Ragıp

Prof.

Müge

Res. Assist.

Africa, as a continent with which China has intensified its bilateral relations most, has been at the forefront of the Chinese foreign policy in recent years. However, certain economic aspects of the Chinese foreign policy towards Sub-Saharan Africa have been construed by some as a sort of “neo-colonialism”. There are mainly differing aspects in China’s energy and trade relations with the countries in the region that cause these discourses on “colonialism”. The giant investments in the energy sectors of Sub-Saharan Africa countries and the trade-surplus in bilateral trade in favour of China make African countries dependent on China. Owing to this one-sided dependency, there are fears that China is seeking to establish alternative power relations in Africa. Having said that, the Chinese efforts for mediation in crisis areas in Africa and its cooperation with international organizations for the resolution of conflicts require a re-assessment of these threats perceived from or constituted against China.In this article, a historical evaluation of the Chinese foreign policy towards Sub-Saharan Africa has been made, and the place of Africa in the Chinese policy has been explained with reference to support given to the UN Peacekeeping Operations in Darfur and South Sudan crisis areas. Although China opposed the deployment of UN Peacekeeping Operations in the crisis areas in 1990s, it has been actively taking part in five of seven operations as of 2019. Indeed, China’s attitude towards the UN Peacekeeping Operations has evolved from abstention to military and financial support. The changing attitude towards UN Peacekeeping Operations has resulted in increased financial support provided by China to UNPKO budget. While China contributed 3.9% to the UN Peacekeeping Operations budget in 2012, this rate reached 10.3% as of 2018.&nbsp;It is seen that China has an active role in crisis regions in Africa as compared to other regions and contributes the most to the Peacekeeping Operations organized by the UN. For this reason, China’s African policy needs to be evaluated from a broad perspective. Beijing supports operations in Africa while it opposes a possible UN Peacekeeping Operation in the Syrian Crisis. At this stage, the support given to the operations in African crisis regions is remarkable in order to prove that China’s changing attitude may be specific to the region and its conditions. China’s strategic interests in Africa encourage Beijing to shape events on this continent. China’s active diplomacy in Africa is mostly explained by the “energy” factor. However, China plays an active role in crisis regions in Africa rather than the Middle East, where it provides 62% of the energy imports. One of the three Peacekeeping Operations carried out by the UN in the Middle East has not provided staff to the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) to date. China started to provide personnel support to The United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon-UNIFIL in Lebanon, after 2006, and attended with a team of 6 experts to the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization-UNTSO in Jerusalem.&nbsp;One of the best examples of the Chinese active involvement to the conflict resolution and support to the UNPKO has been seen during the Darfur Crisis. China, which saw the Darfur Crisis as the internal problem of the Sudanese government, did not give consent to the deployment of any UN Peace Protection Operations in the region. However, due to this attitude, it faced the danger of boycotting the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Consequently, the Chinese administration met with Sudanese President&nbsp;Ömer al-Bashir, and he adopted the decision to authorize the UN-African Union joint power for intervention in 2007.One of the most important consequences of the Darfur Crisis is that the Beijing administration has demonstrated that it can adapt its foreign policy principles in the strategic regions as required by its national interests. Likewise, the Sudan crises, that take place ten years apart, are important in terms of demonstrating that the Beijing administration is trying to strike a balance between national interests and sanctions directed to it by the international community.In addition, the fact that it contributed to the solution of the crisis, and participated in UN Peacekeeping Operations shows that China’s only strategic concern is not energy. As a matter of fact, China thinks that an instability that will spread from Darfur to neighbouring countries will endanger the agreements it has made with Sudan’s neighbouring countries, Ethiopia, Libya, Chad and the Central African Republic.A detailed and multidimensional analysis of Sino-African relations reveals that as China’s investment and trade ties expand in remote regions, Beijing becomes more sensitive to instability in these regions, and when instability emerges from a regional scale, it can compromise the principle of not interfering with its internal affairs. As Beijing’s global interests become widespread, security concerns increase simultaneously, and the crisis in which national interests are threatened has a more interventionist attitude.

Analysis of the Chinese Foreign Policy on the Crisis Regions in Africa: The Case Studies of Darfur and South Sudan

Gökhan

Assoc. Prof.

Oceans were never as silent as Jacques Cousteau claimed in his book. As a matter of fact, ambient ocean noise is as high as 100 (dB), which is seeing an alarming increase due to the anthropogenic sources of underwater noise. Among these anthropogenic noises, those created by seismic surveys occupy a prominent place. In seismic surveys, air guns are employed. These enable surveyors to send sound waves in extremely high values in very short intervals of 10 seconds. It is well reported now that the introduction of such high-volume sound waves into the marine environment causes (usually fatal) injuries and various behavioral disturbances on marine mammals and other marine organisms, while they are not perceivable by the human ear. Disturbances, for example cause mammals and fish to miss mating dates as well as places and indirectly cause a significant decrease in catch rates, since these living organisms adopt a series of behaviors of escape-first mentality changing the way they normally would behave and move. Since sound travels 4 times faster underwater, the adverse impacts of seismic surveys are very difficult to geographically contain, thus transboundary harms to marine environment are very likely to occur.&nbsp;There is a relatively wide jurisprudence on maritime delimitation disputes. International Law pertaining to these disputes has been interpreted in such a manner by the competent international courts and arbitration tribunals that seismic surveys are usually presented as just too harmless to cause the international legal responsibility of the states concerned. According to this reasoning, permanent damage to the natural resources available in the maritime area to be delimited, as the law so requires, should be avoided. In this jurisprıdence, seismic surveys are referred to as utterly legitimate courses of action on behalf of the states parties to the dispute. However, seismic surveys are far from being harm-free in terms of damage inflicted upon the marine environment. Moreover, these surveys may, and in all likelihood will, cause violations of international rules and regulations, which can eventually end up being valid grounds for the international responsibility of the states involved.&nbsp;International Law offers many legal texts with global or regional effects. It is one of the main aims of this paper to briefly analyze these conventions and agreements. Those with a global legal reach such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) happen to provide a solid legal framework, building up globally applicable legal obligations to protect and to preserve marine environments, whereas regional agreements like ASCOBANS and ACCOBAMS tend to come up with more concrete measures, though not always included in the letter of the relevant body of international law, to reach this common objective. The most important contribution of these regional conventions is the fact that they are keenly observed by the States Parties to them, which enjoy geographical proximity and a similar level of dedication to the idea of environmental protection. The regulations of UNCLOS and CBD concerning the protection of marine environment are arguably to be accepted as customary international law, which expands the remit of the mentioned conventions.&nbsp;Underwater noise is acoustic energy released onto marine environment. This characteristic allows one to place this nauseating occurrence into the category of pollution as described by the 1st Article of the UNCLOS. Therefore, the general obligations foreseen by the same Convention are to be applied in a noise-related setting. In order to observe this and other legal obligations, states should be keen on the idea of employing mitigating measures such as marine mammal observers, soft starts, exclusion zones and the sharing of scientific information as to the negative impacts of seismic activities. It is of vital importance that in all of the seismic-survey-related processes precautionary principles should advise the actors, with a view to preserving and protecting the marine environment and its biological diversity. Only in this fashion, the two distinct objectives of sustainable exploitation of natural resources and of concomitant protection of marine environment may be realized.

Marine Pollution from Underwater Seismic Surveys and International Law

Mehtap

Assist. Prof.

Aytuğ

An Assesment of the Healthy City Indicators’ Effects on Urban Security

Aytaç

The Making of ‘Hesitant Peace’ in Northern Ireland

Buğra

INTERPOL, consisting of 194 member countries, aims to ensure and promote international criminal police cooperation, and develop platforms in this regard in order to prevent and suppress crimes which do not constitute a political, military, religious or racial character from transcending national borders. To fulfill this aim bestowed upon the Organization by its constitution, INTERPOL has to have the capacity to act on international legal order such as concluding treaties, disposing of movable and immovable property and instituting legal proceedings. Such a necessity for INTERPOL inevitably requires having an international organization status with international legal personality. Otherwise, it would be impossible for INTERPOL to perform tasks and duties, or the actions it undertakes on international plane would be legally invalid.Accordingly, INTERPOL sought to be recognized as an international organization in international legal order after its inception. In this respect, INTERPOL was first recognized as a non-governmental organization (NGO) by the United Nations Economic and Social Council in 1949. Then in 1971, it was given international organization status by the United Nations through a special arrangement. In addition, INTERPOL has been enjoying observer status in the United Nations General Assembly since 1996.From this point, INTERPOL functions as an international organization, and is recognized in this regard by the United Nations. However, the status of INTERPOL as an international organization, and thereby its international legal personality has been a point of controversy in the literature. For instance, Schermers (1983, p. 148), pointing that INTERPOL was not established by a formal treaty, classifies INTERPOL as an NGO rather than an international organization. In addition, Gallas (1983, s. 187) asserts that since INTERPOL’s members are criminal police authorities rather than states or governments, INTERPOL is not an international organization. Based on this reasoning, for Gallas, INTERPOL does not have an international legal personality. In line with Schermers and Gallas, Gless (2007) states that INTERPOL was not established on a formal international treaty and its members are composed of police authorities rather than governments.&nbsp;Problematizing the controversy in the literature, this study questions whether INTERPOL is an international organization with international legal personality. At the end of discussion, the study reaches the conclusion, by demonstrating its relevant international legal bases, that INTERPOL is an international organization with international legal personality. In this respect, based on the jurisprudence of International Court of Justice and definition of the term ‘international organization’ given by the International Law Commission (ILC), there are three distinct criteria to differentiate between international organizations and other entities functioning in the international realm: (i) being established by an international treaty or other instrument governed by international law; (ii) having at least one organ with a will of its own; (iii) having international legal personality.Questioning INTERPOL’s status as an international organization by utilizing these criteria, INTERPOL fulfills all of the three. Regarding the first criterion, although INTERPOL was not established by a formal international treaty in terms of the features&nbsp;enumerated in the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, the 1956 Constitution of INTERPOL constitutes an international treaty in simplified form. Hence, INTERPOL was founded on an international treaty contrary to the argument raised by Schermers, Gallas and Gless.Regarding the second criterion, INTERPOL has autonomous organs with distinct will. For instance, members of INTERPOL’s Executive Committee “shall conduct themselves as representatives of the Organization and not as representatives of their respective countries” (1956 Interpol Constitution Art. 22). Similarly, the Secretary General and the staff shall not accept instructions from governments or any other authority outside INTERPOL. Hence, each member of the Organization shall “respect the exclusively international character of the Secretary General and the staff” (1956 Interpol Constitution Art. 30).&nbsp;Lastly, regarding the third criterion, it is possible to infer INTERPOL’s international legal personality through an inductive reasoning. Accordingly, it is assumed that if an organization does not have international legal personality, that organization does not have the capacity to perform legal acts such as concluding treaties with other persons of international law to fulfill the functions bestowed upon it by its definitive statute. In the case of INTERPOL, the Organization has to enter into a legal relationship with member states to ensure and promote worldwide international criminal police cooperation. To this end, INTERPOL concluded headquarters agreements with states.

International Organization Status of the International Criminal Police Organization

Gencay

Conservatism is derived from Romanesque words “conservare” and “conservatismus” which means preserve as it is. The definition of conservatism involves; preserve, modest or prudent behaviour, traditional or conformist lifestyle, metathesiophobia or opposite of change but it is difficult to define conservatism as a political term. The main reason for this difficulty is that the definition is based upon the ideology which conservatism struggles with. The scope of conservatism is formed according to the opposing ideology, and its characteristics are different from fundamentalism. In this sense, the definition of conservatism varies depending upon the time and geography, according to the ideological pole which conservatism stands against. Moreover, in this scope, the relationship between conservatism and its counterpart is always dynamic and transitive. So, the definition and contents of conservatism, which appear in the historical scene of the French Revolution, changes according to the conditions of the time and the country where conservatism grows.&nbsp;The relationship between conservatism and the Republic Revolution, created one of the most radical changes, involving contradictions and transitivities as well. 1923-1960 is the temporal border of this article. This period is one of the most significant chapters in Turkey’s history because the relationship between conservatism and the republic was critical. But in this article the spatial reflection of the relationship between conservatism and the Republic Revolution has been chosen as a problematic.&nbsp;The dialectic between the ideology and the space has been considered in the intellectual environment since the 1970s with Lefebvre’s highlighted. In Lefebvre’s thought, the space was defined both as a stage and an element used by ideologies for dominating themselves in everyday life as a substructure. As he highlighted in the sentence “what is the meaning of ideology without space” all ideologies aim to reshape the space in order to make their practices dominant over daily life.&nbsp;Within this context, the Republic emerged with a modernist and revolutionary scoop, but it has been struggling against conservative ideology since it was established. The period 1923-1960 was critical in the conflict between the republic and conservatism, which involved the period from the establishment of the republic to a multi-party system. In the first half of the period (1923-1945), the republic shaped the space in the revolutionary manner, using administrative and legal regulations to get a grip on daily life. The Republic put its spatial implementations into practice in a wide range, from city planning scale to green area design scale, especially in the capital city of Ankara. Changes on a national and international scale and the economic inability of the young Republic prevented modernist practices from spreading over a wide geographical area.&nbsp;Conservatism became visible and continued its opposition by using rural areas from 1945-1960. This period started with the de-renouncement of CHP’s revolutionary attitude and was finalised with the selection of the Democrat Party. The Democrat Party, which defined itself as a democrat and conservative party, used space to make dominant it’s ideology on daily life like in the previous period. Moreover, another difference from the early period of the Republic, the Democrat Party chose a liberal model for the economy.&nbsp;In addition to this, the Democrat Party used space as a field to accomplish the liberal model and at the same tıme conservatism to transform society.As it can be seen, the period 1923-1960, was the most critical in the period of struggle between conservatism and the republic, which contains ideological and political clashes. In this article, the evolution of struggle between conservatism and the republic and the strategic role of the space in this struggle are analised for the period of 1923-1960.

Spatial Face of Struggle Between Republic-Conservatism in the Period of 1923-1960

Mehmet

The US military intervention in Iraq in 2003 led to new and important debates in terms of international relations. The benefits and harmful effects of private military and security companies (PMSCs) and their contracted personnel after 2003 gave rise to new discussions about US intervention in particular and the concept of security in general. The economic, humanitarian and political costs of the war during the US presence in Iraq increased each year. The economic cost of the Iraq war in 2008 was around 197 billion dollars, while the number of US troops in the country increased to 161,783 in the same year. In 2008, 63% of US public opinion regarded the military intervention in Iraq to be wrong. The increasing economic, humanitarian and political costs of the US during the post-2003 period have made the externalization of the burdens of this war significant, and the PMSCs and their contracted personnel have become prominent in this process. The Bush administration tried to externalize the rising costs of war by deploying an increasing number of contracted personnel in Iraq. Thanks to the PMSCs, a large number of contracted personnel were able to work in Iraq thereby reducing the cost, and contractor personnel even became the second largest group within the coalition forces. Moreover, with the increasing number of foreign and Iraqi contractors, the US could lower their casualties and in this way, the Bush administration externalized the humanitarian costs of the war. By externalizing the economic and humanitarian burdens of the war, the US administration tried to limit the reaction of the US public. Moreover, limited congress control over the contracted personnel also helped to externalize the political costs for the Bush administration. Although the Obama and Trump administrations have avoided costly military interventions, the PMSCs during these periods have continued to protect US interests in Iraq. After the Bush administration, the contractors replaced the US forces in Iraq and they are still operating in the country.Although contracted personnel helped externalize some costs, problems caused by them resulted in new costs both for the US and Iraq. Both unauthorized use of force and human rights violations by contracted personnel undermined the US reputation in Iraq and strengthened antiUS trends within the country. Furthermore, issues such as coordination problems between the US forces and private companies in the conflict zones created additional costs for the US during the war. The PMSCs became an active party of the war in Iraq and they directly or indirectly affected the level of violence. The limited accountability of the contracted personnel in terms of national and international laws made the control of these companies an important issue, while the privatization of the security understanding via PMSCs led to the transformation of the concept of security in Iraq. Changing the wages of the contractors according to the level of violence in Iraq and the nationality of the contractors accelerated the marketization of security. While the privatization of security weakened the concept of public security, security in Iraq turned into a service that can be purchased. Although various regulatory mechanisms have been developed to prevent the problems caused by the PMSCs, it is not easy to operate these mechanisms in a fragile country like Iraq.&nbsp;The involvement of the PMSCs in an international military intervention has also raised new questions about international security. Deliberate outsourcing of military functions to private companies by states has led to new debates about both the state monopoly on force and the changing understanding of traditional security. The solutions to the new problems created by top-down privatization and its relations with the bottom-up privatization maintain their theoretical and practical importance and will continue to be important issues in International Relations, International Law and Security Studies.

Privatization of Security in Iraq with Us Intervention: The Role and Effects of Contracted Personnel and Private Military and Security Companies

Emel

Alper

In order to understand political representation, one needs to grasp the different approaches in terms of its definition. More than half a century ago, Hanna Pitkin offered one of the most detailed accounts of representation, and underlined four different types of representation, each of which focuses on the different aspects of the concept (Pitkin, 1967). The first dimension reflects the symbolic representation, which refers to the represented’s feelings about whether they are being fairly and effectively represented. The second dimension is the formalistic representation, which refers to the rules and procedures regulating the selection and removal of representatives. The third dimension is the descriptive representation, which refers to the similarity between representatives and the represented. The final dimension, which is the focus of our study, is the substantive representation, which reflects the congruence between the representatives’ actions and the interests of the represented.Based on the literature on the substantive representation of women, our study advances two main arguments. (1) Ideologically left parties (the center left CHP and left-wing HDP) will be more active in representing women’s interests in the Turkish parliament. As a result, we hypothesize that these parties will draft more bills with feminist content. (2) It is widely believed that the most responsive actors in terms of women’s substantive representation in the parliament are women legislators. Hence, we argue that female legislators are more concerned with the substantive representation of women, and hypothesize that women legislators will draft more private members’ bills compared to their male colleagues. In light of these two arguments, this study aims to analyze the substantive representation of women in the Turkish parliament by using quantitative content analysis techniques. Our study aims to make a significant contribution to the literature, both in terms of its method and its approach (determining policy priorities of individual legislators). In this respect (based on pre-determined policy areas), we have collected and content coded more than 4500 private members’ bills which were drafted by legislators from different parties in the Turkish Grand National Assembly. Utilizing this unique dataset, we seek to understand which parties are more active in terms of women’s substantive representation in the Turkish parliament. We also aim to uncover whether the gender of the individual legislator has an impact on feminist bill initiation behavior.&nbsp;Our results indicate that center left CHP is the most active party in terms of initiating bills with feminist content. Both female and male legislators from the CHP introduced many private members’ bills that further women’s interests. This effect is even bigger when the size of the party is taken into account. Similarly, the left-wing HDP is also quite active in representing women’s interests once we take into account the facts that they did not participate in the 22nd legislative terms and that they were the smallest party in the parliament. These findings confirm our first expectation, that compared to rightwing parties, ideologically left parties are more likely to represent women’s interests in parliament.&nbsp;We also hypothesized that women legislators would be more likely to represent the interests of women, and therefore, descriptive representation would lead to substantive representation. In this respect, we expected women legislators to draft more feminist bills compared to their male colleagues. Our results present a mixed picture in this regard. The findings indicate that women legislators did not make the expected contribution to the substantive representation of women. A detailed analysis of our data shows that, with the exception of the HDP, male legislators propose more feminist bills. These findings indicate that although the number of women legislators has increased over the years, this increase in numbers did not have the expected impact on women’s substantive representation. Our results have significant implications for the substantive representation of women in Turkey.

Substantive Representation of Women in Turkish Politics: A Quantitative Analysis of Parliamentary Bills

Ahmed

Lecturer

Analyzing Al-Azhar’s Role in Egyptian Politics

Esra

Safiye

Assist. Prof. Dr.

Negotiation, Speed, Politics: Use of Digital Technologies in International Mediation

Aylin

Nuclear Powerplay: Traditional and Emerging State Dynamics in the United Nations General Assembly (1990-2017)

Merve

Organization of Turkic States: Diverse Motivations For A Common Aim

Özgür

Türkiye’s Policy towards Syrian Asylum Seekers in Light of the Normative Power of the European Union and Carl Schmitt’s Critique of Liberal Democracy

Emine

An Ontological Security Analysis of Americanism in Turkish Foreign Policy, 1945-1960

Suna

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

Nisa

The Relationship Between Transnational Networks and Its Member Cities: Turkey

Hayriye

Hatice

Betül

Political Communication in Disaster: Analysis of Two Main Political Alliances’ Tweets After 2023 Great Earthquakes in Türkiye

Orhan

Assembling Paperwork and Material Infrastructures: A New Materialist Inquiry on Modern State Formation

Hazal

Re-Conceptualization of Political Trust in Relation to Justice

Yunus

Zülkif

Deciphering the Strategic Codes of Organizing: Political Undertones in Orwell’s Animal Farm

@JOURNAL_BOX_CURRENT

@JOURNAL_BOX_EARLYVIEW

Esin

Saniye

Öğretim Görevlisi

Cansu

Considering that there are nearly two hundred countries in the world today; the economic, socio-cultural and political situation of each state differs from one another. These differences occur according to the political and bureaucratic traditions of the countries, the nature of the political regime, the party or social groups that hold political power, the level of development of the countries, and the characteristics of the historical process in which they exist etc. For this reason, the aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of the political crisis between Turkey and Russian Federation after the airplane crises on November 24, 2015. When examined in the context of economic and political relations, Turkey downed the Russian Federation’s plane on November 24, 2015 which added another strain to already turbulent Turkey and Russia relations. The crisis that took place on November 24, 2015 was the biggest crisis in the recent period.The scope of this study is the reflection of political risk on commercial relations between Turkey and the Russian Federation. There is a comprehensive list of academic studies on business issues which have already been carried out such as Tourism relations, energy relations etc. However, the scope of this study - the effect of the aircraft crash on Turkey’s import and export values – is not from an academic perspective. The study has three parts. In the first part, we look at the political risk concept and political and commercial relations. In the second part of the study, a time series regression analysis was conducted with the STATA program. In the last part of the study, the results obtained were evaluated and recommendations were made.After Turkey downed the aircraft belonging to Russia on November 24, 2015, it faced a weakening of its strong trade relations with the Russian Federation. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of trade relations between the two countries in terms of the volume of foreign trade as a result of political risk. The effect of commercial relations between the two countries by linking variables has been shown in a quantitative study. For this purpose, a time series regression analysis was performed in the STATA program. The data was constituted with the Turkey Statistics Institute (TUIK) and the Central Bank (MB) reports. The political crisis is the independent variable and the control variables are the CPI-based real effective exchange rate, the monthly percentage change in the CPI and industrial production index. The Turkey-Russia trade volume is considered as the dependent variable. We analyzed the effect of the political crisis on foreign trade volume within the scope of these variables. Monthly values of the data are used in the study and the time series covers the period from January 2005 to November 2017. The regression coefficient of the CRIS variable was negative (- 507). As mentioned in the literature, the political crisis between the two countries caused a decrease in the trade volumes of the countries. In this context, the hypothesis that political risk leads to disruption of international trade relations has been supported.&nbsp;In addition to the regression analysis, changes in the volume of imports and exports are shown with the help of graphs. The results obtained from the regression analysis and the drawn graphics were supported and decreases in the volume of imports and exports are shown in the graphs. The lowest import volume with the Russian Federation was observed in the subsequent months after the aircraft crises covering Russia’s sanctioning period. Traces of the political crisis created by the aircraft crisis were observed a year&nbsp;after the incident. In 2016, both import and export data were generally low. The levels of imports and exports seen in the data of 2015 could not be reached in 2017 but they paint a better picture than the levels in 2016.In this study, Turkey’s downing of an aircraft belonging to the Russian Federation and the implication of this event, consisting of political risk on commercial activities, was analyzed with time series regression and examined through two years of data shown in before and after graphs. As a result of the study, we can see that the political crises has had an effect on import and export volumes and also the severity of the crises has affected communication between the countries and the process of re-engaging in business activities. Economic relations between Turkey and Russia are sensitive to political events. It can be said that Turkey’s strategies implemented after the crisis were not successful because Turkey’s export data still has not reached that of 2014.&nbsp;&nbsp;In conclusion, the political crises between the two countries have had a negative impact on the commercial activities of the countries. In order for political crises to have less negative impacts on the commercial activities of countries, it may be advisable to establish a partnership rather than a direct investment in countries with high political risks.

The Effect of Changes in the Political Climate on Intercountry Trade: An Econometric Analysis on Turkey-Russia Aircraft Crisis

Şule

The impact of international migration on foreign trade manifests itself through two channels: preference and network effects. The continuation of the consumption habits of the immigrant in his/her country of origin also leads to a demand for the goods of the immigrated country in the host country. Besides, immigrants can lead to changes in the consumption patterns of the citizens in the host country where they live. Considering all these effects, the increase in the demand for the goods of the home countries will increase the imports in the host country. This is called the preference effect. There is a network system that connects individuals in the home country and the host country. Social and economic relations between individuals are maintained through some formal or informal groups. These connections contribute to the increase in the relationship between the two countries. Immigrants help business activities to increase by establishing business contacts with individuals in the host country. Another important effect is that they accelerate the flow of information between the host and home countries by sharing the information they have with their host country. Increased knowledge leads to a reduction in transaction costs in trade. These effects are called network effects. The preference effect increases the imports of the host country, while the network effect increases both exports and imports.This study aims to examine the impact of international migration on foreign trade. For this purpose, panel data analysis is used in the study. The analysis includes the foreign trade data that Turkey made with 125 countries from which Turkey received immigrants between 2013 and 2016. The sample of the study is divided into two groups including 33 industrialized OECD and 92 developing countries. This distinction constitutes a homogeneous sample because it includes the countries that are more similar to each other. The random effect model is preferred because the number of units in the sample is greater than the time period, the sample does not include all possible countries, and the use of a variable that does not change over time such as distance. The variables used in the analysis are determined according to the augmented gravity model. In the models, foreign trade variables include exports, imports and the sum of the two are used as dependent variables, while income level, distance, population and nominal exchange rate variables as well as migration variable are considered as explanatory variables. Taking Turkey as a home country, some studies examined the impact of international migration on trade. These studies have been carried out on migration from Turkey to Western countries. To the best of our knowledge, there is no empirical study taking Turkey as the host country in the relevant literature.As the distance variable representing the distance between Turkey and other countries does not change in years in the panel gravity model, it has a dummy structure. Therefore, the distance variable cannot be used in the fixed effects model based on many dummy variables by their nature. In addition, the countries included in the sample consist of a random selection as their data are available. For these reasons, all of the models in the study are estimated using the random-effects model. The Feasible Generalized Least Square (FGLS) estimator is used to make a prediction free of problems such as crosssectional dependence, heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation in the estimated linear regression models based on panel data method.According to the main result of the study, the impact of international migrants coming to Turkey between 2013 and 2016 contributed positively to Turkey’s trade. This result is valid for Turkey’s trade both with OECD countries and with developing countries. Also, international migration has a positive impact on Turkey’s exports and imports in both groups of countries. The main result of the study is in accord with the expectations. This result shows that international migrants contribute to the welfare of the communities they live in. In other words, foreign trade has an important social benefit for the acceptability of international migration. This is because, the positive effect of international migration on foreign trade in a country is known by the citizens in that country, which may favorably change the perspective towards migrants or reduce negative attitudes towards immigrants in host countries&nbsp;When the empirical results are examined in detail in terms of variables representing foreign trade, another significant result emerges. Accordingly, the impact of international migrants on import is larger than export in Turkey. This is valid for both OECD countries and developing countries. This result shows that the preference effect emerges predominantly. It is possible to say that migrants in Turkey meet a part of the demand for final goods through imports. For this purpose, new empirical studies on the determinants of intra-industry trade are needed in future studies. The impact of international migration on import is larger than export meaning that migrants residing in Turkey lack high-quality human capital.

The Effect of International Migration on Foreign Trade: An Empirical Analysis for Turkey

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Umut

The 1980s were the beginning of a radical restructuring process in the political economy of contemporary capitalism. The erosion of real capital accumulation in the 1970s and crisis conjuncture in which capitalism faces were tried to be overcome with a paradigm shift. Thus, neoliberal ideology and its polities have replaced the Keynesian paradigm. In this context, global economic architecture (system) has witnessed the processes of neoliberalism, globalization and finally financialization, after 1980. Even though the concept of financialization is dealt with in different approaches and the extent of its scope makes it difficult to make a clear definition, it is defined that financialization is a process whereby financial markets, financial institutions, financial motive, and financial elites gain major power over economic policy design and economic outcomes (Epstein, 2005; Krippner, 2005; Palley, 2007a; Orhangazi, 2008a).Another development observed in the world economy in simultaneously with the financialization process has been the increase in the unemployment rate. Mainstream economists generally explain the causes of unemployment by labor market rigidities, education level, and work motivation (Snowdon ve Vane, 2005, s.404; Gonzalez ve Sala, 2014, s.596). On the other hand, how financialization affects unemployment is not much included in the mainstream analysis.&nbsp;Discussions on the causes and consequences of financialization have increased rapidly in recent times. Looking at the relevant literature, financialization studies are generally focused on real capital accumulation and growth (Stockhammer, 2004; Orhangazi, 2008b; Demir, 2008), crises (Akyüz ve Boratav, 2003; Lee ve Cheng; 2011) and income distribution (Van Arnum ve Naples, 2013; Flaherty, 2015; Stockhammer, 2017; Dünhaupt, 2017). On the other side, there have been deficiencies in the literature about a systematic analysis of how financialization can influence the unemployment rate through which mechanisms. This study is built on the view that the damage caused by the financialization process on real economic activities affects the job creation and unemployment rate. Within this framework, four different channels have been defined in which financialization will affect the unemployment rate in this study. The four potential explanations of the relationship between financialization and the unemployment rate are as follows:• Shareholder value orientation on non-financial corporates (NFC) • Income inequality caused by financialization • the replacement of full employment macroeconomic policy with low inflation targeting policy • Financial crises and its impacts on the real economyThese developments may affect the unemployment rate by eroding real capital accumulation and production capacity in the economy.The aim of the study is to analyze the relationship between financialization and unemployment rate in 9 OECD countries1 during 1980-2015 by means of panel cointegration and causality methods. The study is thought to contribute to the literature due to the lack of empirical analysis of the relationship between financialization and unemployment. In this study, the share of finance, insurance and real estate sectors (FIRE) in total value added is used as financialization variable. FIRE is a commonly used financialization variable because it is a comprehensive indicator (Van Arnum ve Naples, 2013; Flaherty, 2015; Darcillon, 2015). This data is gathered from EU-KLEMS. Unemployment rate (UNEMP) data is obtained from the World Bank World Development Indicators (WDI) database.Firstly, homogeneity of the slope coefficient is carried out by way of delta test developed by Pesaran and Yamagata (2008). Thus, the slope coefficient is concluded to be homogeneous. Subsequently, the presence of cross-sectional dependence is revealed by Breusch and Pagan (1980) and Pesaran (2004) tests. Whether the series contains a unit root has been investigated via the second generation Pesaran (2007) CADF unit root test taking cross-sectional dependence into account. Both FIRE and the unemployment rate possess unit at levels but when the first-difference of the series is taken, both series become stationary. After finding that the series were stationary at first-difference, the long-term relationship between the variables is examined by Westerlund (2007) ECM test. According to Westerlund (2007) ECM, there is a long-term relationship between financialization and unemployment rate. In other words, the series are co-integrated. Finally, the causality relationship between the variables is examined by Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) panel causality test. It is found evidence of bidirectional causality between variables. In other words, financialization is the cause of unemployment and vice versa.The results of the study show that financialization for the countries examined affects unemployment. In the financialization era, the decrease in real capital accumulation, shift of macroeconomic policies, the deterioration in income distribution and the financial crises may constitute the potential mechanisms of increasing the unemployment rate. Another important result of the study is the determination of causality from unemployment to financialization. The increasing unemployment rate creates people who are deprived of income. In the conjuncture where the unemployment rate rises, people have to use their savings or borrow from financial institutions to keep up their basic needs. Increasing borrowing through credit cards and consumer credits also may raise the share of the financial sector in value added.These results may play an important role in policymaking. Firstly, the control and regulations on financial markets should be increased in these countries. This situation is very important in reducing the destructive effects of financialization. Secondly, The speculative activities of NFC’s have to be reduced. Increasing real economic activities will create new job opportunities and reduce the unemployment rate. Finally, full employment policies should be returned.

Unemployment as a Significant Problem in the Process of Finance-dominated Capitalism: Debate and Analysis

Figen

Buket

Fatma

In the modern business world, enterprises realize the importance of human resourcesoriented activities and act with the awareness that employee job satisfaction must first be ensured for customer satisfaction. Evaluating which factors can be effective on the variables such as employee satisfaction and job performances and developing policies in this direction is possible by identifying employees’ motivation factors. For this reason, today, organizations take into account the motivation factors that enable employees high performance.&nbsp;Motivation is a psychological process that can be expressed as a voluntary action to achieve a goal. The “Work Preference Inventory” (Amabile, Hill, Hennessey and Tighe 1994) is a four-dimensional measurement tool of motivational factors. It has been cited 2146 times until today. As there is not a Turkish version of the Work Preference Inventory, the purpose of this study is to translate the scale in Turkish and execute reliabilty and validity analysis. In Amabile Hill, Hennessey and Tighe’s work, the factors of intrinsic motivation were divided into two sub-dimensions: ‘challenge’ and ’enjoyment’. esinde in the behavioral struggle. Challenge is the tendency to reward yourself by overcoming difficult tasks. Enjoyment is when the activities are interesting and satisfying. Extrinsic motivation factors are considered in two sub-dimensions - ‘compensation’ and ‘outward. Compensation is a reward or income that is commensurate with the effort of the person. Outward is based on recognition and acceptance by others.Banking is an area in the services sector where product diversity is difficult to create. The main factor that will create a competitive advantage in the banking sector is human resources. Therefore we determined the population of this study as the employees of the Turkish Banking Sector. The four-dimensional motivation assessment tool the ‘Work Preference Inventory’ developed by Amabile et. al. , detailed above, was used to identify the motivation elements of the banking sector employees.The questionnaire, which was prepared to collect data from banking sector employees, was distributed to the banking sector employees via social media by the random sampling method. While 405 questionnaire forms were returned, the analysis was performed on 338 observations after clearing missing data forms and outliers.Analysis showed that motivation of banking sector employees in Turkey has a fivedimensional structure. These dimensions are ‘Meaningful job and self-efficacy’, ‘Desire for unstructured works’, ‘Success at structured works’, ‘Awareness of success target’, ‘The search for specificity and consideration of others’ opinion’. ‘Meaningful job and self-efficacy’ means that the employee feels that she is doing something meaningful and valuable for herself and others and that she is competent in it. ‘Desire for unstructured works’ means the employee’s willingness to undertake new, compelling, complex tasks and responsibilities. ‘Success at structured works’ is the high performance of the employee, compared to others, in the tasks in which the requirements, characteristics, and manner of work are determined. ‘Awareness of success target’ means employee awareness of his career goals and curiosity to achieve them .‘The search for specificity and consideration of others’ opinion’ means an employee’s willingness to work in jobs where what is to be done is stated clearly, and a tendency to consider others’ thoughts.The other purposes of this study are to determine the main elements that motivate the employees of the Turkish banking sector and to test the differences of these motivations in terms of demographic and structural factors of the sector. ‘Meaningful job and selfefficacy’ is identified as the most affecting factor on the motivation of the banking sector employees. ‘Awareness of success target’, ‘Desire for unstructured works’ and ‘The search for specificity and consideration of others’ opinion’ are evaluated as additional motivating factors consecutively. In comparison, ‘Success at structured works’ is determined as the least motivating factor. The differences in the motivation of the employees, in terms of experience, department, gender, age, education level and position are also examined. According to the analysis, banking employees with less than 3 years of experience or under 29 years of age have a higher motivation level for the ‘Meaningful job and selfefficacy’ factor; but the motivation of ‘The search for specificity and consideration of others’ opinion’of those under 29 years of age is lower; employees who don’t have a university degree have a high motivation in ‘Success at structured works’. According to the business departments in the study, the operation group employees’ motivation is lower than the employees of the support group; but the operation group employees have a higher motivation in ‘Success at structured works’ than the other groups; and the support group employees have high motivation to ‘The search for specificity and consideration of others’ opinion’. There is no difference between motivational dimensions in terms of the positions and genders of banking employees.

The Work Preference Inventory: Motivation Factors of Banking Sector Employees

@JOURNAL_BOX_MOSTREAD

Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences,published by the Istanbul University, Faculty of Political Sciences
Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences, of Istanbul University was first published in 1983 and since then it has become one of the most pioneering and prominent political sciences journal in Turkey. While the name of the journal was “İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi” since 1983, it has been changed as “Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences” as of October, 2017.

Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences is an international open-access peer-reviewed scholarly journal published biannually.
The Journal is currently indexed by,

*Web of Science - Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)
*EBSCO Political Science Complete
*TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM TR Index
*DOAJ
*ERIH PLUS
*SOBIAD

Mustafa

Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)

EBSCO

ERIH PLUS

TR Dizin

DOAJ

SOBIAD

@METRIC_VOLUMES

@METRIC_ISSUES

@METRIC_ARTICLES

@METRIC_OPENACCESS

Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences

@INFO_TAB_ABOUT

Editor in Chief

Editorial Management Board Member

Section Editor

Statistics Editor

Publicity Manager

Language Editor

Editorial Board Member

@INFO_TAB_BOARDS

<div>The Journal accepts and publishes both international and interdisciplinary articles on the fields of political sciences, public administration and international relations.The journal covers, but are not limited to, following topics:- all subfields of political science, including political theory, political philosophy, political behavior, political institutions and political history,- all subfields of public administration,- all topics pertaining to international relations: including law, ethics, strategy, philosophy, culture, environment, security, terrorism, regional studies, globalization and other topicsThe Journal publishes theoretical, conceptual as well as research-based articles concerning various aspects of aforementioned disciplines in both Turkish and English languages. Turkish manuscripts are published along with an extended abstract in English. Moreover, it publishes special issues on various themes in collaboration with co-editors from the international academic community.</div>

Aim and Scope

<a href="https://mjl.clarivate.com/search-results" target="_blank">Web of Science - Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) </a> <a href="https://www.ebsco.com/title-lists" target="_blank">EBSCO Political Science Complete </a> <a href="https://search.trdizin.gov.tr/dergi/detay/2196" target="_blank">TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM TR Index</a> DOAJ<a href="https://dbh.nsd.uib.no/publiseringskanaler/erihplus/submission/info.action?id=50613" target="_blank">ERIH PLUS</a> <a href="https://atif.sobiad.com/index.jsp?modul=dergi-sayfasi&amp;ID=3214" target="_blank">SOBIAD</a>

Indexing and Abstracting

The journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the &#65279;<a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a>&#65279; on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> The subjects covered in the manuscripts submitted to the Journal for publication must be in accordance with the aim and scope of the Journal. Only those manuscripts approved by every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Changing the name of an author (omission, addition or order) in papers submitted to the Journal requires written permission of all declared authors.Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unethical behaviors. All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. Plagiarism Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. If plagiarism/self-plagiarism will be found authors will be informed. Editors may resubmit manuscript for similarity check at any peer-review or production stage if required. High similarity scores may lead to rejection of a manuscript before and even after acceptance. Depending on the type of article and the percentage of similarity score taken from each article, the overall similarity score is generally expected to be less than 15 or 20%. Double Blind Peer-Review After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by the editors-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The editor provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles and hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Policies

The journal is an open access journal and all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">BOAI</a> definition of open access.The open access articles in the journal are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) license.

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

Authors publishing with the journal retain the copyright to their work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a> ) and grant the Publisher non-exclusive commercial right to publish the work. CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Editor should consider publishing correction if minor errors that do not effect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper are detected. Editor should consider retraction if major errors and/or misconduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected.Editor should consider issuing an expression of concern if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive. The guidelines of <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> and <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.

To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA), and the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publishers) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

Ethics

The journal adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.- Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.- The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.- The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.- Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.- Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.- The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.- In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.- If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.- In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/B869A50A0FB641CD9342CE2BCD36CF49" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form.</a> The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.The editor hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for double-blind peer review evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Peer Review

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by Editor-in-Chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international external referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by Editor-in-Chief upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.- Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?- Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?- Is the problem significant and concisely stated?- Are the methods described comprehensively?- Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?- Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?- Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

LanguageThe language of the journal is English.Manuscript Organization and FormatAll correspondence will be sent to the first-named author unless otherwise specified. Manuscpript is to be submitted online via <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/siyasal" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/siyasal</a>  and it must be accompanied by a cover letter indicating that the manuscript is intended for publication, specifying the article category (i.e. research article, review etc.) and including information about the manuscript (see the Submission Checklist). Manuscripts should be prepared in Microsoft Word 2003 and upper versions. In addition, <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/B869A50A0FB641CD9342CE2BCD36CF49" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a> that has to be signed by all authors must be submitted.1. The manuscripts should be in A4 paper standards: having 2.5 cm margins from right, left, bottom and top, Times New Roman font style in 12 font size and line spacing of 1.5.2. The manuscripts should contain between 4500 and 8500 words and the page numbers must be at the bottom and in the middle.3. The name(s) of author(s) should be given just beneath the title of the study aligned to the right. Also the affiliation, title, e-mail and phone of the author(s) must be indicated on the bottom of the page as a footnote marked with an asterisk (*).4. Submitted manuscripts must have an abstract between 180 and 200 words (English and Turkish), before the introduction, summarizing the scope, the purpose, the results of the study and the methodology used. The titles (English and Turkish) of the study should appear above the abstracts. Underneath the abstracts, 3 to 5 keywords (English and Turkish) that inform the reader about the content of the study should be specified.5. The manuscripts should contain mainly these components: title, abstract and keywords (in Turkish and English); body text with sections, footnotes and references.6. The 6th versiThe manuscripts should contain mainly these components: title, abstract and keywords (in Turkish and English); body text with sections, footnotes and references.on of the APA (American Psychological Association) reference style should be used for in-text citation and references list. For information and samples on the APA 6 style please refer to http://jps.istanbul.edu.tr/tr/content/yazarlara-bilgi/kaynaklar section in the Information for Authors.7. Tables, graphs and figures can be given with a number and a defining title if and only if it is necessary to follow the idea of the article. the article. The title of table should be placed above the table; caption of figure should be placed beneath the figure. Features like demographic characteristics that can be given within the text should not be indicated as tables separately.8. A title page including author information must be submitted together with the manuscript. The title page is to include fully descriptive title of the manuscript and, affiliation, title, e-mail address, postal address, phone and fax number of the author(s) (see The Submission Checklist).9. Authors are responsible for all statements made in their work submitted to the Journal for publication.10. The author(s) can be asked to make some changes in their articles due to peer reviews.

Author Guidelines

Before beginning the online submission process please make sure you have the followings available:Cover letter to the editor<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.</li> <li>Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement.</li> <li>Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.</li> <li>Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA 6.</li> </ul> </ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/B869A50A0FB641CD9342CE2BCD36CF49" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>Permission of previous published material if used in the present manuscript<a href="http://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/FileHandler2.ashx?f=siyasal_title-page.docx" target="_blank">Title page</a><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>The title of the manuscript both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li>All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses</li> <li>Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax number</li> <li>ORCIDs of all authors.</li> </ul> </ul>Main Manuscript Document<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The title of the manuscript both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li>Abstracts (180-200 words) both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li>Key words: 3-5 words both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li>Extended Abstract (600-800 words) in English (only for articles which are not in English)</li> <li>Main article sections</li> <li>Grant support (if exists)</li> <li>Conflict of interest (if exists)</li> <li>Acknowledgement (if exits)</li> <li>References</li> <li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li> </ul> </ul>Manuscript Submission<ul type="disc"> <li>Dergipark manuscript submission site of the journal is: <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/siyasal" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/siyasal</a> </li><li>While uploading Main Document, make sure that the main document has no information that clarify the author’s identity. Due to double blind peer review, Main Document must not include Title Page, the name of author or any other detail that can disclose the author identity. </li> <li>Additionaly, Supplemental File for Review must not include any detail that can disclose author identity as well.</li> </ul>Files to be uploaded separately<ul type="disc"> <li>Copyright Agreement Form</li> <li>Permissions obtained for previously published material if used in the present manuscript</li> <li>Title page</li> <li>Main Manuscript Document</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The title of the manuscript both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li>Abstracts (180-200 words) both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li>Key words: 3-5 words both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>Extended Abstract (600-800 words) in English (only for articles which are not in English)</li> <li>Main article sections</li> <li>Grant Support (if exists)</li> <li>Conflict of Interest (if exists)</li> <li>Acknowledgement (if exists)</li> <li>References</li> <li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li> </ul> </ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>

Although references to review articles can be an efficient way to guide readers to a body of literature, review articles do not always reflect original work accurately. Readers should therefore be provided with direct references to original research sources whenever possible. On the other hand, extensive lists of references to original work on a topic can use excessive space on the printed page. Small numbers of references to key original papers often serve as well as more exhaustive lists, particularly since references can now be added to the electronic version of published papers, and since electronic literature searching allows readers to retrieve published literature efficiently. Papers accepted but not yet included in the issue are published online in the Early View section and they should be cited as “advance online publication”. Citing a “personal communication” should be avoided unless it provides essential information not available from a public source, in which case the name of the person and date of communication should be cited in parentheses in the text. For scientific articles, written permission and confirmation of accuracy from the source of a personal communication must be obtained.Reference Style and FormatSiyasal: Journal of Political Sciences complies with APA (American Psychological Association) style 6th Edition for referencing and quoting. For more information:-    American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.-    <a href="http://www.apastyle.org/" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org</a>Citations in the TextCitations must be indicated with the author surname and publication year within the parenthesis.If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;).Samples:More than one citation;(Esin, et al., 2002; Karasar, 1995)Citation with one author;(Akyolcu, 2007)Citation with two authors;(Sayıner &amp; Demirci, 2007)Citation with three, four, five authors;First citation in the text: (Ailen, Ciambrune, &amp; Welch, 2000) Subsequent citations in the text: (Ailen, et al., 2000)Citations with more than six authors;(Çavdar, et al., 2003)Citations in the ReferenceAll the citations done in the text should be listed in the References section in alphabetical order of author surname without numbering. Below given examples should be considered in citing the references.Basic Reference TypesBooka) Turkish BookKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8th ed.) [Preparing research reports]. Ankara, Turkey: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Book Translated into TurkishMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler [Mindsets] (A. Kotil, Trans.). İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim Yayınları.c) Edited BookÖren, T., Üney, T., &amp; Çölkesen, R. (Eds.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi [Turkish Encyclopedia of Informatics]. İstanbul, Turkey: Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Turkish Book with Multiple AuthorsTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y., &amp; Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme [Performance evaluation in Turkish search engines]. Ankara, Turkey: Total Bilişim.e) Book in EnglishKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.f) Chapter in an Edited BookBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.g) Chapter in an Edited Book in TurkishErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi [Organization culture: Its functions, elements and importance in leadership and business management]. In M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi [Organization sociology] (pp. 233–263). Bursa, Turkey: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Book with the same organization as author and publisherAmerican Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American psychological association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Articlea) Turkish ArticleMutlu, B., &amp; Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri [Source and intervention reduction of stress for parents whose children are in intensive care unit after surgery]. Istanbul University Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 15(60), 179–182.b) English Articlede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002</a>c) Journal Article with DOI and More Than Seven AuthorsLal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184</a>d) Journal Article from Web, without DOISidani, S. (2003). Enhancing the evaluation of nursing care effectiveness. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 35(3), 26–38. Retrieved from <a href="http://cjnr.mcgill.ca/" target="_blank">http://cjnr.mcgill.ca</a>e) Journal Article wih DOITurner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910</a>f) Advance Online PublicationSmith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867</a>g) Article in a MagazineHenry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today’s schools. Time, 135, 28–31.Doctoral Dissertation, Master’s Thesis, Presentation, Proceedinga) Dissertation/Thesis from a Commercial DatabaseVan Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9943436)b) Dissertation/Thesis from an Institutional DatabaseYaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Retrieved from: <a href="http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portali" target="_blank">http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portali</a>c) Dissertation/Thesis from WebTonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). Retrieved from <a href="http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar%20/phd/ickapak.html" target="_blank">http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar /phd/ickapak.html</a>d) Dissertation/Thesis abstracted in Dissertations Abstracts InternationalAppelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica&#173;tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.e) Symposium ContributionKrinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B., &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.f) Conference Paper Abstract Retrieved OnlineLiu, S. (2005, May). Defending against business crises with the help of intelligent agent based early warning solutions. Paper presented at the Seventh International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Miami, FL. Abstract retrieved from <a href="http://www.iceis.org/iceis2005/abstracts_2005.htm" target="_blank">http://www.iceis.org/iceis2005/abstracts_2005.htm</a>g) Conference Paper - In Regularly Published Proceedings and Retrieved OnlineHerculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105</a>h) Proceeding in Book FormParsons, O. A., Pryzwansky, W. B., Weinstein, D. J., &amp; Wiens, A. N. (1995). Taxonomy for psychology. In J. N. Reich, H. Sands, &amp; A. N. Wiens (Eds.), Education and training beyond the doctoral degree: Proceedings of the American Psychological Association National Conference on Postdoctoral Education and Training in Psychology (pp. 45–50). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.i) Paper PresentationNguyen, C. A. (2012, August). Humor and deception in advertising: When laughter may not be the best medicine. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.Other Sourcesa) Newspaper ArticleBrowne, R. (2010, March 21). This brainless patient is no dummy. Sydney Morning Herald, 45.b) Newspaper Article with no AuthorNew drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.c) Web Page/Blog PostBordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from <a href="http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/" target="_blank">http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/</a>d) Online Encyclopedia/DictionaryIgnition. (1989). In Oxford English online dictionary (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://dictionary.oed.comMarcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.). The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from <a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/" target="_blank">http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/</a>e) PodcastDunning, B. (Producer). (2011, January 12). in Fact: Conspiracy theories [Video podcast]. 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