Caracalla’s journeys through the Balkans in 213 and 214
Michael Alexander SpeidelThis article traces and discusses rare evidence that survives for Caracalla’s itinerary through the Balkans in 213 and 214. This period was at the end of the emperor’s bellum Germanicum and his final move to Asia Minor and the East. It was during this time that the emperor first officially announced his intention to wage war against Parthia, and when he began his respective military preparations. Based on recent research, this paper proposes a chronology and an imperial itinerary.
PDF View
References
- Alföldy, G. Römische Heeresgeschichte, Beiträge 1962-1985. Amsterdam: Brill, 1987. google scholar
- Andreeva, P. Festivals in the Roman Province of Thrace (1st – 3rd c. AD). Sofia: National institute of archaeology with museum (Bulgarian academy of sciences), 2014. google scholar
- Biernacki, A. B. & Sharankov, N. “A Hitherto Unknown Aspect of the Military Activity of the Legio I Italica in the Light of a Recently Discovered Pedestal with a Greek Inscription from Novae.” Archaeologia Bulgarica, 22/3 (2018), p.1-19. google scholar
- Birley, A. R. “Caracalla”, Die römischen Kaiser, ed. M. Clauss, München: C.H.Beck, 1997, p.185-191. google scholar
- Boteva, D. “Following in Alexander’s Footsteps: The Case of Caracalla”, Ancient Macedonia, Vol. I, Thessaloniki: IMXA, 1999, p.181-188. google scholar
- Christol, M., “Caracalla en 214: de Nicomédie à Nicomédie”, Les voyages des empereurs dans l’Orient romain. Epoque antonine et sévérienne, ed. A. Hostein & S. Lalanne, Arles: Errance, 2012, p.155-167. google scholar
- Davenport, C. “Cassius Dio and Caracalla.” The Classical Quarterly, 62/2 (2012), p.796-815. google scholar
- Eck, W. “Hadrian mit dem Titel ›proconsul‹ als Bauherr in Rom. Zur Neuinterpretation von CIL VI 40518, einer stadtrömischen Bauinschrift.” Archäologischer Anzeiger, 2 (2019), p.195-205. google scholar
- Forni, P. Caracalla: Père de la citoyenneté universelle?. Paris: Ellipses, 2021. google scholar
- Gerov, B. “Die Invasion der Carpen im Jahre 214”, Beiträge zur Geschichte der römischen Provinzen Moesien und Thrakien: gesammelte Aufsätze, Band 1, Amsterdam: Hakkert, 1980, p.251-258. google scholar
- Gilliam, G. J. Roman Army Papers. Amsterdam: Gieben, 1986. google scholar
- Grégoire, H. “Rapport sur un voyage d’exploration dans le Pont et en Cappadoce.” Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, 33 (1909), p.3-169. google scholar
- Halfmann, H. Itinera principum: Geschichte und Typolologie der Kaiserreisen im römischen Reich, Stuttgart: F. Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden, 1986. google scholar
- Hekster, O., Kaizer, T. “An accidental tourist? Caracalla’s fatal trip to the temple of the Moon at Carrhae/ Harran.” Ancient Society, 42 (2012), p.89-107. google scholar
- Hostein, A., Lanne, S. (Ed.). Les voyages des empereurs dans l’Orient romain. Époques antonine et sévérienne. Arles: Errance, 2012. google scholar
- Imrie, A. “Caracalla and ‘Alexander’s Phalanx’: Caught at a Crossroads of Evidence”, Greece & Rome, 68 (2021), p.222-328. google scholar
- Kolb, A. “Caracalla und Raetien”, Tyche, 18 (2003), p.21-30. google scholar
- Kovács, P. “Der Besuch von Caracalla in Pannonien”, Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 63 (2012) p.381–394. google scholar
- Królczyk, K. “Der Germanenfeldzug des Kaisers Caracalla im Lichte der epigraphischen Quellen”, Studia Lesco Mrozewicz ab amicis et discipulis dedicata, ed. S. Ruciński et al, Poznań: Sebastian Ruciński, 2011, p.203-219. google scholar
- Letta, C. “ ‘naufragio’ di Caracalla in Cassio Dione, nell’Historia Augusta e nei commentari degli Arvali”, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 103 (1994), p.188-190. google scholar
- Marichal, R. “Introduction”, Chartae Latinae Antiquiores, Vol. IX. Olten: Graf, 1977. google scholar
- Merkelbach, R., Stauber, J. Steinepigramme aus dem griechischen Osten, Vol. 3: Der “Ferne Osten” und das Landesinnere bis zum Taurus. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2001. google scholar
- Millar, F. A Study of Cassius Dio. Oxford: Oxford Univ Press, 1964. google scholar
- Nollé, J. “Caracallas Kur in Pergamon – Krankheit und Heilung eines römischen Kaisers im Spiegel seiner Münzen”, Antike Welt, 34/4 (2003), p.409-419. google scholar
- Nollé, J. “Die Krankheit des Kaisers Caracalla”, Münzenrevue, 28 (1996), H.5, p.26-33. google scholar
- Okoń, D. “Caracalla and his Collaborators”, Mnemon, 13 (2013), p.253-262. google scholar
- Opreanu, C. H. “Caracalla and Dacia. Imperial Visit, a Reality or only Rumour?”, Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology, 2/2 (2015), p.16-23. google scholar
- Pangerl, A. “Porträttypen des Caracalla und des Geta auf römischen Reichsprägungen – Definition eines neuen Caesartyps des Caracalla und eines neuen Augustustyps des Geta”, Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt, 43 (2013), p.99-116. google scholar
- Pattersen, L. E. “Caracalla’s Armenia”, Syllecta Classica, 24(2013), p.173-199. google scholar
- Piso, I., Deac, D. “Eine neue kaiserliche Statuenbasis aus Buciumi und Caracallas Reise nach Dakien”, Limes XXIII, ed. C. Sebastian Sommer & S. Matešić, Mainz: Nünnerich-Asmus Verlag, 2018, 756-762. google scholar
- Raycheva, M. “On Caracalla, Elephants and the Alexandreia Games in Philippopolis”, Studia Classica Serdicensia V, Monuments and Texts in Antiquity and Beyond, ed. M. Slavova & N. Sharankov. Sofia: St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2016, pp.276-289. google scholar
- Robert, L. Les gladiateurs dans l’Orient grec. Paris: E. Champion, 1940. google scholar
- Rutten, L. “Caracallas Weg durch Thrakien: eine Rekonstruktion aufgrund der numismatischen Zeugnisse”, Geldgeschichtliche Nachrichten, 258 (2011), p.293-295. google scholar
- Sayar, M. H. Perinthos – Herakleia (Marmara Ereğlisi) und Umgebung. Geschichte, Testimonien, griechische und lateinische Inschriften, Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der, 1998. google scholar
- Scheid, J. “Le protocole arvale de l’année 213 et l’arrivée de Caracalla à Nicomédie”, Epigrafia romana in area adriatica, ed. G. Paci, Macerata: Istituti editoriali e poligrafici internazionali, 1998, p.439-451. google scholar
- Scheid, J. Commentarii fratrum arvalium qui supersunt. Rome: Ecole française de Rome, 1998. google scholar
- Speidel, M. A. “Caracalla in Thrace and the Beginning of his Parthian War”, Emperor, Army, and Society. Studies in Roman Imperial History for Anthony, ed. E. Eck & F. Santangelo & K. Vössing, Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, 2022, p.161-172. google scholar
- Speidel, M. A. “Protectors and Assassins - Caracalla’s guards on the day he died”, Corps du chef et gardes du corps dans l’armée romaine, ed. C. Wolff & P. Faure. Lyon: Ceror, 2020, p.421-431, google scholar
- Speidel, M. A. Heer und Herrschaft im Römischen Reich der Hohen Kaiserzeit. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2009. google scholar
- Speidel, M. P. Roman Army Pay Scales I. Amsterdam, 1984. google scholar
- Speidel, M. P. Roman Army Studies II. Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 1992. google scholar
- Syme, R. Ammianus and the Historia Augusta. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968. google scholar
- Syme, R. Journeys of Hadrian, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 73 (1988), p.159-170. google scholar
- Syvänne, I. Caracalla. A Military Biography. Barnsley: Pen and Sword, 2017. google scholar
- Weiss, P. “Eine honesta missio im Sonderformat: Neuartige Bronzeurkunden für Veteranen der Legionen in Germania superior unter Gordian III”, Chiron, 45 (2015), p.23-75. google scholar
- Wheeler, E. “The Legion as Phalanx in the Late Empire, Part I”, L’armée romaine de Dioclétian à Valentinien Ier, ed. Y. Le Bohec & C. Wolff, Paris: De Boccard, 2004, p.309-358. google scholar
- Whittaker, C. R. Herodian, Vol. I. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969. google scholar
Citations
Copy and paste a formatted citation or use one of the options to export in your chosen format
EXPORT
APA
Speidel, M.A. (0001). Caracalla’s journeys through the Balkans in 213 and 214. The Journal of Southeastern European Studies, 0(40), 87-96. https://doi.org/10.26650/gaad.2023007
AMA
Speidel M A. Caracalla’s journeys through the Balkans in 213 and 214. The Journal of Southeastern European Studies. 0001;0(40):87-96. https://doi.org/10.26650/gaad.2023007
ABNT
Speidel, M.A. Caracalla’s journeys through the Balkans in 213 and 214. The Journal of Southeastern European Studies, [Publisher Location], v. 0, n. 40, p. 87-96, 0001.
Chicago: Author-Date Style
Speidel, Michael Alexander,. 0001. “Caracalla’s journeys through the Balkans in 213 and 214.” The Journal of Southeastern European Studies 0, no. 40: 87-96. https://doi.org/10.26650/gaad.2023007
Chicago: Humanities Style
Speidel, Michael Alexander,. “Caracalla’s journeys through the Balkans in 213 and 214.” The Journal of Southeastern European Studies 0, no. 40 (Dec. 2024): 87-96. https://doi.org/10.26650/gaad.2023007
Harvard: Australian Style
Speidel, MA 0001, 'Caracalla’s journeys through the Balkans in 213 and 214', The Journal of Southeastern European Studies, vol. 0, no. 40, pp. 87-96, viewed 22 Dec. 2024, https://doi.org/10.26650/gaad.2023007
Harvard: Author-Date Style
Speidel, M.A. (0001) ‘Caracalla’s journeys through the Balkans in 213 and 214’, The Journal of Southeastern European Studies, 0(40), pp. 87-96. https://doi.org/10.26650/gaad.2023007 (22 Dec. 2024).
MLA
Speidel, Michael Alexander,. “Caracalla’s journeys through the Balkans in 213 and 214.” The Journal of Southeastern European Studies, vol. 0, no. 40, 0001, pp. 87-96. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/gaad.2023007
Vancouver
Speidel MA. Caracalla’s journeys through the Balkans in 213 and 214. The Journal of Southeastern European Studies [Internet]. 22 Dec. 2024 [cited 22 Dec. 2024];0(40):87-96. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/gaad.2023007 doi: 10.26650/gaad.2023007
ISNAD
Speidel, MichaelAlexander. “Caracalla’s journeys through the Balkans in 213 and 214”. The Journal of Southeastern European Studies 0/40 (Dec. 2024): 87-96. https://doi.org/10.26650/gaad.2023007