Policy Priorities in the Election Manifestos of Political Parties in Turkey, 2002–2015
The policy areas prioritized by the major Turkish political parties during the election campaigns between 2002 and 2015 are examined in this study. The main questions to be addressed are as follows: Which policy areas do the political parties prioritize? Is there a significant divergence in the prioritization of different policy areas or are there common themes that are emphasized by all parties? Are there trends regarding the parties’ policy priorities over time? And finally, do the policy areas, as prioritized by the parties, correspond to what the public considers as important issues? To address these questions, the election manifestos of the four major Turkish political parties are analyzed. The analyses show that policy areas related to the economy, welfare, and quality of life are the most recurring themes in the election manifestos of the four major Turkish parties between 2002 and 2015.
Türkiye’de Siyasi Partilerin Seçim Beyannamelerindeki Politika Öncelikleri, 2002–2015
Bu çalışmada Türkiye’deki başlıca siyasi partilerin 2002-2015 dönemindeki seçim kampanyalarında hangi politika alanlarını vurguladıkları incelenmektedir. Yanıt aranan temel sorular şunlardır: Siyasi partiler hangi politika alanlarına öncelik vermektedir? Partiler arasında öncelik verilen politika alanları açısından önemli farklılıklar gözlenmekte midir, yoksa tüm büyük partilerin vurguladığı ortak politika alanları var mıdır? Partilerin politika alanı önceliklerinde zaman içerisinde ne gibi değişimler görülmektedir? Son olarak, partilerin öncelik verdiği politika alanları, halk tarafından ülkenin karşı karşıya olduğu önemli ve ciddi meseleler olarak görülen alanlar ile örtüşmekte midir? Bu sorulara yanıt vermek için partilerin politika önerilerinin resmi beyanını sunan seçim beyannameleri incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın sonucu ekonomi ile refah ve yaşam kalitesi alanlarına ilişkin politika önerilerinin Türkiye’deki dört büyük siyasi partinin 2002-2015 dönemindeki seçim beyannamelerinde en sık yer bulan konular olduğuna işaret etmektedir.
The prominent political theorist Robert Dahl (1971, p. 1) emphasized “the continuing responsiveness of the government to the preferences of its citizens” as a key characteristic of democratic governance. A responsive government is one that is attentive to, and influenced by, the voice of the people (Sartori, 1976). Accordingly, in the specific context of policy responsiveness, we can say that a government is responsive when there is a high level of congruence between the policy preferences and actions of the elected representatives and public attitudes towards policy issues (Hobolt & Klemmemsen, 2005). Evidence from Western democracies suggests that there is indeed a close correspondence between public opinion and policy behavior of governments (Hobolt & Klemmemsen, 2005; Page & Shapiro, 1983, 1992; Stimson, MacKuen, & Erikson, 1995). Political parties are considered to be significant actors for the realization of this ideal of the responsive government. At the most fundamental level, political parties have the task of transmitting popular preferences into policies (Stokes, 1999). In Anthony Downs’ (1957) classical framework of electoral competition, parties choose the vote-maximizing position in the relevant policy space, and accordingly, just as economic competition leads firms to produce what consumers want, electoral competition induces parties “to give voters what they want” (Stokes, 1999, p. 251). A primary and crucial step towards assessing the responsiveness of political parties in a country, then, is to look at which policy issues different parties emphasize. In this study, the policy areas prioritized by the major Turkish political parties during the election campaigns between 2002 and 2015 are examined. The main questions to be addressed are as follows: Which policy areas do the parties prioritize? Is there a significant divergence in the prioritization of different policy areas by the parties or are there common themes that are emphasized by all of them? Are there trends regarding parties’ policy priorities over time? And finally, do the policy areas prioritized by parties correspond to what the public considers as important issues? As election manifestos, or programs, are political parties’ authoritative policy statements, they are valuable resources to study the parties’ policy priorities and preferences. For this reason, in this study the Manifesto Project (CMP/MARPOR), a database of political parties’ election manifestos covering over 1000 parties from 1945 to today in more than 50 countries, is used. This database relies on a standardized, comparative content analysis of parties’ manifestos by quantifying the statements included in these manifestos with the support of coders from different countries. Using the dataset it is possible to study parties’ policy positions and preferences with a common framework. In this study, the manifesto statements of Ak Parti and CHP for the five elections between 2002 and 2015, and of MHP and DTP/BDP/HDP for the four elections between 2007 and 2015 (due to data availability) are analyzed. The analyses reveal that the policy domains of economy, welfare, and quality of life stand out as the most frequently appearing domains in the Turkish parties’ manifestos with a partial exception for DTP/BDP/HDP. DTP/BDP/HDP manifestos devote significantly less space to the domain of the economy than the other three parties. Instead, DTP/BDP/HDP puts considerable emphasis on democracy and equality. Among the four parties considered, MHP seems to have the most consistent distribution of policy domains in its campaign manifestos over time as there is little variance in the relative proportions of different domains across the elections. Other policy domains, such as external relations, political system, fabric of society, and social groups, have consistently received relatively little attention by the parties. Finally, available public opinion data suggest that there is a good correspondence between the public concern’s and election manifestos of major Turkish parties over the period between 2002 and 2015. Just as policy issues related to the domains of the economy, welfare, and quality of life are the most important themes in the parties’ manifestos, the economy is the most salient issue for Turkish citizens. Moreover, welfare state expansion, a major theme in parties’ election manifestos, also corresponds well to the public’s concern with income inequality. For further research, more studies are needed to understand the policy-making process of the parties. This is a research area that is currently not well developed in the Turkish context; we do not have much information as to how parties prepare their campaign platforms and election manifestos.