The Journal of Southeastern European Studies

SUBMITINFORMATION
EnglishTürkçe

Research Article


DOI :10.26650/gaad.1240163   IUP :10.26650/gaad.1240163    Full Text (PDF)

The Life of Manuel I Comnenus before Ascending the Imperial Throne (1118-1143)

Hatice Aydın

The Komnenian Dynasty existed in the 104-year period between 1081-1185 AD within the history of the Byzantine Empire, the longest-lived state in the world with an 1123-year history. Not only did only this dynasty it leave its mark on the Byzantine history, it was also influential in shaping the histories of the political powers and nations around it. Manuel I was proclaimed emperor under extraordinary conditions at an unexpected time and place and ascended to the imperial throne under difficult conditions to become the longest-reigning emperor among the rulers of the Komnenian Dynasty with his 37- year rule. Emperor Manuel I attracted attention with his high energy and performance, especially for his foreign policy, as well as for the strategies he developed and policies he followed in the face of the tough conditions of his reign. Manuel had been raised as a good soldier just like all the other male members of the dynasty he belonged to and came to the fore in many aspects during his reign, distinguishing himself among his brothers (i.e., the sons of Emperor John II Komnenos) through his superior virtues, especially when facing the dangers of wartime with his brave cool attitude and tenacity. He not only won the favor of his father the emperor but also succeeded in creating a considerable supportive group in the imperial army. Manuel I Komnenos was noteworthy for all these things. This study will discuss the 25-year span of Emperor Manuel I Komnenos’ life from his birth to his ascension to the imperial throne, examining it in light of the sources of the period and modern research.

Keywords: Byzantine Empire, Manuel I Komnenos, Komnenian Dynasty, Árpád Dynasty, Imperial Throne, Succession
DOI :10.26650/gaad.1240163   IUP :10.26650/gaad.1240163    Full Text (PDF)

I. Manuel Komnenos’un İmparatorluk Tahtına Çıkmadan Önceki Hayatı (1118-1143)

Hatice Aydın

1123 yıllık tarihi ile dünyanın en uzun ömürlü devleti Bizans (Doğu Roma) İmparatorluğu tarihinin 1081-1185 yılları arasındaki 104 yıllık zaman diliminde varlık gösteren Komnenos Hânedanı; Bizans tarihine damgasını vurmakla kalmamış, çevresindeki siyasî güç ve milletlerin tarihlerinin şekillenmesinde de etkili olmuştur. Beklenmedik bir zamanda ve mekânda ayrıca olağanüstü koşullarda imparator ilân edilip yine zor şartlar altında imparatorluk tahtına oturan I. Manuel, 37 yıllık dönemi ile Komnenos Hânedanı’na mensup hükümdarlar içerisinde en uzun süre tahtta kalan imparator olmuştur. İmparator I. Manuel, özellikle dış politikada, döneminin çetin şartları karşısında geliştirdiği stratejiler ve izlediği politikaların yanı sıra yüksek enerjisiyle ve sergilediği performansla da dikkatleri üzerine çekmiştir. Mensup olduğu hânedanın diğer erkek üyeleri gibi iyi bir asker olarak yetişen Manuel, prenslik döneminde birçok yönüyle öne çıkmış ve sahip olduğu üstün meziyetleriyle kardeşleri yani İmparator II. Ioannes’in oğulları arasında mütemeyyiz bir konumda olmuştur; özellikle savaş zamanlarındaki tehlikeler karşısında cesur ve soğukkanlı tutumunun yanı sıra dirayetli tasarruflarıyla sadece imparator babasının gözüne girmekle kalmamış, aynı zamanda imparatorluk ordusu içerisinde hatırı sayılır bir taraftar kitlesi oluşturmayı da başarmıştır. Tüm bu sebeplerden dolayıdır ki Manuel Komnenos’un prenslik dönemi de dikkate şayandır. Bu çalışmada, İmparator I. Manuel Komnenos’un doğumundan imparatorluk tahtına çıkışına kadarki süreci kapsayan 25 yıllık hayatı, dönemin kaynakları ve modern çalışmalar ışığında ele alınıp incelenecektir. 

Keywords: Bizans İmparatorluğu, I. Manuel Komnenos, Komnenos Hânedanı, Árpád Hânedanı, İmparatorluk Tahtı, Veraset

EXTENDED ABSTRACT


Emperor Manuel I Komnenos was born in the capital of the Byzantine Empire as a member of the famous Komnenian Dynasty, which ruled the Byzantine Empire for over a century in the 11th and 12th centuries, and the son of Emperor John II Komnenos who presided over the throne at that time. Manuel Komnenos was a member of a royal family not only from his father’s side but also from his mother’s, the Hungarian royal family of the Árpáds. Manuel was born in the Purple Room (Porphyra), which has an important place in the Byzantine palace tradition.

Members of the Komnenos family began to appear in sources during the reign of Emperor Basil I (976-1025). Five members of the Komnenos family had served in the empire, especially in the military field, and ascended to the imperial throne. Although Isaac I (1057- 1059) was the first emperor of the Komnenos family to ascend to the throne of the Byzantine Empire, the Komnenian Dynasty had actually started with his nephew, Alexius I (1081-1118), who is also accepted as co-founder of the dynasty. Like other male members of his family, Manuel I Komnenos had been raised primarily as a good soldier and actively experienced the principality period, participating in wars alongside his father. His brave actions in these wars in particular differentiated him positively from his other brothers. This distinction would affect his father proclaiming him as emperor while his elder brother was still alive. While practically still a child, Prince Manuel began to join in expeditions alongside his father, John II. The first expedition Manuel participated in was the Neocaesarea Campaign his father conducted against the Danishmendids in the last days of 1139. During this war, Manuel attracted all the attention with his extraordinary courage in attacking the enemy army. After the battle was over, the emperor praised his son Manuel for his bravery in front of the army. However, after retreating to their tent, the father albeit light berated him for throwing himself at the enemy without his command. Manuel had probably participated in at least some of his father’s previous campaigns, but he was first recorded in the sources as a soldier of war with his remarkable actions during the Neocaesarea Campaign. After the end of the Neocaesarea campaign in 1139-1140, Emperor John would go on to have Manuel and his other sons with him in all his expeditions during the last years of his life and frequently asked their opinions about the strategies he would implement.

Emperor John II withdrew to Cilicia on April 1, 1143 after the disappointment in Antioch in his last campaign to the East toward the end of 1142. Emperor John II established his camp near Ayn Zarba in Cilicia and went hunting there that same day. He suffered a great misfortune while hunting, injuring his hand with one of the poisoned arrows in his bag while fighting with a wild boar. Returning to his tent toward evening, the emperor’s wound began to swell, and by the next day had quickly given way to unbearable pain. The doctors’ interventions did nothing to help, instead the situation worsened, and the swelling spread throughout his whole arm. Having lost all hope of recovery, the emperor pondered on who to appoint as emperor in his place. He ultimately decided on Manuel, one of his two surviving sons, as two of the emperor’s other sons had recently died. Realizing that he was going to die, the emperor summoned his relatives, friends, commanders, nobles, and people of high rank and title to his tent and explained to them in detail his reasons for choosing his youngest son Manuel as his successor. He said that both of his sons were virtuous, physically healthy, and strong and had high nobility and deep wisdom. However, he thought his last-born son, Manuel, would manage the empire better, as his eldest son Isaac could sometimes make mistakes due to his impetuous nature. He stated Manuel to be docile, obedient, and readily accepting of what is useful, and these were his reasons for choosing Manuel to succeed him. He ordered his entourage to accept Manuel as the ruler blessed by God and as the elected emperor. The Byzantine soldiers and dignitaries who had gathered beside the dying emperor accepted his proposal and welcomed Manuel as emperor as if it were in accordance with the law of succession. A few days after these events, Emperor John II Komnenos died in Cilicia on April 8, 1143, and Manuel took his place on the throne.


PDF View

References

  • Bryennios, Nikephoros, Tarihin Özü, çev. Bilge Umar, İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 2008. google scholar
  • Choniates, Nicetas, Historia, çev. Harry J. Magoulias, O City of Byzantium: Annals of Niketas Choniates, Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1984. google scholar
  • Comnena, Anna, The Alexiad of Anna Comnena, çev. Edgar Robert Ashton Sewter, London: Penguin, 1969. google scholar
  • Comnena, Anna, The Alexiad, çev. Elizabeth A. S. Dawes, Cambridge, 2000. google scholar
  • Diakonos, Leon, The History of Leo the Deacon: Byzantine Military Expansion in the Tenth Century, çev. Alice Mary Talbot, Denis F. Sullivan, Washington: Dumbarton Oaks, 2005. google scholar
  • İbnü’l-Kalânisî, The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades: Chronicle of Ibn Al-Qalanisi, çev. Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb, London, 1932. google scholar
  • Khoniates, Niketas, Historia (Ioannes ve Manuel Komnenos Devirleri), çev. Fikret Işıltan, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 1995. google scholar
  • Kinnamos, Ioannes, Ioannes Kinnamos’un Historia’sı (1118-1176), çev. Işın Demirkent, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 2001. google scholar
  • Kinnamos, John, Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus, çev. Charles M. Brand, New York: Columbia University Press, 1976. google scholar
  • Psellos, Konstantinos Mikhail, Mikhail Psellos’un Khronografyası, çev. Işın Demirkent, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 2014. google scholar
  • Simbat, Başkumandan Simbat’ın Vekayinamesi (951-1334), çev. Hrand Der Andreasyan, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu (Basılmamış nüsha), 1946. google scholar
  • Skylitzes, John, A Synopsis of Byzantine History (811-1057), çev. John Wortley, Cambridge, 2010. google scholar
  • Smbat Sparapet, Smbatay Sparapeti Taregirk, Venice, 1956: çev. Robert Bedrosian, Smbat Sparapet’s Chronicle, New Jersey, 2005. google scholar
  • Süryânî Mihâil, Süryânî Patrik Mihâil’in Vekayinâmesi (İkinci Kısım, 1042-1195), çev. Hrand Der Andreasyan, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu (Basılmamış nüsha), 1944. google scholar
  • Urfalı Mateos, Urfalı Mateos Vakâyi-Nâmesi (952-1136) ve Papaz Grigor’un Zeyli (1136-1162), çev. Hrand Der Andreasyan, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 2000. google scholar
  • Vardan Vardabet, Cihan Tarihi (Türk Fütuhatı Tarihi: Metinler ve Vesikalar, 889-1169), çev. Hrand Der Andreasyan, İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınları, 1937. google scholar
  • Willermus Tyrensis, Historia Rerum in Partibus Transmarinis Gestarum, çev. Peter William Edbury, John Gordon Rowe, William of Tyre (His torian of Latin East), Cambridge, 1988. google scholar
  • Zonaras, Ioannes, Tarihlerin Özeti, çev. Bilge Umar, İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 2008. google scholar
  • Angold, Michael, The Byzantine Empire (1025-1204): A Political History, London-New York: 1997. google scholar
  • Başar, Fahameddin, “Niğbolu Meydan Muhârebesi ve Haçlı Seferleri Tarihindeki Yeri”, Haçlı Seferleri ve XI. Asırdan Günümüze Haçlı Ruhu Semineri Bildirileri (26-27 Mayıs 1997), İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınları, 1998, s. 117-132. google scholar
  • Brand, Charles M., Alexander P. Kazhdan, Anthony Cutler, “Manuel I Komnenos”, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, haz. Alexander P. Kazhdan, C. II, New York, 1991, s. 1289-1290. google scholar
  • Brand, Charles M., Alexander P. Kazhdan, Anthony Cutler, “John II Komnenos”, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, haz. Alexander P. Kazhdan, C. II, New York, 1991, s. 1046-1047. google scholar
  • Brand, Charles M., Anthony Cutler, “Isaac I Komnenos”, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, haz. Alexander P. Kazhdan, C. II, New York, 1991, s. 1011-1012. google scholar
  • Browning, Robert, “The Death of John II Comnenus”, Byzantion, C. XXXI, 1 (1961), s. 229-235. google scholar
  • Chalandon, Ferdinand, “The Earlier Comneni: Isaac (1057-1059), Alexius I (1081-1118)”, The Cambridge Medieval History (The Eastern Roman Empire: 717-1453), haz. J. R. Tanner, C. W. Previte Orton, Z. N. Brooke, C. IV, Cambridge, 1923, s. 318-350. google scholar
  • Chalandon, Ferdinand, “The Later Comneni: John (1118-1143), Manuel (1143-1180), Alexius II (11801183), Andronicus (1183-1185)”, The Cambridge Medieval History (The Eastern Roman Empire: 717-1453), haz. J. R. Tanner, C. W. Previte Orton, Z. N. Brooke, C. IV, Cambridge, 1923, s. 351-384. google scholar
  • Cheynet, Jean Claude, “The Byzantine Aristocracy: 8th-13th Centuries (I)”, The Byzantine Aristocracy and its Military Function, Ashgate Press, 2006, s. 1-43. google scholar
  • Cheynet, Jean Claude, “Aristocracy and Inheritance: 11th-13th Centuries (IV)”, The Byzantine Aristocracy and its Military Function, Ashgate Press, 2006, s. 1-35. google scholar
  • Cheynet, Jean Claude, “Basil II and Asia Minor (VIII)”, The Byzantine Aristocracy and its Military Function, Ashgate Press, 2006, s. 1-38. google scholar
  • Demirkent, Işın, “Komnenos Hanedanının Büyük Başkumandanı: Türk Asıllı Ioannes Aksukhos”, Bizans Tarihi Yazıları (Makaleler-Bildiriler-İncelemeler), İstanbul: Dünya Yayınları, 2005, s. 47-62. google scholar
  • Demirkent, Işın, “Türk Yaşamının Bizans’a Etkilerinden Birkaç Örnek”, Bizans Tarihi Yazıları (Makaleler-Bildiriler-İncelemeler), İstanbul: Dünya Yayınları, 2005, s. 73-81. google scholar
  • Demirkent, Işın, “12. Yüzyıla Kadar Bizans’da ‘Loncalar’”, Bizans Tarihi Yazıları (Makaleler-Bildiriler-İncelemeler), İstanbul: Dünya Yayınları, 2005, s. 159-173. google scholar
  • Eckhart, Ferenc, Macaristan Tarihi, çev. İbrahim Kafesoğlu, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 2010. google scholar
  • Fallmerayer, Jakob Philipp, Trabzon İmparatorluğunun Tarihi, çev. Ahmet Cevat Eren, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 2011. google scholar
  • Garland, Lynda, Byzantine Empresses: Women and Power in Byzantium (AD 527-1204), London-New York: Routledge, 1999. google scholar
  • Harris, Jonathan, Byzantium and the Crusades, London, 2014. google scholar
  • Jeffreys, Elizabeth, “The Sebastokratorissa Irene as Patron”, Female Founders in Byzantium and Beyond, haz. Lioba Theis, Margaret Mullett, Michael Grünbart, Köln, 2014, s. 177-194. google scholar
  • Kalloshyan, Kevork, “Kilikya Ermeni Krallığının Doğuşu ve Çöküşü”, Yeni Türkiye, 60 (2004), s. 1-7. google scholar
  • Kazhdan, Alexander P., “Komnenos”, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, haz. Alexander P. Kazhdan, C. II, New York, 1991, s. 1143-1144. google scholar
  • Kazhdan, Alexander P. ve M. Charles Brand, “Komnenian Dynasty”, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, haz. Alexander P. Kazhdan, C. II, New York, 1991, s. 1143. google scholar
  • Kazhdan, Alexander P. ve Janos M. Bak, “Arpads”, The OxfordDictionary of Byzantium, haz. Alexander P. Kazhdan, C. I, New York, 1991, s. 185. google scholar
  • Kazhdan, Alexander P. ve Nancy Patterson Sevcenko, “Chlamys”, The OxfordDictionary of Byzantium, haz. Alexander P. Kazhdan, C. I, New York, 1991, s. 424. google scholar
  • Kiel, Machiel, “Gevgili”, DİA, C. I, s. 475-476. google scholar
  • Koca, Salim, Türkiye Selçukluları Tarihi: Sultan Alp Arslan’dan Uluğ Keykubâd’a (1071-1220), Ankara: Berikan Yayınları, 2016. google scholar
  • Koytcheva, Elena, “The Forefather of the Komnenian Dynast: His Name and Career”, Das Mittelalterliche Bulgarien: Byzanz und Europa, haz. Andreas Schwarcz, Peter Soustal, Antoaneta Tcholakova, Wien-Berlin: LIT Verlag, 2014, s. 89-100. google scholar
  • Kömürciyan, Eremya Çelebi, İstanbul Tarihi: XVII. Asırda İstanbul, çev. Hrand Der Andreasyan, yay. haz.: Kevork Pamukciyan, İstanbul: Eren Yayınları, 1988. google scholar
  • Lau, Maximilian, “Piroska-Eirene, the First Western Empress in Byzantium: Power and Perception”, Piroska and the Pantokrator, Dynastic Memory, Healing and Salvation in Komnenian Constantinople, haz. Marianne Saghy, Budapest, 2018, s. 141-148. google scholar
  • Luttwak, Edward N., The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire, London, 2009. google scholar
  • Macartney, Carlile Aylmer, Hungary: A Short History, Edinburgh, 1962. google scholar
  • Magdalino, Paul, The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos (1143-1180), Cambridge University Press, 1993. google scholar
  • Magdalino, Paul, “The Empire of the Komnenoi (1118-1204)”, The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire (c. 500-1492), haz. Jonathan Shepard, Cambridge University Press, 2008, s. 627-663. google scholar
  • Mango, Cyril, Bizans: Yeni Roma İmparatorluğu, çev. Gül Çağalı Güven, İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2011. google scholar
  • McCormick, Michael, “Porphyrogennetos”, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, haz. Alexander P. Kazhdan, C. III, New York, 1991, s. 1701. google scholar
  • Morris, Rosemary, “Manuel I Komnenos (1118-1180)”, The Crusades, haz. Alan V. Murray, C. II, Oxford, 2006, s. 796-797. google scholar
  • Necipoğlu, Nevra, “Turks and Byzantines: Eleventh - Twelfth Centuries”, The Turco-AnatolianSymbiosis, Part II-F, 2006, s. 2-13. google scholar
  • Der Nersessian, Sirarpie, “The Kingdom of Cilicia Armenia”, A History of Crusades, haz. Kenneth M. Setton, C. II, Philadelphia, 1962, s. 630-659. google scholar
  • Norwich, John Julius, Bizans (Gerileme ve Çöküş Dönemi: 1082-1453), C. III, çev. Selen Hırçın Riegel, İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınları, 2013. google scholar
  • Ostrogorsky, Georg, Bizans Devleti Tarihi, çev. Fikret Işıltan, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 2017. google scholar
  • Özaydın, Abdülkerim, “Dânişmendliler”, DİA, C. VIII, s. 469-474. google scholar
  • Papageorgiou, Angeliki, “The Political Ideology of John II Komnenos”, John II Komnenos, Emperor of Byzantium (In the Shadow of Father and Son), haz. Alessandra Bucossi, Alex Rodriguez Suarez, London: Routledge, 2016, s. 37-52. google scholar
  • Parker, Geoffrey, Cambridge Savaş Tarihi, çev. Füsun Tayanç, Tunç Tayanç, İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2014. google scholar
  • Parman, Ebru, Ortaçağda Bizans Döneminde Frigya (Phrygia) ve Bölge Müzelerindeki Bizans Taş Eserleri, Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2002. google scholar
  • Rodriguez Suarez, Alex, “The Life and Reign of John II Komnenos (1087-1143): a Chronology”, John II Komnenos, Emperor of Byzantium (In the Shadow of Father and Son), haz. Alessandra Bucossi, Alex Rodriguez Suarez, London: Routledge, 2016, s. XIX-XXI. google scholar
  • Runciman, Steven, Haçlı Seferleri Tarihi, çev. Fikret Işıltan, C. I, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 2008. google scholar
  • Runciman, Steven, Haçlı Seferleri Tarihi, çev. Fikret Işıltan, C. II, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 2008. google scholar
  • Sevcenko, Nancy, “The Tomb of Manuel I Komnenos, Again”, On İkinci ve On Üçüncü Yüzyıllarda Bizans Dünyasında Değişim (Birinci Uluslararası Sevgi Gönül Bizans Araştırmaları Sempozyumu Bildirileri, 25-28 Haziran 2007, İstanbul), haz. Ayla Ödekan, Engin Akyürek, Nevra Necipoğlu, İstanbul: Vehbi Koç Vakfı Yayınları, 2010, s. 609-616. google scholar
  • Sevgen, Nazmi, Anadolu Kaleleri, C. I, Ankara, 1959. google scholar
  • Sevim, Ali ve Yaşar Yücel, Türkiye Tarihi: Fetih, Selçuklu ve Beylikler Dönemi, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 1989. google scholar
  • Stephenson, Paul, The Legend of Basil the Bulgar-Slayer, Cambridge University Press, 2003. google scholar
  • Stouraitis, Ioannis, “Narratives of John II Komnenos’ Wars: Comparing Byzantine and Modern Approaches”, John II Komnenos, Emperor of Byzantium (In the Shadow of Father and Son), haz. Alessandra Bucossi, Alex Rodriguez Suarez, London: Routledge, 2016, s. 22-36. google scholar
  • Sümer, Faruk, “Mesud I”, DİA, C. XXIX, s. 339-342. google scholar
  • Taeschner, Franz, “Anadolu”, The Encyclopaedia od Islam, C. I, Leiden: Brill, 1986, s. 465-480. google scholar
  • Texier, Charles, Küçük Asya (Coğrafyası, Tarihi ve Arkeolojisi), çev. Ali Suat, C. III, Ankara, 2002. google scholar
  • Treadgold, Warren, Byzantium and Its Army: 284-1081, California: Stanford University Press, 1995. google scholar
  • Turan, Osman, Selçuklular Zamanında Türkiye: Alp Arslan’dan Osman Gâzi’ye (1071-1318), İstanbul: Ötüken Yayınları, 2017. google scholar
  • Turan, Osman, Türkiye Selçukluları Hakkında Resmî Vesikalar: Metin, Tercüme ve Araştırmalar, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 1988. google scholar
  • Turan, Osman, Selçuklular ve İslâmiyet, İstanbul, 1980. google scholar
  • Urbansky, Andrew B., Byzantium and the Danube Frontier, New York, 1968. google scholar
  • Ünlü, Mucize, “Uluslararası Diplomasi ve Ulahlar”, Uluslararası Karadeniz İncelemeleri Dergisi, 7, (Güz-2009), s. 9-26. google scholar
  • Vasiliev, Alexander A., History of the Byzantine Empire: 324-1453, C. II, Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1952. google scholar
  • Vasiliev, Alexander A., Bizans İmparatorluğu Tarihi, C. I, çev. Arif Müfid Mansel, Ankara, 1943. google scholar
  • Yinanç, Mükrimin Halil, Türkiye Tarihi: Selçuklular Devri, haz. Refet Yinanç, C. II, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 2014. google scholar

Citations

Copy and paste a formatted citation or use one of the options to export in your chosen format


EXPORT



APA

Aydın, H. (2022). The Life of Manuel I Comnenus before Ascending the Imperial Throne (1118-1143). The Journal of Southeastern European Studies, 0(39), 71-97. https://doi.org/10.26650/gaad.1240163


AMA

Aydın H. The Life of Manuel I Comnenus before Ascending the Imperial Throne (1118-1143). The Journal of Southeastern European Studies. 2022;0(39):71-97. https://doi.org/10.26650/gaad.1240163


ABNT

Aydın, H. The Life of Manuel I Comnenus before Ascending the Imperial Throne (1118-1143). The Journal of Southeastern European Studies, [Publisher Location], v. 0, n. 39, p. 71-97, 2022.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Aydın, Hatice,. 2022. “The Life of Manuel I Comnenus before Ascending the Imperial Throne (1118-1143).” The Journal of Southeastern European Studies 0, no. 39: 71-97. https://doi.org/10.26650/gaad.1240163


Chicago: Humanities Style

Aydın, Hatice,. “The Life of Manuel I Comnenus before Ascending the Imperial Throne (1118-1143).” The Journal of Southeastern European Studies 0, no. 39 (Apr. 2024): 71-97. https://doi.org/10.26650/gaad.1240163


Harvard: Australian Style

Aydın, H 2022, 'The Life of Manuel I Comnenus before Ascending the Imperial Throne (1118-1143)', The Journal of Southeastern European Studies, vol. 0, no. 39, pp. 71-97, viewed 27 Apr. 2024, https://doi.org/10.26650/gaad.1240163


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Aydın, H. (2022) ‘The Life of Manuel I Comnenus before Ascending the Imperial Throne (1118-1143)’, The Journal of Southeastern European Studies, 0(39), pp. 71-97. https://doi.org/10.26650/gaad.1240163 (27 Apr. 2024).


MLA

Aydın, Hatice,. “The Life of Manuel I Comnenus before Ascending the Imperial Throne (1118-1143).” The Journal of Southeastern European Studies, vol. 0, no. 39, 2022, pp. 71-97. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/gaad.1240163


Vancouver

Aydın H. The Life of Manuel I Comnenus before Ascending the Imperial Throne (1118-1143). The Journal of Southeastern European Studies [Internet]. 27 Apr. 2024 [cited 27 Apr. 2024];0(39):71-97. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/gaad.1240163 doi: 10.26650/gaad.1240163


ISNAD

Aydın, Hatice. “The Life of Manuel I Comnenus before Ascending the Imperial Throne (1118-1143)”. The Journal of Southeastern European Studies 0/39 (Apr. 2024): 71-97. https://doi.org/10.26650/gaad.1240163



TIMELINE


Submitted20.01.2023
Accepted12.06.2023
Published Online22.08.2023

LICENCE


Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)

This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge you and be non-commercial, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms.


SHARE




Istanbul University Press aims to contribute to the dissemination of ever growing scientific knowledge through publication of high quality scientific journals and books in accordance with the international publishing standards and ethics. Istanbul University Press follows an open access, non-commercial, scholarly publishing.