Virginia

Assoc. Prof.

Branding the Social: Leisure, Consumption, and the Corvette Community

Şenol

Assist. Prof.

In the flexible and competitive labor market conditions of today, social networks can enable young people to find jobs more easily, raise wages, and find jobs more compatible with their skills. It is commonly accepted that social networks in Turkey have similar effects. However, the number of studies done on this subject is very small. In the present study, based on scarcity of relevant studies, the effect of social networks on employment advantages accessed by the young people in Turkey in waged-employment will be addressed.In this analysis, Bourdieu’s social capital theory will be used. The Bourdieusian interpretation considers the use of social capital in relation to class relations, as it is the case in other resource types. Savage, Warde, and Devine (2005) who base their study on this theory, argue that classes differ from each other in terms of their original source, capital, and asset distribution [CAR’s (capital, resources, assets)]. This study, based on the abovementioned discussions, will be regarded as the theoretical basis on which each class possesses descriptive resources and strategies and aims to use them effectively in its field struggle. The common interpretation in the relevant literature is to describe the working-class (or lower class) with “absolute deprivation” where there is no opportunity to mobilize any source. However, the basic claim of this study is, on the contrary, that social capital is a resource specific to the working classes and constitutes a part of a conscious strategy that creates advantages beyond survival.Labor market researches by led Granovetter (1973, 1983, 1995) suggest that the individuals supported by social networks can access labor market benefits more easily. Also the results obtained from labor market research are quite consistent with Bourdieu’s capital theory. However, despite this, interest in Bourdieu in the literature has been limited. The main reason, as far as I am concerned is that even though the previous studies demonstrate that the use of social networks in the job-finding process is between 30% and 60%, it is the Bourdieuian approach’s insistence to explicate the network relations with privileges. Instead, I will propose the review of the concept of social capital from two perspectives. According to the first one, Bourdieu considers the social capital a secondary form of resource allocation that constitutes power. Instead of this, social capital should be considered alternatively as an independent factor generating independent effects. According to the second one, Bourdieu emphasized the question of power in his analysis and ignored the lower class strategies. However, as far as I am concerned, social capital should be considered an original resource that belongs to the working-class.Hypothesis 1: Social capital is an access to a benefits channel specific to the working / lower class in the labor market in Turkey. Access to the specific benefits channel of the middle-class, on the other hand, is the cultural capital.Furthermore, the differences between the classes are also reflected in the strategies used. The working/lower classes generally use social capital to access employment benefits in the manufacturing sector. Here especially, large-scale manufacturing businesses have priorities. Middle-class young people, on the other hand, search for jobs where they can be employed as managers, and in this respect, the appropriate resource is cultural capital.Hypothesis 2: The working/lower classes access “good jobs” by being employed at a series large manufacturing firms. In accessing “good jobs, it is crucial for the middle classes to be employed as managers”.The data used in the present study were derived from the TUIK (Turkish Statistical Institute) Household Labor Force Survey -2016. The sample of young people in the 15-25 age group who were employed as waged employees included 4353 observations. The first phase of the analysis aims to demonstrate the effect of the different resource types available on the labor market conditions. In the analysis, those who replied the question “How did you find your present job?” as “By means of relatives, acquaintances and friends” represented those who used the social capital channel.On the other hand, cultural capital, focusing on the household profile, was measured by the level of education of the parents, who represented intergenerational relations. In this way, considering the autonomy of the resources, four groups were formed. The first group included those who used the social capital channel, the second group the cultural capital channel, the third group those who used both channels simultaneously, and the last group included those who did not use any channels.Subsequently, the strategies of different classes to use forms of capital and access benefits were analyzed by the structural equation model. Accordingly, in the labor market, young people in the working/lower classes used the social capital channel intensively. Alternatively, it was found that cultural capital was a powerful resource for middle-class young people. The most important result here is that there is a strong inverse relationship between cultural capital and social capital. Consequently, the class-specific definition of the sources specified in hypothesis 1 was confirmed by the analysis. Furthermore, young people in the working /lower class access the advantages of the labor market by being employed in the manufacturing industry. In contrast, the strategies of the middle-class young people to access advantages focused on accessing managerial positions. These results signify that hypothesis 2 was also confirmed.

Capital Battles: Labor Markets Benefits Access Channel of Youth and Social Networks in Turkey

Çağdaş Ümit

In Turkey, as in many countries, the structure and funcitoning of high schools is considerably affected by the fact that secondary education is organized as general-vocational education. Duality in the axes of space, curriculum, teachers, and students significantly differentiates vocational high schools. Students in vocational high schools are probably exposed to a two-dimensional education process. In such schools, one aspect of dual structure focuses on the capital form based on vocational skills, and the other dimension focuses on the capital form based on academic skills. In this respect, vocational high schools can be characterized as a labyrinth based on these two forms of capital, which include both various possibilities and various limitations. This research aims to reveal and interpret the opinions of vocational high school students on culture and vocational courses, which represent the types of capital based on academic and vocational skills. The primary questions that need to be answered in the research are:1. Did participating students’ attitudes regarding the cultural and vocational courses change? 2. Why did participating students’ attitudes toward cultural and vocational courses change?The research is based on the data from field research conducted in seven vocational and technical Anatolian schools affiliated with the Eskişehir Provincial Directorate of National Education during December 2016–January 2017. The data were obtained via questionnaire from 794 12th-grade students, and 25 students including eight students, eight graduates, and nine teachers who participated in semi-structured interviews. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected and analyzed simultaneously. When the socioeconomic characteristics of the students were examined, it was found that they were mostly from working poor families with low education and income levels. The preference for vocational courses and the indifference to culture courses were found to be strong. Student-based qualifications, such as low socioeconomic indicators, a low level of academic achievement, the desire to begin a career as soon as possible, and school-based qualifications such as passing a grade level, and the superficial nature of culture courses make vocational high schools a field where a capital form based on vocational skills is of top priority.Within the framework of quantitative data, the courses students were most interested in, and of which they desired weekly lecture hours to be increased, were found to be vocational courses. It has been determined that vocational courses representing the capital based on vocational skills are more important to the students.&nbsp;Qualitative data show that the preference for vocational courses and the indifference to culture courses are strong, and these attitudes are intertwined. It can be said that the preference for vocational courses coincides with the meanings implied in the illusio concept, and the tendency to indifference to cultural courses coincides with the meanings implied in the ataraxia concept. If the vocational education process at the secondary education level is equated with a game, the vocational courses representing different structures of this game are considered more valuable by the students when played compared with culture courses. Culture courses represent a structure to which one is indifferent and where amotivation dominates rather than meets with active resistance. The tendency to develop preferences and indifference to courses is nourished by two sources in the axis of individual and school practices. It should also be noted that both the tendency to develop preference and indifference, as well as the individual factors and school practices that are sources of these tendencies, are intertwined.&nbsp;&nbsp;Student-based qualifications, such as low socioeconomic indicators, inadequate academic achievement level (which is also related to past educational experiences), and the desire to start a career as soon as possible can make a capital form based on vocational skills in vocational high schools an appealing priority For students, the way to attain employment and a regular income on the basis of one occupation is through vocational courses. This, in turn, may foster a capital form based on academic skills and indifference to or lack of motivation for cultural courses that represent this capital. In the context of school and applications, the higher number of weekly class hours of vocational courses and the class-passing system accompanying this practice may increase interest and motivation toward vocational courses. Considering the inadequacy of the academic achievement level within the framework of personnel culture and the tendency to start a career, the goals and expectations about the culture lessons are weakened. The enduring of the stereotypical failure perception directed toward students at vocational high schools can obstruct effective teaching methods. This can also lead to superficialization of culture courses in terms of content, which are limited in terms of quantity. Nevertheless, the student profile that gets homogeneous in terms of indicators for low academic achievement can weaken competition based on academic achievement. To summarize, the student’s tendency to develop a preference for vocational courses and indifference to cultural courses in the framework of the interaction of both student- and school-based factors can be strengthened.

Vocational High Schools Students’ Views on Culture and Vocational Courses that Represent Capital: The Example of Eski̇sehi̇r Province

Adnan

Yakup

Res. Assist.

Education is one of the critical factors boosting the development of nations in the current knowledge economy era. Many projects and programs are held by national and supranational organizations to increase matriculation and enrollment rates and length of education. However, school dropout is one of the major challenges that education systems face with. Many factors lead students to drop out. One of them is the outcomes of interpersonal relations that students experience in their families, in schools, and in their communities.This study aimed to find out the causes of school dropout in the context of social capital. The qualitative descriptive design was adopted for the methodology. An interview form consisting of semi-structured questions was created based on the literature and the opinions of field experts. The data were collected through the interviews with 24 dropout students in Eskişehir, Turkey. These students were selected in accordance with the criterion and snowball sampling methods. It was observed that the vast majority of participants left vocational schools, had low academic achievement, absenteeism problems, and friends who also hadn’t completed high school and/or repeated a grade during secondary education. The thematic analysis method was used during data analysis. To that end, codes, categories, and themes were created. All the voice records and other documents were kept for an audit trail.Findings are presented under three main themes: family, school, and community social capital. In each theme, there are some factors that challenged student engagement with school and education system and led to dropout. In the context of family social capital, these factors are low educational expectations of the family from student’s education; issues of trust in student-family relations; and the problems of parental participation at school. In school social capital, low expectations of school academic personnel on student’s educational outcomes, the negative effects of peer social groups leading to deviant behaviors and low academic achievement, issues with student-teacher relations, and low efforts on the part of schools to establish close relations with the family to support student educational outcomes are some of the critical problems. Lastly, in community social capital, low educational expectations of the community and the negative effects of social networks between the student and his/her friends outside the school are some of the emerging factors.According to the results of the study, some proposals were made. First of all, it is observed that most of the participants are disadvantaged in social capital, considering their similar individual characteristics in their current social networks. These networks are generally composed of individuals who left school, had absenteeism and disciplinary problems, had to repeat grades and suffered low academic success. In schools, students are mainly in social networks consisting of low-achieving, grade-repeating, and misbehaving students. In their families, they generally have siblings who dropped out of school or parents whose education level stops before upper secondary education. In communities, students have more powerful social networks with friends out of school.One of the causes of disadvantaged students finding themselves in similarly disadvantaged social networks could be the high school placement system in Turkey (TEOG). The system separates high-achieving students from low-achieving ones. Students with a similar level of academic success are grouped together in schools. Inevitably, students are placed into similar social networks by demographics, achievement, and aspirations. In this study, most of the students are enrolled in vocational high schools.Considering these disadvantaged social networks, longitudinal and large-scale researches helping to reveal the groups most at risk for dropping out should be conducted by the relevant authorities in the districts of Eskişehir. Then the all authorities, in collaboration with universities, municipalities, and national education district directorates, should take the indicated necessary actions to decrease dropout rates and raise awareness of negative repercussions of dropping out in high-risk districts.Secondly, the power of peer groups leading students to act together in school and community is evident. Even students think that school is valuable, because of the friends they make there. However, most of the time, these peer networks produce delinquent behaviors leading to low academic achievement, discipline problems and finally, dropping out. Hence, teachers should create more trust in their interactions with the students to facilitate the identification of student needs and expectations. This would also be helpful for sustaining a positive and healthy school climate by maintaining close relations between family and school. Hence, at-risk schools in particular should take more and effective actions to enhance family participation in schools. In this regard, counseling and guidance services should be optimized to promote student engagement and the school-family partnership.

Dropout in Secondary Education and Social Capital: A Qualitative Study

Tuğba

This paper focuses on social capital in the music world. The music and entertainment industry have different actors, who work together collaboratively. The necessity of social and financial capital can be found in both local and global music businesses. The actions and decisions of the actors affect each other because of the network and its ties. This paper seeks to address the following questions: Do actors such as musicians, programmers, managers and sponsors trust each other and their way of doing business? Are social credits important for actors? Can we mention a professional network? What is the meaning of the relations between actors of the music business? I mostly did my research on music and the media world in Turkey.Social capital as a topic has been underrepresented in musicology. In the music world, however, many different actors and institutions produce together and they need to trust each other to maintain their relations. I would like to present a perspective about networks in the music world by using results of interviews and survey. I took advantage of the approaches to social capital and network theories of Coleman, Bourdieu, and Granovetter mostly. Especially, Bourdieu’s critical and comprehensive analysis on economical inequalities and opportunities affected the approach of this paper. The norms of social capital can be observed and interpreted in the music industry easily. The reason is that music is a social fact and it affects a different part of the cultural world in everyday life. Music makes people build interpersonal and collective works. In this research, the relations between musician, audience and music/ media industry have been viewed via social capital principles. First of all, the reason and necessity of the choice of this subject have been explained. Afterwards, I’ve gathered the theories of musicology and sociology together. The dynamics between musician and music industry have been explained. The opinions of musicians and employers/ employees of music companies, radio and TV channels have been analysed and compared. I have interviewed professional and independent musicians and more generally people in creative industries. In doing so, the reader can recognize the importance of social capital in the cultural world. Secondly, I focused on the relations between audience and musician. The audience is accepted as a social capital source in this article, although reaching out to the audience is one of the main aims for producers. The study showed the significance of a loyal audience for a musician. Artists have an opportunity to make a living thanks to their audience. On the other hand, I found that the differences between audience/ fan or follower of social media, which take the research to the next level. What has changed after digital technologies and new media? I made surveys with users of social media. They follow different official social media accounts of artists. This study claims that the relations have changed after digital media era, therefore, we need to define the principles of social capital again. While audiences or fans of an artist tend to consume artist’ music products, followers don’t buy albums, singles or go to the concert of an artist, who they follow most of the time. Overproduction creates overconsumption in new media era and the relations are getting more flexible. This research indicated that followers don’t have to be an audience necessarily. The norms of social capital have been interpreted by comparing the differences between traditional and new media. Socialisation, social credits, unequal economic conditions, reciprocity, and trust, as the most important aspects of social capital, have been indicated in terms of music and media industries.

Social Capital, Relations and Music World: Networks in New Media

Tuba

Ahmet

Prof.

Inter-country income disparities and the duration of achievement of long-term growth are the main concerns of economic growth theories. In economic literature, the rationality assumption, “homo economicus” assumption positions individuals by isolating them from the society, given that actors, who are independent from time and space, think rationally and make decisions in accordance with their own perspectives, and try to increase the benefits. However, this assumption has led to the separation of social elements from the discipline of economics for a good while. Based on this dominant paradigm, social and institutional factors have not been discussed for a long time in growth literature; traditional factors of production such as land, labor force and capital are the basic elements that determine growth. However, with recent studies in the growth literature, it has been stated that traditional factors of production are inadequate to explain growth and the concept of capital has been expanded to include human capital and social capital. While the role of human capital in economic growth was being dealt with in the 1960s; especially after the work of Putnam, Leonardi, and Nanetti (1993) named “Making Democracy Work,” the concept of social capital started to take place in economic development studies in the 1990s. Except from Putnam, Leonardi, and Nanetti (1993) and Putnam (1995), the notion of social capital has become popular thanks to important scientists such as Coleman (1988), Bourdieu (1986) and Fukuyama (1995). After the studies of these scientists, social capital has begun to be addressed within the frameworks of economic development, regional development and economic growth. The concept of social capital emphasizes the quality of social relations. Social capital can be defined as trust, norms and social networks that provide interactions between individuals and institutions, allowing the establishment and maintenance of relationships among individuals in a society. The importance of social capital from an economic point of view results from its contribution to economic efficiency through confidential relations among economic actors. Market disruptions can be solved by the high level of general trust and corporate trust in society, the diversification and strengthening of social networks, and the emergence of social norms as social interests rather than individual interests; transaction costs are reduced; positive externalities are created; information access is facilitated; entrepreneurship and innovation are encouraged (Akçomak &amp; Weel, 2009; Boulila, Bousrih, &amp; Trabelsi, 2008; Whiteley, 2000).In terms of long-term economic growth, another concept that has increased in importance in the last thirty years is innovation. Under changing global competition conditions, it has become compulsory for companies, even countries, to have knowledge, to step up with the change, to follow innovations, to discover innovations and to be the pioneer of innovations. The concept of innovation is viewed as a&nbsp;fundamental element in economic growth, competition and increasing life standards. Schumpeter’s work has a major role in the increasing importance in this topic. After Schumpeter’s emphasis on innovation in terms of economic growth, economists such as Romer (1986), Grossman ve Helpman (1991), and Aghion and Howitt (1992) developed the theory of internal growth and considered technological development as an internal element in growth models. According to this approach, the technology develops depending on the interaction and the relationship between the company and its environment. For this reason, the need to address the innovation process within a system reveals the approach to the innovation system. Thanks to this approach, the importance of interactions between companies, organizations, universities, research institutions, and individuals, involved in the process from the creation of an idea to the commercialization of it, becomes apparent. However, for these systems and applied policies to be effective, a confidential cooperation must be established among all the actors.&nbsp;According to Acemoğlu and Robinson (2015, p. 266), the reason for the existence of inequality in the world today is that some countries can benefit from technology and organizational methods brought by the Industrial Revolution of the 19th and 20th centuries, while others don’t have such an opportunity. As described in Fıkırkoca (2007), examining the dynamic relationship between old and new industries and the conditions behind the transformations they bring within a historical, institutional, and social view is an important step for an innovation-based development model. The value of the knowledge that gives rise to innovations can only be measured at the level of social relations (cited in Bedirhanoglu &amp; Balaban, 2015, p. 141).The aim of this study within this scope is to combine these two important concepts into a single framework based on economic growth literature from recent times. The main purpose of the study therefore, is to examine the effect of social capital and innovation on economic growth. Another aim of the study is to determine the relationship between social capital and innovation. To accomplish this purpose, panel data relations for the period of 1990 to 1994 were analyzed for 52 developed and developing countries. Empirical literature was given first, and recent studies on this subject were discussed. Then the purpose and model of the study were explained and the findings evaluated. General evaluations and policy recommendations are included in the conclusion part.

The Effect of Social Capital and Innovation on Economic Growth

Bilgehan

Mustafa Hilmi

This study investigates the role of cultural capital on the educational attainment of secondary school students in Turkey. Bourdieu (1986) suggests that cultural capital is the most important and influential factor for educational attainment. The main objective of this study is to test the stated hypothesis, as well as to decipher the potential role of cultural capital on the Turkish education system. The main part of cultural capital is formed by the family, especially by the parental factors: Is the father and/or mother alive? Are they together or separated? What are the parents’ education levels and occupations? The gender of the student, as well as the number and gender of siblings, is also an important factor. The other important part of cultural capital is influenced and shaped by the environment. Geographic region, hometown, rural or urban residence, district, neighborhood and the house the family lives in are all have their impacts on formation of cultural codes of the student. The theoretical basis of the study is built on the action theory of Bourdieu (1986). Action theory postulates that action is a function of habitus, capital, and field. “Act” here corresponds to educational attainment. “Habitus” stands for the inclinations and tendencies, and as the subject group in this study are secondary school students, their habitus is mainly formed by family and immediate environment. Capital could be economic, cultural or social. Again, the capital of a student is mainly confined to the economic and cultural capital of the family and his or her network at the school and the neighborhood. The field for a student is also composed of home, neighborhood, and school. So under the action theory, we can simplify the functional elements of action (which would be a much more complex task in terms of analyzing an adult) into two main parts: the added value of the school and the factor related to cultural capital. This task would be more complex for an adultIn order to investigate the role of cultural capital on educational attainment, the dataset provided by the Ministry of Education is utilized and augmented with data from Ministry of Development and TEPAV, a Turkish think-tank. The dataset includes data for all secondary school students spread over four cohorts, and covers more than 3.7 million individual students. The outcome variable is the YEP score, which stands for the combined score including scores on both the general tests held nationwide and individual examinations in each classroom. Explanatory variables are a set of cultural capital factors, each of which are composed of ordered categorical subdivisions. In the analysis section, the levels of effects of different types of cultural capital factors and their various combinations on educational attainment are demonstrated. It is identified that deprivations of cultural capital negatively affects educational attainment to an important degree and the levels of mentioned effects are detailed. Study verifies the hypothesis of Bourdieu (1986), which suggests that the&nbsp;cultural capital is the principal factor that determines educational attainment. On a scale of 0 to 500 points of the possible range of YEP scores, the gap between the expected score of the student group with the least amount of cultural capital and the greatest amount of cultural capital is 311.08 points, which is quite sizable.On the other hand, the most important cultural capital factors are found to be parents’ education levels, gender of student, parents’ occupations, having one’s own room at home, geographical region, parents’ marital status (together or separated) and the province of residence. The lower the level of parental education, the more deprived the student in cultural capital and the less successful in terms of educational attainment. The student is expected to be more successful if parents are working in the public sector and/or if they live in a public housing. Further related factors are observed to be more influential on the educational attainment of the student compared to mother related ones. Girls are found to be significantly more successful per se. Having one’s own room also boosts scores significantly. Only living in the least developed geographical regions has a significant negative effect on the educational attainment, while living in a moderately developed region outpaces living in the most developed regions. The human development level of the city is observed to have only slight effects. On the other hand, only living in the least developed provinces was observed to lead to significant disadvantage.The differentiation between private schools and public schools is also analyzed within the study. Private schools are observed to perform significantly better in alleviating the mentioned negative effects on those students deprived of cultural capital, as well as executing an additional attainment boost to the students who possess highest levels of cultural capital. In this regard, a two-pronged approach suggested regarding incentives related to private schools, which on the one hand prioritize on the students who are deprived mostly of cultural capital in order to improve the levels of social inclusion in education and on the other hand specialize in students with the highest levels of cultural capital to nurture and produce more star scientists and professionals.Several further studies based on these findings are suggested, and especially a similar study using the university entrance examinations results will potentially produce quite insightful findings.

Effects of Cultural Capital on Educational Attainment in Turkey

Mehmet Ferhat

There are important missing pieces in our understanding of the effect of workplace friendship. To move our knowledge further, we need to grasp how workplace friendship effects important employee outcomes. To achieve this goal, this study focuses on the extending our knowledge about the effect of workplace friendship on four employee outcomes (job insecurity, turnover intention, job performance, and organizational deviance) using organizational social capital perspective and social exchange theory. Specifically, the current study investigates the negative influence of two types of workplace friendships (friendship with coworkers and friendship with a supervisor) on employees’ job insecurity and turnover intention. The current study also argues that the positive association between workplace friendship with a supervisor and job performance is stronger for employees having a low work ethic than for those with a high work ethic. In addition, this study also assumes that the negative relationship between friendship with a supervisor and organizational deviance is stronger for employees who have a low work ethic but not for those with a high work ethic. I propose that when a supervisor builds a friendship with employees or supports coworkers to develop a strong friendship amongst themselves, employees can feel secure in the workplace. In response to this positive situation (job security), an employee will not intend to quit the organization, will display high performance and will show less organizational deviance. If a supervisor develops a friendship with his/her employees or supports coworkers’ friendship, employees feel happy, relaxed and secure. Thus, the supervisor expects that the employees who are feeling secure in their jobs will behave according to management’s expectations (not quitting the organization, displaying high-performance and low deviance) as a requirement of reciprocity within this positive working environment. To test hypotheses, 313 data samples have been collected from service sector employees. The employees’ mean age was 29.4 years (s.d.= 4.6). 51% of them were male. The employees’ average job tenure was 4.81 years. 34% of the employees had a high school education, 26% of them had a junior technical college education and 40% of them had a college degree. 58% of the participants were working in the marketing and sales department. Other employees were working in the finance, accounting, and the human resource management departments.Employees filled out the scales workplace friendships, turnover intention, job insecurity, work ethic,and organizational deviance. The supervisor working with the employee only filled out the job performance scale. I used workplace friendship scale as independent variable. The two-factor model, which specified the friendship with coworkers and the friendship with a supervisor as unique constructs, fit the data well. I used 4-items job insecurity and 2 items turnover intention scale as dependent variables in this study. I also used job performance scale as one of the dependent variable. This scale was evaluated across 5 items. Further, I used 12-items organizational deviance scale as other dependent variable. I used 17 items work ethic scale as moderator variable. I also used age, education, tenure, gender, and income as control variables. According to the results, friendship with coworkers and friendship with a supervisor are negatively associated to job insecurity and turnover intention. The results also show that friendship with a supervisor was positively associated with job performance for employees having a low work ethic but not for those with a high work ethic. Furthermore, the results show that friendship with a supervisor was negatively associated with organizational deviance for employees having a low work ethic but not for those with a high work ethic. Unexpectedly, the friendship with a supervisor is positively associated with organizational deviance for employees having a high work ethic. This study revealed that workplace friendships decrease job insecurity and turnover intention. The current study also found that positive association between friendship with a supervisor and job performance is stronger for employees having a low work ethic but not for employees with a high work ethic. Further, results show that the negative association between friendship with a supervisor and organizational deviance is stronger for employees having a low work ethic but not for those with a high work ethic. In short, the benefit of workplace friendship for an employee is less job insecurity and the benefits of workplace friendships for an organization are less turnover intention, high job performance, and less organizational deviance.

Do We Need Friendship in the Workplace? The Theory of Workplace Friendship and Employee Outcomes: The Role of Work Ethics

Barış

It is a commonly held view that state intervention into secularization processes has given those processes an elitist character and thus prevented them from attaining permanence. Associated, among others, with the late Şerif Mardin, this thesis applies to culture as well as to politics: the secularization of culture (defined as the autonomization of cultural practices from religious authority) was tainted, Mardin and his associates hold, by the heavy hand of state bureaucrats who wanted to get things done quickly and without taking into account the priorities of people other than themselves. This article is an attempt to evaluate the Mardin thesis from within by assessing the impact of a particular state action on the human capital of two fields of literary production, i.e., poetry and the novel.While the secularization of the field of poetry took a remarkably inclusive turn for the Turkish context in the 1950s, in the field of the novel the picture resembles the Turkish stereotype: a vicious and sterile cycle of contention between elitist, top-down secularization on one hand and anti-secularist Islamism on the other. In articles published elsewhere, I showed that a crucial difference between the two fields concerned their autonomy, in the Bourdieusian sense, from politics: featuring a higher dose of such autonomy, the field of poetry was able to “bracket” dangerous political conversations, thus making it less likely for typically left-leaning non-pious poets and typically right-leaning pious ones to give up on each other before truly weighing each other as partners in a shared literary enterprise.This article traces the two fields’ levels of autonomy from politics to an unintended consequence of the persecution of socialist writers in the 1940s. By making it harder for left-wing writers to stay in touch with the semi-formal institutions of the world of poetry, such as coffeehouses and journals, this action ended up pushing those writers to the novel, where one could thrive in relative isolation. In the novel, such ex-poets instituted the dominance of the village novel, a genre with very little autonomy from politics. The places they were forced to vacate in the field of poetry were eventually filled by formalistically-minded poets of the İkinci Yeni movement, whose relative indifference to politics in the 1950s allowed some pious poets to build friendships and literary alliances with non-pious peers in the context of a nonreligious (but not anti-religious) framework of rules for the assessment of poems and poets.As such, not only were the two processes of secularization related, they also corresponded to the formation of distinct patterns of social capital. Using both quantitative and qualitative methods, I document the networks that dominated the two fields and illustrate the effects of those networks by focusing on two events—the failure of Attila İlhan’s challenge to İkinci Yeni’s cosmopolitan formalism and the failure of the formalist novelist Yusuf Atılgan to prevail over Fakir Baykurt in the 1958 Yunus Nadi Award. In both events, robust network assets were fundamental for the eventual winners of the struggle, and the losers were characterized less by the lack of literary merit than by the lack of such network assets.This article interprets these findings as casting doubt on the meaningfulness of the Mardin thesis—that thesis is neither right nor wrong but simply meaningless. This is because, for an act to be prescribed as a moral duty, it must be viable given the actor’s resources—“ought” presumes “can.” By contrast, it does not seem possible for the state not to affect the processes of secularization in culture: when state elites intervened against socialist writers in the 1940s, what they had in mind was not at all the inclusiveness of poetry’s or novel’s secularization; they were motivated by geopolitical concerns such as the building of a safety net against the Soviet menace that haunted them. Because of the sheer size of the state’s resources and its inherent inability to control the indirect consequences of the deployment of those resources, the state shapes secularization even when state elites are not trying to affect that process.What this calls for, this article argues, is a theory of secularization in which the state is not the privileged independent variable to be intelligently guided by enlightened cadres but a loose cannon that&nbsp;will enter the picture in unpredictable ways in unpredictable moments. Theories of secularization must take the perspective of civil society instead and reconcile themselves to a high degree of uncertainty when the state is involved, unless forces in civil society converge, focusing all their energies in the same direction. In that case, the actions of the state will simply not matter much.

Secularization and the State: The “Mardin Thesis”, Literary Fields, and Social Capital

Beyzade Nadir

Just as the economic capital corresponds to a material gain determined in accordance with its position in a production system, social capital corresponds to the position and prestige achieved in the reproduction of the society. Even though they seem to be basically different, both forms of capitals are phenomena likely to transform into one another. The possibility of such a transformation reveals the social orientation of the capital, whether economic, cultural, symbolic or social. In this context, this study tries to reveal the relations of commodity that emerges with the idea of social capital acquisition, and focuses on the relationship between the perception of borrowing obligations and the domination created by the commodity.According to Bourdieu, the “conversion strategies” that arise in an attempt to transform an owned capital form into another form of capital, point to the efforts of the individual who is situated to protect his position or to achieve another position in a social structure. Each class focuses on the goals of the other classes in order to gain new achievements and superiority to other classes. Inter-class struggles and efforts to obtain “goods or titles” previously identified in habitus and capital forms refer to an extension of such a conversion strategy. The goods or titles that are determinant in terms of social stratification give an important social position to the owners. In this case, groups that do not (cannot) have goods and titles enter into a struggle against the leading groups in the social hierarchy as they have these goods and titles. The struggle is related to the attempt to acquire goods and titles that give social status. However, the groups “above” the social hierarchy respond in a way that does not exclude the goods and titles which they possess in order to protect their position (Bourdieu, 2017, s. 237–242), because the positions outlined in the social structure are defined on the basis of the possessed goods, titles, liking, talents and skills. The values given in the content of consumption commodities are especially symbolic representations of the meanings that determine the social position. In this respect, the habitus determining the location and form of social capital surrounded by the habitat, are transformed into another habitus and another capital respectively, causing the change in the social position of the individual. This transformation can be achieved by consuming the products and experiences required by the desired habitus and the form of capital . Consumption needs to afford a certain social or&nbsp;economic value. For this reason, individuals who constitute social constructions are confronted with the reality of social and economic costs that they must have. Such an obligation necessitates the social construction of a wide variety of strategies and tools that Bourdieu calls conversion strategies. In today’s consumer society, in which the ideology of consumerism spreads rapidly, various tools and actors serving this purpose have been created by the system. The credit and debt situation, which is the basis of the conversion strategies of the consumer society, is one of such tools and actors.Credit and debt practices legitimize people who want to get a social position and intend to make themselves a member of a specific habitus. However, this legitimization is achieved only by the fulfillment of an act expected from them at the level of discourse. For those who have products and experiences in this way, the positions they cannot reach due to the inadequacy of social capital is almost granted to them by the system. At the consumer society phase, commodities and experiences provide a strategic application for the tools of the system as well, since they create a sense of difference via the symbolic meanings that they have. Credit is one of these applications. The capitalist system attributes the meanings that add commodity values to the produced materials and also gives possible strategies for buying this product to the consumers. In this respect, credit has become a vehicle for lifting the barriers to consumption in the form of time and space shifts. Those, who has been conceived consumption by the symbolic meanings presented in products and experiences, but cannot be put in action, are made to be included by the system. But this sense of impenetrability and being a part of the system is just a tribute to a temporary and imaginary paradise. In due course, debt and credit, which have to be paid, turn into the yoke of the consuming class.However, the sense of prestige that is believed to be reached is not real. The reality is the support that is for the continuity of the system with indebtedness. This state of support is again dominated by the vehicles and actors of the system and a power relation is established through indebtedness. In particular, the perception of social capital, which the people who cannot have the social capital expected by the ideology of consumerism think they have obtained by borrowing, is producing a domination based on indebtedness.

Gaining Social Capital by Consumption and Indebtedness as a Tool of Conversion

Füsun

Although an attempt has been made to develop an interdisciplinary point of view in the field of academic literature through the discussions of social movements, civil society, and democracy in Turkey, there are still many shortcomings in this field today. Such a situation is both politically and intellectually depriving. The aim of this study is to establish a connection between family, organization and social movements, aiming at bringing a different perspective to the studies of social movements which are accepted as a representation of the public sphere in the social sciences literature. This study tries to make a family, which is an important representative of this special field, visible in the process of evolving a social movement by producing and providing social capital using the special case of LISTAG. Through considering the social capital phenomenon in the context of family and organization practices, making social capital resources in our country usable for societal movement studies forms the fundamental design of the current study.In this study, the context established between social movements and social capital shapes in the frame of social relations. Although it is in the center of social sciences, the social relations concept has only recently begun attracting the attention it deserves, especially after 1960s. Particularly, the social relation concept has become more important within the social construct, which isolates individuals of our time. While the reserves of social relations established between social institutions and individuals creating social capital have become increasingly important, this has laid the foundations of a different subordination process for disadvantaged groups inside the social construct. Excluding various people such as women, the poor, and LGBTI+ individuals and their families from the processes and means of establishing social relations unfortunately contributes to the relational transformation of social inequality. One of the means for overcoming such deprivation is social movements.Within the context of social movements, it becomes possible to create social capital reserves through social relations that cannot be obtained by disadvantaged groups through organization dynamics implemented on global and local planes. On this purpose, LISTAG, a solidarity association of families with homosexual, transsexual or bisexual children, was selected as the sample case of this study. This family organization, which used to mobilize through sharing and exchanging experiences in the beginning, has become an efficient social movement instrument creating social capital in today’s Turkey.In our country, individuals with different sexual orientations and identities are alienated from several rights and social relation networks when they share their differences with their families and social environments. These young people, who are denied housing, education, social-security rights,&nbsp;and even their right to live, gradually become more isolated. Within the intricate structure of social construct, these young people, who are often abandoned by their families, consequently lose their means for establishing social relations and creating social capital. This fact can be expressed as the dark face of social capital and may contribute to deepening inequalities. Individuals ostracized from social relation networks are dispossessed of their means for creating social capital. There are various means for eliminating this process. At this point, for social movements such as LISTAG, organizing to fight their children’s loss of rights and strengthening their means for social capital are particularly important.LISTAG began getting together on solidarity basis in January 2008 and has turned into a very strong social movement for Turkey and Europe. Families fighting their children’s loss of rights and social capital reserves organize by establishing social relations. To that end, they resort to break down current prejudices by creating a perspective and awareness on the people with different sexual orientations and identities within the social structure. On the other hand, they have made attempts and performed activities for the individuals deprived of education, employment, and housing rights to provide these rights. Acquisitions have provided great contributions in the process of producing social capital through social relation. Within the context of these processes, it is possible to suggest that LISTAG is a social movement, trying to resolve relational transformation of social inequality through social capital creation process for these young people with different sexual orientations or identities we can consider a disadvantaged group.

Social Capital and Social Movements: Relational Transformation of Social Inequality

Mustafa Onur

Justice is not only one of the most divine ideals of mankind. It is also one of the most controversial issues of our social history. This can easily be observed with a brief look at existing discussions in literature on social justice which is nowadays dominated by a number of contested political ideas and their persuasive philosophical justifications. Among these ideas, Amartya Sen’s capability approach (which advocates the assessment of justice in relation to people’s capability or freedom to achieve what they have reason to value) is a new evaluative framework that is also frequently used by scholars and policy makers who work in the fields of development, welfare, poverty and social choice. Sen’s capability approach creates a space for itself in the relevant literature by critically approaching, primarily, three mainstream theories of justice, namely utilitarian, libertarian and Rawlsian models of social justice. Although it provides various criticisms on these theories of justice, most of these criticisms arise from a sociologically-informed perspective of diversity embedded in people’s various characteristics (e.g. gender, age, social status) and their social/institutional surroundings (e.g. existence of unconstrained flow of information, rule of law, dominant conventions and customs, distributional rules within the family). For example, claiming that the Rawlsian approach to social justice overlooks people’s diverse abilities of converting their holdings into something that they value, or the utilitarian account of justice ignores the influence of diverse social conditions on people’s mental states. The capability approach boldly underlines influence and significance of social structure. Therefore, the approach is usually addressed as a “sociological turn” within the relevant literature of social justice. However, beyond some conventional criticisms to the capability approach in literature, I argue that the approach employs such a sociologically-informed perspective of diversity, primarily to criticize rival theories of justice, rather than to configure the analytical texture of its own authentic proposal. For example, it draws heavily on a sociological account of the social actor while criticizing certain mainstream theories of justice, but turns to an economic account of the rational actor whose reasoning is reliable in specifying what s/he should be able to be and do. Based on such a critical examination of the primary proposal of the capability approach, I discuss that although the capability approach is addressed as a sociological turn in the relevant literature, this is not a fully-deserved characteristic and its analytical texture still needs to be developed further in relation to a sociologically-informed perspective of both actor and structure.

Beyond the Conventional -A Sociological Criticism of Sen’s Capability Approach

İhsan

İslâm Medeniyeti Söylemi

Duygu

Değer Bilinçlendirme Yaklaşımı

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Adviye

Assist. Prof. Dr.

Berrin

Hakan

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

Working and Living Conditions of Women Migrant Domestic Workers in Istanbul during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Atılhan

Fatma

The Effect of Psychological Contract Breach on Organizational Silence: The Moderating Effect of Psychological Capital

Mesut

Strategic Management in IT Companies in Türkiye: Examining Strategic Statements

Kemal

The Working Class Culture in Bursa

Roza

The Shadow of Crime: Impact on Prison Experiences and Recidivism Tendency

Mustafa

Prof. Dr.

Exploring Migration Motivations from Developed to Developing Countries: A Study of American Emigrants to Developing Countries

Osman

Nabila

The Problem of Early-Age Marriage in Afghanistan

Mithat

Analyzing Symbolic Violence Phenomenon in Project Schools

Deepfake Dilemmas: Imagine Tomorrow’s Surveillance Society through Three Scenarios

Abdullah

Measuring Beliefs in Conspiracy Theories: Developing the Turkish Conspiracy Mentality Scale (TCMS)

Gamze

Fuat

Strategies of Refugee Children in Response to Ethnic Categorization and Social Exclusion in Konya

Emel

Ayda

Resilience and Adaptation Impact of Covid-19 on Female Entrepreneurship  and Motivation in Gaziantep-Türkiye

Hatice

Senay

Lecturer

Şehnaz

The Nexuses between Community Attachment, Tourism Support, and Cultural Heritage Protection in the Bektashi Faith Destination: The Roles of Perceived Tourism Impacts and Residency Length

Zeynep

Happiness of Working Women and Homemakers in Türkiye: The Role of  Social Norms and Issues in the Work and Home Domains

Betül

Zuhal

Sulukule Transition: Impact on Municipal Destigmatization and Stigma Stickiness

Terence

Nilüfer

Aslı

Aging Well and the Intersection of Flourishing, Connectedness, and Sense of Meaningfulness in a Changing World: Implications for Personal and Societal Responsibility

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Borabay

Kelly

Opening the Black Box of AI: A Sociological Study of AI as a Network

Serap

Clientelism in Public Employment in Turkey

Nilufar

Djavlonbek

Bronwyn

An Integrative Model of Migrant Women Entrepreneurship in Family Businesses (MWE-FB): The Substratum Market System Perspective

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Philip L.

President Trump and Migration Policy

Filiz

Mehmet

For various migrant groups, Turkey has been a transit country for many years. However, due to the ongoing civil war in Syria, Turkey has become the number one destination for Syrian refugees, and now hosts the largest refugee group in the world. This transformation has attracted the attention of different academic disciplines such as law, social policy, social work, psychology and sociology, and especially in politics and media, it has emerged as one of the most debated subjects in recent years. As a result, scholarly researches in increasing numbers have attempted to examine the phenomenon of forced migration from different dimensions, such as security, policy, education, health and gender. However, when considering studies examining forced migration from a gender perspective, it is seen that the studies mostly focus on women because they are more exposed to problems. This situation, which is added to the negative representation of refugee men in the host societies, causes the experience of male refugees to be invisible, and the social aid practices directed towards refugees are less susceptible to the problems of men. Based on this point, this study aims to analyze the problems of male refugees that cannot be seen because of their negative representations, and to discuss them based on social work and aid policies. In line with this purpose, the study was designed as a qualitative research. The working sample of the study consists of 17 male refugees from various nationalities residing in Eskişehir and five specialists who are working in the field of humanitarian aid. Data were collected by semi-structured interviews. The findings of the study indicate that some refugee men are exposed to many social problems, like women, such as discrimination and violence with reference to their gender. Male refugees are experiencing tensions because of their responsibility to support the family. At the same time, they are excluded from migration regulations and social aids aimed at solving these tensions. According to the findings, most of the participants have difficulties in accessing basic needs, such as employment and housing, because of the misrepresentation of masculinity of the male refugees. Although providing for the family is accepted as a male responsibility especially in economic terms, tensions arise because male refugees cannot fulfill this responsibility alone. This situation increases the problems of male refugees in the asylum process, while imposing a passive role at home for refugee women. In addition to difficult situations male refugees experience only because of their gender, their exclusion from migration regulations and social benefits makes their asylum process even more difficult. As a result, it can be concluded that social aid policies and the above-mentioned researches consider the masculinity of male refugees as a typical category in the form of constant hegemonic power against femininity. For this reason, it should primarily be accepted that there is no universal masculin ity that is always advantageous over femininity. The masculinity is also shaped and harmed by patriarchy. For masculinity is not a universal category, it is a dynamic gender identity shaped by historical and cultural conditions, just like femininity. In this respect, it is necessary to think of masculinity as a heterogeneous structure. Indeed, males with different conditions, just like women, may also be in exploited positions. Forced migration is one of these conditions. The forced migration process can make men and women suffer. Of course, it is wrong to say that in the process of forced migration, all male refugees could be in disadvantaged positions. However, social aid policies and researches seeing the masculinity as a universal category rather than a culturally constructed phenomenon, miss an important point: not all males can be equally advantageous in the patriarchal order. In other words, the idea that gender perceptions may have negative effects on men as much as they have on women should be a starting point for gaining further insights into the matter. Scholarly inquiries in this context should be aimed at a better understanding of the multiple structures of masculinity during the course of forced migration, and the inclusion of male refugees in social aid practices as visible actors.

The Invisible Actors of Forced Migration: Male Refugees in The Context of Representation and Gender

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Halil

Semanur

Although there has been an environment in which global neo-mercantilist protectionist policies have increased in recent times and the countries have further tightened immigration policies, the increase in bilateral trade and migration among the countries remains the two most important results of globalization. Some authors who address the relationship between these two outcomes of globalization have developed a theory that a country’s migration affects trade activities between the host country and the emigrant source country. Gould (1991) stated that this relationship could be realized through two mechanisms. The first is the increase in the import of the host country from the source country as a result of migrants carrying their consumption habits to the host country. The other mechanism is that transaction costs incurred in the process of acquiring information and establishing a trade relationship will be reduced due to immigrants. This is the reason why immigrants’ native language is frequently used and known in the host country and that migrants carry information about their consumption preferences in their own countries to the host country. It is stated that bilateral trade between countries will increase by means of these interaction mechanisms.In the literature, a large number of empirical studies were encountered, which examined the relationship between international trade and international migration for different countries. In these studies, the bilateral trade relations between the immigrant-receiving country, which is a center of attraction, and the emigrant countries were analyzed. From this point of view, this study aims to examine the relationship between international trade and migration for Germany, which is the center of attraction of Europe. Germany is the country with the highest number of immigrants among the European Union countries and the share of Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries is very high among the emigrant countries in Europe. In view of this situation, in the study, it was aimed to examine whether the migration of Germany from the mentioned countries was effective in the foreign trade activities with these countries.CEE countries, based on the definition of the OECD have been determined as Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. In the study covering the data set from 2000 to 2016, a panel gravity model was used.In the study the dependent variables are export and import while the independent variables are the number of immigrants, GDP and per capita GDP of the emigrant countries, the distance between the host country and emigrant countries, and the dummy variable which represents the Customs Union memberships of the countries.In the study, which was modeled for both export and import, findings showed that there was not any significant relationship between the migration and foreign trade of Germany. In the study, which was modeled for both export and import, findings showed that there was not any significant relationship between the migration to Germany and the foreign trade of Germany with CEE countries. On the other hand, GDP, per capita GDP, distance and dummy variables were found to be significant in the model in which export is the dependent variable. According to this, a positive relationship was found&nbsp;between the GDP level of CEE countries and Germany’s exports in accordance with theoretical expectation. On the other hand, there is a negative relationship between GDP per capita in CEE countries and Germany’s exports, contrary to theoretical expectation. Accordingly, per capita income, which represents the level of welfare in CEE countries, reduces imports from Germany. This situation, which is contrary to theoretical expectation, is thought to be related to the fact that these countries are former Soviet Union countries. The distance variable has a negative effect on the export, in line with the expectation. The dummy variable added to determine the impact of the Customs Union membership of the CEE countries revealed a statistically significant and positive relationship. In other words, countries’ membership to the Customs Union positively affects the export of Germany. In the import model, only the Customs Union dummy variable was significant. Accordingly, the membership of the CEE countries to the Customs Union has an increasing impact on Germany’s imports.In summary, it can be stated that Germany did not see an increase in exports from migration. On the other hand, it can be stated that both sides of the relationship are benefiting from regional integration through Customs Union membership.

Analysis of Gravity Model on the Relationship Between Foreign Trade and Immigration: The Case of Germany

Reyhan

Introduction The aim of this study was to reveal the effects of internal migration on poverty in Turkey. In other words, in addition to the many factors that affect poverty, determining how and on what level interregional migration affects poverty is one of the main purposes of the study. The focus of the study were 12 regions in Level 1 and qualitative and quantitative methods were applied together using secondary data. The main purpose of the study is to reveal how migration that took place in the recent past and the differentiation between the regions had an effect on poverty and thus, to guide the policymakers and relevant actors. The aim of the study was to suggest opinions about which regions the individuals, who were forced to migrate due to socio-economic reasons, should incline towards and thus, to reveal alternative migration routes. Another aim of this study is to reveal the final outcomes of migration for the individuals who were living in relatively behind regions and whose poverty had become chronic in creating added value. Thus, it might be possible to determine the impact on individual wealth for those who migrate or those who choose an alternative to migration and to suggest policies.&nbsp;Literature Summary The following studies, which analyze the relationship between poverty and migration, were used as a reference in this study: Bustillo and Anton (2009), Chapman and Bernstein (2003), Güneş (2009), Martin and Taylor (2003), Raphael and Smolensky (2008), Tümtaş (2009), Suro et al. (2011), Tümtaş and Ergun (2014), and to Yıldız and Alaeddinoğlu (2011). In all of this research, it was emphasized that poverty changes with migration and most of the studies drew attention to the effect of migration from rural areas.&nbsp;Econometric Analysis The aim of this study was to reveal the effects of migration in 12 regions in Level 1 segregation of TSI on national and regional poverty. Accordingly, the necessary data set was obtained by determining indicators in accordance with the studies conducted on the relationship between poverty and migration. The used data is from 2008-2014 and was obtained from TSI on Level 1. Subsequently, the created model was estimated with panel data analysis. The econometric problems that were encountered during the analysis were corrected with necessary operations and thus, efficient estimators were obtained.InNumberOfPoorPeopleit= α + β1 lnDependencyit+ β2 lnMigrationit+ β3 lnAgricultural_Empit + β4 lnGNPPCit+ β5 lnAgricultural_Migrationit+ eit InNumberOfPoorPeopleit Number of poor individuals lnDependencyit Total age dependency ratio lnMigrationit The migration that the region receives lnAgricultural_Empit Agricultural employment lnGNPPCit Gross national product per capita (dollar) lnAgricultural_Migrationit Migration from the regions in which the agricultural sector has 6% or more share in the regional GDP (regions in which agricultural employment and production have become relatively prominent) to other regions. i Region t Date (Year)Findings and Evaluation The obtained results reveal that the relationship between the dependency ratio, migration and GNPPC are not statistically significant. However, it was observed that agriculture-based migration decreases the total number of poor people. In other words, an increase in agricultural migration by 100%, decreases the number of poor people in the country by approximately 49%. This result proves that a good number of individuals who migrate from rural to urban areas do not bring their poverty with them by finding new job opportunities. That is, by leaving the agriculture sector, the migration into regions where industry and services are prominent significantly decreases the number of poor people in the country. As a result of the analysis, it can be stated that the autonomous poverty in the discussed regions which can’t be explained with independent variables are different from each other. In other words, the effect of independent variables, such as rural migration, differs in regions in the reduction of poverty with the TR1-Istanbul region ranking first in terms of the magnitude of this effect. According to this ranking which is followed by the TR-3 Aegean and TR6-Mediterranean Regions, it can be stated that other factors which were not included in the model affected the poverty of these regions. This study in which the relationship between poverty and migration was discussed indicates that rural-based migration has a significant effect on poverty. At this point, it should not be overlooked that the knowledge-skill levels of migrated individuals would change the magnitude and direction of this effect. In other words, since agricultural-based migration is effective in the reduction of the number of poor people, this effect can be positively increased by educating the migrating population.

The Effect of Internal Migration on Regional Poverty in Turkey: The Determining Role of the Agricultural Sector

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Journal of Economy, Culture and Society is an open access and peer-reviewed scholarly journal published biannually in June and December. It has been the official publication of the Methodology and Sociology Research Center at the Istanbul University Faculty of Economics since 1960. Starting from the 57th issue, published in 2018, the journal changed its name from “The Istanbul Journal of Sociological Studies / Sosyoloji Konferansları” to Journal of Economy, Culture and Society.
 
As of 2022 the publication language of the journal is only English and the print version has been stopped; the journal continues as an electronic only journal. The manuscripts submitted for publication in the journal must be scientific work in English.

Journal of Economy, Culture and Society is dedicated to the unlimited circulation of high quality academic contributions relevant to the field of Sociology, with an international focus. The journal provides a forum for exploring issues mainly in Sociology, but also welcomes manuscripts from other disciplines that are suitable for international and interdisciplinary audiences. The target group of the journal comprises academicians, researchers, professionals, students, related professionals and academic bodies and institutions.

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Journal of Economy, Culture and Society is an open access and peer-reviewed scholarly journal published biannually in June and December. It has been the official publication of the Methodology and Sociology Research Center at the Istanbul University Faculty of Economics since 1960. Starting from the 57th issue, published in 2018, the journal changed its name from “The Istanbul Journal of Sociological Studies / Sosyoloji Konferansları” to Journal of Economy, Culture and Society. Journal of Economy, Culture and Society aims to provide a forum for exploring social, economic and cultural issues with an international focus. Because of the interdisciplinary and international character of the journal, manuscripts that are not suitable for an interdisciplinary and international audience should be submitted to more appropriate venues.  As of 2022, the publication language of the journal is only English. Therefore, the manuscripts submitted for publication must be scientific and original work in English. Preference will be given to manuscripts that make clear empirical contributions and/or comprise methodological and theoretical innovations.

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All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

Authors publishing with the journal retain the copyright to their work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a> ) and grant the Publisher non-exclusive commercial right to publish the work. CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Editor should consider publishing correction if minor errors that do not effect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper are detected. Editor should consider retraction if major errors and/or misconduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected.Editor should consider issuing an expression of concern if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive. The guidelines of <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> and <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.RetractionJournal follows <a href="https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/retraction-guidelines-cope.pdf" target="_blank">COPE’s Retraction Guidelines</a> in case of retraction. The editor has the right to retract an article if: <ul><li>There is clear evidence that the findings are unreliable; either as a result of a major error (e.g. miscalculation or experimental error), or as a result of fabrication (e.g. of data) or falsification (e.g. image manipulation).</li><li>It contains plagiarised content. </li><li>It has been published elsewhere without proper attribution. </li><li>It contains material or data without authorisation for use.</li><li>There is copyright infringement or there is some other serious legal issue.</li><li>It reports unethical research. </li><li>There is evidence that the peer-review process is compromised or manipulated.</li><li>The author(s) failed to disclose a significant competing interest (also known as a conflict of interest) that, in the opinion of the editor, would have unduly influenced the interpretation of the work or the recommendations of the editors and peer reviewers.</li></ul>In case of retraction the following steps are followed:<ul><li>Retraction notice including article title is published in a subsequent issue of the journal. The retraction notice is paginated and listed in the table of contents. </li><li>A link is provided between the retraction notice and the original article in the electronic version. </li><li>The online article is preceded by a page containing the retraction notice; the reader can then proceed to the article itself.</li><li>The original article remains unchanged, except for a watermark on the .pdf on each page stating that it has been &#34;retracted”.</li></ul>Article Removal for Legal ReasonsIn the following circumstances, except the metadata (title and authors), the text of the article is removed and a page informing that the article has been removed for legal reasons replaces the article. <ul><li>The article is found to be defamatory or to infringe the legal rights of others, and retraction is not deemed to be an adequate solution.</li><li>The article has been, or is reasonably likely to be the subject of a court order.</li><li>There is a significant risk to public health. </li></ul>

To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

The Artificial Intelligence Policy, prepared in light of developments in artificial intelligence (AI) and practices in scholarly publishing, sets out the editorial and ethical principles that authors, reviewers, and editors should follow when using such technologies. The following sources have been considered in the preparation of the AI policy:Committee on Publication Ethics <a href="https://publicationethics.org/guidance/cope-position/authorship-and-ai-tools" target="_blank">(COPE) - Authorship and AI tools</a>; International Committee of Medical Journal Editors <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html#four" target="_blank">(ICMJE) - Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Assisted Technology; World Association of Medical Editors  (WAME) Chatbots, Generative AI, and Scholarly Manuscripts</a><a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html#four"></a>AI-assisted technologies (such as large language models [LLMs], chatbots, or image generators) can develop and produce a wide variety of content, including text, images, audio, and synthetic data. When used ethically and safely, these capabilities can increase productivity and foster innovation, but when used without human guidance, they pose risks such as inaccurate and biased results, omissions and errors in citations, deficiencies in protecting privacy and intellectual property rights, and potential violations of authors' and publishers' rights. IUPress adopts the following core principles to avoid these risks in the use of AI:  <ul><li>Details of any AI used in the production of content (including but not limited to text, figures, images, and code) must be declared and clearly explained in the appropriate section of the paper (as an acknowledgement and/or in the methods section). </li><li>No AI tool may be listed as an author in any scientific paper. </li><li>Authors are responsible for the accuracy, completeness, and originality of their work, even if AI is used in any way; they are responsible for the proper referencing and attribution of others' ideas, data, words, or other materials. </li><li>Reviewers and editors must not upload submitted work, in whole or in part, to any generative AI application.</li></ul>In the editorial processes of IUPress publications, tools are available to assist editors in identifying AI-generated content. On the other hand, it is common to use AI tools that provide suggestions for improving and enhancing readability, language, and grammar, and such AI tools can be used in IUPress publications under the supervision of editors and authors.

Artificial Intelligence Policy

<ul><li>Authors are required to declare if they have used AI-assisted technologies (such as large language models [LLMs], chatbots, or image generators) in the creation of their submitted work. </li><li>Authors should explain, both in the cover letter and in the appropriate section of the submitted paper (as a footnote and/or in the methods section), which AI tool and which version of it they have used and for what purpose. </li><li>Authors should also indicate how they used the AI tool and how they assessed the validity of the results obtained using this technology, and what aspects of the paper, manuscript content, data or supporting files were influenced by the use of the AI tool or were generated by AI.</li><li>It is the authors' responsibility to ensure the accuracy, validity and appropriateness of content and citations generated by AI-assisted technologies and to eliminate potential errors, inconsistencies and biased results. </li><li>Authors should always check the original sources to eliminate possible plagiarism, recognising that there is a potential for plagiarism in texts produced with AI-assisted technologies. They should confirm that they have checked and that the sources are original.  </li><li>AI-assisted tools (such as ChatGPT) cannot be listed as authors because they cannot be responsible for the accuracy, integrity, and originality of the work, and these responsibilities are essential to authorship. Therefore, authors are responsible for all material involving the use of AI-assisted technologies. Authors should ensure that all statements in the article that state the hypotheses, interpretations, conclusions, limitations, and implications of the study represent their own opinions.  </li><li>Studies created by authors using AI tools in the following ways, which substitute for the basic researcher's and author's responsibilities, violate the principles of scientific publishing and publication ethics, and such studies are not eligible for inclusion in publications: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Generation of text or code without rigorous review, </li><li>Generation of synthetic data to replace missing data without a robust methodology, </li><li>Creation of any inaccurate, synthetic content, including abstracts or supplementary materials, </li><li>Creation and manipulation of images and figures (pictures, graphs, data tables, medical images, image snippets, computer codes and formulae) or original research data (enhancing, hiding, moving, removing or adding a particular feature within an image or figure) using AI.</li></ul></ul>

It is essential to maintain confidentiality in the peer review process and not to share or use the reviewed work in this process. <a href="https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/ethical-guidelines-peer-reviewers-cope.pdf" target="_blank">(COPE – Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers</a>)<ul><li>Reviewers should not upload a manuscript or part of a manuscript submitted to them for review to generative AI tools or large language models to assist in the review, evaluation or decision-making process, as uploading content to such AI tools by reviewers violates the authors' privacy and property rights.  </li><li>Reviewing a scientific paper is a responsibility that can only be undertaken by human beings. The critical thinking and original evaluation required for peer review is beyond the scope of this technology, and there is a risk that the technology will produce inaccurate, incomplete or biased conclusions about the paper. The peer review report and decision letters should reflect the personal assessment of the reviewers and editors of the submitted content. The reviewer is responsible and accountable for the content of his/her report. </li><li>AI tools may be used in a limited way to improve the quality of the language of the peer review report (for translation or language editing) in the context of peer review. If such use is made, the reviewer must declare the use when submitting the report. </li><li>Reviewers who suspect inappropriate or undisclosed use of generative AI in a submission should report their concerns to the editor.</li></ul>

Editors are obliged to ensure that the confidentiality of the manuscripts submitted to the journal is maintained during the evaluation process, and it is essential that the peer-reviewed work is not shared or used outside the parties involved in that process. (COPE - Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors) <a href="https://publicationethics.org/files/Code_of_conduct_for_journal_editors_Mar11.pdf" target="_blank">(COPE – Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors)</a>.<ul><li>Editors should not upload a submitted article, or any part of it, to generative Artificial Intelligence tools or Big Language Models to assist in the review, evaluation or decision-making process, as this may violate authors' privacy and property rights. </li><li>Managing the editorial review of a scientific article implies responsibilities that can only be attributed to humans. Generative AI or AI-assisted technologies should not be used by editors to assist in the evaluation or decision-making process of an article, as the critical thinking and original evaluation required for this task is beyond the scope of this technology and there is a risk that the technology will produce inaccurate, incomplete or biased conclusions about the article. The editor is responsible and accountable for the editorial process, the final decision and its communication to the authors.</li><li>Editors should not use generative AI tools to compose decision letters or abstracts of unpublished research. </li><li>Editors may use generative AI tools to help find appropriate reviewers.</li><li>If editors suspect the use of generative AI in a submitted manuscript or a submitted referee report, they should conduct an editorial review of the matter and consider the policy.</li></ul>

Journal of Economy Culture and Society is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publishers) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

Ethics

The journal adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.-    Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.-    The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.-    The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.-    Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.-    Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.-    The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.-    In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.-    If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.-    In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/58A51CDB5B23462FBD0E47E0A50DCDF2" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>. The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.The editor hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for double-blind peer review evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Peer Review

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by Editor-in-Chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. Editor-inChief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international external referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by Editor-in-Chief upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.- Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?- Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?- Is the problem significant and concisely stated? - Are the methods described comprehensively? - Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?- Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?- Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

LanguageThe language of the journal is American English.Manuscript Organization and SubmissionAll correspondence will be sent to the first-named author unless otherwise specified. Manuscpript is to be submitted online via <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jecs" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jecs</a> and it must be accompanied by a cover letter indicating that the manuscript is intended for publication, specifying the article category (i.e. research article, review etc.) and including information about the manuscript (see the Submission Checklist). Manuscripts should be prepared in Microsoft Word 2003 and upper versions. In addition, <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/58A51CDB5B23462FBD0E47E0A50DCDF2" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a> that has to be signed by all authors must be submitted.1. The manuscripts should be in A4 paper standards: having 2.5 cm margins from right, left, bottom and top, Times New Roman font style in 12 font size and line spacing of 1.5.2. The manuscripts should contain between 4500 and 8500 words and the page numbers must be at the bottom and in the middle.3.  The name(s) of author(s) should be given just beneath the title of the study aligned to the right. Also the affiliation, title, e-mail and phone of the author(s) must be indicated on the bottom of the page as a footnote marked with an asterisk (*).4.  Submitted manuscripts must have an abstract between 180 and 200 words, before the introduction, summarizing the scope, the purpose, the results of the study and the methodology used. Underneath the abstracts, 3 to 5 keywords that inform the reader about the content of the study should be specified.5. The manuscripts should contain mainly these components: title, abstract and keywords; body text with sections, footnotes and references.6. Research article sections are ordered as follows: “INTRODUCTION”, “AIM AND METHODOLOGY”, “FINDINGS”, “DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION”, “ENDNOTES”, “REFERENCES” and “TABLES AND FIGURES”.7. Introduction section at the beginning of the manuscript must be indicated as “1. INTRODUCTION”. All sections and sub-sections where the research question is described and importance of the study is explained must be numbered. The numbering format must be as 1,2,3, 4 for the main sections, and 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2 and 1.1.1, 1.2.1, 1.2.2 for the sub-sections.8. The 7th version of the APA (American Psychological Association) reference style should be used for in-text citation and references list. For information and samples on the APA 7 style please refer to http://istanbul.edu.tr:8080/en/journal/jecs/information/author-guideline and/or REFERENCES section in the Information for Authors.9. Tables, graphs and figures can be given with a number and a defining title if and only if it is necessary to follow the idea of the article. the article. The title of table should be placed above the table; caption of figure should be placed beneath the figure. Features like demographic characteristics that can be given within the text should not be indicated as tables separately.10. A title page including author information must be submitted together with the manuscript. The <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/C61BA5F19B814CA8830C10C055284DD8" target="_blank">title page</a> is to include fully descriptive title of the manuscript and, affiliation, title, e-mail address, postal address, phone and fax number of the author(s) (see The Submission Checklist).11. Authors are responsible for all statements made in their work submitted to the Journal for publication.12. The author(s) can be asked to make some changes in their articles due to peer reviews.13. A copy of the journal will be sent to each author of the accepted articles upon their request.14. The manuscripts that were submitted to the journal will not be returned whether they are published or not.

Author Guidelines

Manuscript Submission GuideBefore beginning the online submission process please read the Information for Authors and make sure you have the followings available:fCover letter to the editor <ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.</li> <li>Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement.</li> <li>Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.</li> <li>Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA 7.</li> </ul> </ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/58A51CDB5B23462FBD0E47E0A50DCDF2" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>Permission of previous published material if used in the present manuscriptTitle page<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>The title of the manuscript</li> <li>All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses</li> <li>Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax number</li> <li>ORCIDs of all authors.</li> </ul> </ul>Main Manuscript Document<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The title of the manuscript</li> <li>Abstracts (180-200 words) </li> <li>Key words: 3 to 5 words</li> <li>Main article sections</li> <li>Grant support (if exists)</li> <li>Conflict of interest (if exists)</li> <li>Acknowledgement (if exists)</li> <li>References</li> <li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li> </ul> </ul>Manuscript Submission<ul type="disc"> <li style="text-align: left;">DergiPark manuscript submission site of the journal is: <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/2249/submission/step/manuscript/new" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/2249/submission/step/manuscript/new</a> </li> <li style="text-align: left;">The manuscript must be submitted through the account of the corresponding author. The account of authors other than the corresponding author or someone else who is not included as an author in the work must not be used for submission. All correspondence regarding the submission is made with the corresponding author through e-mail via the DergiPark system.</li> <li style="text-align: left;">While uploading Main Document, make sure that the main document has no information that clarify the author’s identity. Due to double blind peer review, Main Document must not include Title Page, the name of author or any other detail that can disclose the author identity. </li> </ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>Files to be uploaded separately<ul type="disc"> <li>Copyright Agreement Form</li> <li>Permissions obtained for previously published material if used in the present manuscript</li> <li>Title page</li> <li>Main Manuscript Document</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The title of the manuscript </li> <li>Abstracts (180-200 words) </li> <li>Key words: 3 to 5 words</li> <li>Main article sections</li> <li>Grant support (if exists)</li> <li>Conflict of interest (if exists)</li> <li>Acknowledgement (if exists)</li> <li>References</li> <li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li></ul></ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>

Although references to review articles can be an efficient way to guide readers to a body of literature, review articles do not always reflect original work accurately. Readers should therefore be provided with direct references to original research sources whenever possible. On the other hand, extensive lists of references to original work on a topic can use excessive space on the printed page. Small numbers of references to key original papers often serve as well as more exhaustive lists, particularly since references can now be added to the electronic version of published papers, and since electronic literature searching allows readers to retrieve published literature efficiently. Papers accepted but not yet included in the issue are published online in the Early View section and they should be cited as “advance online publication”. Citing a “personal communication” should be avoided unless it provides essential information not available from a public source, in which case the name of the person and date of communication should be cited in parentheses in the text. For scientific articles, written permission and confirmation of accuracy from the source of a personal communication must be obtained.Reference Style and FormatJournal of Economy Culture and Society complies with APA (American Psychological Association) style 7th Edition for referencing and quoting. For more information:-    American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). APA.-    <a href="http://www.apastyle.org" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org</a>Citations in the TextCitations must be indicated with the author surname and publication year within the parenthesis.If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;).Samples:More than one citation;(Esin et al., 2002; Karasar, 1995)Citation with one author;(Akyolcu, 2007)Citation with two authors;(Sayıner &amp; Demirci, 2007)Citation with three, four, five authors;In references with three or more authors, valid for the first use; (Ailen et al., 2000)Citations in the ReferenceAll the citations done in the text should be listed in the References section in alphabetical order of author surname without numbering. Below given examples should be considered in citing the references.Basic Reference TypesBooka) Turkish BookKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8th ed.) [Preparing research reports]. 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Book Translated into TurkishMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler [Mindsets] (A. Kotil, Trans.). İletişim Yayınları. (Original work was published in 1990, 7th Edition.)c) Edited BookÖren, T., Üney, T., &amp; Çölkesen, R. (Eds.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi [Turkish Encyclopedia of Informatics]. Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Turkish Book with Multiple AuthorsTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y., &amp; Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme [Performance evaluation in Turkish search engines]. Total Bilişim.e) Book in EnglishKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation.  McGraw-Hill Education.f) Chapter in an Edited BookBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh University Press.g) Chapter in an Edited Book in TurkishErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi [Organization culture: Its functions, elements and importance in leadership and business management]. In M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi [Organization sociology] (pp. 233–263). Dora Basım Yayın.h) Book with the same organization as author and publisherAmerican Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American psychological association (6th ed.). Author.Articlea) Turkish ArticleMutlu, B., &amp; Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri [Source and intervention reduction of stress for parents whose children are in intensive care unit after surgery]. Istanbul University Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 15(60), 179–182.b) English Articlede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002c) Journal Article with DOI and More Than Twenty AuthorsKalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetmaa, A., . . . Joseph, D. (1996). The NCEP/NCAR 40- year reanalysis project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77(3), 437–471. <a href="http://doi.org/fg6rf9" target="_blank">http://doi.org/fg6rf9</a>d) Journal Article from Web, without DOISidani, S. (2003). Enhancing the evaluation of nursing care effectiveness. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 35(3), 26-38. Retrieved from http://cjnr.mcgill.cae) Journal Article wih DOITurner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910f) Advance Online PublicationSmith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1037/a45d7867g) Article in a MagazineHenry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today’s schools. Time, 135, 28–31.Doctoral Dissertation, Master’s Thesis, Presentation, Proceedinga) Dissertation/Thesis from a Commercial DatabaseSarı, E. (2008). Cultural identity and politics: Interculturalism in Mardin. (Unpublished PhD Thesis). Ankara University.b) Dissertation/Thesis from an Institutional DatabaseVan Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9943436)c) Dissertation/Thesis from WebYaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Retrieved from: http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portalid) Dissertation/Thesis abstracted in Dissertations Abstracts InternationalTonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar /phd/ickapak.htmle) Master's/PhD Thesis in Dissertations Abstracts InternationalAppelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica&#173;tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.f) Symposium ContributionKrinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B., &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.g) Conference Paper Abstract Retrieved OnlineLiu, S. (2005, May). Defending against business crises with the help of intelligent agent based early warning solutions. Paper presented at the Seventh International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Miami, FL. Abstract retrieved from http://www.iceis.org/iceis2005/abstracts_2005.htmh) Conference Paper - In Regularly Published Proceedings and Retrieved OnlineHerculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105i) Proceeding in Book FormSchneider, R. (2013). Research data literacy. S. Kurbanoğlu ve ark. (Ed.), Communications in Computer and Information Science: Vol. 397. Worldwide Communalities and Challenges in Information Literacy Research and Practice in (s. 134–140). Cham, İsviçre: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03919-0j) Paper PresentationNguyen, C. A. (2012, August). Humor and deception in advertising: When laughter may not be the best medicine. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.Other Sourcesa) Newspaper ArticleBrowne, R. (2010, March 21). This brainless patient is no dummy. Sydney Morning Herald, 45.b) Newspaper Article with no AuthorNew drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure.(1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.c) Web Page/Blog PostBordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/d) Online Encyclopedia/DictionaryIgnition. (1989). In Oxford English online dictionary (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://dictionary.oed.comMarcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.). The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/e) PodcastDunning, B. (Producer). (2011, January 12). inFact: Conspiracy theories [Audio podcast].  http://itunes.apple.com/f) Single Episode in a Television SeriesEgan, D. (Writer), &amp; Alexander, J. (Director). (2005). Failure to communicate. [Television series episode]. In D. Shore (Executive producer), House; New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting.g) MusicFuchs, G. (2004). Light the menorah. On Eight nights of Hanukkah [CD]. Brick, NJ: Kid Kosher.

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