George Enescu’nun Hayatı, Müzik Dili, Cantabile et Presto Eserinin Belirleyici Özellikleri
Romanyalı besteci George Enescu’nun Paris Konservatuvarında Faure ve Massanet ile çalışmalarının sonucunda flüt repertuvarına ‘Morseaux Impose’ geleneği ile kazandırılmış, İzlenimci müziğin karakter özelliklerini taşıyan ‘Cantabile et Presto’ eseri flüt icracılığında önemli bir yere sahiptir. Flüt ve piyano için uzun soluklu bir eser olmamasına rağmen yorumlama ve teknik özellikleri gösterme açısından sınav ve yarışma eseri olarak flüt literatürüne girmiştir. Eseri seslendirmek isteyen icracılara bir kılavuz niteliğinde hazırlanan bu çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılmış, eserin nasıl bir üslupla seslendirilmesi gerektiği kaynaklarla desteklenerek açıklanmıştır. Araştırmanın ilk kısmında bestecinin hayatı ve müzik diline yer verilmiş, ardından ‘Morseaux Impose’ geleneği ile yazılmış, flütte İzlenimci müzik yapısına ait temel unsurların neler olduğu açıklanmıştır. Enescu farklı müzik türlerinde eserler besteleyen bir bestecidir. Müzik tarihinde en bilinen eserleri Romanya halk kültürüne ait unsurları müziğine dahil ederek kullandığı eserler olsa bile İzlenimci müzik ögeleri taşıyan flüt ve piyano için yazdığı bu eserin belli bir ekol bilincinde icra edilmesi önem taşımaktadır. Araştırmanın bulgular bölümünde George Enescu’nun ‘Cantabile et Presto’ adlı piyanolu flüt eserinin form yapısı incelenmiş, flüt performansına yönelik müzikal yorum teknik bilgiler ile desteklenerek açıklanmıştır.
George Enescu’s Life, Musical Language, Defining Characteristic Features of Cantabile et Presto
Romanian composer George Enescu’s ‘Cantabile et Presto’, which was introduced to the flute repertoire with the ‘Morseaux Impose’ tradition as a result of his studies with Faure and Massanet at the Paris Conservatory, has an important place in flute performance. Although it is not a long-term work for flute and piano, it has entered the flute literature as an exam and competition work in terms of interpretation and technical features. In this study, which was prepared as a guide for performers who want to perform the work, qualitative research method was used, and the style in which the work should be performed was explained with the support of sources. In the first part of the study, the composer’s life and musical language are given, then the basic elements of the Impressionist music structure on the flute, written in the ‘Morseaux Impose’ tradition is explained. Enescu is a composer who composed works in different musical genres. Even though his most well-known works in the history of music are the works in which he used elements of Romanian folk culture by incorporating them into his music, it is important that this work written for flute and piano, which has elements of Impressionist music, is performed with a certain awareness of ideas. In the findings section of the research, the form structure of George Enescu’s ‘Cantabile et Presto’ for flute with piano was analysed and the musical interpretation for flute performance was explained by supporting it with technical information.
Before performing a work, it is very important to have the necessary information about the work, to know the composer and the composer’s musical language as well as the work. Knowing the period of the work, the playing styles and styles of that period increases the capacity to interpret the work. For example, in order to perform a work from the Romantic period, knowing the musical style characteristics of the Romantic period will be a pioneer in interpreting the work according to a Romantic school of music. Similarly, in order to interpret a work with characteristics of the impressionistic period, knowing the style of the music of the impressionistic period shows that the work should be interpreted according to the style characteristics of the period. Enescu, the composer under consideration, can also write a work that exhibits characteristics of a different period other than the period in which he lived according to his compositional creation. There is no obligation for a composer to write a work belonging to the period in which he lived. In short, just because he lived in the romantic period, he may not write a composition with the characteristics of the romantic period. In this case, it is very important to know the composer and his musical language in order to interpret the work properly.
G.Enescu, the Romanian composer discussed in this study, is a versatile composer who has his own musical language and can compose in different styles. However, his flute and piano piece Cantabile et presto was written on a specific commission and has elements of French impressionist music. The reason for this can be said to be the influence of his masters Faure and Massenet, from whom he learned French music. For this reason, before introducing the work, the biography of the composer, with whom he worked and the characteristics of impressionist music were mentioned at the beginning of the study. The work was written in 1904 as an examination piece for flute students of the National Conservatory of Paris and revised in 1921 and 1940. The piece, which has an important place in the flute repertoire and competitions, was dedicated to P. Taffanel and the difficulty level was set as six out of ten. The work, which occasionally has a brief romantic sparkle in it, can be described as a French period piece with a high level of difficulty, showing the technical characteristics of the flute, especially based on the use of color (www.tomplay.com/flute-sheetmusic/enescu/cantabile- et-presto-flute-score). Published by Enoch; International Music Company, Bulgarian State; Ashdown; Kalmus; Southern Music Company; G. Schirmer, the playing time is 5’45" minutes.
The mood of the piece can be characterized by the contrast between the two sections. This contrast in mood between the two sections shapes the overall dynamic and emotional structure of the piece. This is a work that requires control over the flute, with explanations of tone colors, dynamics, articulation, intonation and certain issues that reveal musicality. In this study, the meaning of the different tone colors that need to be explored on the flute is explained and examples of exercises to be done for this are given. The defining characteristics of the piece are explained and how to play the phrases in the piece that require rubato in accordance with the rubato character. The general form and structure of the work due to the fact that it is a Morse Impose work were explained, information was given about the school it belongs to and impressionist flute music was mentioned.
In the second part of the study, important points are explained with examples taken from the notation in order to contribute to the interpretation of the work. All explanations deemed necessary for the performance of the piece in the French flute music school in accordance with the style characteristics of the period it reflects are supported by literature sources.
Cantabile et Presto is one of the most important works of the flute repertoire, displaying the technical skills and expressive power of the performer in one breath, despite being a two- movement, short work. The aim of the study is to be a useful and qualified source for the performers, students and teachers who want to benefit from this information.
