Elif

The rapid growth and aging of the world’s population pose considerable challenges. While in primitive times, only a fraction of the population reached old age, in modern times, the majority attaining old age raises multifaceted concerns. Consequently, interest in aging studies has increased globally, causing new disciplines such as gerontology and the development of new social theories. Among these, activity theory stands out, dominating much of the Turkish literature. However, this approach overlooks the crucial aspects of aging. Consequently, critical examinations of the political economy of aging are increasingly capturing the attention of scholars. Carroll Estes emerges as a leading figure among these critical theorists. With a distinguished academic career, Estes has delved into Social Security and Medicare policy, healthcare reform, long-term care, and the economic and health security of older women. Recognized as a pioneering scholar in the fields of “political economy of aging” and “critical gerontology” Estes and his theories remain largely absent in Turkish aging literature. Thus, this article aims to bridge this gap by introducing Estes’ theories to Turkish academia. Estes has made notable contributions to the aging literature, with his theoretical models and concepts representing seminal works in the field. This article presents Estes’ model and concepts comprehensively for the first time in Turkish aging literature. For example, Estes’ concept of the “aging enterprise” has been translated into Turkish as “elderly care initiatives” and incorporated into Turkish discourse. Thus, Estes’ model emerges as a valuable resource awaiting exploration, particularly within disciplines such as social policies and services.Understanding the fundamental concepts proposed by Estes is essential for fully understanding his ideas and contributions. However, delving into these concepts necessitates not only understanding the phenomena they address but also discerning the motives driving their formulation. Hence, our article briefly incorporates the main points emphasized by the political economy theory that forms Estes’s theoretical framework. Political economy theory treats aging through the lens of interwoven connections between the macro-level, social dynamics, intermediate-level organizational and institutional, and micro-level individual experiences (Estes, 1979).At the heart of Estes’ model lies the public/citizen. Power dynamics among the state, postindustrial capitalism, and gender systems, entailing bidirectional relationships, unfold within the framework of “interlocking systems of oppression” (Collins, 1990, p. 225) stemming from gender, social class, and racial and ethnic statuses across life (Dressel et al., 1997, p. 583; Estes, 2001, p. 2). Moreover, Estes perceives ideology as the main framing element enveloping other concepts in defining aging and shaping policy responses to aging within society (Estes, 2001, p. 2). Employing this model of political economy theory, Estes constructs a theoretical framework of social policy and aging. However, he incorporates additional analytical levels, namely the “medical&nbsp;industrial complex” and “elderly care initiatives” into the framework. These elements emerge as products of and intersect with the relationships among postindustrial capitalism, the state, and gender systems while focusing on the citizen/public. Consequently, the model expands to include a fifth level (Estes, 2001, p. 3).Est’s’ model of social policy and aging offers a multilayered analytical framework that addresses the intricate, conflicting, and competitive relationships among postindustrial capitalism, the state, and the gender/sex system, which in turn shape and sustain the medical-industrial complex and elderly care initiatives. Viewed through a conflict theory perspective, the model acknowledges and attempts to illustrate the ongoing struggle among its actors, underscoring the important role politics plays in determining the extent to which one actor can assert dominance and control over others (Estes, 2001, pp. 3–4).According to Estes, ideologies wield substantial power in shaping, modifying, and implementing social policies. Particularly, the twin ideologies of neoliberalism and neoconservatism have proven highly effective in efforts to drastically transform Social Security and Medicare programs (Estes, 2001, p. 102). Neoconservative ideology, influential in social policy formulation, exerts notable influence on the sociocultural sphere, giving rise to motivational crises such as exacerbating gender conflicts and imposing emotional pressures regarding familial responsibilities (Estes, 2001, p. 102). In this context, neoliberal ideology limits economic policies to inherently pro-market actions, while neoconservative ideology limits the nature and scope of actions within the traditional family structure (Therborn, 1980, pp. 97–100).In Estes’ model, the subsequent link after the overarching ideology involves class, race/ethnicity, gender, and age. These elements are viewed as interlocking systems of oppression arising from conflicts and stratification within the social structure (Collins, 1990; Estes, 2001, p. 13). Social class, race/ethnicity, and gender are directly correlated with the resources accessible to individuals in old age, both due to their status as interlocking systems of oppression at the macro level and their intersectionality at the micro level (Estes, 2001, p. 13).Within Estes’ theoretical framework, the examination of the state revolves around its capacity to (a) allocate and distribute scarce resources, (b) mediate between various societal segments and classes, and (c) address conditions potentially threatening social order. Analyzing public policies governing resource allocation and distribution for older citizens by the state is crucial. This transcends mere considerations of resource availability for social spending. Estes underscores the tangible and perceived ramifications of allocating an increasing share of resources to the elderly on business, economic growth, industry, and industrial relations (Estes, 2001, p. 7).&nbsp;In Este’’ theoretical constructs, postindustrial capitalism, and its linked globalization hold important positions within the political economy of aging. Estes finds a strong relationship between aging and postindustrial capitalism/globalization. He examines how these phenomena, along with informationalism, shape the lives of older individuals, establishing a relationship between macro- and micro-structures (Estes, 2001, p. 4).The inclusion of the sex/gender system marks a new addition to the political economy discourse. While previous studies have explored gender’s role at individual and policy levels, its incorporation as a key institutional force in explaining social policy on aging is new (Estes, 2001, p. 8). Estes offers two primary reasons for integrating gender into the theoretical model: First, the increasing proportion of women within the elderly population. Second, women’s greater dependency on the state compared with men, persists across the lifespan regardless of age (Estes, 2001, p. 121). Estes posits that gender differences in the aging experience stem from the entrenched role of gender within social and political structures.The concept of citizen/public, central to Estes’ theoretical framework, draws upon critical literature asserting the absence of a universally and equitably shared experience of citizenship (Estes, 2001, p. 10). According to Estes, the fundamental issue surrounding citizenship lies in the dichotomy between capitalism and democracy within capitalist democracies, engendering tension and contradiction (Estes, 2001, p. 10). Citizenship, Estes argues, embodies both economic and political dimensions, as the life opportunities offered by states to their citizens are largely based on labor force participation and property ownership.Understanding aging and social policy requires attention to two overlapping and mutually reinforcing structural arrangements: the medical-industrial complex and elder care initiatives. The medical-industrial complex comprises a highly stratified and expansive healthcare sector dominated by multibillion-dollar corporations (Estes et al., 2001, pp. 165–166). Coined by Estes in 1979 (p. 2), the term “aging enterprise” resides within the confines of the medical-industrial complex, yet extends beyond healthcare to encompass governmental and institutional actions across all facets related to aging. Conversely, aging initiatives generally focus on the relationship between social policy and the circumstances and requirements of older individuals (Estes et al., 2001, p. 167). Estes posits that at the heart of both the medical-industrial complex and the aging initiative lies the commodification of health, wherein healthcare and the needs of the elderly, along with other societal needs, are transformed into commodities for specific economic markets (Estes, 1979). Consequently, both capitalist capital and governments perceive healthcare and elderly services as economic products rather than social goods.&nbsp;The crisis of the welfare state precipitated by postindustrial capitalism, globalization, and technological advancement has resulted in old age being perceived as a financial burden on public expenditure. While solutions such as “extending the retirement age” and promoting “active aging” have been proposed for the aging population, they have proven insufficient in comprehensively addressing the issue. This inadequacy has spurred an increased interest in critical theory, with old age emerging as a focal point within political economic theory. Estes’ model, encapsulated within this discourse, offers a considerably more comprehensive and detailed framework than other theories of old age. Notably, Estes’ emphasis on gender, which is often neglected in conventional aging theories, constitutes an innovative and valuable contribution. Given the current dearth of Turkish literature on aging, we believe that Estes’ theory holds the potential to considerably enrich aging studies in Turkey. Through this article, we aim to highlight the overlooked aspects of Estes’ model, bringing them to the attention of relevant researchers and scholars.&nbsp;

Political Economic Approach to Old Age: The Carroll Estes Model

Merve

Adem

Uzman

The proportion of the elderly population is increasing worldwide. In Turkey, the proportion of older people increased from 9.5% in 2020 to approximately 10.2% in 2023. The progressive population aging has profound implications for health systems. Understanding the health care preferences of the elderly is important to ensure effective health care. It is also important to understand the use of primary health care services among the elderly. The aim of this study was to evaluate the preferences of elderly people for primary health care services and their reasons for preferring emergency services.Many studies have highlighted the needs and preferences of older people while seeking health services. WHO has stated that health services should be appropriate to the special needs of the elderly population. Health services are classified into primary, secondary, and tertiary care. Primary health care services also play an important role in terms of health promotion and prevention. In 1978, the Alma-Ata Declaration stated that the majority of health problems can be solved through primary health care.Although the implementation methods vary from country to country, family health centers form the basis of primary health care services in most countries (Karaaslan, 2018). The risk of chronic diseases, such as diabetes and hypertension, increases with age, necessitating regular medical intervention and follow-up. Studies have shown that older people often struggle with their complex healthcare needs (WHO, 2015). Therefore, primary healthcare organizations are important for older adults. In this study, we used the Andersen Behavioral Model to evaluate the factors influencing the use of primary health care services by older adults. This model provides a framework for understanding the complex interactions that influence the use of health care services by older adults.There is an extensive and diverse body of literature on healthcare utilization among older adults. The literature includes a variety of factors that influence access to and use of primary health care services. Many studies have examined the role of individual characteristics such as age, gender, socioeconomic status, and health status in shaping healthcare utilization. In addition, social factors have also been examined as determinants of healthcare utilization (Andersen &amp; Newman, 1973; Korten et al., 1998; Man et al., 2018; Wright et al., 2008; Wolinsky et al., 2016). Andersen’s model is valuable for understanding the healthcare preferences of older adults.The model explains an individual’s decision to use health services based on the following three main factors:&nbsp;<ul><li>Preparatory factors: These are the individual and environmental characteristics that affect the likelihood of using health services. For older adults, factors such as age, socioeconomic status, health beliefs, and functional status are included in this category.</li><li>Enabling factors: Resources that facilitate or impede access to health care services. These include insurance coverage, transportation, availability of services, and family/social support.</li><li>Need factors: Perceived or actual health problems that influence a person’s motivation to seek health care. The severity of symptoms, presence of chronic conditions, and acute health problems are considered in this category.</li></ul>Older people may prefer to use emergency services, hospitals, or family health centers providing primary health care services. One of the factors influencing this preference is the continuity and personalized care provided by primary health care services. Older patients value an ongoing relationship with their primary care provider, which ensures that they receive care in familiar and consistent settings. In addition, older people prefer primary care services because of their comprehensive and personalized services. These services proactively address the health concerns of older patients and help prevent situations that may require a visit to emergency services. In summary, primary care offers several advantages to the older population, including continuity of care, personalized services, comprehensive and preventive care, short wait times, flexible scheduling, and ease of access. MethodsThis study focused on the behavior of people aged ≥65 years in visiting primary healthcare facilities and the reasons for preferring these facilities. A purposive sample of 5 women and 5 men (“easily accessible” sampling technique) aged ≥65 years living in Kırklareli province and registered at family health centers in different neighborhoods was enrolled. The data were collected using a semi-structured interview form. The interview form included five sections, i.e., general information about the participants, symptoms, access to primary care, disease-related counseling processes, and recommendations. ResultsTrustParticipants expressed their trust or mistrust in the family health center and family physician. In particular, the issue of trust in the doctor’s decisions regarding treatment procedures and medications was highlighted. The results suggested that a long-term relationship with the care provider helps inculcate a sense of trust. Some participants stated that they trust specialists more.ServiceThe quality of healthcare delivery is a critical factor impacting patient satisfaction. Participants were generally satisfied with the services provided by the family health center and the family physician. In particular, the sincere attitude and helpfulness of the health workers toward the patients helped ensure a positive experience during their treatment process. This helped patients feel comfortable and receive the best service for their health problems.CounselingCounseling, which is an important component of healthcare, includes the process of informing, guiding, and answering patients’ questions regarding their health problems. Participants spoke positively about the counseling services offered at family health centers and by family physicians. They stated that these services were effective and that patients were appropriately informed about their health problems.Feeling of familiarityPatients’ feeling of familiarity with the family health center or general practitioner and perceived safety is an important factor in the provision of health services. Participants had become familiar with and trusted health professionals due to their regular visits to the same family health center and family physician over the years. This sense of familiarity allowed patients to feel comfortable sharing their health problems and to feel more at ease with their care.ConvenienceConvenience, simplicity, and practicality in accessing and using health services make up the convenience theme. Participants emphasized the ease of accessing and receiving services from a family health center or primary care physician. In particular, the simplicity and speed of the appointment process were found to facilitate patients’ access to health services. This sense of convenience is an important factor in the accessibility and usability of health services. Conclusion and DiscussionSeveral factors were found to influence the behavior of older people in seeking and using health services, including age, accessibility and availability of health facilities, mental health status, ability to seek and use health services, socioeconomic status, technological advances in health, and financial constraints.For example, older people who lack social support and are geographically closer to health facilities tend to benefit more from primary health care services. However,&nbsp;the lack of availability or inadequate coverage of health insurance were identified as barriers impeding older people’s access to primary health care services.Individual factors such as limited mobility or transportation, cognitive impairment, and lack of awareness of available health services also play an important role. However, health system-related barriers also influence the choice of services by older people. Examples of these barriers include long waiting times for appointments, poor coordination between healthcare providers, and limited availability of specialized geriatric services.Socioeconomic factors such as the severity of the health problem, accessibility of primary healthcare services, income, insurance coverage, and ease of transportation were found to influence the healthcare choices of older people. The reasons for preferring emergency services included the perceived severity of the health problem, lack of access to primary health care services, income, insurance coverage, and ease of transportation.In conclusion, several factors affect the healthcare preferences of older people. Strategies for planning and delivering healthcare services should take these factors into account to increase older people’s access to health services and improve health outcomes.

Evaluation of Family Health Center Visits of Elderly Individuals

Furkan

Cities are places of sociality that have been subject to change and transformation throughout history. As economic and social epicenters, cities directly affect and are affected by the flow of life. Robert Ezra Park, one of the thinkers of the Chicago School, describes the influence of cities on the residents: “Over time, each region and neighborhood of a city takes on some of the character and traits of its inhabitants. Each separate part of the city is inevitably adorned with sensitivities specific to the population it contains” (Park, 2015, p. 42). Through urban development and transformation studies, the social sciences in general, and the discipline of sociology in particular, have sought to examine how people and societies are affected by this transformation. In this context, the restructuring of European cities after the Second World War and the subsequent renewal of the worn urban fabric led to the development of the concept of urban regeneration in the literature. The urban transformation has led to the “commodification” of the urban space through its reproduction, and “space has lost its use value and has become an exchange value” (Şentürk, 2019, p. 379). Gentrification developed based on urban transformation and social change studies, which we define as two phenomena that influence each other. This concept was developed by Ruth Glass in 1963 to explain the societal response to the transformation in the city. In this study, we examine several studies on the results of the gentrification process. Peter Marcuse’s studies in New York City outline four factors: direct resident displacement, direct chain displacement, exclusionary displacement, and displacement pressure to accurately determine the extent of displacement. He states that the determination of these four factors can be calculated through demographic data, mobility data, and housing unit data (Marcuse, 2015, p. 213). Another study lists the characteristics of new residents coming to gentrifying neighborhoods as young, white-collar professionals, possessing middle- or upper-income brackets, and single individuals or two-person nuclear families (Legates &amp; Hartman, 2015, pp. 240–245). Among the contemporary forms of gentrification, studentification (Smith, 2005) and youthification (Moos, 2016, p. 1055), which bring about age-based segregation, have explanatory power as a result of diverse geographical experiences.Notably, Markus Moos’ 2016 article “From gentrification to youthification? The increasing importance of young age in delineating high-density living” conceptualizes a different form of gentrification. In developing this concept, Moos and colleagues noted that studies investigating inner-city residential neighborhoods have mostly focused on social class, ethnicity, race, and gender-based characteristics while disregarding age-based segregation in the discourse (Moos et al., 2019).Within these conceptual and theoretical frameworks, the primary objective of this article is to show how older people’s views on urban transformation differ at the neighborhood level and according to neighborhood characteristics. This study draws&nbsp;datasets derived from two separate studies that were conducted previously, making it a secondary analysis; such studies typically involve utilizing one or more data sources to answer a different research question that is defined independently from the research problem of the main research. Secondary analysis studies offer several advantages concerning resource conservation and allow various tests to be conducted on a large dataset with high collection costs. However, the researcher conducting the secondary analysis study should be familiar with the data set and should be able to anticipate the potential of the data set to answer the research question of the secondary analysis study (Kiecolt &amp; Nathan, 1985, pp. 11–13). In “Urban Transformation and Metropolitan Aging: The Case of Istanbul,” a secondary analysis study, data was drawn from 1,384 participants from 44 neighborhoods, each with more than 20 participants. In addition, the “Change After Urban Transformation Scale” was developed based on the Urban Transformation Attitude Scale utilized in the original research project. The fact that the factor loadings of this new 11-item structure are greater than .500 for each item and that Cronbach’s alpha value is greater than .70 underscores the reliability and consistency of the scale (Cortina, 1993, p. 103).The variables used in the analyses conducted within the framework of this study, which was designed to compare the perceptions of the elderly toward urban transformation across neighborhoods in Istanbul, are as follows:A) Neighborhood characteristics compiled from the My Neighborhood Istanbul project report and TURKSTAT: Youth population ratio, elderly population ratio, SocioEconomic Development Index (SEGE) status, SEGE score, household size, population density, average years of education, and neighborhood access index scoresB) Participants’ opinions from the “Urban Transformation and Aging in the Metropolis: The Case of Istanbul” data set: Sociocultural change subdimension, rejuvenation subdimension, displacement subdimensionThe results of the research reveal that the elderly in different neighborhoods of Istanbul possess differing perceptions regarding sociocultural change, displacement, and rejuvenation. Some neighborhoods displayed more potential in terms of displacement and rejuvenation. In this context, it is evident that displacement, rejuvenation, and sociocultural change, which may occur in the aftermath of urban transformation, begin to form in the minds of the elderly before experiencing urban transformation.The correlation analysis conducted to examine the relationship between neighborhood characteristics and perceptions of sociocultural change shows a significant relationship between household size and perceptions of sociocultural change (p &lt; .05). In addition, a relationship between the average educational level of the neighborhood and&nbsp;perceptions of sociocultural change is determined (p &lt; .01). The direction of the relationship is negative, with a moderate relationship. Evidently, as the average educational level of the residents of the neighborhood increases, their expectations of sociocultural change decrease. It can be assumed that the elderly living in highly educated neighborhoods will be able to adapt more easily to the forthcoming cultural change. However, this process of adaptation does not eliminate the possibility of the elderly experiencing feelings of isolation or alienation from the city.Looking at the perception of rejuvenation after urban transformation in relation to the demographic characteristics of the neighborhoods, we find that the elderly population rate of the neighborhoods and the perception of rejuvenation are negatively correlated at a moderate level of p &lt; .05. This correlation pattern suggests that as the elderly population rates of the neighborhoods increase, the perception of rejuvenation of the elderly decreases. On the contrary, no discernable relationship was found with the young population rates of the neighborhoods (p &gt; .05).A study of the relationship between neighborhood characteristics and the perception of displacement shows a significant and moderate relationship (p &lt; .001) between the average duration of education and displacement scores across the 44 neighborhoods that constitute the sample. This relationship indicates that the perceived displacement of the elderly is lower in neighborhoods where the average years of education increase. Another variable with a significant relationship is the average household size of the neighborhoods (p &lt; .01).In neighborhoods that are particularly characterized by a low proportion of the elderly population, low socioeconomic status, and zoning problems, created by migration and under the pressure of transformation, it is observed that elderly people have a higher tendency to relocate and believe that younger demographic will have more visibility. Examples of these neighborhoods include Gülensu in Maltepe District, Kazım Karabekir and İnkılap in Ümraniye District, and Yeni Sahra, Fikirtepe, and Dumlupınar in Kadıköy District. Conversely, among the 44 neighborhoods included in the analysis, Suadiye, Caddebostan, Sahrayıcedit, and Fenerbahçe, located on Bağdat Street in Kadıköy District and Dikilitaş in Beşiktaş District, show the lowest values of displacement and rejuvenation.The ongoing demographic change toward an increasing elderly population indicates that the relationship between the elderly and the city will be more on the agenda in the future. In this context, preparations should be made in advance to make housing, the residential environment, and cities age-friendly, accessible, and usable for everyone. Urban transformation practices offer an opportunity for facilitating such preparatory ventures.

Elderly People’s Perceptions of Change after Urban Regeneration: A Comparison of Istanbul Neighborhoods

Hamdüsena

Res. Assist.

The world’s population is aging at an unprecedented rate, and adapting urban environments to the needs of older adults is critical. Age-friendly cities actively promote the well-being and quality of life of older citizens through policies, services, and structures that support and enable their aging in place. This brief explores the concept of age-friendly cities and the importance of creating inclusive and supportive urban environments for older adults.&nbsp;Age-friendly cities encompass a wide range of issues that contribute to the wellbeing of older adults. The World Health Organization (WHO, 2007) has outlined eight key elements that meet the needs of an aging population. These elements include physical environment factors such as land use, urban design, and transportation systems, and social inclusion factors such as respect, participation, and civic engagement. Communication, information, community support, and health services also play an important role in age-friendly cities.&nbsp;Transportation is an important aspect of age-friendly cities. Public transport should be easily accessible, affordable, and frequent, with priority seating for older adults. It should also provide comfortable boarding and alighting experiences, with polite and friendly drivers. Safety from crime and adequate waiting space at stops are essential, as well as clear information about routes and schedules. Other transportation options such as taxi services and city shuttles should also be available (Kerbler, 2015).Age-friendly housing should be affordable and allow older people to stay in their homes as long as possible. Necessary renovations or regular maintenance should be provided to support aging in place. Housing should be safe and close to important amenities such as hospitals and parks. Housing should also be designed to be climatefriendly and include age-appropriate features (Kerbler, 2015).Collaborative partnerships play a critical role in the successful implementation of age-friendly city initiatives. Engaging a range of stakeholders, including older people, community organizations, and local governments, is essential to creating inclusive and supportive urban environments. Collaborative partnerships ensure that the needs and perspectives of older adults are considered throughout the planning and implementation process (Garon et al., 2013).Creating age-friendly cities is not without its challenges. Negative attitudes, economic and political barriers, and the limitations associated with the term “agefriendly” can hinder the progress of age-friendly initiatives. However, significant opportunities are also found for improvement. Age-friendly cities can benefit from the skills, experience and commitment of older people and contribute to the economic vitality of cities. By addressing challenges and capitalizing on strengths, cities can&nbsp;create age-friendly environments that improve the quality of life for all residents (Buffel et al., 2014).Several case studies have provided insights into the development and implementation of age-friendly initiatives in different cities. For example, Manchester has successfully developed policies to support an aging population by taking into account the specific needs of older residents, including those from ethnic minorities and deprived urban areas. The city has embraced the concept of “neighborhoods for life” and actively promotes an age-friendly approach through public events and official documents. On the other hand, Brussels has been facing challenges in involving older people in decision-making processes related to housing and neighborhood planning. However, both cities have the potential to strengthen their age-friendly initiatives by addressing these challenges and capitalizing on their respective strengths (Buffel et al., 2014).Evaluating the effectiveness of age-friendly initiatives is critical for measuring their impact and identifying areas for improvement. Robust and transparent indicators should be developed to assess the success of age-friendly policies and interventions. These indicators should be sensitive to different criteria such as gender, age, and socioeconomic status. Regular monitoring of these indicators allows for the identification of trends and for progress toward more inclusive and age-friendly environments. The assessment process should also take into account the specific challenges governments and local authorities face in managing an aging population in resource-constrained environments (Steels, 2015).Age-friendly cities are essential for supporting the well-being and active participation of older adults in urban environments. Creating age-friendly cities requires a comprehensive approach that addresses the physical and social environment, transportation, housing, and community support services. Collaborative partnerships between stakeholders play a crucial role in the successful implementation of agefriendly initiatives. Challenges such as agist attitudes and economic barriers need to be addressed, while opportunities such as older people’s contributions to the economic vitality of cities should be capitalized on. Evaluating the effectiveness of age-friendly initiatives is critical for measuring their impact and identifying areas for improvement. By embracing the concept of age-friendly cities and by actively involving older people in decision-making processes, cities can create inclusive and supportive environments that improve the lives of all residents and leave a sustainable legacy for future generations.

Age-Friendly Cities

Büşra

In our contemporary world, characterized by a rapidly aging population, the need for social and cultural adaptation alongside the preparation of health and social systems for aging and old age has become increasingly evident. With society witnessing a growing number of older individuals, new social issues are emerging, necessitating attention and proactive solutions. Among this landscape, the societal perceptions of the older adults, old age, and aging have gained significance, highlighting the crucial role of the media as a powerful tool of representation. The media, as a medium shaping collective understanding, attitudes, and behaviors, holds considerable sway in framing discussions on aging. It is imperative to underscore the representation of the older adults in media narratives, given its profound impact on societal perceptions.Given that media representations not only reflect but also shape social attitudes and behaviors, the rising prominence of aging underscores the urgency of examining how aging is portrayed in the media. Compounding this urgency is the prevailing trend of predominantly negative portrayals of old age and aging in media content. Across various media formats, such as films, TV series, news broadcasting, and advertisements, a pervasive narrative emerges, in which the older adults and aging are associated with loneliness, helplessness, neglect, obsolescence, weakness, and fatigue. These depictions collectively paint aging as an undesirable stage of life, old age as a period devoid of vitality, and the older adults as burdensome or inconveniences, thereby perpetuating ageism.Based on the recognition that media portrayals of the older adults are often incomplete and mostly negative, this study embarks on a quest for a positive depiction of aging. Within this framework, the focus is directly on scrutinizing the portrayal of old age in films honored by the inaugural short film competition organized by the 65+ Elderly Rights Association. The Association, guided by its mission to advocate for “a healthy and dignified old age for all, fostering intergenerational solidarity, and shaping social policies through research, pioneering initiatives, and constructive dialogs” (Yaşlı Hakları Derneği, n. d.), sets the stage for this exploration.The primary objective of this study is to challenge the prevailing negative representations of aging in the media by exploring alternative narratives that may emerge. Employing a blend of visual sociology and qualitative research methodologies, this study adopts a multifaceted approach. Specifically, it conducts content analysis on the short films showcased in the aforementioned competition held in 2015 by the 65+ Elderly Rights Association. The firms under scrutiny include “Altın Kızlar,” “Misafir,” “Lübbeyin Yaşlıları,” “Deneyim,” “Bir Anı,” and “Üreten Yaş Almaz.” In addition, this study delves into the perceptions and intentions of the directors behind these films through in-depth interviews. These interviews serve as a means for gathering insights into how aging and the older adults are depicted within the realm of cinema. By doing so, the study endeavors to probe the extent, to which they possess the potential to transcend prevalent negative stereotypes.A comprehensive dataset comprising five interviews, six films, and researchers’ field notes forms the backbone of this investigation. Methodologically, the analysis unfolds systematically. First, each researcher examines all submissions to the competition. Subsequently, the awarded films were viewed multiple times, with particular attention paid to scenes that illuminate the portrayal of older adults’ characters. Screenshots capturing these significant moments are scrutinized and dissected for deeper insights. The research then transitions to conducting in-depth interviews with the directors of award-winning films. Employing a semi-structured questionnaire designed by the researchers, the interviews are structured around emergent themes gleaned from the film analyses.Among the firms scrutinized, two were documentaries, one was a fiction narrative, and three were public service announcements. Notably, “The Golden Girls,” recipient of the first prize in the short film category, is a documentary offering an intimate glimpse into the lives of two cohabiting sisters. Through a blend of personal narratives recounted by the sisters themselves and interspersed imagery capturing their present reality, the film gracefully weaves past and present. Securing the second prize, “The Guest” presents a fictional narrative centered around a woman seeking refuge from war, and finding solace in her nephew’s household. Within this narrative, she navigates her new environment, learning Turkish from the household’s child and engaging in domestic activities such as knitting and cooking. Noteworthy is the portrayal of the older adults’ characters as migrants, which adds layers of complexity to their depiction.“Lübbeyin Yaşlıları,” clinching third place, stands as a documentary chronicling the lives of older adults’ inhabitants clinging to their roots in the abandoned village of Lübbey. Here, the film offers a poignant portrayal of resilience in desolation, shedding light on the steadfastness of those who choose to remain in a place forgotten by time. Within the realm of public service announcements, the thematic messages “Aging is experience,” “The spirit never gets old,” and “The productive never gets old” are conveyed. These messages serve to uplift and challenge prevailing stereotypes surrounding aging, advocating for a more inclusive and affirming perspective. Upon analysis, the representations of the older adults within the visual content can be categorized as follows: (1) Self-sufficient Older Adults Representation; (2) Learning, Teaching, and Harmonious Older Adults Representation; (3) Time-resisting, Active Older Adults Representation; (4) Experienced, Sporty, Healthy Older Adults Representation; (5) Older Adults Representation at Peace with Youth, Ageless in Spirit; and (6) Productive Older Adults Representation.&nbsp;In summary, the six ranked films under scrutiny demonstrate representations that generally align with the profile of the older adults as defined by the competition committee. These ranked films depict an active portrayal of old age that is both “healthy and appreciated by everyone,” showcasing resilience in overcoming obstacles and struggles. Furthermore, it can be asserted that the stipulation outlined by the competition, requiring films to contain accurate information and convey positive messages (Yaşlı Hakları Derneği, 2015), was duly met by the directors. Contrasting the representations of old age in the ranked films with those that were not cut reveals a starting contradiction: while the former exude themes of vitality and resilience, the latter are often adorned with motifs of affection, helplessness, and poverty. This stark contrast underscores the positive portrayal of old age in the ranked films. Examining the narratives within these films, it becomes evident that the depiction of old age is not utopian but rather realistic, authentic, and affirmative. This genuine portrayal, rooted in social reality, offers a refreshing alternative to the prevalent negative portrayals of the older adults pervasive in the media. Thus, the short films discussed in this study contrast the representation of self-sufficient older adults against that of the orphaned, helpless, and dependent (Apak &amp; Aka, 2020; Yoğurtçu, 2019) portrayed in mainstream media; the portrayal of tech-savvy seniors against those depicted as lagging technological advancements (Coşkun &amp; Kaymak, 2022), resistant to innovation (Demir, 2017); the depiction of socially engaged older adults against those portrayed as isolated, marginalized (Kuruoğlu &amp; Salman, 2017), grumpy (Apak &amp; Aka, 2020), and prejudiced (Hummert, 1990); the portrayal of active and productive older adults against those depicted as retired (Apak &amp; Aka, 2020), poor, barely getting by, having lost the potential to contribute to society (Yoğurtçu, 2019), deemed unproductive (Demir, 2017); the depiction of wise and experienced older adults against those portrayed as senile (Apak &amp; Aka, 2020; Demir, 2017), slow thinking (Hummert, 1990); and the portrayal of healthy, athletic older adults against those depicted as sick, dying (Kuruoğlu &amp; Salman, 2017), bedridden, disabled, tired (Apak &amp; Aka, 2020), vulnerable (Yoğurtçu, 2019); against the portrayal of anxious, and despairing (Hummert, 1990), depressed (Kılınç &amp; Uztağ, 2016), thus offering an alternative narrative of older adults at peace with their age.These alternatives hold significant therapeutic potential for aging societies and warrant encouragement accordingly. Given the influence of media portrayals on individuals’ perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors, a positive representation of older individuals can foster community bonds and enhance individual well-being. However, a major barrier to this is the market-driven nature of the media sector. This study underscores that representations of older people in media are often shaped by the preferences of content producers, depicted by market forces rather than genuine perceptions.&nbsp;When examining studies on the portrayal of older individuals in literature, it becomes evident that “negative” representations often dominate the media landscape. Conversely, films awarded in competitions tend to offer more positive depictions of aging. Notably, most of these films are specifically produced for competitions that celebrate old age, influencing their content and reception. However, the media industry operates under market-driven principles, prioritizing products that are “commercially viable.” This dynamic often shapes directorial preferences to align with market expectations. Previous research indicates a focus within the media industry on appealing to the “youth market” (Carrigan &amp; Szmigin, 1999), despite demographic trends indicating an aging population. The findings of this study corroborate this trend. Despite the industry’s marketing-driven approach, addressing the need for more humane and positive portrayals of older individuals in our aging society remains challenging. This issue warrants further research and consideration.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Representation of the Older Adults in the Media: Examples from an Old Age-Themed Short Film Competition

İsmail

Yaş Üzerine

İrem

Building an Age-Friendly Digital Ecosystem

Pınar

Elderliness from Perspectives of Social and Adult Developmental Psychology

Nurhan

Music and the Aging Brain: Tales of Brain

Ayşe

Intergenerational World: Generation Y’s Perspective on Agedness

Ezgican

Beyond Time Calmness: The Beauties of Aging

Murat

Prof.

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Senectus is a peer-reviewed international journal published biannually in September and March by Istanbul University Faculty of Letters Sociology Research Center with the support of the Darülaceze Foundation.
The purpose of the journal is to publish theoretical and applied academic studies on topics related to aging process and late-life experiences applying a multidisciplinary perspective. In this context, it aims to follow on the continuity and change in studies on old age and aging and primarily publish studies examining the demographic, economic, historical, legal, psychological, anthropological, and sociological elements determining them. Our mission is to provide a platform for dialogue for researchers from various disciplines related to the field, as well as for policymakers and practitioners. Moreover, we hope that the journal will serve as a source of knowledge useful for scholars and institutions dealing with this topic in Turkey and, consequently, will have a share in the development of proposals for the betterment of living conditions for its aging population. As such, we prioritise intra- and interdisciplinary works which not only exhibit methodological excellence but also provide a fresh and unique contribution to the ongoing debate on aging and late life.
Within the scope of the field of aging/old age studies, the journal is open to works evaluating the international developments in this field from the local perspective and comparative studies. We also welcome articles aiming to introduce the changes and new perspectives abroad to the Turkish literature, as well as ones which aspire to share the recent developments in Turkey and its historical record with the international audience. Within this framework, we will publish articles, case study analyses, research notes, and book reviews.

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Senectus is a peer-reviewed international journal published biannually in September and March by Istanbul University Faculty of Letters Sociology Research Center with the support of the Darülaceze Foundation.The purpose of the journal is to publish theoretical and applied academic studies on topics related to aging process and late-life experiences applying a multidisciplinary perspective. In this context, it aims to follow on the continuity and change in studies on old age and aging and primarily publish studies examining the demographic, economic, historical, legal, psychological, anthropological, and sociological elements determining them. Our mission is to provide a platform for dialogue for researchers from various disciplines related to the field, as well as for policymakers and practitioners. Moreover, we hope that the journal will serve as a source of knowledge useful for scholars and institutions dealing with this topic in Turkey and, consequently, will have a share in the development of proposals for the betterment of living conditions for its aging population. As such, we prioritise intra- and interdisciplinary works which not only exhibit methodological excellence but also provide a fresh and unique contribution to the ongoing debate on aging and late life. SCOPEWithin the scope of the field of aging/old age studies, the journal is open to works evaluating the international developments in this field from the local perspective and comparative studies. We also welcome articles aiming to introduce the changes and new perspectives abroad to the Turkish literature, as well as ones which aspire to share the recent developments in Turkey and its historical record with the international audience. Within this framework, we will publish articles, case study analyses, research notes, and book reviews, especially concerning (although not limited to):<ul type="disc"> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">The relation between aging/old age and social, political, economic, legal, and technological changes</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">The effects of individual and demographic aging on shareholders such as local and national government, NGOs, universities, and field workers</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">The proposals for solutions regarding care, policies, and social policies towards older people, as well as analyses of current solutions</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">Physical and psychological changes occurring as a result of aging, behavioural and social transformations, age-related health developments (tracking, treatment, and prevention)</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">Public debates regarding aging societies</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">Historical and contemporary evaluations of old age/older people</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">Economic behaviours of aging people and old people-oriented sectors</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">Employment, retirement, income, and consumption habits in older people</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">Lifespan approach</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">Intergenerational relations and transitions</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">The experience of aging and family relations</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">Loneliness and social ostracism</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">Social rights and inequalities (such as the right to live, the right to access basic services, and the right to political representation)</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">Comparative analyses based on national and international databases</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">Proposals for good practices in Turkey</li> </ul>

Aim & Scope

The journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> The subjects covered in the manuscripts submitted to the Journal for publication must be in accordance with the aim and scope of the Journal. Only those manuscripts approved by every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Changing the name of an author (omission, addition or order) in papers submitted to the Journal requires written permission of all declared authors.Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unethical behaviors. All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication.PlagiarismSubmitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. If plagiarism/self-plagiarism will be found authors will be informed. Editors may resubmit manuscript for similarity check at any peer-review or production stage if required. High similarity scores may lead to rejection of a manuscript before and even after acceptance. Depending on the type of article and the percentage of similarity score taken from each article, the overall similarity score is generally expected to be less than 15 or 20%.Double Blind Peer-ReviewAfter plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by the editors-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The editor provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles and hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Policies

The journal is an open access journal and all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read" target="_blank">BOAI</a> definition of open access.The open access articles in the journal are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) license.

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University and Darülaceze Foundation. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

Authors publishing with the journal retain the copyright to their work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank" style="font-size: 10pt;text-align: justify;">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank" style="font-size: 10pt;text-align: justify;">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a>) and grant the Publisher non-exclusive commercial right to publish the work. CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Editor should consider publishing correction if minor errors that do not effect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper are detected. Editor should consider retraction if major errors and/or misconduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected.Editor should consider issuing an expression of concern if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive.The guidelines of <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> and <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.

To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

Senectus is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.Each manuscript is reviewed at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

Ethics

Senectus adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.<ul><li>Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.</li><li>The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.</li><li>The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.</li><li>Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.</li><li>Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.</li><li>The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.</li><li>In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.</li><li>If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.</li><li>In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.</li></ul>

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/1743CD2DF65843B5A147828EBF5C5E20" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form.</a> The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment. When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor-in-Chief to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.The editor hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for double-blind peer review evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Peer Review

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.  Editor-in-chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international external referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by editor-in-chief  upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor in chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.-    Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?-    Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?-    Is the problem significant and concisely stated?-    Are the methods described comprehensively?-    Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?-    Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?-    Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

<div><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/6E4A747F9A4A445BBB0870370FF76A2F" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;text-decoration: underline;">Formatting and content requirements for manuscripts</a> ​<div style="text-align: center;">General Formatting Requirements</div>Font: The font used in the entire manuscript should be Times New Roman, font size 10. For tables and figures, see below.Page Layout: <ul><li>Page margins for bottom, top, right, and left should be pre-set as 0.98 inch. </li><li>Text should be typed as a single-column document. </li><li>Text should be justified with no hyphenation breaks in words at the end of a line. </li></ul>Paragraphs and headings should not be indented, but aligned with the main text. Paragraph Format: Paragraph indents should be pre-set in the tabs section as follows:<ul><li>Before and after: 6 pt</li><li>Line spacing: 1.5</li></ul>Page Limit: Manuscripts prepared in compliance with the guidelines should not exceed 25 pages (10.000 words).Manuscript SectionsTitle: Article titles should be boldfaced and centered.Author(s)’s Names: The main document is used for peer-review, which may include the title, abstract, key words, main body, references, figures and tables and supplementary materials. The names of all authors and their institutions should not be included in the main document.Abstract: Abstracts should be between 150–200 words. No citations should appear in the abstract.Keywords: 5–8 words representing the manuscript should be given as keywords.Main Text: Qualitative and quantitative studies should contain the following sections: Introduction, Method, Findings, and Discussion.The Methods section must include Sampling/Study Population, Data Collection Tools, and Procedure as subsections if an original research method has been used.Literature reviews should elaborate on the problem, analyze the relevant literature, emphasize the gaps and inconsistencies in the literature, and discuss actions toward solving these problems.Other types of studies can allow slight variations in sections, but they should not contain too many details and sub-sections that could distract readers’ attention and compromise readability.References: Both in-text citations and references should comply with the APA guidelines as provided in the Publication Manual of American Psychological Association (APA) (6th edition).Tables, Figures, and AppendicesTables and Figures: Tables, figures, pictures, graphics, and similar aspects should be embedded in the text, and not provided as appendices.Under the Paragraph tab, ensure that the indentation is as follows:<ul><li>Before and after: 0</li><li>Spacing: Single</li></ul>Tables and figures should be left aligned, and the text wrapping feature should be turned off.Appendices: Each appendix should be displayed on a separate page after the references section.Format for Five Levels of Heading1st Levef of Heading: Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading2nd Level of Heading: Flush Left, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading3rd Level of Heading: Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. (In a lowercase paragraph heading, the first letter of the first word is uppercase and the remaining words are lowercase.)4th Level of Heading: Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period.5th Level of Heading: Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. More than five levels of headings are not advisable.Table and Figure Headings: Table and figure numbers should be typed as “Table 1” or “Figure 1” Table and figure headings should be in italics.Other GuidelinesEmphasis: Do not use boldfaced characters in text. Emphasis should be expressed using quotation marks (“”) or italics.Listing: Lists in text should be horizontal and not vertical. Further, the list should use Roman numeral [(i), (ii), and so on], not Arabic (1, 2).Direct Quotations: Direct quotes should be left-indented from the main text and typed in 9-point font. They need not be italicized. Please refer to the sample manuscript for examples.</div>

Author Guidelines

Before beginning the online submission process please read the Information for Authors and make sure you have the followings available:<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/E8602C265D37407A8DB045C370F9EBBD" target="_blank">Formatting and content requirements for manuscripts </a>Cover letter to the editor<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li style="text-align: justify;">The category of the manuscript</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement.</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed.</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA 6.</li> </ul> </ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/25174B09585C4A00B847B7E6191D400D" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/39D72AE6714E4766AC908A220F3DFAD1" target="_blank">Author Form</a>Permission of previous published material if used in the present manuscript<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/EC55A6FCAFF5450BAF01EB690A04EA18" target="_blank">Title page</a><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li style="text-align: justify;">The category of the manuscript</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">The title of the manuscript both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax number</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">ORCIDs of all authors.</li> </ul> </ul>Main Manuscript Document<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li style="text-align: justify;">The title of the manuscript both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Abstracts (150-200 words) both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Key words: 5-8 words both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Extended Abstract (1000-1500 words) in English (only for articles which are not in English)</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Main article sections</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Acknowledgement (if exits)</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">References</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li> </ul> </ul>Files to be uploaded separately<ul type="disc"> <li style="text-align: justify;">Copyright Agreement Form</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Author Form</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Permissions obtained for previously published material if used in the present manuscript</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Title page</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Main Manuscript Document</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li style="text-align: justify;">The title of the manuscript both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Abstracts (150-200 words) both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Key words: 5-8 words both in Turkish and in English</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Extended Abstract (1000-1500 words) in English (only for articles which are not in English)</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Main article sections</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Acknowledgement (if exists)</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">References</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li> </ul> </ul>

Senectus complies with APA (American Psychological Association) style 6th Edition for referencing and quoting. For more information:-    American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American PsychologicalAssociation (6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.-    <a href="http://www.apastyle.org/" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org</a>Accuracy of citation is the author’s responsibility. All references should be cited in text. Reference list must be in alphabetical order. Type references in the style shown below.Citations in the TextCitations must be indicated with the author surname and publication year within the parenthesis.If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;).Samples:More than one citation;(Esin et al., 2002; Karasar, 1995)Citation with one author;(Akyolcu, 2007)Citation with two authors;(Sayıner &amp; Demirci, 2007)Citation with three, four, five authors;First citation in the text: (Ailen, Ciambrune, &amp; Welch, 2000) Subsequent citations in the text: (Ailen et al., 2000)Citations with more than six authors;(Çavdar et al., 2003)Citations in the ReferenceAll the citations done in the text should be listed in the References section in alphabetical order of author surname without numbering. Below given examples should be considered in citing the references.Basic Reference TypesBooka) Turkish BookKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8th ed.) [Preparing research reports]. Ankara, Turkey: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Book Translated into TurkishMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler [Mindsets] (A. Kotil, Trans.). İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim Yayınları.c) Edited BookÖren, T., Üney, T., &amp; Çölkesen, R. (Eds.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi [Turkish Encyclopedia of Informatics]. İstanbul, Turkey: Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Turkish Book with Multiple AuthorsTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y., &amp; Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme [Performance evaluation in Turkish search engines]. Ankara, Turkey: Total Bilişim.e) Book in EnglishKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.f) Chapter in an Edited BookBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.g) Chapter in an Edited Book in TurkishErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi [Organization culture: Its functions, elements and importance in leadership and business management]. In M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi [Organization sociology] (pp. 233–263). Bursa, Turkey: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Book with the same organization as author and publisherAmerican Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American psychological association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Articlea) Turkish ArticleMutlu, B., &amp; Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri [Source and intervention reduction of stress for parents whose children are in intensive care unit after surgery]. Istanbul University Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 15(60), 179–182.b) English Articlede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002c) Journal Article with DOI and More Than Seven AuthorsLal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184d) Journal Article from Web, without DOISidani, S. (2003). Enhancing the evaluation of nursing care effectiveness. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 35(3), 26–38. Retrieved from http://cjnr.mcgill.cae) Journal Article wih DOITurner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910f) Advance Online PublicationSmith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867g) Article in a MagazineHenry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today’s schools. Time, 135, 28–31.Doctoral Dissertation, Master’s Thesis, Presentation, Proceedinga) Dissertation/Thesis from a Commercial DatabaseVan Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9943436)b) Dissertation/Thesis from an Institutional DatabaseYaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portalic) Dissertation/Thesis from WebTonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). Retrieved from http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar /phd/ickapak.htmld) Dissertation/Thesis abstracted in Dissertations Abstracts InternationalAppelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica&#173;tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.e) Symposium ContributionKrinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B., &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.f) Conference Paper Abstract Retrieved OnlineLiu, S. (2005, May). Defending against business crises with the help of intelligent agent based early warning solutions. Paper presented at the Seventh International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Miami, FL. Abstract retrieved from http://www.iceis.org/iceis2005/abstracts_2005.htmg) Conference Paper - In Regularly Published Proceedings and Retrieved OnlineHerculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105h) Proceeding in Book FormParsons, O. A., Pryzwansky, W. B., Weinstein, D. J., &amp; Wiens, A. N. (1995). Taxonomy for psychology. In J. N. Reich, H. Sands, &amp; A. N. Wiens (Eds.), Education and training beyond the doctoral degree: Proceedings of the American Psychological Association National Conference on Postdoctoral Education and Training in Psychology (pp. 45–50). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.i) Paper PresentationNguyen, C. A. (2012, August). Humor and deception in advertising: When laughter may not be the best medicine. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.Other Sourcesa) Newspaper ArticleBrowne, R. (2010, March 21). This brainless patient is no dummy. Sydney Morning Herald, 45.b) Newspaper Article with no AuthorNew drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.c) Web Page/Blog PostBordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/d) Online Encyclopedia/DictionaryIgnition. (1989). In Oxford English online dictionary (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://dictionary.oed. comMarcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.). The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/e) PodcastDunning, B. (Producer). (2011, January 12). inFact: Conspiracy theories [Video podcast]. Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com/f) Single Episode in a Television SeriesEgan, D. (Writer), &amp; Alexander, J. (Director). (2005). Failure to communicate. [Television series episode]. In D. Shore (Executive producer), House; New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting.g) MusicFuchs, G. (2004). Light the menorah. On Eight nights of Hanukkah [CD]. Brick, NJ: Kid Kosher.

Please ensure the following:<ul type="disc"> <li style="text-align: justify;">The title page was prepared according to the journal rules.</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">This manuscript has not been submitted to any other journal.</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">The manuscript has been checked for English language.</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">The manuscript was written in accordance with the full-text writing rules determined by the journal.</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">The manuscript has an abstract of 150-200 words and the number of keywords should be 5-8.</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Extended Abstract (1000-1500 words) in English (only for manuscripts which are not in English)</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">The references are in line with the APA6th edition.</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">The Copyright Agreement Form has been filled in and is ready for submission together with the manuscript.</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">The Author Contribution Form has been  filled in and is ready for submission together with the manuscript.</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Permission for previously published copyrighted material (text,figure,table) has been obtained if used in the present manuscript.</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">The Ethics Committee Report (if necessary) has been obtained and ready for submission  together with the manuscript, and the ethics committee report date and number have been given in the manuscript text.</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Review of the journal policies.</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.</li> </ul>

<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/71526E07F53B4696A3A88656C3D98EE1" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/FC97D0AD79A44202BB49C3601899110B" target="_blank">Author Form</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/C7FB5243D3064B2EBC1B520D83FE7824" target="_blank">Title Form</a>

Issue Type	Regular
Editor(s)	Murat Şentürk
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