Mehmet

Prof.

Transformation From Soft Law to Hard Law of International Environmental Protection: Process, Basic Concepts And Principles – Part II: “No transboundary environmental harm”, “Precautionary”, “Environmental impact assessment” and “Access to information and participation in decision-making process” principles

Zeynep Derya

Syrians under Temporary Protection and Their Acquision of Turkish Citizenship

Melda

Assist. Prof. Dr.

“Inherent Vice of the Goods” Exception in the frame of “Volcafe Ltd and Others v. Compania Sud Americana de Vapores SA” Decision: An Assessment under Turkish-German Law

Gül

Assist. Prof.

Halil

The Legal Nature of Program Formats as Copyrightable Works in Turkish Law

Barış

Prof. Dr.

Shifting Financial Privileges from Dynasty to Parliament In the Emergence of Modern Turkiye

Çiğdem

Berrin

Green Is the New Black: The Rise of Green Marks and Possible Solutions to Greenwashing

Res. Assist. Dr.

Acts that parties fulfill or undertake to fulfill in order to prove a contract concluded or to be rid of an undertaken commitment are frequently encountered in both daily and commercial life. When taking this situation into consideration, legislators have considered the importance of these types of centuries-old habits by introducing regulations to the Turkish Code of Obligations (TCO) on earnest money, forfeit money, or withdrawal and termination by paying a penalty and attaching certain legal consequences. This study aims to analyze each of these concepts separately in terms of theory and practice.According to Art. 177 para. 1 of the TCO, a sum of money paid by one of the parties at the time of the conclusion of the contract is considered proof of the conclusion of the contract (arrha confirmatoria). Earnest money, by virtue of it facilitating a function in terms of proof of conclusion of the contract and accentuation of the binding nature of this legal act, strengthens the creditor’s position, similar to the contractual penalty. The payment of earnest money does not constitute an agreement distinct from the contract to which it relates. If the contract for the conclusion of which the sum of money paid as evidence is invalid, the agreement between the parties concerning this performance will also be invalid. According to Art. 177 para. 2 of the TCO, earnest money whose evidentiary quality for the conclusion of a contract is as a general rule presumed by the legislator to be set off against the principal claim (i.e., the principal obligation of the paying party). Although the presumption of the second paragraph is that it is to be deducted from the principal performance, the retention of earnest money by the beneficiary without deduction may be provided for in accordance with an agreement between the parties. If the principal obligation of the payer becomes impossible due to a circumstance for which they are responsible, the earnest money that is given in principle as proof of the conclusion of the contract is to be deducted from the amount of damages that the debtor (payer) is obliged to pay in accordance with the new legal presumption under the terms of the Art. 177 para. 2 of the TCO. If the contracting party terminates the contract for which the earnest money was paid at the time of its conclusion due to a breach of contract by the payer, the fate of the earnest money will be determined by whether it is a resolution or a termination.Forfeit money can be defined as a sum of money that provides the payer with the power to withdraw from the contract without requiring a valid reason (licentia paenitendi). According to Art. 178 of the TCO, forfeit money is paid at the time a contract is concluded, giving the contracting parties the power to withdraw from the contract. The agreement concerning the forfeit money must be concluded in accordance with the form of the contract to which it relates. When the forfeit money is delivered, the parties obtain facultas alternativa concerning the performance of their contractual obligations or the resolution/termination of the contract. According&nbsp;to the first sentence in Art. 178 of the TCO, both parties are deemed to have the right to terminate the contractual relationship in the event of payment of the forfeit money. The rest of the article states the fate of the forfeit to be governed by the party terminating the contract. Thus, if the payer withdraws from the contract, the real forfeit money amount will remain with the beneficiary; if the beneficiary withdraws from the contract, they will be obliged to return double the forfeit money to the payer. If the right to withdraw from the contract is not exercised, the actual forfeiture should be set off against the principal claim in analogy with the Art. 177 para. 2 of the TCO, unless the parties agree otherwise. The question of whether the last paragraph of Art. 182 of the TCO concerning the reduction of the contractual penalty is applicable to the actual forfeit money is controversial. In a contract where the resolutory penalty has been stipulated, the creditor can only demand performance of the principal obligation. The creditor’s claim for performance can be paralyzed by the debtor’s payment of the penalty. If the parties have agreed on a penalty, the debtor is the one who must prove that it is also a resolutory penalty. In other words, the contractual penalty is presumed, not the resolutory penalty. Given the nature of the resolutory penalty, which differs fundamentally from the contractual penalty in that it only provides the debtor with the power to withdraw from the contract instead of remaining bound by it, it cannot be deduced under the terms of the last paragraph of Art. 182 in the TCO on the grounds that the sum is excessive even by analogy, unless the contracting parties attribute a contractual penalty to the resolutory penalty.

Une étude sur les arrhes (au sens de l’art. 177 du COT), le dédit reel (l’art. 178 du COT) et la peine résolutoire (le dernier alinéa de l’art. 179 du COT)

Ahmet

Res. Assist.

The systematic way of thinking and perceiving law originates mainly in natural law, and the foundations can also be found in Roman law. However, the 19th-century Pandectists reached the pinnacle of systematization and abstraction when they systematically organized the sources in the Roman law fragments.The legal methodology of Friedrich Carl von Savigny, founder of the Historical School of Jurisprudence, is characterized by influences from natural law, i.e., a systematic approach to thinking about law. Savigny’s methodology is therefore not only historical, but also systematic and philosophical. According to Savigny, legal propositions and rules are formulated through the abstraction and totalization of legal institutions. Savigny paved the way for the jurisprudence of concepts with these approaches (Begriffsjurisprudenz).In the second third of the 19th century, German legal thought was dominated by the jurisprudence of concepts, a logical-systematic understanding and methodology of law. It excluded the law’s metaphysical assumptions. General and abstract legal rules and legal concepts are organized in a conceptual pyramid through abstraction. Further, logical deduction can be used to construct more specific legal rules from these legal concepts.This article aims to explain the significance and systematic position of Georg Friedrich Puchta’s “Genealogy of Concepts” (Genealogie der Begriffe), expose it to Rudolf von Jhering’s criticism in the comparison of theories, and demonstrate his own analysis of legal formation and legal change.&nbsp;In pursuit of this aim, the second section examines the significance and structural positioning of Puchta’s Genealogy of Concepts. Expanding on this foundation, the third section examines Jhering’s criticism of this methodology as well as his alternative approaches. Consequently, the conclusion summarizes the key findings. Primary sources include Puchta’s Genealogy of Concepts in Cursus der Institutionen 33 and Jhering’s critique and evolving understanding of law.This work demonstrates that the jurisprudence of concepts and its critique include many philosophical, sociological, and even economic considerations. Puchta developed a legal formalism with the “genealogy of concepts” method, distinguishing between law’s systematic and historical aspects. Conceptual jurisprudence limits the function of a judge to the “logical subsumption of the factual situation under legal concepts.” If a judge cannot derive a “firm, well-founded conviction” from this system, they can depart from its practical requirements to establish new legal rules.Jhering criticized Puchta’s methodology for being formalistic, positivistic,&nbsp;inapplicable, and insensitive to justice. Since the school of the free law school and the jurisprudence of interest, Puchta’s entire body of work is to blame for the new methodology’s criticism of “the jurisprudence of concepts” With the Puchta ancestry, jurisprudence, according to Jhering, has become divorced from social facts and political and moral reality. Due to this, the movement against Puchta was born from a philosophical point of view and a sociological perspective. Jhering criticized Puchta’s “failed” legal theory for still being remembered in the jurisprudence of concepts.Many of Jhering’s criticisms appear to be justified. Several legal institutions/ concepts that were deemed impossible in the jurisprudence of concepts are already in use in modern law.Jhering vacillated between the two extremes because he found Puchta’s methodology incompatible with social change. In a sense, Jhering’s turn signifies that legal thought prioritizes justice over legal formalism. According to him, the law should not be divorced from life’s realities. In addition to the law, Jhering considered the sense of justice (Rechtsgefühl), which has remained pertinent to this day.Puchta’s method does not find many adherents in today’s methodology because it focuses only on the subject matter of the law and not on the law as a whole. This is primarily because it does not adequately address the practical end goal of law. However, it cannot be denied that the historical school of jurisprudence has significantly influenced the law.Since the 1880s, the systematic treatment of Roman legal principles and the dogmatic rigidity of German law has been abandoned, and Jhering’s concept of “purpose in law” became popular. Jhering’s return to pragmatic jurisprudence is regarded as the beginning of the jurisprudence of interests. In the jurisprudence of concepts, reason takes precedence, whereas in the jurisprudence of interests, “primacy of life research and life values” take precedence.&nbsp;

Geschichte und Dogmatik des Rechts bei Puchta und Rudolf von Jhering

Baha

Negotiorum Gestio As a Source of Obligation: From Roman Law to Modern Codes

Ebru

International Law in Cyberspace: An Evaluation of the Tallinn Manuals

Fethi

Pelin

The precontractual phase is a gray area, difficult to define, and governed by freedom of contract. The parties can organize their talks by mutual agreements and impose contractual obligations even in precontractual periods. The presence of preparatory conventions would be apparent when these documents show the mutual and concordant wills of the two parties. Preparatory conventions consist of stipulations to prepare a subsequent contract. Precontractual negotiations are not explicitly addressed in the Turkish Code of Obligations; therefore, the parties should keenly be interested in organizing this phase and defining the rules to follow and their reciprocal behavior. The precontractual documents may be established by the parties in various formats and contents. We will limit ourselves to bilateral acts, and as a result, unilateral actions such as the letter of intent sent by one of the parties to start the talks would not be addressed in this article.There can be many classifications for precontractual documents. We choose to classify preparatory conventions concerning their mandatory effect.The parties to a contract of negotiation agree to coordinate the proceedings of the talks. Consequently, it facilitates the conventional organization of the precontractual phase’s structure. The content of a negotiation contract pertains to the precontractual process and not the subsequent main contract. This means that these contracts contain only important provisions for the precontractual phase, such as the duties of each person involved, duration and conditions of negotiations, important dates, and distribution of costs. It could also contain more specific commitments such as nondisclosure, best effort, or exclusivity clauses.&nbsp;Only the precontract is considered a precontractual agreement following the Code of Obligations. By mutual agreement or unilaterally entering into a preliminary contract, the involved parties commit to finalizing the main contract. However, the precontract is distinguished from other precontractual documents in several content and form-related respects. Indeed, the obligations generated by the precontract are legitimate contractual obligations.The framework contract is a contract by which the parties lay down the main rules and conditions that will govern the subsequent contracts referred to as application or performance contracts. It is a common instrument utilized when the involved parties enter into a long-term relationship during which they execute multiple contracts bearing a striking resemblance in terms of content. The core of the content is in the framework contract, that is, the minimum content of the subsequent application contracts. The parties’ consensus regarding the fundamental aspects of their future performance contracts signifies not only the preparatory nature of the framework&nbsp;contract but also its obligatory effect, as the parties can no longer retreat from the agreed-upon points.The preferential agreement is an agreement whereby one party grants the other priority in negotiations should it enter into a specific contract. In other words, one party gives the other the right of first refusal on negotiations. The preferential agreement does not oblige the conclusion of a contract; the obligation exists only for the negotiations for its conclusion.The preparatory documents without a mandatory effect are the memorandum of understanding, meeting minutes, and gentlemen’s agreements.The memorandum of understanding can also be called heads of agreement or memorandum of agreement. This means that the parties prepare a document on the points of agreement at any given time in their negotiations. Thus, they refrain from revisiting the same points, which shows the current state of their consensus. The existence of such a document would not infringe upon the parties’ freedom not to contract. In principle, this agreement does not constitute an obligation-generating act and therefore has no contractual effect.Meanwhile, meeting minutes are reports of the meetings during the negotiations. One can easily see the discussion points of each meeting, which facilitates parallel meetings of groups with different authorities.By a gentlemen’s agreement, the parties deliberately put themselves outside the law. In other words, the commitments are not legally enforceable; the parties solely pledge their honor for the execution, and the binding force exists only morally. They do not entail any legal obligations. The parties trust the honor of the co-contractor rather than the legal sanction. There is a risk if one of the parties fails to conduct themselves “gentlemanly”; however, it would be a calculated risk for the other party.

Les Conventions Préparatoires

Muhammet

Ümit

Taxation of Crypto Assets: The Example of U.S. Federal Income Tax

Mesut Serdar

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

In recent years, the share of e-commerce in total business transactions has increased very rapidly in Turkey. New players have entered the market, and new business models and product groups have been introduced. Moreover, the number of players has increased by 88% in one year. This rapid development in the market has prompted a Turkish legislator to substantially reform the Turkish E-commerce Regulation Law No. 6563 of 2014.A key issue is the asymmetry in market power between e-commerce intermediary service providers and e-commerce service providers. The reason underlying this notion is that the majority of service providers are micro or small enterprises, whose bargaining power against e-commerce marketplace operators is extremely low. Intermediary services are deemed to abuse this asymmetry of power by prioritizing goods or services, refusing to offer or making data transfer difficult, forcing service providers to provide certain goods or services, paying out purchase price sums to service providers at a later time, or forcing service providers to participate in sales promotion. Other examples include downgrading in the ranking or recommendation system and the restriction, suspension, or termination of services offered to e-commerce service providers. Furthermore, service intermediaries should gain advantage by evaluating customer data in terms of logistics and payment services. The increasing dependence of service providers and consumers can lead to the deterioration of the competitive environment in the medium term; monopolization and, thus, to higher prices; decreases in the quality and diversity of products offered, standardization of services; and decline in investment and production potential and innovation.Based on these premises, the law firstly defines e-commerce intermediary service providers followed e-commerce service providers. It also specifies the environments in which e-commerce occurs. The catalogue of obligations is linked to net transaction volume; thus, this term is also explained. Another important term is economic unit.With regard to the liability of providers of intermediary services, the Act introduces a notice-and-take-down procedure with regard to unlawful content. In addition, it&nbsp;presents a special form of the procedure in relation to the infringement of intellectual property rights. As such, e-commerce intermediary service providers must establish, maintain access to, and effectively manage an information system to comply with their obligations under the Act.The Act also proposes a general definition of unfair commercial practices followed by an exemplary list of specific cases, whereby these are not enumerative. According to this definition, acts of intermediary service providers toward service providers, which significantly disrupt the business of the latter, restrict their ability to make reasonable decisions, or force them to make a particular decision and could result in them becoming party to a business relationship to which they would not normally be a party, are unfair.With regard to the obligations of providers of intermediary services in e-commerce as well as providers of e-commerce services, the law differentiates according to net transaction volume. Specifically, general provisions are firstly provided, which apply to all players. This aspect specifically concerns the case in which these operators are prohibited from offering the sale or the arrangement of sale of goods that bear their trademarks or those of persons with whom they are economically connected or for whom they have the right to use the trademark on the e-commerce marketplaces in which they offer intermediary services. This change is followed by obligations for intermediary service providers and e-commerce service providers whose net transaction volume exceeds TL 10 billion within a calendar year. This part is mainly concerned with purpose restrictions on the use of data obtained by intermediary services during individual transactions on their respective platforms. Further restrictions on promotional activities will be imposed on intermediary service providers and e-commerce service providers, whose net transaction volume in a calendar year exceeds TL 30 billion and number of transactions excluding cancellations and returns exceeds 100,000. Finally, providers of intermediary and e-commerce services whose net transaction volume in a calendar year exceeds TL 60 billion and number of transactions without cancellations and returns exceeds 100,000 are no longer allowed to offer certain financial services and parcel and delivery services.Furthermore, the Act stipulates a licensing obligation, which exponentially increases with the increase in the net transaction volume of the players.Finally, with regard to sanctions, the Act envisages a graduated approach. The Ministry will be authorized to impose fines of up to TL 40 million and to block certain contents.

Das Gesetz zur Änderung des Gesetzes über die Regulierung des elektronischen Geschäftsverkehrs: Neue Regeln für (neue) Akteure im elektronischen Geschäftsverkehr in der Türkei

During the Ottoman Empire’s long crisis period, many answers sought to end the turmoil that reigned. Especially during the Tanzimat era, reforms were addressed to modernize the empire’s political and legal institutions; however, shortly afterward, these measures proved ineffective, and a new search for a solution began. The answer was to build a constitutional regime based on the representation of all ethnic and religious groups in the empire and create an “Ottoman Nation.” Contrary to the political and social development of the West, this formula was the work of a limited group of Ottoman elites. After the dethronement of Sultan Abdülaziz and Sultan Murad V, the ascension of Abdülhamid II to the Ottoman throne, with the promise of declaring a constitution, was a turning point.A draft constitution was prepared by a commission appointed by the Sultan under the presidency of the leader of the constitutionalists and Grand Vizier Midhat Pasha. Various Western constitutions were examined during the preparation process, including the Belgian Constitution of 1831. The features of the 1831 Constitution, which unify the monarch, council of ministers, and legislative body (the Senate and Chambers of Deputies), were the main reasons for this. Despite this superficial resemblance, the Ottoman Constitution of 1876 lacks certain features compared with the Belgian Constitution of 1831. To show the similarities and differences between the documents, articles regulating the head of state, the council of ministers, and the legislative body and their relationships must be examined.First, it should be noted that the Ottoman Constitution of 1876 was promulgated as the Sultan’s benevolence (ihsan-ı şahane). This means that the work of a small group of elites originated from the will of the Sultan without democratic principles or mechanisms, as will be shown later. Therefore, in this article, the term “constitutional law” will be used in preference to “constitution” in describing the Ottoman Constitution of 1876.When the articles concerning the authority of the sultan and the king are compared, it is evident that, in contrast to Ottoman constitutional law, the Belgian Constitution declares that all powers derive from the “nation,” whereas the Ottoman document states that all powers belong to the absolute sultan. This is the first sign of the difference between constitutional and an absolute monarchies. Furthermore, while the Belgian Constitution defines the king as “inviolable,” the Ottomans add the term “sacred” to this designation. In addition, Article 63 of the Belgian Constitution states that the ministers are responsible for the acts of the king, and Article 64 introduces “countersignature.” Although the sultan was inviolable, Ottoman constitutional law did not require a countersignature. When it was read with the sultan’s absolute authority, it created an all-competent but irresponsible head of the state. In addition, in the Ottoman Empire, ministerial responsibility was directed toward the sultan and not the parliament.Regarding the structure of the legislative body, at first glance, the organization of the legislative bodies appears similar. They consist of two bodies: a senate (Meclis-i Ayan for the Ottomans) and a chamber of deputies (Meclis-i Mebusan for the Ottomans). However, despite the structural similarity, the nation elected the two bodies of the Belgian parliament, while the sultan directly appointed the members of the Ottoman Senate for a lifetime. In any case, the powers of parliament regarding legislative proposals were significantly reduced, as stated in Articles 53 and 54 of the Ottoman constitution. As a result, it becomes a “consultative assembly” rather than a parliament. Notably, with the constitutional amendments of 1909, the parliament’s legislative powers were reinforced to become closer to the Belgian Constitution of 1831, although this shift had to wait 30 years after tyranny for the proclamation of freedom (Hürriyetin İlanı) in 1908.In conclusion, compared with the Belgian Constitution of 1831, Ottoman constitutional laws lack regulations that balance the powers of the sultan and the executive and legislative bodies. Additionally, the Ottoman parliament was not entitled to monitor the executive branch or propose legislation in a democratic sense, as it was set out in the Belgian Constitution. Therefore, the regime envisaged by the Ottoman constitutional laws was neither democratic nor parliamentary. Instead of limiting the powers of the sultan, the constitution guaranteed his absolute powers, contrary to the understanding of a constitutional monarchy. As a result, despite their articles’ superficial similarity, as the work of a group of elites, Ottoman constitutional laws are best seen as a “constitutional charter” rather than a constitution per se.

L’influence De La Constitution Belge Sur La Loi Constitutionnelle Ottomane

Ceyda

The Impact of Online Hearings on The Enforcement of Arbitral Awards

Başak

Criminalisation of Sex Work: A Critical Approach to Criminalisation Theories from a Human Rights Perspective

Gökhan

Autonomous Weapon Systems and The Humanitarian Principle of Distinction

Deniz

Hande

Romantic Relationships In The Workplace: A Critical Approach To The Turkish Courts’ Case Law On The Employee’s Right To Respect For Private Life

Aydın

Joint stock company is a capital company and at the same time, the capital of a joint stock company is divided into shares. Unlike sole proprietorships, this feature of a joint stock company brings it closer to a multi-partner structure. In other words, having many stakeholders is the nature of a joint stock company. In a multi-shareholder company, shareholders may have different opinions regarding the course and administration of the company’s affairs. Shareholders should have the opportunity to put these different opinions into practice, or at least to concretize them.In German law, a general meeting of the joint stock company is how shareholders are able to influence the process of the company’s affairs. General assembly meetings can be stated as the place where shareholders are able to exercise their rights arising from holding shares in the joint stock company, especially their administrative rights.&nbsp;A general assembly is one of the organs of a joint stock company, the other organs being the board of directors and the supervisory board. While the board of directors is the administrative and representative body of the joint stock company, the general assembly is the board where shareholders exercise their administrative rights, as mentioned earlier. In order for shareholders to exercise these rights, they must come together, and this gathering is called a general assembly meeting.Because a board of directors manages a joint stock company, shareholders are generally unfamiliar with the company’s affairs. This unfamiliarity with the affairs of the company results in shareholders being uninformed about such things as when general assembly meetings are to be held or whether an extraordinary general assembly meeting is required. This ignorance has created a new need.In order to convene a general assembly, a call for a meeting must be made. Calling (convoking) a general assembly meeting prevents stakeholders from being disadvantaged in terms of exercising their rights. This is because convocation allows shareholders to both learn when the general shareholders’ meeting will be held and to decide on whether or not to participate in the general shareholders’ meeting, as they are informed in advance about the issues that will be discussed at the general shareholders’ meeting. In most cases, shareholders are not required to attend a general assembly meeting that has been called, as they may not have an interest in the issues that are to be discussed at the meeting. However, in order to make this decision, the general assembly meeting must be called and the agenda must be announced.This study discusses the legal provisions that exist in German law regarding a number of procedural issues, including how a general assembly meeting is to be called, when the call has to take place, and the persons who are allowed to make the call. In particular, many conditions must occur in order to enable participation in a&nbsp;general assembly meeting, such as the invitation to the general assembly meeting needing to be sent to shareholders a specific period of time before the meeting, the agenda needing to be announce beforehand, and the place and time of the meeting to also be determined in advance.In some cases, these procedural rules regarding the convening of the general assembly do not need to be applied. The elimination of these aforementioned requirements is particularly relevant when all shareholders are present together, in which case a plenary meeting can be held. Indeed, if all the shareholders are together and none of the shareholders object to the procedure for convening a plenary meeting, these shareholders are able to adopt resolutions in the capacity of a general assembly as long as all the shareholders remain together.Some essential and indispensable conditions must occur for the convening of an uncalled general assembly meeting (plenary meeting). First of all, the assembled shareholders must have already been convened in the form of a general assembly. In this sense, a general meeting of shareholders cannot be convened if the shareholders have come together only by chance and in a manner completely devoid of corporative purposes (e.g., during a vacation). Again, all shareholders or their representatives must be present in order for a general assembly meeting to be convened without the application of the rules regarding the convocation. Another condition in this regard is that none of the shareholders or their representatives are to object to the general assembly meeting being held in this manner. Moreover, waiving the application of the rules regarding the call for shareholders’ meetings requires that the will of all shareholders to adopt resolutions among themselves be maintained throughout the meeting. Because no interest is found worth protecting due to the fact that all shareholders are together, the shareholders are not expected to adhere to the agenda of a general assembly meeting. In such a case, an item may be added to the agenda by unanimous vote, and adopting resolutions regarding new items remains possible as long as the meeting quorum of 100% is maintained.

Einberufung Der Hauptversammlung Und Die Vollversammlung Nach Deutschem Recht

Jamil

Prosecuting and Punishing South Africans Who Participate in  Foreign Armed Conflicts

Esra

Remuneration for the board of directors members for their management duties can be paid at various intervals, such as daily, weekly, annual, or monthly, as specified in the articles of incorporation or determined by the General Assembly resolution (Turkish Commercial Code (TCC) Article 394). The TCC lacks regulations specifying the maximum amount or guiding principles of remuneration. Consequently, corporate profits often flow disproportionately to the majority shareholders through excessive remuneration, especially in corporations with concentrated shareholding structures. This practice detrimentally affects shareholders’ right to receive dividends. To address this issue, certain criteria have emerged through judicial decisions to assess the appropriateness of the remuneration paid to directors. When assessing whether remuneration is excessive, balanced consideration must be given to directors’ contributions. This assessment should safeguard shareholders’ inherent right to dividends while considering factors such as the corporation’s shareholding structure, financial status, past practices during general assemblies, and remuneration received by directors in comparable corporations facing similar circumstances regarding shareholding and finances.&nbsp;When a judge concludes that remuneration is excessive, they have the discretion to either give a verdict for adjusting the remuneration in accordance with the aforementioned criteria or simply invalidate the resolution passed by the General Assembly. This choice stems from the legal nature of the shareholders’ right to pursue the company’s profit, which is considered inalienable. Resolutions passed by the body that limit or abolish this right are rendered null and void under Article 447 of the TCC. Excessive remuneration not only grants shareholder directors an unfair advantage in accessing the corporation’s profit but also contravenes the principle of equal treatment, as stipulated in Article 357 of the TCC. Breaching the basic principle that fosters equality among shareholders in capital companies warrants the sanction of nullity under Article 447 of the TCC. Moreover, the resolution passed by the body is nullified because any illicit transfer of corporate assets to certain shareholders contradicts the principle of capital maintenance as outlined in Article 447 of the TCC. Consequently, resolutions passed by the General Assembly, wherein remuneration is deemed excessive, are subject to nullity sanction. However, it is noteworthy that the Court of Cassation has consistently opted to apply the sanction of annulability to body resolutions in almost all its rulings on this subject. This enforcement choice may be attributed to the procedural aspects of the cases brought before the court.Given that the excessive determination of remunerations contravenes commercial provisions prohibiting transactions and resolutions that restrict shareholders’ inalienable rights, as well as principles of equal treatment and capital maintenance, there is ample justification for applying the first paragraph of Article 1530 of the&nbsp;TCC to address the repercussions of such violations. Article 1530 also provides a mechanism for recalling remuneration that exceeds reasonable limits. It stipulates that contracts exceeding the maximum limit set by law or competent authorities shall be considered concluded beyond the said limit, and the second sentence of Article 27 of the Turkish Code of Obligations (TCO) shall not be applicable in this context. Consequently, it is evident that the remuneration deemed reasonable by the court represents the highest limit established by competent authorities in accordance with Article 1530(I) of the TCC. Thus, it is warranted to deem the resolution of the General Assembly determining directors’ remuneration unlawful to the extent that it exceeds reasonable limits. Consequently, the sanction for nullity should be applied to the portion of the resolution that exceeds this limit.When Article 1530 of the TCC is applied, the recall process should be in accordance with provisions governing unjust enrichment, as outlined in Article 77 of the TCO. Directors may be held liable for interest, calculated at the rate applied for short-term advances, from the moment the remuneration is disbursed. The statutory limitation period for filing a recall request is set at 2 to 10 years under Article 82 of the TCO.Should the excessive determination of remuneration render the continuation of the company untenable for minority shareholders due to the limitation or elimination of their divided rights, these shareholders reserve the right to petition for the dissolution of the corporation under Article 531 of the TCC.

Rechtsmittel nach türkischem Recht gegen übermäßige Vergütungen an Vorstandsmitglieder in Aktiengesellschaften

Aleksandra

Alexander

Models of Criminal Liability of a Plurality of Perpetrators under Polish and German Criminal Law: Comparative Approach

Günhan

The Intent Requirement for the Liability Arising from Immorality under German, Swiss and Turkish Laws

The Impact of the Mediation Process on the Default of the Debtor

@JOURNAL_BOX_CURRENT

@JOURNAL_BOX_EARLYVIEW

Ayşe

The jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights bears a certain relevance to the national legal systems of the member states of the Council of Europe. Many decisions of the European Court of Human Rights pertain to the freedom of association of civil servants. In particular, the Grand Chamber’s decision of “Demir Baykara” is considered to be a cornerstone in this area. The Grand Chamber has decided in this case that the freedom of association under Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights includes the right to form a trade union and become a member of a trade union. It has been observed that Turkey is a party to many disputes brought before the European Court of Human Rights regarding the freedom of association of civil servants. The cases are related to the forming of unions, the temporary work stoppage of civil servants and the effective exercise of the right to freedom of assembly and association in the civil service. This study gives a brief overview of some decisions of the European Court of Human Rights in which the Court held that Turkey violated “the right to freedom of assembly and association” under Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights.&nbsp;In Turkish law, numerous legislative changes, including amendments to the Constitution, have taken place in recent years. The restrictions on freedom of association have been abolished step by step. The abolishment of the restrictions on&nbsp;freedom of association was initiated by individual efforts of citizens and trade unions in the civil service. In accordance with legal developments, trade union confederations can conclude collective agreements in the civil service, but their members are not allowed to strike. A right to strike is a foreign term to the Law on Trade Unions and Collective Agreements of Civil Servants No.4688. If the parties cannot agree upon and conclude a collective agreement, they must apply to the Arbitration Committee of Civil Servants and a protocol must be submitted thereto. The agreement concluded after negotiation with the Arbitration Committee of Civil Servants is binding as a collective agreement. Therefore, the Law on Trade Unions and Collective Agreements of Civil Servants No.4688, as well as the relevant legislation, needs to be revised. This need for reform has long been emphasized in the academic literature. This study outlines recent important legal developments regarding the right of civil servants to organize and to bargain collectively in Turkey.&nbsp;freedom of association was initiated by individual efforts of citizens and trade unions in the civil service. In accordance with legal developments, trade union confederations can conclude collective agreements in the civil service, but their members are not allowed to strike. A right to strike is a foreign term to the Law on Trade Unions and Collective Agreements of Civil Servants No.4688. If the parties cannot agree upon and conclude a collective agreement, they must apply to the Arbitration Committee of Civil Servants and a protocol must be submitted thereto. The agreement concluded after negotiation with the Arbitration Committee of Civil Servants is binding as a collective agreement. Therefore, the Law on Trade Unions and Collective Agreements of Civil Servants No.4688, as well as the relevant legislation, needs to be revised. This need for reform has long been emphasized in the academic literature. This study outlines recent important legal developments regarding the right of civil servants to organize and to bargain collectively in Turkey.&nbsp;The aim of this study is to represent the influence of these decisions on Turkish law and to describe the current law in Turkey in this context. The study concludes that it is still not possible to state that these recent developments are completely in coherence with the principles set forth in the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights.

Avrupa Insan Hakları Mahkemesi Kararları Işığında Türkiye’de Kamu Görevlilerinin Sendikal Özgürlüğüne Ilişkin Yasal Gelişmelere Genel Bir Bakış

İrem

Although the penalty clause is included in many contracts in practice today, it contains several controversial issues that are still waiting to be resolved both in the doctrine and in judicial decisions. One of these issues is the consequence of the penalty clause in the event of the transfer of receivables or in case the debt is assumed.&nbsp;The penalty clause is a provision requiring financial compensation, which is promised to be paid to the other party in the event of the contract is being breached, either partially or fully. In Turkish Law, the penalty clause is regulated in Article 179 and in the following sections of the Turkish Code of Obligations number 6098. The penalty clause appears as a debt in connection with the principal debt. The emergence, continuity and termination of the penalty clause depends on the existence of the principal debt. The transfer of the receivable is regulated between Articles 183 and 194 of the Turkish Code of Obligations number 6098. Because of its accessory nature the penalty clause has significant consequences. One of these is the transfer of authority to demand a penalty clause of the new owner of the receivable in the event of the transfer of the said receivable. The Swiss and German doctrines have for many years placed an emphasis on the transfer of the receivable within the framework of the penalty clause. In this context, however, there are no obvious regulations in Turkish Law. Thus, many different views have arisen on the matter. The focus is set on whether the penalty clause can be transferred independently of the principal receivable. Moreover, many different opinions have also emerged about which creditor has the right to demand a penalty clause. The issue is generally handled depending on whether the penalty clause is due. Our present study focuses specifically on this latter detail.&nbsp;In the event of the transfer of the principal receivable, the penalty clause which is not yet due will also be transferred to the transferee together with the principal receivable. The matter of transferring the penalty clause to a third party independently of the principal receivable before it is due is controversial. After the penalty clause is due, the principal-accessory debt relationship with the principal debt disappears. In this case, since the penalty clause turns into an independent receivable, the penalty clause does not have to pass onto the transferee when the principal receivable is transferred. In the event of the transfer of the receivable, a distinction should be made taking into account the general principles regarding whether the penalty clause can be transferred independently before or after it is due. Therefore, before the penalty clause is due, an interpretation should be made by paying attention to the fact that it has the accessory nature. In our study, our opinion on the controversial issues is explained in detail within the boundaries of this interpretation.Turkish Code of Obligations number 6098. If the debt is assumed, the accessory nature of the penalty clause comes to the fore regarding the status of the penalty clause. According to Article 198/1 of the TBK, the rights of the creditor other than those related to the personality of the debtor will be reserved even if the debtor has changed. This conclusion does not raise any doubt that the person who assumes the debt will be liable if the penalty clause is due after the debt is assumed. An important issue to address in terms of assuming the debt is whether or not it is possible for a third-party to assume the penalty clause, which has not been due yet, independently of the principal debt. Also, an interpretation should be made by paying attention to the accessory nature of the penalty clause in the controversial areas previously mentioned about assuming the debt. Before the penalty clause is due, it is not possible to independently assume this due to the accessory nature of the penalty clause. On the other hand, the penalty clause continues its existence as an independent debt after it is due. In this case, it is possible to assume it separately from the principal debt. In our study, an attempt was made to find a solution to the controversial issues on assuming debt by taking the German and Swiss Laws into account.It should be noted that an interpretation should be made without forgetting that the penalty clause is an accessory debt if the receivable is transferred or the debt is assumed. When this method is pursued, it will be possible to obtain consistent results in terms of the effect of the transferred receivable or assumed debt on both the penalty clause which is due and the penalty clause which has not been due yet.In our study, the accessory nature of the penalty clause will first be discussed. Then, the opinions put forward on the subject in the Turkish, Swiss and German doctrines will be included. And finally, we will state our opinion focusing on the accessory nature of the penalty clause on the controversial issues.

Alacağın Devri veya Borcun Üstlenilmesinin Cezaî Şarta Etkisi

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Volkan

2017 Anayasa Değişiklikleri Öncesinde Türkiye’de Yürütmenin Kararname Yetkisi: Anayasa Mahkemesi Kararları Işığında

Türk Iş Hukukunda Iş Sözleşmesinin Feshinde Son Çare -Ultima Ratio- Ilkesi

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Annales de la Faculte de Droit d’Istanbul has been an open access, peer-reviewed, scholarly journal published by İstanbul University, Faculty of Law. since 1951. As of the year 2023, it has started to be published two times a year, these publication months being March and September. The journal aims to publish high quality articles and thus contribute to the accumulation and dissemination of knowledge in the field. 
The journal is a well-known and long-standing peer-reviewed academic journal that reviews the latest evolutions in and developments in the legal field since 1951. The approach of the Journal is a comparative one and accordingly will focus on not only Turkish domestic law but also German, Swiss, French, European Union and Anglo-American laws as well as all fields of international law. It embraces work that is theoretical, empirical, socio-legal, doctrinal or comparative that relates to any legal systems. Each edition of the Annales contains significant theoretical contributions while also being a dossier of information on the cross-cultural application of a specific area of law. Annales also publishes both translated texts of Turkish relevant legislation. It is worth noting that Turkey becomes very important actor in the process of enlargement of EU and the regional leader in the Middle East and Asia Minor. Annales is the leading forum for research and discussion of the law and legal systems of these regions. Thus, the Annales with its Editorial Board including both national and international leading experts is the magnet for all legal scholars working in this region.

Faruk Kerem

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Annales de la Faculté de Droit d'Istanbul, yüksek kalitede makaleler yayınlamayı ve böylece alandaki bilginin birikmesine ve yayılmasına katkıda bulunmayı hedeflemektedir. Annales de la Faculté de Droit d'Istanbul, 1951'den bu yana hukuk alanındaki en son gelişmeleri ve değişmeleri inceleyen tanınmış ve uzun süredir hakemli bir akademik dergidir. Derginin yaklaşımı karşılaştırmalı olup, bu doğrultuda sadece Türk iç hukukuna değil, Alman, İsviçre, Fransız, Avrupa Birliği ve Anglo-Amerikan hukukuna ve uluslararası hukukun tüm alanlarına odaklanacaktır. Herhangi bir hukuk sistemi ile ilgili teorik, ampirik, sosyo-yasal, doktriner veya karşılaştırmalı çalışmaları kapsar. Annales'in her baskısı önemli teorik katkılar içerirken, aynı zamanda belirli bir hukuk alanının kültürlerarası uygulaması hakkında bir bilgi birikimidir. Annales ayrıca Türk mevzuatının her iki tercüme metnini de yayınlamaktadır.

Amaç ve Kapsam

<ul><li>SCOPUS</li><li>​<a href="https://app.trdizin.gov.tr/publication/journal/detail/TnpJeU1nPT0" target="_blank">TR Index</a></li><li>DOAJ</li><li>EBSCO Central &amp; Eastern European Academic Source</li><li>Erih Plus</li></ul>

Dizinler

Dergi yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, &#65279;<a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>&#65279;, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>Gönderilen makaleler derginin amaç ve kapsamına uygun olmalıdır. Orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmayan, her bir yazar tarafından içeriği ve gönderimi onaylanmış yazılar değerlendirmeye kabul edilir.Makale yayınlanmak üzere Dergiye gönderildikten sonra yazarlardan hiçbirinin ismi, tüm yazarların yazılı izni olmadan yazar listesinden silinemez ve yeni bir isim yazar olarak eklenemez ve yazar sırası değiştirilemez.İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir. Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.İntihalÖn kontrolden geçirilen makaleler, iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal/kendi kendine intihal tespit edilirse yazarlar bilgilendirilir. Editörler, gerekli olması halinde makaleyi değerlendirme ya da üretim sürecinin çeşitli aşamalarında intihal kontrolüne tabi tutabilirler. Yüksek benzerlik oranları, bir makalenin kabul edilmeden önce ve hatta kabul edildikten sonra reddedilmesine neden olabilir. Makalenin türüne bağlı olarak, bunun oranın %15 veya %20'den az olması beklenir.Çift Kör Hakemlikİntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Editör, makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakemlikten geçmesini sağlar ve makale biçimsel esaslara uygun ise, gelen yazıyı yurtiçinden ve /veya yurtdışından en az iki hakemin değerlendirmesine sunar, hakemler gerek gördüğü takdirde yazıda istenen değişiklikler yazarlar tarafından yapıldıktan sonra yayınlanmasına onay verir.

Politikalar

Dergi açık erişimlidir ve derginin tüm içeriği okura ya da okurun dahil olduğu kuruma ücretsiz olarak sunulur. Okurlar, ticari amaç haricinde, yayıncı ya da yazardan izin almadan dergi makalelerinin tam metnini okuyabilir, indirebilir, kopyalayabilir, arayabilir ve link sağlayabilir. Bu <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/translations/turkish-translation" target="_blank">BOAI</a> açık erişim tanımıyla uyumludur.Derginin açık erişimli makaleleri Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır.

Derginin tüm giderleri İstanbul Üniversitesi tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Dergide makale yayını ve makale süreçlerinin yürütülmesi ücrete tabi değildir. Dergiye gönderilen ya da yayın için kabul edilen makaleler için işlemleme ücreti ya da gönderim ücreti alınmaz.

Yazarlar dergide yayınlanan çalışmalarının telif hakkına sahiptirler ve çalışmaları  Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır. CC BY-NC 4.0 lisansı, eserin ticari kullanım dışında her boyut ve formatta paylaşılmasına, kopyalanmasına, çoğaltılmasına ve orijinal esere uygun şekilde atıfta bulunmak kaydıyla yeniden düzenleme, dönüştürme ve eserin üzerine inşa etme dâhil adapte edilmesine izin verir.

Editörler, yayınlanan makalede, bulguları, yorumları ve sonuçları etkilemeyen küçük hatalar tespit edilirse düzeltme yayınlamayı düşünebilirler. Editörler, bulguları ve sonuçları geçersiz kılan büyük hatalar / ihlaller söz konusu olduğunda, makaleyi geri çekmeyi düşünmelidir. Yazarlar tarafından araştırma veya yayını kötüye kullanmaya yönelik olasılık söz konusu ise; bulguların güvenilir olmadığına ve yazarların kurumlarının olayı soruşturmadığına dair kanıtlar var veya olası soruşturma haksız veya sonuçsuz görünüyor ise, editörler endişe ifadesi yayınlamayı düşünmelidir. Düzeltme, geri çekme veya endişe ifadesi ile ilgili olarak <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> ve <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> yönergeleri dikkate alınır.

Dergide yayınlanan tüm yazıların korunmasını ve kalıcı olarak erişilebilir olmasını sağlamak için makaleler, ulusal bir arşiv sitesi olarak hizmet veren ve aynı zamanda LOCKSS'in içeriği toplamasına, korumasına ve sunmasına izin veren Dergipark'ta saklanmaktadır.Ek olarak, yazarların kendilerinin makalelerinin son PDF sürümünü Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>) standartlarına uygun açık elektronik arşivlerde arşivlemeleri önerilir. Yazarlar, yayınladıkları arşiv versiyonundan, İ.Ü. Yayınevinin dergi web sitesinin URL'sine bağlantı sağlamalıdır.

Annales de la Faculté de Droit d’Istanbul  yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için adres: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>Gönderilen tüm makaleler orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmamalıdır. Her bir makale editörlerden biri ve en az iki hakem tarafından çift kör değerlendirmeden geçirilir. İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir.Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir. Dergi, şüpheli başvurular, suistimal ve şikayetler ile karşı karşıya kaldığında COPE'nin ilişkili akış şemalarına ve yönergelerine uygun hareket edecektir.

Etik

Dergi araştırma etiğinde en yüksek standartları gözetir ve aşağıda tanımlanan uluslararası araştırma etiği ilkelerini benimser. Makalelerin etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır.- Araştırmanın tasarlanması, tasarımın gözden geçirilmesi ve araştırmanın yürütülmesinde, bütünlük, kalite ve şeffaflık ilkeleri sağlanmalıdır.- Araştırma ekibi ve katılımcılar, araştırmanın amacı, yöntemleri ve öngörülen olası kullanımları; araştırmaya katılımın gerektirdikleri ve varsa riskleri hakkında tam olarak bilgilendirilmelidir.- Araştırma katılımcılarının sağladığı bilgilerin gizliliği ve yanıt verenlerin gizliliği sağlanmalıdır. Araştırma katılımcıların özerkliğini ve saygınlığını koruyacak şekilde tasarlanmalıdır.- Araştırma katılımcıları gönüllü olarak araştırmada yer almalı, herhangi bir zorlama altında olmamalıdırlar.- Katılımcıların zarar görmesinden kaçınılmalıdır. Araştırma, katılımcıları riske sokmayacak şekilde planlanmalıdır.- Araştırma bağımsızlığıyla ilgili açık ve net olunmalı; çıkar çatışması varsa belirtilmelidir.- Deneysel çalışmalarda, araştırmaya katılmaya karar veren katılımcıların yazılı bilgilendirilmiş onayı alınmalıdır. Çocukların ve vesayet altındakilerin veya tasdiklenmiş akıl hastalığı bulunanların yasal vasisinin onayı alınmalıdır.- Çalışma herhangi bir kurum ya da kuruluşta gerçekleştirilecekse bu kurum ya da kuruluştan çalışma yapılacağına dair onay alınmalıdır.- İnsan öğesi bulunan çalışmalarda, “yöntem” bölümünde katılımcılardan “bilgilendirilmiş onam” alındığının ve çalışmanın yapıldığı kurumdan etik kurul onayı alındığı belirtilmesi gerekir.

Makalelerin bilimsel ve etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır. Yazar makalenin orijinal olduğu, daha önce başka bir yerde yayınlanmadığı ve başka bir yerde, başka bir dilde yayınlanmak üzere değerlendirmede olmadığı konusunda teminat sağlamalıdır. Uygulamadaki telif kanunları ve anlaşmaları gözetilmelidir. Telife bağlı materyaller (örneğin tablolar, şekiller veya büyük alıntılar) gerekli izin ve teşekkürle kullanılmalıdır. Başka yazarların, katkıda bulunanların çalışmaları ya da yararlanılan kaynaklar uygun biçimde kullanılmalı ve referanslarda belirtilmelidir.Gönderilen makalede tüm yazarların akademik ve bilimsel olarak doğrudan katkısı olmalıdır, bu bağlamda “yazar” yayınlanan bir araştırmanın kavramsallaştırılmasına ve dizaynına, verilerin elde edilmesine, analizine ya da yorumlanmasına belirgin katkı yapan, yazının yazılması ya da bunun içerik açısından eleştirel biçimde gözden geçirilmesinde görev yapan birisi olarak görülür. Yazar olabilmenin diğer koşulları ise, makaledeki çalışmayı planlamak veya icra etmek ve / veya revize etmektir. Fon sağlanması, veri toplanması ya da araştırma grubunun genel süpervizyonu tek başına yazarlık hakkı kazandırmaz. Yazar olarak gösterilen tüm bireyler sayılan tüm ölçütleri karşılamalıdır ve yukarıdaki ölçütleri karşılayan her birey yazar olarak gösterilebilir. Yazarların isim sıralaması ortak verilen bir karar olmalıdır. Tüm yazarlar yazar sıralamasını <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/A210D21E5AF8458AB8893966D5E58CE9" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu'nda</a> imzalı olarak belirtmek zorundadırlar.Yazarlık için yeterli ölçütleri karşılamayan ancak çalışmaya katkısı olan tüm bireyler “teşekkür / bilgiler” kısmında sıralanmalıdır. Bunlara örnek olarak ise sadece teknik destek sağlayan, yazıma yardımcı olan ya da sadece genel bir destek sağlayan, finansal ve materyal desteği sunan kişiler verilebilir.Bütün yazarlar, araştırmanın sonuçlarını ya da bilimsel değerlendirmeyi etkileyebilme potansiyeli olan finansal ilişkiler, çıkar çatışması ve çıkar rekabetini beyan etmelidirler. Bir yazar kendi yayınlanmış yazısında belirgin bir hata ya da yanlışlık tespit ederse, bu yanlışlıklara ilişkin düzeltme ya da geri çekme için editör ile hemen temasa geçme ve işbirliği yapma sorumluluğunu taşır.

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, cinsel yöneliminden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder. Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve Dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemlerin araştırmayla ilgili, yazarlarla ve/veya araştırmanın finansal destekçileriyle çıkar çatışmaları olmamalıdır. Değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme çift taraflı kör hakemlik ile değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.

Hakemlik Hakkında

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirirler. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder.Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemler, araştırma, yazarlar ve/veya araştırmaya fon sağlayanlarla çıkar çatışması içinde olmamalıdır. Hakemler değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar.Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir.Baş Editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemlerin değerlendirmeleri objektif olmalıdır. Hakem süreci sırasında hakemlerin aşağıdaki hususları dikkate alarak değerlendirmelerini yapmaları beklenir.-Makale yeni ve önemli bir bilgi içeriyor mu?-Öz, makalenin içeriğini net ve düzgün bir şekilde tanımlıyor mu?-Yöntem bütünlüklü ve anlaşılır şekilde tanımlanmış mı?-Yapılan yorum ve varılan sonuçlar bulgularla kanıtlanıyor mu?-Alandaki diğer çalışmalara yeterli referans verilmiş mi?-Dil kalitesi yeterli mi?Hakemler, gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar.Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir.

DilDerginin yayın dili İngilizce, Almanca ve Fransızca’dır.Yazıların Hazırlanması ve Gönderimi Aksi belirtilmedikçe gönderilen yazılarla ilgili tüm yazışmalar ilk yazarla yapılacaktır. Makale gönderimi online olarak ve <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ppil" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ppil</a> üzerinden yapılmalıdır. Gönderilen yazılar, yazının yayınlanmak üzere gönderildiğini ifade eden, makale türünü belirten ve makaleyle ilgili bilgileri içeren (bkz: Son Kontrol Listesi) bir mektup; yazının elektronik formunu içeren Microsoft Word 2003 ve üzerindeki versiyonları ile yazılmış elektronik dosya ve tüm yazarların imzaladığı <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/28F87D94BF834DD1884FCD0AA8F7BD11" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a> eklenerek gönderilmelidir. 1. Çalışmalar, A4 boyutundaki kağıdın bir yüzüne, üst, alt, sağ ve sol taraftan 2,5 cm. boşluk bırakılarak, 12 punto Times New Roman harf karakterleriyle ve 1,5 satır aralık ölçüsü ile hazılarlanmalıdır. 2. Yazar/yazarların adları çalışmanın başlığının hemen altında sağa bitişik şekilde verilmelidir. Ayrıca yıldız dipnot şeklinde (*) yazarın unvanı, kurumu ve e-posta adresi ve telefonu sayfanın en altında dipnotta belirtilmelidir.3. Dergimize gönderilen makalelerde Giriş bölümünden önce 200-250 kelime arasında çalışmanın kapsamını, amacını, ulaşılan sonuçları ve kullanılan yöntemi kaydeden makale dilinde ve İngilizce öz (abstract) ile çalışmanın içeriğini temsil eden 5-15 makale dilinde ve İngilizce anahtar kelime yer almalıdır. Fransızca ve Almanca makalelerde, 800-1000 kelime içeren İngilizce genişletilmiş özet (extended summary) yer almalıdır.4. Çalışmaların başlıca şu unsurları içermesi gerekmektedir: Başlık, makale dilinde öz ve anahtar kelimeler; İngilizce başlık, İngilizce öz ve anahtar kelimeler; Fransızca ve Almanca makalelerde yazar tarafından ileri sürülen görüşleri ve varılan sonuçları kapsayacak mahiyette 800-1000 kelime genişletilmiş özet, ana metin bölümleri, son notlar ve kaynaklar.5. Metin içi alıntılama ve kaynak gösterme için OSCOLA kaynak sitilinin 4. versiyonu kullanılmalıdır. OSCOLA 4 stili hakkında bilgi için; http://annales.istanbul.edu.tr/tr/content/yazarlara-bilgi/kaynaklar sayfasını ziyaret edebilir veya Yazarlara Bilgi’nin Kaynaklar başlığı altında ilgili açıklama ve örnekleri inceleyebilirsiniz.6. Çalışmalarda tablo, grafik ve şekil gibi göstergeler ancak çalışmanın takip edilebilmesi açısından gereklilik arz ettiği durumlarda, numaralandırılarak, tanımlayıcı bir başlık ile birlikte verilmelidir. Tablolara ait başlık üstte, Şekiller’e ait başlık altta yer almalıdır. Demografik özellikler gibi metin içinde verilebilecek veriler, ayrıca tablolar ile ifade edilmemelidir.7. Yayınlanmak üzere gönderilen makale ile birlikte yazar bilgilerini içeren <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/3C208FBA6C1740D1B3A57740D70E4D29" target="_blank">kapak sayfası</a> gönderilmelidir. Kapak sayfasında, makalenin başlığı, yazar veya yazarların bağlı bulundukları kurum ve unvanları, kendilerine ulaşılabilecek adresler, cep, iş ve faks numaraları ve e-posta adresleri yer almalıdır (bkz. Son Kontrol Listesi).8. Kurallar dâhilinde dergimize yayınlanmak üzere gönderilen çalışmaların her türlü sorumluluğu yazar/yazarlarına aittir.9. Yayın kurulu ve hakem raporları doğrultusunda yazarlardan, metin üzerinde bazı düzeltmeler yapmaları istenebilir.10. Yayınlanmasına karar verilen çalışmaların, yazar/yazarlarının her birine dergi gönderilir.11. Dergiye gönderilen çalışmalar yayınlansın veya yayınlanmasın geri gönderilmez.

Yazım Kuralları

1. Genel Hususlara) Kısaltmalarda nokta kullanılmamalıdır.b) Bir dipnotta birden fazla esere atıf yapılıyorsa, her bir eser noktalı virgül ile ayrılmalıdır.c) Atıflarda supra, infra, ante, id, loc cit, op cit, contra kısaltmaları kullanılmamalıdır.d) İçindekiler kısmına yer verilmemelidir.e) Kısaltmalar cetveline yer verilmemelidir.2. Öz / AbstractMakalelerde 250’şer kelimeden oluşan makale dilinde öz ve İngilizce abstract bölümlerine yer verilmelidir.3. Anahtar Kelimeler / Keywordsa) Öz bölümünün altında makale dilinde ve İngilizce dilinde az 5 en çok 15 anahtar kelime kullanılmalıdır.4. Extended Summaryİngilizce olmayan makaleler için (Örn: Almanca, Fransızca vb. dillerdeki makaleler) makalede yazar tarafından ileri sürülen görüşleri ve varılan sonuçları kapsayacak mahiyette 800-1000 kelime genişletilmiş özet 5. Mevzuata Yapılacak Atıfa) Türk mevzuatına atıf, aşağıdaki örnekte gösterildiği şekilde yapılmalıdır:Örnek  2Nüfus Hizmetleri Kanunu, Kanun Numarası: 5490, Kabul Tarihi: 25.4.2006, RG 29.4.2006/26153b) Yabancı devlet mevzuatına ve AB mevzuatına yapılacak atıflar, OSCOLA’nın 2.4, 2.6.1 ve 2.8.2 numaralı bölümlerinde gösterildiği şekilde yapılmalıdır.6. KitaplarKitaplara yapılan atıflarda kitaba ilişkin bilgiler şöyle sıralanmalıdır:Yazar Adı Soyadı, Kitap Adı (Kaçıncı Bası Olduğu, Yayınevi Yılı) Atıf Yapılan Sayfa.Örnek [Tek yazarlı kitaplar]:Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (first published 1651, Penguin 1985) 268.Örnek [Çok yazarlı kitaplar]K Zweigert and H Kötz, An Introduction to Comparative Law (Tony Weir tr, 3rd edn, OUP 1998).7. Editörlü KitaplarEditörlü kitaplara yapılan atıflarda kitaba ilişkin bilgiler şöyle sıralanmalıdır:Yazar Adı Soyadı, ‘Eser (Bölüm) Adı’ in Editör(ler) Adı (ed), Kitap Adı (Yayınevi Yıl) Atıf Yapılan SayfaÖrnek  Francis Rose, ‘The Evolution of the Species’ in Andrew Burrows and Alan Rodger (eds), Mapping the Law: Essays in Memory of Peter Birks (OUP 2006).8. MakalelerMakalelere yapılan atıflarda makaleye ilişkin bilgiler şöyle sıralanmalıdır:Yazar Adı Soyadı, ‘Makale Adı’ (Yıl) Cilt (Sayı) Dergi Adı İlk Sayfa Numarası, Atıf Yapılan SayfaÖrnek Paul Craig, ‘Theory, “Pure Theory” and Values in Public Law’ (2005) PL 440.9. Elektronik KaynaklarElektronik kaynaklara yapılan atıflarda esere ilişkin bilgiler şöyle sıralanmalıdır:Yazar Adı Soyadı, ‘Eser Adı’ (Yıl) Cilt(Sayı) Dergi Adı &lt;Linki&gt; Erişim Tarihi.Örnek Graham Greenleaf, ‘The Global Development of Free Access to Legal Information’ (2010) 1(1) EJLT &lt; http://ejlt.org//article/view/17 &gt; accessed 27 July 2010.10. Web Siteleri ve BloglarWeb sitelerine ve bloglara yapılan atıflarda esere ilişkin bilgiler şöyle sıralanmalıdır:Yazar Adı Soyadı, ‘Eser Adı’ (Web Sitesinin Adı, Eserin Yayın Tarihi) &lt;Linki&gt; Erişim Tarihi.Örnek Sarah Cole, ‘Virtual Friend Fires Employee’ (Naked Law, 1 May 2009) accessed 19 November 2009.11. Aynı Esere Birden Fazla Atıf YapılmasıAynı esere birden fazla atıf yapılması halinde aşağıdaki örneklerde görüldüğü şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır:Örnek Paul Craig, “Pure Theory” and Values in Public Law’ (24th edn, Routledge 2005) 440.…26 Craig (n 5) 112.27 ibid 114-115.12. Aynı Yazarın Birden Fazla Eserine AtıfAynı yazarın birden fazla eserine yapılacak atıflarda eser adları uygun şekilde kısaltılmalıdır:Örnek  Craig, “Pure Theory” and Values in Public Law’ (n 3) 142.Craig, ‘International Law’ (n 9) 297.13. Yargı Kararlarına veya Davalara Atıfa) Yabancı mahkeme kararlarına OSCOLA’nın 2.1 ilâ 2.3 numaralı bölümlerinde gösterildiği şekilde, ABAD kararlarına ise OSCOLA’nın 2.6.2 bölümünde gösterildiği şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır.b) Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi kararlarına aşağıda yer alan örneklerde gösterildiği şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır:Örnek  Omojudi v UK (2009) 51 EHRR 10.Osman v UK ECHR 1998–VIII 3124.Balogh v Hungary App no 47940/99 (ECHR, 20 July 2004).Simpson v UK (1989) 64 DR 188.14. KaynakçaKaynakçada öncelikle yazarın soyadına daha sonra adının ilk harfine yer verilmelidir. Makalelerin sayfa aralığı gösterilmelidir:Örnek  Craig P, “Pure Theory” and Values in Public Law (24th, Beta 2005) 440.Zweigert K and Köt H, An Introduction to Comparative Law (Tony Weir tr, 3rd edn, OUP 1998).Atıf kuralları hakkında ayrıntılı bilgi için bkz. OSCOLA 4th Edition: <a href="https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxlaw/oscola_4th_edn_hart_2012.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxlaw/oscola_4th_edn_hart_2012.pdf</a>

<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/A210D21E5AF8458AB8893966D5E58CE9" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/934661CC8F4A4C119421126660B9E87F" target="_blank">Kapak Sayfası</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/DE05EE09CF424EB7AB9BD47856FC5CCF" target="_blank">Yazar Formu</a>

Aşağıdaki listede eksik olmadığından emin olun:●    Editöre mektupü    Makalenin türüü    Başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu bilgisiü    Sponsor veya ticari bir firma ile ilişkisi (varsa belirtiniz)ü    İstatistik kontrolünün yapıldığı (araştırma makaleleri için)ü    İngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığıü    Yazarlara Bilgide detaylı olarak anlatılan dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiğiü    Kaynakların OSCOLA 4’e göre belirtildiği●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/A210D21E5AF8458AB8893966D5E58CE9" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a>●    Daha önce basılmış ve telife bağlı materyal (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/934661CC8F4A4C119421126660B9E87F" target="_blank">Kapak sayfası</a>ü    Makalenin türüü    Makale dilinde ve İngilizce dilinde başlıkü    Yazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonra şehir ve ülke bilgisi de yer almalıdır), e-posta adresleriü    Sorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosuü    Tüm yazarların ORCID’leri●    Makale ana metniü    Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığıü    Özetler: 150-200 kelime Türkçe ve 150-200 kelime İngilizceü    Anahtar Kelimeler: 3-5 adet Türkçe ve 3-5 adet İngilizceü    Makale Fransızca ve Almanya ise, 600-800 kelime İngilizce genişletilmiş özet (Extended Abstract)ü    Finansal destek (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Çıkar çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Kaynaklarü    Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)

Sayı Türü	Regular
Editör(ler)	Fethi Gedikli
Kapak (PDF)
Tam Metin (PDF)
Ön Sayfalar (PDF)