sociology] (pp. 233–263). Dora Basım Yayın.h) Book with the same organization as author and publisherAmerican Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American psychological association (6th ed.). Author.Articlea) Turkish ArticleMutlu, B., &amp; Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri [Source and intervention reduction of stress for parents whose children are in intensive care unit after surgery]. Istanbul University Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 15(60), 179–182.b) English Articlede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002c) Journal Article with DOI and More Than Twenty AuthorsKalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetmaa, A., . . . Joseph, D. (1996). The NCEP/NCAR 40- year reanalysis project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77(3), 437–471. <a href="http://doi.org/fg6rf9" target="_blank">http://doi.org/fg6rf9</a>d) Journal Article from Web, without DOISidani, S. (2003). Enhancing the evaluation of nursing care effectiveness. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 35(3), 26-38. Retrieved from http://cjnr.mcgill.cae) Journal Article wih DOITurner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910f) Advance Online PublicationSmith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1037/a45d7867g) Article in a MagazineHenry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today’s schools. Time, 135, 28–31.Doctoral Dissertation, Master’s Thesis, Presentation, Proceedinga) Dissertation/Thesis from a Commercial DatabaseSarı, E. (2008). Cultural identity and politics: Interculturalism in Mardin. (Unpublished PhD Thesis). Ankara University.b) Dissertation/Thesis from an Institutional DatabaseVan Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9943436)c) Dissertation/Thesis from WebYaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Retrieved from: http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portalid) Dissertation/Thesis abstracted in Dissertations Abstracts InternationalTonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar /phd/ickapak.htmle) Master's/PhD Thesis in Dissertations Abstracts InternationalAppelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica&#173;tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.f) Symposium ContributionKrinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B., &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.g) Conference Paper Abstract Retrieved OnlineLiu, S. (2005, May). Defending against business crises with the help of intelligent agent based early warning solutions. Paper presented at the Seventh International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Miami, FL. Abstract retrieved from http://www.iceis.org/iceis2005/abstracts_2005.htmh) Conference Paper - In Regularly Published Proceedings and Retrieved OnlineHerculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105i) Proceeding in Book FormSchneider, R. (2013). Research data literacy. S. Kurbanoğlu ve ark. (Ed.), Communications in Computer and Information Science: Vol. 397. Worldwide Communalities and Challenges in Information Literacy Research and Practice in (s. 134–140). Cham, İsviçre: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03919-0j) Paper PresentationNguyen, C. A. (2012, August). Humor and deception in advertising: When laughter may not be the best medicine. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.Other Sourcesa) Newspaper ArticleBrowne, R. (2010, March 21). This brainless patient is no dummy. Sydney Morning Herald, 45.b) Newspaper Article with no AuthorNew drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure.(1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.c) Web Page/Blog PostBordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/d) Online Encyclopedia/DictionaryIgnition. (1989). In Oxford English online dictionary (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://dictionary.oed.comMarcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.). The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/e) PodcastDunning, B. (Producer). (2011, January 12). inFact: Conspiracy theories [Audio podcast].  http://itunes.apple.com/f) Single Episode in a Television SeriesEgan, D. (Writer), &amp; Alexander, J. (Director). (2005). Failure to communicate. [Television series episode]. In D. Shore (Executive producer), House; New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting.g) MusicFuchs, G. (2004). Light the menorah. On Eight nights of Hanukkah [CD]. Brick, NJ: Kid Kosher.

<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/58A51CDB5B23462FBD0E47E0A50DCDF2" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/47732043ABFE4C63922C06907098CFF1" target="_blank">Title page</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/8AA0D406EF1440A283EF753F11677E15" target="_blank">Author Form</a>

Ensure that the following items are present:●    Cover letter to the editorü    The category of the manuscriptü    Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.ü    Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement.ü    Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed.ü    Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.ü    Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.ü    Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA 7.●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/58A51CDB5B23462FBD0E47E0A50DCDF2" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>●    Permission of previously published copyrighted material if used in the present manuscript●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/47732043ABFE4C63922C06907098CFF1" target="_blank">Title page</a>ü    The category of the manuscriptü    The title of the manuscriptü    All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addressesü    Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax numberü    ORCIDs of all authors.●    Main Manuscript Documentü    The title of the manuscriptü    Abstract (180-200 words)ü    Key words: 3 to 5 wordsü    Main article sectionsü    Grant support (if exists)ü    Conflict of interest (if exists)ü    Acknowledgement (if exists)ü    Referencesü    All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)

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