Mehmet Zeki

Assist. Prof.

Veysel

Res. Assist.

In this study, the causality relationship between financial development, commercial openness and economic growth was investigated for 15 emerging economies over the 2002-2016 period. A fundamental question of whether financial development and trade openness have a significant impact on growth, particularly for emerging market economies, is a matter that needs to be addressed and discussed. The main purpose of this study on financial development is to investigate any existence of causality between commercial openness and growth, and then to determine the impact of this causality, if any.For the purpose of the study, the existence of a causality relationship between the series was analyzed with the Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) causality test, which takes into account heterogeneity and produces reliable results in case of cross-sectional dependence. In addition, Kónya (2006) panel causality analysis was conducted in order to reveal the results by country. In today’s world, due to increases in globalization, international trade levels and degree of financial integration, cross-sectional dependence should be taken into consideration. As in the global financial crisis that emerged in 2008, the economic shock in any country affects other countries differently. Therefore, it is necessary to test whether there is a horizontal cross-sectional dependence between the series before the analysis, since the results obtained in the analyses performed without considering the cross-sectional dependence will be deviant and inconsistent.&nbsp;The empirical studies in the literature generally use the ratio of private sector loans to GDP, which are two measures of financial development, and the ratio of capital market capitalization to GDP. However, addressing financial development with only these two variables narrows the scope of financial development. In this study, the financial development index prepared by the IMF was used in order to overcome this deficiency. The index shows the level of development of financial institutions and financial markets in terms of depth, reach and efficiency.There is a relatively short history of financial development and trade openness statistics that can be used in multi-country studies. Therefore, the study period was determined as 2002-2016. In addition, due to a lack of data, the horizontal section size of the data set is restricted to 15 countries. These issues constitute the main limitations of the study.The empirical findings are made of three parts. In the first part, there is the horizontal section dependence and homogeneity test, in the second part, the unit root test, and in the third part, causality tests are presented. According to our results, the horizontal cross-section dependence and slope coefficients are heterogeneous in series and model. This means that changes in each of the 15 emerging economies have an impact on other countries. In addition to having horizontal cross-sectional dependence in series and model, the heterogeneity of slope coefficients necessitates that both problems should be considered in unit root tests. For this reason, the Smith et al. (2004) panel boostrap unit root test considering heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence together was applied. According to the results of the unit root test, the FDI variable contains a unit root. When the difference of the series is taken, it becomes stagnant. In this sense, it is seen that FDI series I (1) carries the process.The Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) causality test results showed that there is no causal relationship between financial development, commercial openness and economic growth. In the country-based results, the Kónya (2006) findings of causality generally coincide with the results achieved for the overall panel. Theer was one different result: in 5 countries (Colombia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Russia, and Turkey) financial development causes economic growth. The findings show that economic growth, commercial openness and financial development develop independently of each other. The absence of a causal relationship between the variables implies that the neoliberal commercial and financial liberalization policies, which were largely consecutively implemented after the 1980s, failed to achieve external growth.

Yükselen Piyasa Ekonomilerinde Ticari Açıklık, Finansal Gelişme ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Bir Panel Nedensellik Analizi

Esra

Recently, the tourism sector has started to become an important sector for the economy of the countries. Sustainability of economic growth is one of the most important targets to be achieved for countries. When the economic growth of countries enters a systematic stalemate in certain periods, the tourism sector is seen as an alternative solution to overcome this dilemma. The reason why countries have increased the importance they attach to the tourism sector in recent times includes not only economic but also political, cultural and social reasons. Cultural, social and economic interactions between countries can be realized through tourism activities in the most effective way. With the increasing importance of the tourism sector in the economy, the number of studies examining the place of tourism indicators in the economy has increased. In this context, econometric analysis of tourism related indicators in the determination of tourism policies can draw a road map for decision makers. The course of tourism income over time attracts the attention of academicians and decision-makers. Because the course of this variable over time gives strong ideas for making predictions and decisions about the future. By using the previous period values of tourism income series, tourism incomes in the future can be predicted or the changes that will be made in tourism incomes by tourism investments can be estimated by econometric modeling. However, in order for the predictions and model estimations to yield reliable results, the average and variance of the tourism income series over time should remain constant, that is, it should be stable. Otherwise, the predictions made using the non-stationary tourism income series may be wrong and the estimation of the relationship between the tourism income variable and other variables may be false. In order to avoid these stalemates, the stagnation of the tourism income series should be examined to see whether the effects of sudden shocks on tourism incomes are permanent.&nbsp;In this context, this study, Turkey’s tourism incomes series of monthly time series properties have been previously studied using fourier stationarity test used not for tourism income series. In the studies examining the stagnation of the tourism income series, it is seen that unit root tests, which make seasonal adjustments, are generally used (Kulendran &amp; Wong, 2005; Nikolaos, 2008; Hepkorucu &amp; Doğan, 2019). Or, unit root tests of tourism series were used to examine structural changes using dummy variables (Narayan, 2005; Lean &amp; Smyth, 2008; Lee &amp; Chien, 2008). However, in cases where the number and location of structural changes are not known in the course of time, the use of dummy variables or using only seasonally corrected unit root tests may give unreliable results regarding the unit root process of the series. Fourier unit root tests, which allow accurate estimation of structural changes even in cases where the structure and location are not known, have shown strong results in the process followed by the data. Therefore, in this study, the unit root process of the tourism income series was examined by the stationarity test using fourier functions. The fourier stationarity test used in this study was performed by Becker et al. (2006). This stability test proposed by Becker et al. (2006) is an extension of the stability test developed by Kwitkowski et al. (1992) with fourier functions. In the Fourier KPSS stationarity test, structural changes were taken into account by using the Fourier function. The changes in the series can be predicted precisely by Fourier functions. In this study, Turkey’s stability characteristics of the data for the years 2012-2019 monthly tourism income variable is tested using fourier KPSS said stability test due to the strong features. According to the results of the KPSS Fourier stability test, the appropriate frequency for Turkey’s tourism serial number is calculated as 1. For the significance of Fourier terms, the F test statistic was calculated. Becker et al. (2006) ‘s study by comparing the critical values of the fourier terms were found to be significant. In this respect, it can be said that it is appropriate to use the fourier terms in the data creation process of the KPSS model used in stasis testing. Since the obtained Fourier KPSS test statistic was smaller than the critical values, the basic hypothesis could not be rejected. Turkey’s observed monthly data for the period 2012-2019, it has been concluded that there is stationary. The results obtained with this series is that Turkey’s tourism income stationary for the period studied. In other words, the effect of incoming shocks was temporary. This means that, in studies for Turkey and the policy decisions taken, predictions to be made by looking at the tourism income serial and model predictions will give reliable results.

Türkiye’nin Turizm Geliri Serisinin Durağanlığı: Fourier KPSS Durağanlık Test

Mehmet

The question of this study, which started in primitive society, and continued within the structure of slavery society, developed structurally in the framework of feudal society and then completed its evolution with the professionalization it experienced in the process of the industrial revolution. In recent years, the phenomenon of working with developing technology has taken on a modern form and has become visible in different forms until today. When the development of working life is taken into consideration, it is seen that employment diversity increases. This development and change takes place in a way that meets the needs of employees and employers as well as meeting the requirements of the era. While on the one hand the elasticity of employment emerges in different types, on the other hand it raises some problems for the employer and for the employer.&nbsp;Today, technological developments, increasing production diversity, improving transportation opportunities, increasing income level and social welfare have accelerated the formation of the global market structure. Meeting the increasing competition as a result of globalization has pushed enterprises to use scarce resources more efficiently. In order to solve these problems, business owners and writers who are conducting academic studies have constantly tried to find new solutions and develop new management approaches. In this context, outsourcing, which can be defined as transferring the activities that can be realized within the enterprise to an external supplier, is one of the strategic management approaches applied by many enterprises.With the development of technology and the increase in communication opportunities, competition has gained prominence, economic fluctuations are interacting all over the world, and efforts to create flexible organizational structures that can adapt rapidly to changes have led to enterprises to apply new management techniques. One of these methods is the “outsourcing” approach. Outsourcing can be defined as a management tool that enables enterprises to specialize by focusing on basic talents, to use time and resources in the most efficient way, to adapt rapidly to technological changes and to gain cost advantage in highly competitive markets.In general, outsourcing is used for the main reason of enabling small or large enterprises to continue, be it in the service sector or the production sector, thus making a profit and making their lives sustainable. However, it is not easy to realize this goal because of rapid changes and other developments in the world. In this process, the customers’ product or service alternatives are particularly easily accessible, and businesses keep customers while achieving efficiency in order to continue with a number of methods of doing business. Therefore, outsourcing is seen as one of the modern management practices in which companies apply to in order to achieve their ultimate goals. However, contrary to this general view, the cost element is not the only most important reason for outsourcing. In addition to reducing costs, factors such as&nbsp;developing the core capabilities of the enterprise, reducing and spreading risk, ensuring redistribution of resources, following technology and improving quality can be mentioned as other reasons for outsourcing.In order to achieve their goals, businesses apply to the skills of their employees in almost all of their fields of activity, and initiate a new approach with this new management approach. The application has now evolved into receiving services from other businesses according to their main fields of activity, with the main business of the enterprises, in other words the jobs they are competent with their competent human resources and other jobs (food, cleaning, security etc.). However, the fact that enterprises receive services from other enterprises through outsourcing does not mean that they ignore other fields of activity. This is because the behavior of employees employed in these areas has more or less impacted on organizational success. In other words, the organizational commitment levels of the employees also affect the productivity level. It is also known that human resources, which feel a sense of belonging to their organizations, strive for more organizational purposes than those who lack the sense of belonging, and they benefit from and worry about their organizations. In addition, these employees are successful in teamwork, motivating others and developing good relations with their colleagues. It can be clearly said that this is an important issue that enterprises cannot ignore.Individuals employed in the context of outsourcing face some problems in their working life. Individuals continue to carry out their business with the disadvantage of not being a permanent staff member of the enterprise where they work. In this context, the employer follows some policies in order to increase employee motivation and to make employees more productive. The most important of these are career and talent management practices. In this study, the approaches of career and talent management practices towards individuals employed within the scope of outsourcing are measured along with their effects on motivation and performance.

Dış Kaynak Kullanımı Kapsamında İstihdam Edilen Çalışanların Kariyer ve Yetenek Yönetime Dair Bir Alan Araştırması

Oktay

Gökhan

Elektrik Tüketimindeki Dalgalanmalar Geçici mi Yoksa Kalıcı mı? Türkiye İçin Amprik Bir Analiz

Mustafa

Fatma

Öğretim Görevlisi

As a result of the convergence hypothesis that the growth rates of developing and underdeveloped countries will be higher than those of developed countries, underdeveloped and developing countries will catch up with developed countries. In other words, the real gross domestic product of all countries will be equalized after a certain period of time. This idea is basically based on the law of decreasing yields. As a result of the capital increase of developed countries, which have reached the saturation point in terms of capital, the output increase rate is below the output increase rate as a result of the capital increase of underdeveloped and developing countries, which are insufficient in terms of capital. The basis of the convergence hypothesis is based on Solow (1956). Until Solow’s work, an acceptable theoretical explanation could not be given to this phenomenon, which was voiced by many theorists prior to Solow. The basis of the convergence hypothesis is based on Solow (1956). Moreover, most of the growth models are directly or indirectly based on the Solow model. There are multiple types of convergence tested in the literature. Earlier models did not distinguish between old and new technology, and looked at both old and new technology with one vision. The introduction of technological progress means that there is a difference in the efficiency of old and new technology. Thus, the model means that only physical capital accumulation cannot bring about growth per capita or increase the amount of production. In particular, given a microeconomic specification of technologies and preferences, the per capita output in an economy will approach the same level, regardless of initial capital (Timakova, 2011). When comparing different economies, it means that for economies with the same technologies and preferences, the difference in production per capita will be temporary.The Solow growth model is the first to present convergence. It has deeply influenced the way economists conceptualize long-term relationships between macroeconomics. According to this hypothesis within the neo-classical growth theory approaches, the income of the less developed countries will reach the level of developed countries after a while. That is, the exact definition of convergence is to achieve the same fixed income level. Convergence hypothesis studies generally use external theory (Rivas ve Villarroya, 2017). Because the concept of convergence emerged, if different countries have the same preferences and technology, it can be said that the poorer countries tend to grow faster than the rich countries, especially in the presence of accumulated factors, particularly the decrease in marginal returns in capital use. Each country will reach its own stable state, but the differences in the per capita income will be reduced. When the rich and poor countries reach the same fixed income level, another possible solution can be seen. The hypothesis of convergence of incomes of underdeveloped countries to incomes of developed countries is a hypothesis frequently tested in the literature. Different types of convergence hypothesis can be tested in terms of econometrics. In this study, the convergence of annual income series of the EU member countries, covering the period of 1960-2018, was examined and the stochastic convergence hypothesis, one of the convergence types, was tested with panel unit root tests based on SUR models. The ADF and KSS panel unit root tests based on SUR models. The ADF and KSS panel unit root tests are second generation panel unit root tests. The ADF and KSS panel unit root tests take into account the cross-sectional dependency and allow for an explanation of each unit separately. In this study, using SURADF and SURKSS unit root tests, the convergence status of the EU member countries to the group average of the EU was examined, and results were given about whether the convergence hypothesis is valid for each country separately.

AB Ülkelerinin Yakınsaması: Suradf ve Surkss Birim Kök Test

Ayşe Mine

Selay

Assoc. Prof.

In this study, using logistic regression analysis and artificial neural network techniques on the data of 85 countries for 2017, the factors that were taken into account by Moody’s credit rating agency while determining a country’s credit ratings were determined, and the countries were divided into classes according to investmentability based on the granted credit scores . Within the scope of the study, the data set for year 2017 was taken from Moody’s official website. Moody’s had organized the data under four main headings, which included economic structure and performance, government financing, external payments and debt, monetary-external vulnerability and liquidity indicators. The data set, which included a total of 138 world countries, had been reorganized under the headings of economic structure and performance, state financing, external payments and debt to form the largest data set with common variables. Then, lost observations and extreme values were excluded from the analysis and a final data set consisting of 85 different countries was created . Here, it is also considered that the sample size should be at least five times the number of variables observed. According to studies in the literature 13 independent variables (Per capita GDP, Real GDP, Inflation, Gross Domestic Savings / GDP, Economic Gap, Government Revenue / GDP to Government Expenditures / GDP, General Government Primary Balance / GDP, General Government Debt, External Payments and Debt, Real Effective Exchange Rate, Current Account Balance / GDP, Net Foreign Direct Investment / GDP) are determined as Official Forex Reserves. For the dependent variable, a two category dependent variable was determined as Y = 1, meaning investment can be made, and Y = 2, meaning investment cannot be made , by making use of the investability level determined by Moody’s for long-term credit rating. Missing observations were not included in the analysis and contradictory observations, namely Luxembourg, Ecuador and South Africa, were excluded from the data set. After this, logistic regression analysis and artificial neural network statistical analysis methods were applied to the data set. Logistic regression is one of the alternative techniques that can be used in cases where the dependent variable is categorical as in socio-economic issues. According to the results of the logistic regression application, while the total correct classification rate is 90.6%, according to the predicted results, the correct classification rate of noninvestable countries is 87.9% and the correct classification rate of investable countries is 92.3%. Artificial neural networks are computer-based systems that are developed with the inspiration of the neurons of the human brain and do not require traditional skills. In other words, artificial neural networks are computer networks that try to simulate the neural cell (neurons) networks of the biological central nervous system (Yegnanarayana, B. 2009), (Öztemel E., 2003). In the application of artificial neural networks, the data set containing a total of 85 observations was randomly divided into 2 sets as training data containing 69 observations and test data containing 16 observations. As a result of the application, the training data accuracy rate was found to be 0.88 and the test data accuracy rate was found to be 0.56. In addition, the area under the ROC curve for the training data was 0.90 and the area under the ROC curve for test data was 0.61. A value close to 1.00 indicates a good classification, while a value of 1.00 indicates an excellent classification. In this study, two different methods were used with the most up-to-date data and a sample representing all world countries. Based on the literature review, it was observed that inflation, financial openness, per capita income, technological development, public income, public expenditure, borrowing, current account balance, democracy, adoption of laws and order and less corruption were most effective in granting country credit ratings. Parallel to previous studies and in addition to the application of logistic regression analysis, the most important factors determining whether countries can be invested in or not according to the 2017 country credit rating are GDP, Inflation, General Government Primary Balance / GDP, General Government Debt, Foreign Payments-Debt and Official Forex Reserves. According to the results of the analysis, it was observed that the correct classification rate of the logistic regression model is 90.6% and that of the artificial neural network model is 88%. Also in terms of credit scores it was concluded that Turkey was included in the list of non-investable countries.&nbsp;

Ülke Kredi Notlarını Etkileyen Faktörlerin Çeşitli Sınıflandırma Analizleri ile İncelenmesi

Ahmet

Muhammet

Uncertainties and risks have increased within supply chains that are becoming more complex with globalization. As a result of this situation, enterprises are implementing risk management activities to reduce or eliminate the effects of the risks. The supply chain performance evaluation system represents a formal and systematic approach for companies to monitor and evaluate the supply chain performance. Modern performance measurement techniques include many performance measurement criteria under the main criteria of “efficiency”, and “efficiency” which will be more beneficial in the long run. The concept of risk is defined in the literature as the likelihood of a situation that may lead to loss or damage. The difference between the concepts of risk and uncertainty is that it is given together with the probabilities of possible events that may occur in the future. Supply chain risks are examined under the titles of demand risks, supply risks, logistics risks, IT risks and environmental risks. Risk management in the supply chain, is defined as “management of supply chain risks through coordination and cooperation among supply chain stakeholders to ensure efficiency and continuity”. It has been determined that failure to manage supply chain risks effectively can have serious negative consequences for companies. These risks include many factors such as reduced product quality, damage to equipment and materials, delays in delivery times, and loss of reputation among customers, suppliers and the public. The main purpose of supply chain risk management is to define the sources of risk and identify what causes the risks, and to create a model for analyzing the possible effects on the enterprise when risks occur. It should also analyze risk sources, and determine the likelihood of these risks and provide an appropriate solution to mitigate their impact. One of the main objectives of supply chain risk management is to minimize the possibility of risks occurring and to prevent situations that may result in waste of raw materials, production errors and high material losses before they occur. Firstly, a literature review has been done on supply chain performance, risk in the supply chain and objectives of risk management within the scope of this study. In this research, the relationship between supply chain risk management activities and business performance of enterprises is examined. In this context, supply chain risks and the effects of risks have been tried to be determined, and the effect of applied risk management activities on business performance has been investigated. Punniyamoorthy, Thamaraiselvan and Manikandan’s scale (developed in 2013) to measure “supply chain risk types”; and for “the supply chain performance” evaluation, the scales from Tao’s 2009 study were used in this research. During the data collection process, a total of 369 questionnaires were applied to enterprises operating in Istanbul,&nbsp;and the data obtained were analyzed. When the companies participating in the research are examined; 165 companies (46.6%) are active in the textile sector. While the number of companies operating in the service sector is 48 (13%), 25 companies (6.8%) are in logistics and 22 companies (6%) are in the food sector. Other than this, 100 enterprises (28.2%) operate in many different fields, such as construction, automotive, health care, and 9 of the participants left this question unanswered. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the factors related to supply, logistics, data processing and environmental risks were highly reliable, and the demand-based risks scale was found to be very reliable. As a result of analyses, it was concluded that risk management activities related to procurement and data processing risks positively affect the instutional performance, and no statistically significant effect was found for demand, logistics and environmental risk management activities. Finally, it has been determined that controlling the risk factors arising from the supply and data processing risk will contribute to the improvement of the supply chain performance of enterprises. Considering all these results obtained from literature review and researches conducted on the supply chain management in risk management and performance issues; risk management activities have an impact on the supply chain performance and, therefore, on the overall performance of the enterprise. For this reason, in today’s business life, where competition conditions are getting more and more difficult day by day, it can be stated that risk management is critical for enterprises to create an effective and efficient supply chain and to maintain their assets successfully.

Tedarik Zincirinde Risk Yönetimi ve Performans İlişkisi: İstanbul İlinde Bir Araştırma

Nilgün

Prof.

Zeynep

Assist. Prof. Dr.

In line with the economic conditions that countries are subject to, they use foreign trade and monetary policy tools to increase production within the country, encourage domestic production and producers, and ensure growth by accelerating exports and gain a competitive advantage in foreign trade. From a historical perspective, devaluation has been the most widely used monetary policy tool among countries. Resorting to devaluation under the fixed exchange rate regime, countries make various interventions in exchange rates by devaluing their currencies. In today’s conditions, it would be more appropriate to state that countries cause this situation mutually under the flexible exchange rate regime, especially through exchange rate changes or exchange rate volatility. Particularly after the global financial crisis, countries accusing each other of exchange rate manipulation brought these debates back to today’s agenda. Considering the empirical literature in general, there are studies suggesting that the effects of exchange rate volatility on the trade balance are positive, as well as studies stating that it has a negative effect and even stating that the relationship between them is meaningless and insignificant. In the present study, the period that has not been addressed in the literature will be discussed in a way that can compare both developed and developing country groups, namely G7 and BRICS countries, and the effect of exchange rate volatility on export volume will be examined by panel data analysis. Furthermore, to determine real exchange rate volatility, the Generalised Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) model was employed in the study, and then panel data analysis was performed. In the analysis, the effect of real exchange rate volatility, one of the macroeconomic variables affecting the export volume, in other words, the relationship between export and volatility constitutes the limit of our study. Therefore, the real exchange rate volatility is the explanatory independent variable on export volume in the established model. The other independent variables include the real exchange rate index of the countries, the annual growth rate of GDP, foreign direct investment inflows, and weighted average tariff rates applied to the basic product import shares of the trading partner countries. In this study, panel data analysis was performed by establishing two models consisting of the same variables between the years 1990 and 2020 to make a comparative evaluation between G7 countries (Germany, the United States, the United Kingdom, Italy, France, Japan, Canada) and BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, China, South Africa). Empirical findings indicate that the real exchange rate and its volatility in BRICS countries are statistically significant and their effect on export volume is negative. In other words, the increase in the real exchange rate and exchange rate volatility leads to a reducing effect on the export volume. Thus, developing countries are adversely affected by exchange rate volatility and exchange rate fluctuations, and their export volumes decrease. When evaluated in terms of the G7, it is observed that the real exchange rate volatility is insignificant, while the real exchange rate is statistically significant. The increase in the real exchange rate decreases the export volume, and this result is the same as that for BRICS. However, it was found that exchange rate volatility did not have a significant effect on export volume in the G7 countries. Furthermore, considering that the percentage increase in the real exchange rate decreases the export volume for both BRICS and G7 countries, it is understood that the export volume decreases in return for the appreciation of the domestic currency, in line with the trade theory in general. In accordance with the analysis results, while the effect of real exchange rate volatility on export volume in BRICS countries was confirmed, it was understood that real exchange rate volatility did not affect export volume in G7 countries. In other words, developed countries are not as affected by exchange rate volatility as developing countries. In this respect, we can say that while the changes in the exchange rate created by developed countries using monetary policy tools are ineffective on their own export volumes, developing countries are more affected by these changes. Namely, it is obvious that it is appropriate for developing countries, such as Brazil, to react to the monetary policy implemented by developed countries, especially after the global financial crisis. In developing countries, exchange rate volatility has a negative effect on export volume, reducing the trade volume of these countries, let alone acquiring a competitive advantage. Hence, developing countries are more affected by the volatility in exchange rates and cannot acquire a competitive advantage in commercial terms. Ultimately, it is seen that exchange rate volatility has a trade contraction effect in developing countries. Therefore, to increase international trade, it is recommended that developed countries cooperate with developing countries, particularly when implementing monetary policy decisions.&nbsp;

BRICS ve G7 Ülkelerinde Döviz Kuru Oynaklığının İhracat Hacmi Üzerindeki Etkisi: Panel Veri Analizi

Emmanuel

A Monte Carlo Study of the Residuals of System Estimators in the Presence  of Multicollinearity

Savaş

Prof. Dr.

Bubble Spillover of Assets: Evidence from the Exchange Rates of Some Newly Industrialized Countries

Damla

Meltem

In this study, the joint movements of the stocks of the companies included in the BIST 100 index were examined. Clustering Analysis and Association Rules Analysis were chosen as the method in the study. For the cluster analysis, return, volume, price volatility, market value, beta, market value/book value, equity/paid capital, market value/net sales (revenue) variables; In the association rules analysis, the closing price is taken as a variable and covers the period 06.12.2012 to -30.12.2022. The co-movements of stocks in the specified period were examined. In addition, a cluster analysis was conducted for this period and the associations of stocks for each cluster were examined. Here, information is shared about investors making profits by investing in stocks that have been identified to move together. The CLARA Algorithm was applied for the Clustering Analysis and the FP-Growth Algorithm was applied for the Association Rules Analysis.First, the clusterability of the dataset was tested by using Hopkins Statistics in the R Programme. After determining that the dataset was musterable, the number of clusters was determined using the Gap Statistics. The number of clusters was determined as 9, and the CLARA Clustering Algorithm was applied. As a result of the CLARA Clustering Algorithm: In the 1st Cluster, AEFES, AKSEN, ALBRK, BAGFS, CCOLA, DOHOL, GLYHO, GSDHO, IPEKE, ISGYO, KOZAA, NTHOL, SKBNK, SNGYO, TAVHL, TKFEN, TRGYO, TSKB, TTRAK, TURSG, and ULKER stocks are listed together. In this cluster, there are stocks of companies of different sizes and from different sectors... In Cluster 2, AGHOL, ALGYO, BRYAT, EGEEN, and KARTN stocks are listed together. Stocks like BRYAT, EGEEN, KARTN and AGHOL that in general have a high potential for free capital increase are in this group. In Cluster 3, AKBNK, GARAN, HALKB, ISCTR, VAKBN, and YKBNK stocks are listed together. It can be said that this cluster differs from other clusters because there are only banks in it. In Cluster 4, AKFGY, AKSA, ALARK, ALKIM, BUCIM, CEMTS, CIMSA, DEVA, DOAS, ECILC, ERBOS, GUBRF, ISFIN, KARSN, KORDS, OTKAR, SELEC, TMSN, and YATAS stocks are listed together. It has been determined that this cluster includes organisations related to the pharmaceutical (DEVA, ECILC, SELEC), cement (BUCIM, ÇIMSA) and automotive (DOAS, KARSN, OTKAR, TMSN) sectors. In Cluster 5, stocks of ARCLK, BIMAS, ENKAI, FROTO, KCHOL, SAHOL, TCELL, TOASO, and TTKOM are listed together. The BIST 30 index includes important and large companies. There are also large holdings (KCHOL, SAHOL) in this cluster. In Cluster 6, ASELS, EKGYO, EREGL, KOZAL, KRDMD, PETKM, SISE, THYAO, and TUPRS stocks are listed together. Generally, the largest production enterprises of the BIST 30 index (except THYAO) are seen in this cluster. In Cluster 7, BERA, HEKTS, ISMEN, JANTS, LOGO, PRKAB, SASA, TUKAS, VESBE, and VESTL stocks are listed together. The SASA, HEKTS, and VESTL groups lead in this cluster. In Cluster 8, the GOZDE stock stands out alone. In Cluster 9, the MGROS, NUGYO, and OYAKC stocks are listed together. Here, three dissimilar companies have come together: a retail company, an investment trust and a cement company. However, the stocks of these companies are in similar clusters according to the determined variables.&nbsp;Then, by the WEKA programme, the joint movement of all stocks was first determined by FP-Growth Association Rules Analysis. A confidence level of 0.90 was considered for all stocks, and as a result of the analysis, no association rule other than of the bank was found in the first 54 of 74 rules.The associations within each cluster identified by CLARA Clustering Analysis were further determined using FP-Growth Association Rules Analysis. According to this;&nbsp;• In Cluster 1, 1270 rules were found at the 0.90 confidence level.• In Cluster 2, 5 rules were found at the 0.80 confidence level.• In Cluster 3, 68 rules were found at the 0.90 confidence level. • In Cluster 4, 126 association rules were found at a confidence level of 0.90.• In Cluster 5, 14 rules were found at the 0.90 confidence level. • In cluster 6, 20 association rules were found at a confidence level of 0.90. • In Cluster 7, 24 association rules were found at a confidence level of 0.90.• In Cluster 8, no rule has been formed. • In cluster 9, 2 association rules were found at a confidence level of 70.Because of the study; With Cluster Analysis, the connections between stocks were seen, and then with Association Rules Analysis, it was seen which stocks moved together. This will help both individual and corporate portfolio managers in determining which stocks they can focus on in the portfolio diversification process. According to the basic findings of the research, a very intense unity was detected among the companies operating in the banking field. In addition, sectoral unity wasis observed between pharmaceutical, household appliances, iron and steel, retail, energy, petrochemical and production companies operating in the same sector. It has also been determined that there is unity between family group companies and companies within the real estate investment trust.&nbsp;

Kümeleme ve Birliktelik Kuralları Analizi İle Borsa İstanbul 100  Endeksinde Yer Alan Hisse Senetlerinin İncelenmesi

Halim

Operational Implications of Time Window Relaxation in Vehicle Routing  Problems

Ebru

Noyan

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

Innovation can be seen as the adoption or implementation of a new idea or product within a specific context, demonstrating the adaptability of a concrete output resulting from the creative process. It generates excitement, encourages skill development and information exchange, and promotes dynamism by breaking monotony. Innovation also accelerates organisational and personal growth, encouraging originality, personal development, and continuous learning. Innovation has become increasingly crucial in both social and economic contexts, prompting rapid changes towards more scientifically advanced societies. Adapting to these changes is vital to avoid being left behind. Knowledge acquisition is central to socioeconomic progress, influencing economic, political, and social dynamics. As knowledge spreads, it profoundly impacts sectors such as the economy, business environment, and education, fostering a culture of innovation. Innovation integrates new technologies and business practises, facilitating governance by addressing public issues and shaping policy frameworks.The innovation process involves developing, commercialising, and marketing new or improved products, processes, or services. It encompasses a broad range of activities, from product development to implementing new organisational structures and administrative systems. Technological innovation involves transforming new ideas into concrete products and disseminating them. It is divided into two main types: technological product innovation, which commercialises a product to provide new services or maximise existing product benefits, and technological process innovation, which involves the complete innovation or significant improvement of production or distribution processes. Technological developments and innovative approaches create practical products. This innovation manifest in both the improvement and development of existing products and the production of entirely new ones. Technological product innovation focuses on providing new services to consumers through product development or commercialisation, while technological process innovation aims at improving production or distribution methods. Globalisation, driven by technological progress, has reshaped the global arena, intensifying competition, particularly in industrial areas. Creativity, the essence of human endeavour, significantly impacts organisational effectiveness, providing resilience in rapid transformations and competitive environments. The process of birthing new concepts embodies creativity as a precursor to innovative breakthroughs, fuelling innovation and turning intellectual effort into tangible results. Creativity involves critical thinking, distinguishing connections between events, anticipating obstacles, finding solutions, and expressing findings precisely. It is crucial to adapt to variability in complex and competitive environments to innovate and enhance performance.An entrepreneur combines innovative products, processes, markets, organisational structures, or supply channels, taking proactive risks to transform opportunities into viable economic offers. Entrepreneurship involves implementing new configurations, perceiving opportunities arising from environmental factors, and transforming these opportunities into products or services. In today’s globalised world, entrepreneurship has emerged as a critical factor driving economic progress. With increasing competition and technological advancements, individuals and institutions must adopt innovations to stay current. Entrepreneurs play a pivotal role in this by pioneering new ideas and products through their visionary perspectives. This study examines the relationship between university students’ entrepreneurial characteristics and their innovation-technological innovativeness. Data were collected through a survey and analysed using a structural equation model. The study focuses on the innovative and entrepreneurial characteristics of university students, hypothesising their impact on the students’ general tendency to innovate and subsequently their tendency towards technological innovation. Data were gathered from 836 undergraduate students at Kütahya Dumlupınar University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences. University students were chosen due to their leading role in society and their potential to generate new ideas and contribute significantly to economic and technological progress. Universities are key action centres for discovering talents and producing and sharing knowledge. The survey targeted students to test the impact of their innovative capacity on technological innovation tendency using structural equation modelling. The scale used to measure innovation and technological innovation tendency included factors like risk-taking, proactiveness, uncertainty avoidance, creativity, innovativeness, and technological innovation. The overall reliability of the measurement model was high (Cronbach’s α = 0.95). Confirmatory factor analysis and necessary modifications yielded a significant model (p&lt;0.05) with acceptable goodness of fit values (X2/df = 3.35, GFI = 0.85, RMSEA = 0.59). All hypotheses were confirmed, except for the one proposing a relationship between the risk-taking tendency and the innovation tendency. Creativity was the most important factor influencing students’ innovation tendency, while risk-taking was the least important. The emphasis on creativity may stem from the need to tackle diverse problems in a world of constant change and competition. Students’ perceptions of socioeconomic risk and uncertainty might influence the lack of a significant relationship between risk-taking and innovation tendencies.&nbsp;To foster innovation, innovation be integrated into national education policy from an early age, with local and general competitions to encourage students. During long holidays, students can be directed to techno parks, research centres, and university campuses for scientific research training. Higher education students should be encouraged to participate in social and scientific activities to apply their theoretical knowledge. Finally, the entrepreneurship course content and teaching style in higher education should be revised to be practical and independent of grade concerns.

Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Yenilikçilik Kapasitelerinin Teknolojik  Yenilikçilik Eğilimlerine Etkisini Ölçmeye Yönelik Bir Model Önerisi

Yunus Emre

Res. Assist. Dr.

Dinara

Classical finance theories assume that investors are rational and that they consider all information in the market during the decision-making process. The number of studies that include and try to develop behavioural aspects that are often neglected in classical theoretical models is increasing in the literature. The increasing interest in the non-classical approach stems from the need to explain phenomena that are regularly observed in financial markets and that do not comply with the predictions of classical models (Yoshinaga and Castro Junior, 2012). De Long et al. (1990) divided investors into two categories, considering the effect of financial market sentiment: rational investors and rumour merchants. In the model, investors in both categories determine the prices of assets and their expected returns. The possibility of rational investors profiting from mispricing is limited due to various reasons such as short investment horizon, transaction costs, and risks. These reasons allow prices to deviate from their fundamental values. Sentiment in the context of investment may indicate overly optimistic or pessimistic cash flow estimates or changes in risk tolerance (Edelen et al., 2010). As a result of this situation, the relationship between the net present value of the discounted cash flows of the asset and the asset price may occur differently. Here, investors’ emotional reactions may have an effect. The link between investor sentiment and stock returns has been examined in many studies. Chowdhury et al. (2024) found a positive effect of investor sentiment on stock returns in the S&amp;P 500 index. Schmeling (2009) found a negative relationship between investor sentiment and stock returns. It is observed that there is a separation in the variables selected as sentiment proxies in the studies conducted in the literature. The variables used in previous studies: confidence indices obtained from investor surveys (Usul et al., 2017; Kandır, 2006); investor mood (Kostopoulos and Meyer, 2018); implied volatility of the option contract (Qadan et al., 2019); closed-end investment fund discount (Keleş and Arat, 2019); investment fund flows (Ben-Rephael et al., 2012); transaction volume or transaction amount (Ding et al., 2014) and the composite sentiment index combining these proxies (Baker and Wurgler, 2006).The Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey (CBRT) calculates the Financial Services Confidence Index (FSCI) to reveal the assessments and expectations regarding the business situations and demand for services in the financial services sector. A financial service survey was conducted to calculate the FSCI. With the monthly financial services survey, the recent past assessments and future expectations of financial institution managers regarding their business situations are obtained and trends in the financial services sector are determined. The FSCI index calculated from the survey results is calculated as a function of the answers to the questions about the business status of financial institutions, the demand for services in the last three months, and the demand for services in the next three months (TCMB, 2024). The expectations of economic agents affect macroeconomic and financial indicators. Therefore, examining the effect of confidence indices reflecting expectations on the stock market is an important issue. This study aims to empirically analyse the causality relationship between the financial confidence index and stock returns in Turkey in the period 2012:06-2024:05. In addition to the Toda-Yamamoto causality test, the Hatemi-j (2012) asymmetric causality test was used in the study. According to the TodaYamamoto (1995) causality test results, no causality relationship was determined between the financial services confidence index and the Borsa Istanbul (BIST) sector index returns. However, an asymmetric causality relationship was determined between the variables. Thus, the hidden relationships that the Toda-Yamamoto (1995) causality test could not detect were revealed with the help of the asymmetric causality test.

Finansal Hizmetler Güven Endeksi ile Borsa Getirileri arasındaki ilişki: Toda-Yamamoto ve Asimetrik Nedensellik Analizi

Halil

The Effect of ESG (Environmental, Social And Governance) Scores on Company Performance: Evidence from the Manufacturing Industry in Turkey

Burhan

Climate change caused by increases in anthropogenic activities threatens both the present and the future. In this sense, rising greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are one of the biggest obstacles to sustainability. The identification of factors that either positively or negatively impact environmental degradation is a valuable step in the development of policies designed to mitigate the effects of this problem. Carbon emissions are often used as a proxy for environmental degradation. However, GHG emissions are a more comprehensive indicator that also includes carbon compounds. This study is based on the assumption that the various dimensions of human development may exert disparate impacts on environmental quality. Unlike previous studies, human development is included in the econometric model both in general and in its components such as education, health and income. Moreover, GHG emissions, which are a more encompassing measure than carbon emissions, are employed as an environmental quality variable. By incorporating urbanisation rates into the model as a control variable, it becomes evident how urbanisation impacts sustainability. The research questions of this study are i) how does human development affect environmental quality and ii) is there a difference in the effects of human development components on environmental quality? The absence of any other study in the literature that analyzes the impact of human development on environmental quality by decomposing it into its components has been a significant motivating factor in the development of this study. Although numerous studies have been conducted to examine the relationship between environmental degradation and economic growth, the existing literature on the relationship between environmental degradation and development remains limited. Some studies have generally emphasised the mitigating effect of human development on environmental degradation. The literature on the relationship between education, health and income indicators and environmental degradation, on the other hand, has emphasised the environment-protective effect of these three dimensions, with contrasting results. In this study, the effect of the sub-indices of the human development index, which is widely accepted as a comprehensive indicator of development, on GHG emissions in Türkiye for the period 1990-2021 is analysed with the augmented ARDL method. In the study, two models were constructed with GHG emissions as the dependent variable. The independent variables are the Human Development Index in the first model and the sub-indices of education, health, and income in the second model. In both models, urbanisation rate is used as a control variable. The stationarity of the variables was tested with the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) unit root tests. Furthermore, the stationarity analysis was repeated with the Zivot-Andrews (ZA) unit root test, which also identified the structural breaks in the model. The AARDL procedure, as proposed by Sam et al. (2019), is more effective than the traditional ARDL method in detecting the relationship between variables. The ADF and PP unit root tests show that all variables except urbanisation are stationary at first differences. The ADF test indicated an I(2) process for urbanisation, while the PP unit root test indicated stationarity at the level. The unit root test with the ZA break reported that the stationary process is valid in the first difference for all variables. The bounds test results show that the variables are co-integrated in both models and that there is no degenerate case in the models. The long-run elasticities indicate that increases in income and urbanisation are associated with heightened environmental degradation. Conversely, the education dimension exerts a slight protective effect on the environment. The effects of the human development index and the health index on environmental degradation are statistically insignificant. However, when the robustness check was conducted with the FMOLS method, the effect of the human development index was found to be significant. The results for Türkiye indicate the necessity for the implementation of policies aimed at reducing environmental degradation. Primarily, the proportion of fossil fuels in primary energy consumption should be reduced, while investments in renewable energy should be increased. To reduce the environmental impact of production processes, regulations should be enacted, particularly in relation to energy efficiency and conservation. Furthermore, it is crucial to expand the scope of educational services to encompass a more inclusive and equitable approach. It is also essential to incorporate environmental awareness into the educational process and to provide support for research and development studies on green technologies at the post-secondary level.

İnsani Gelişme – Çevre Kalitesi Bağlantısının Analizi: Türkiye İçin Yeni Kanıtlar

Sevda

In line with globalisation and technological changes, countries that sell goods and services abroad, that is, export, increase their foreign trade earnings and competitiveness. Exports according to technology intensity are one of the basic indicators reflecting the goods composition and sectoral competitive advantages in foreign trade of countries and are classified as low, medium (lowhigh), and high-technology exports. As countries shift from low-tech products to medium- and high-tech products in their export commodity baskets, their competitiveness, export revenues, and hence their level of economic development increase. One of the key factors that enhance the export performance of countries is innovation. Innovation, which can be defined as developing a new product and/or service or production technology, finding a new market, or providing change and improvement beyond what is available in logistics activities, is the primary source of countries’ international competitive advantage. Although numerous studies have been conducted to measure innovation, a universally accepted measurement has yet to be established. Factors that vary according to internal and external sources such as firm, industry, and economic structure, the fact that innovation is a complex process that requires continuity and that it is difficult to measure with simple techniques, it makes difficult to develop a standard innovation measurement.However, by employing various measurement techniques, a consensus has emerged on several indicators for comparing innovation levels at both the firm and country levels. The main ones are RD expenditures, patent application numbers, Information Communication Technologies (ICT), and Total Factor Productivity (TFP). RD activities grounded in scientific research, technology transfer, and the development of existing knowledge facilitate the integration of new knowledge, particularly into the production process. Patents, which protect the inventions/innovations of individuals or companies, are official documents that ensure monopolisation in the production and trade of the invention/innovation in question. New products and production processes can be developed through ICT, which encompasses the examination, development, management, and implementation of electronic and computer-based information systems and data. TFP, defined as obtaining more output from the increase in labour and capital inputs, reveals the cost-cutting and efficiency-enhancing effects of technological advancement. In the literature, the number of applied studies investigating the relationship between innovation and foreign trade/export in Turkey has been on the rise, particularly in recent years. However, the effects of basic innovation indicators on medium-high and high-technology product exports have not been examined in studies on the subject. Therefore, this study aims to fill this gap in the literature by empirically revealing the effects of four fundamental innovation indicators on exports according to technology intensity in the Turkish example. In this study, the effects of basic innovation indicators such as RD expenditures, patent application numbers, ICT and TFP on exports according to the technology intensity have been examined. For this purpose, predictions were made using the Vector AutoRegression (VAR) model, using annual data from the period 1990-2021 for Turkey. Variance decomposition and ımpulse-response functions were employed to identify the relationships between the variables in accordance with the VAR model estimates. In the Variance Decomposition, it was determined that the most effective innovation indicator in exports according to the technology intensity is R&amp;D expenditures. The impulse-response functions reveal that the main innovation indicator influencing the export of medium-high-tech products is ICT, whereas the indicator impacting the export of high-tech products is R&amp;D expenditures. Furthermore, it has been determined that the positive effect on future period export performance of past period performance of the export of medium-high-tech products is higher than the effect of the export of high-tech products. The findings obtained within the scope of the study are consistent with the findings obtained in the studies conducted by researchers such as Hirsch and Bijaoui (1985), Le (1987), Zhao and Li (1997), Şahbaz et al. (2014), Kılıç et al. (2014), Özkan and Yılmaz (2017), Neves, Teixeria and Silva (2016), Usman (2019) and Akyol and Demez (2020). However, the findings differ from the results of the main studies by Landesman and Pfaffermayr (1997), Karagöz (2007), Wagner (2008), Fu, Wu, and Tang (2011), and Han et al. (2017). It is possible to say that this difference may be due to the data period, method used, sample and the use of non-standard innovation indicators. Using data sets grounded in standard innovation measures for future studies will contribute to obtaining more meaningful and comparable results. Based on the analysis results, it is possible to say that technology exports in Turkey are partially affected by innovation and therefore the possibility of gaining international competitiveness in terms of exports is low. To enhance Turkey’s competitiveness, it needs to produce and sell export goods and services that are based on qualified labour, knowledge and technology, and have high added value and economic complexity. To achieve this, it is crucial to boost public-private investments, especially R&amp;D expenditures along with other innovation indicators.

Teknoloji Yoğunluğuna Göre İhracatı Etkileyen Temel Inovasyon Göstergeleri: Türkiye İçin Zaman Serisi Analizlerine Dayalı Bir Uygulama

Sema

Dilan

Technological innovations, which are among the most important factors that form the basis of competition between countries, can affect the level of competition in foreign trade and lead to an increase in welfare. As a result, high-technology exports are&nbsp; critical for establishing competitiveness in foreign trade. Especially when the added value it provides is taken into consideration, high-technology exports take its place among the priorities of countries. The main factor that is indispensable for technological innovations is research and development activities. The answer to the question of how investments made in R&amp;D activities affect high-technology product exports is important. For this reason, the aim of the study is to determine the role of R&amp;D expenditures in high-technology exports, to determine whether there is a causal relationship between them, and if so, to determine the direction of this relationship. Determining the causal relationship and the direction of this relationship is extremely important in the economic policies to be implemented. The study used econometric analysis to investigate the link between high-technology exports and R&amp;D spending. This study explores the relationship between high-tech exports (HTECH), research and development expenditures (RD), trade openness (TRADE), and gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) in a panel dataset of 22 OECD countries from 1996 to 2021. Following the cross-section dependency test and unit root test, a homogeneity test was used to evaluate whether the slope coefficients were homogenous or heterogeneous. Then, the panel causality analysis technique is used to analyse the causation between high-tech exports and R&amp;D spending. According to the Cross-Section Dependency test results, it was determined that there was a cross-sectional dependency between the series in the panel. Therefore, a second generation test, the Cross-Sectional Augmented Dickey-Fuller (CADF) unit root test, which takes into account the existence of cross-sectional dependency in the analysis, was applied. According to the unit root test result, all variables show non-stationary properties at the level but become stationary at the first difference. Determining whether the slope coefficients are homogenous or heterogeneous is critical in deciding which panel unit root and panel causality analysis methods to use. According to the results of the homogeneity test of the model, it was concluded that the slope coefficients are not homogeneous but heterogeneous. In other words, according to the results obtained, the slope parameters vary between the horizontal sections. Finally, according to the new version of the Granger causality test by Juodis, Karavias, and Sarafidis (2021) developed by Xiao et al. (2023), which was conducted to determine the causality relationship between high-technology exports and R&amp;D expenditures, a bidirectional causality relationship was found between high-technology exports (HTECH) and R&amp;D expenditures (RD). A bidirectional causality relationship was found between high-tech product exports and the gross fixed capital investments (GFCF) and trade openness (TRADE) added to the model as control variables. According to the results of this study, in which the effect of R&amp;D expenditures on high-technology exports is examined and the causality relationship between them is determined, policy makers need to increase investments in R&amp;D expenditures in order for countries to gain competitive advantage in foreign trade, maintain their advantages and increase their welfare levels. For this purpose, more resources should be allocated from the national income to R&amp;D expenditures. In addition, incentive policies can be implemented by providing tax deductions for R&amp;D investments and offering low-interest credit opportunities, as well as making educational arrangements to provide the qualified workforce required for R&amp;D activities, physical infrastructure investments to provide the necessary technological infrastructure, and increasing the share of the private sector in R&amp;D activities by ensuring public and private sector cooperation are also extremely important.&nbsp;

Yüksek Teknolojili Ürün İhracatında Ar-Ge Harcamalarının Rolü: OECD Ülkeleri İçin Panel Nedensellik Analizi

Fikriye

Selçuk

This study examines the relationship between domestic prices and exchange rates in the Türkiye economy and uses State Space Models and the Kalman Filter method to analyse this interaction. State Space Models are highly flexible models used in economic analysis and prevent data loss. This feature makes state-space models very useful in time-series analysis. In this framework, the Kalman filter is used in the estimation of the state space models. State Space Models and the Kalman Filter make important contributions in revealing economic relationships that are difficult to measure.In this article, first, the theory of the economic issue is discussed and then the general representation of State Space Models is analysed. Then, the structures of the State Space Models according to different specifications are discussed separately and the model structures are explained through equations. Then, the Kalman Filter method, which is the estimation method of State Space Models, developed by electrical engineer Rudolf Emil Kalman in 1960 for use in control engineering, is explained. The feature of the Kalman Filter that makes it very useful in the use of economic series is that it can be applied to both stationary and unit rooted series. Due to these useful features, the Kalman Filter was adapted to the economic series by Andrew Harvey in 1989 for use in econometric analyses. This study analyzes the relationship between Türkiye’s Consumer Price Index (CPI) and the USD/TRY and EUR/TRY exchange rates separately over a period extending from 2005 to 2024. Studying this long period provides a detailed analysis of the relationship between the CPI and USD/TRY and EUR/TRY. The analysis is initially carried out using State Space Models with only explanatory variables and investigates the direction and degree to which the USD/TRY and EUR/TRY exchange rates are driving the CPI. In addition to this modelling, a dummy variable representing the first month of 2023 and the following months was added to the model, and it was investigated how the dummy and explanatory variables explained the CPI variable. The purpose of adding the dummy variable to the model is to include the structural breaks and policy changes in the Turkish economy in the model. For both models, adding a dummy variable to the model made a positive contribution to the model. In order to analyse the State Space Models with Explanatory Variables and State Space Models with Explanatory Dummy Variables mentioned in the above paragraph in a more holistic sense, the deterministic and stochastic properties of the explanatory and dummy variables are included separately in the model. In this way, the possibility of correctly selecting the model type that gives the best model result has increased. It was determined that the model that gave the best result was the Stochastic Level Explanatory Variable-Dummy Variable Model, and this model was accepted as the final model. According to the model results, it is concluded that the USD/TRY and EUR/TRY variables positively affect the CPI variables. More specifically, a 1% change in the USD/TRY increases the CPI by approximately 0.1752%, while a 1% change in the EUR/TRY increases the CPI by approximately 0.1768%. The values are very close to each other, but it is observed that the EUR/TRY affects the CPI more than the USD/TRY. This is thought to be due to the fact that Türkiye imports mostly from European countries. These values also provide the elasticities. Accordingly, it can be interpreted that the CPI is inelastic against USD/TRY and EUR/TRY. This shows that domestic prices react little to the fluctuations in USD/TRY and EUR/TRY. Since there is also a dummy variable in the model, it is possible to compare the domestic prices of the two periods. Accordingly, in the CPI-USD/TRY model, Türkiye’s domestic prices are 0.04378% lower for January 2023 and later than the other dates, while in the CPI-EUR/TRY model, Türkiye’s domestic prices are 0.04375% lower for January 2023 and later than the other dates. It is noteworthy that these values are quite close to each other. This means that the policy changes that have started to be experienced since the first month of 2023 have a decreasing effect on domestic prices. At the end of the article, it is underlined that Türkiye, like every developing country, is quite sensitive to external shocks. To become more resilient to these external shocks, policies that encourage domestic production and exports are suggested.

Durum Uzayı Modelleri ile Türkiye’nin Yurtiçi Fiyatları ve Döviz Kuru İlişkisinin Değerlendirilmesi

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Çiğdem

BRICS-T countries, which stand out in global energy markets both in terms of supply and demand, hold a significant position in the energy sector. The energy policies of these countries, which play a critical role in the global energy balance, are aligned with sustainability goals in areas such as energy security, energy supply, energy prices, and the use of renewable energy. In this context, the primary motivation of this study has been to econometrically analyse the renewable energy consumption of the BRICS-T countries, with the aim of increasing the share of renewable energy use in total energy consumption. This study aims to identify the factors affecting renewable energy use, or in other words, consumption, in BRICS T countries using a panel data approach, with particular attention to structural breaks. For this purpose, the study uses data from BRICS-T countries for the period 1990-2020, with renewable energy consumption as the dependent variable and economic growth, carbon dioxide emissions, and foreign direct investment inflows as the independent variables. The dataset was obtained from the World Development Indicators published by the World Bank. To use the correct testing and estimation methods, the characteristics of the panel data model were initially tested using various tests found in the literature. The results revealed that the panel data structure is a heterogeneous panel data model with inter-unit correlation. Since the time dimension of the heterogeneous panel data model considered in the study is not long enough, which would cause a loss of degrees of freedom in multiple structural breaks, structural breaks in only a single number of constants are determined heterogeneously for each BRICS-T country. For the identified structural break dates, a dummy variable approach was used and the model estimation was performed with the Seemingly Unrelated Regression with Structural Breaks (SUR) Model proposed by Guliyev (2023). The structural break dates were found to be statistically significant at the 0.05 significance level in all countries except Russia. Accordingly, structural breaks were identified in 2015 for Brazil, 2012 for India, 1998 for China, 2001 for South Africa and 2000 for Turkey. According to the SUR estimation results, which account for structural breaks, all the individual regression equations are statistically significant at the 0.01 significance level. The coefficient of determination (R²) values calculated for the individual regression equations are 0.89 for Brazil, 0.58 for Russia, 0.99 for India, 0.99 for China, 0.98 for South Africa, and 0.97 for Turkey. Accordingly, with the inclusion of structural breaks, it is observed that the independent variables considered in the model—economic growth, carbon dioxide emissions, and foreign direct investment inflows—highly explain the changes in renewable energy consumption in all countries except Russia. When examining the model coefficients, it is observed that an increase in economic growth positively affects the renewable energy consumption of Brazil, India, China, and Turkey, while negatively affecting that of Russia and South Africa. Moreover, an increase in carbon dioxide emissions positively affects Russia’s renewable energy consumption but negatively impacts Brazil, India, China, and Turkey. Lastly, the increase in foreign direct investment inflows positively affects the renewable energy consumption of Brazil and South Africa, while negatively impacting that of China and Turkey. Furthermore, it was found that the changes in renewable energy consumption positively affected Brazil after 2015, India after 2012, and China after 1998, South Africa after 2001, and Turkey after 2000. The structural changes evaluated for each country indicate significant dates. In light of these findings, the study is considered to make significant contributions to the literature, not only by exam ining the effects of economic growth, carbon dioxide emissions, and foreign direct investment inflows on renewable energy consumption but also by analysing structural changes and their impact on these relationships. In addition, this study indicates that countries should develop strategies to increase the use of renewable energy resources in policy processes by addressing the economic and environmental impacts of increasing energy consumption in a multidimensional way. Thus, achieving sustainable energy goals is possible by reducing carbon emissions, creating new employment opportunities and ensuring energy supply security.

Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketiminin Belirleyicileri: BRICS-T Ülkeleri Örneği

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Tuğba

Gökçe

Nowadays, there are many investment tools in the financial markets to assess the savings of individual investors. The diversity of investment instruments in the market makes it difficult for investors to make decisions about evaluating savings. Furthermore, developments and uncertainties in the economy affect the individual investor’s investment decision. In the economy, individuals use part of their income for consumption expenditures and savings. Individuals who make savings are evaluated byvarious investment instruments in order to make a profit. In this process, the main objective of investors is to obtain the highest return with minimum risk. Investors evaluate their savings in investment instruments with a certain expectation of return. The existence of many investment instruments in the economy reveals the issue of which investment instrument the investor should use. A balanced distribution of investor accumulation in multiple investment instruments instead of a single investment instrument will provide protection against fluctuations in the markets. Throughout the history of finance, studies have been conducted on how markets affect individual investment preferences. Investors follow the political, economic and social situations in the markets to make the right investment decision. There are many investment tools for transferring the idle resources to the financial system. Financial investment instruments provide the opportunity for individuals who make savings to protect their capital and earn money. For this reason, financial decisions are important in the efficient functioning of the market. All future financial decisions include uncertainty. The uncertainty of the future makes investors’ decision difficult. The financial decisions of investors who wish to use their savings in various investment instruments are important in the efficient management of funds in the economy. Decisions have a significant impact on financial markets. Monetary loss or profit as a result of the investment makes it difficult for investors to make decisions. Individual investors aim to achieve the highest risk with the lowest risk in financial investment decisions. If the risk of a financial investment instrument is high, the expectation of high return on this investment instrument increases. Traditional finance theories are based on the principle that individuals make decisions by acting rationally. Individual investors make a rational choice of financial investment instruments in their investment decisions and strive for maximum return on their savings. Since investors are rational, they analyze decisions in financial investment instruments rationally. However, in this process, the investor encounters many factors affecting the investment decision in the market. The decisions taken affect the outcome of the investment either positively or negatively. Therefore, the evaluation of the criteria affecting the investment decision has been included in many academic researches.&nbsp;In this study, the importance of the criteria affecting the investment decisions of the investors trading in financial markets is analyzed. The aim of this study is to compare the criteria that the financial investment decision makers take into consideration in the decision-making process. The criteria included in the study; Global Markets, Domestic Financial Indicators, Investment Instrument Characteristics and Analysis Techniques Used. The aim of this study is to reveal the economic, social, investment instrument characteristics and analysis techniques that are useful in the process of evaluating the savings of individual investors in financial investment instruments. The purpose of this study is to provide a new perspective by evaluating the relationships between the criteria affecting investment decision with the Fuzzy DEMATEL method. In addition to the support from the literature, my financial work experience contributed to my study in the process of determining the criteria included in the study. In this study, the Fuzzy DEMATEL method was used and the opinions of 10 experts responsible for financial decisions were taken. As a result of the findings obtained from the opinions of the experts based on the criteria, the most important criterion among the criteria was revealed to be Technical analysis. Investors pay attention to past price movements of investment instruments in decision-making. The second criterion that was given importance among the criteria was Global markets. After the financial globalization, all the information related to the economic and political situation of countries affect the values of the investment instruments in the market.

Belirsizlik Şartlarında Yatırım Karar Analizine Etki Eden Faktörlerin Bulanık DEMATEL Yaklaşımıyla Değerlendirilmesi

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Kevser

This study evaluates the relations between economic performance, democracy index and economic freedoms, which are widely discussed in economic theory. The aim of this study is to investigate the direct and indirect effects of democracy index and economic freedoms on economic performance. The study was conducted with the data of 45 European countries for 2017. Data from countries with insufficient information was excluded from the analysis. Data on the economic freedom variable The Heritage Foundation, from the link: https://www.heritage.org/index/ explore?view=by-region-country year &amp; u = 636967067347971774), also contains data on the democracy index variable. The democracy index report published by the Economist Intelligence Unit (The EIU) can be found at the link: https://pages.eiu. com/rs/753-RIQ 438 / images / Democracy_Index_2017.pdf). Data for the economic performance variable were obtained from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (World Bank) database. The concept of freedom can encompass many different definitions of the idea of economic freedom. Some of these definitions are as follows: Economic freedom consists of a combination of property rights and the protection of individuals, the right to make individual choices and the freedom to compete (Gwartney ve Lawson, 2003, p.406). The concept of economic freedom therefore can be understood to mean that people voluntarily engage in consumption and investment activities at any time without the control and restrictions of the state, that their rights are under state protection and that they participate in the labor force (Şenalp, 2018, p.319). When democracy is defined as a political system, it is a regime in which all adults have the right to vote, where candidates in the election can freely compete, and through periodic elections, decision makers come to power with strong authority (Huntington, 1984, p.195). Democracy also provides freedom and the possibility of self-determination (Schwartz, 1993, p.552). A two-stage approach was used to determine the consistency of the data used in the study with the research hypotheses (Anderson and Gerbing, 1988). In the first step,&nbsp;the measurement model was tested to determine whether the observed variables in the model accurately measured the latent variables to which they belong. This stage of the analysis is considered as Confirmatory Factor Analysis. If the indicator variables that make latent variables measurable do not accurately measure the constructed structure, the next step, the structural model, will not need to be tested. For this reason, the measurement model must meet the requirements for compliance. The second stage includes the testing of the structural model (Huchting, Lac and Labrie, 2008, p.543). When the model was evaluated according to the obtained t-values, there was a direct relationship between economic freedom and democracy index, and between democracy index and economic performance, while no direct relationship was found between economic freedom and economic performance. This suggests that the index of democracy may be a mediating variable. In order to evaluate the mediation effect, a significant relationship was found between economic freedom and economic performance. When the index of democracy is included in the model, the value of the path coefficient between these two variables decreases and the path becomes meaningless. In this case, it can be said that the index of democracy fully mediates the relationship between economic freedom and economic performance. In other words, the relationship between economic freedom and economic performance is indirectly realized through the democracy index. The fact that there is a direct relationship between economic freedom and democracy index and democracy index and economic performance supports the mediating effect (Judd and Kenny, 1981, pp. 605-606; Baron and Kenny, 1986, p.1176-1177). This study shows that economic performance and economic freedom, which are the determinants of the institutional structure for European countries, can be increased with economic performance and economic freedoms in order to improve democracy. For sustainable economic performance, countries should strengthen and add importance to their institutional structures. Countries aiming to increase their economic performance should set policies to increase their democracies and economic freedoms. Since the findings obtained belong to a certain group of countries, they cannot be generalized for all countries of the world. In future studies, analyses can be made for different country groups and time periods. The results obtained by using different analysis programs and different estimation methods can then be compared. The sub-components of economic freedom affect the environment and functioning of the market and contribute to the development of democracy, with the effect it has on entrepreneurship. Furthermore, individual commercial activities positively affect economic performance.

Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli ile Özgürlüklerin Ekonomik Performansa Etkisi Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Mücahit

Purchasing power parity (PPP), which is one of the subjects of interest in international finance and economy, is defined as a rate of change that equalizes the purchasing power of different currencies by eliminating price level differences between countries (TURKSTAT, 2008). In other words, the theory of purchasing power parity states that the nominal exchange rate between the two currencies is determined by the purchasing power of each country’s currency. This means that the exchange rate between the two countries must be equal to a fixed level of goods and services basket price of the two currencies. While economists generally doubt the validity of PPP in the short term, they agree that it is necessary to investigate whether PPP is valid in the long term because price differences between countries are not sustainable in the long term (Acaravcı and Öztürk, 2010). Chortareas and Kapetanios (2009) evaluated the importance of purchasing power parity in terms of both traditional and new approaches to open economy macroeconomics for policy purposes. According to the traditional approach, the validity of PPP is valuable information for policy-makers who want to evaluate the effects of devaluation since the effects of devaluation under PPP on competitiveness will be eliminated in the long term. In open economies with new approaches, PPP is a necessary condition for equalizing market integrity and marginal utility. Empirical studies use cointegration tests, variance ratio tests, and quantitative regressions for nominal exchange rates and prices, and unit root tests for real exchange rates, to assess the validity of PPP. (Chortareas and Kapetanios, 2009; 391). The estimation of PPP exchange rates is very important for practical purposes. These objectives are; (i) determining the degree of deviation from the nominal exchange rate, ie determining whether the exchange rate is low or not. (ii) making appropriate policy decisions; (iii) adjusting currency parities; (iv) an international comparison of national income levels; and (v) a comparison between domestic price and foreign price (Sarno and Taylor, 2002). Whether PPP is valid or not should be examined. Where PPP is not valid, PPP cannot be used as a criterion for international income level comparison and estimation of real exchange rates, and where applicable, it can be used as a criterion for the level of development comparisons and the reliability of all economic decisions (Güriş et al. 2016). . In this study, the validity of purchasing power parity was examined using Fourier unit root tests for Turkey for the period 1992:01-2018:12. In order to make a comparison, two different recently developed unit root tests were used in the study. The study is expected to contribute to the current literature in terms of the method used. The studies for Turkey is as follows; Gurbuz and Hasgur (1997), Telatar and Kazdagli (1998), Erlat (2003), Yazgan (2003), Alba and Park (2005), Aslan and Kanbur (2007), Ozdemir (2008), Kalyoncu (2009), Lightning and Lightning (2012), Sener et al. (2015), Güriş et al. (2016), Rock and Steel (2018). In cases where series do not have a linear structure, nonlinear unit root tests give more powerful results than linear unit root tests. In the literature, there are unit root tests examining stationarity structures of nonlinear series. In this study, Güris (2018) and Ranjbar et al. (2018) non-linear Fourier unit root tests were used. Firstly, the linearity of the calculated real exchange rate series was examined and it was found that it does not have a linear structure. In the second part of the empirical analysis, the stationarity of the series was examined with the help of Fourier unit root tests. The obtained results indicate that Turkey has a stationary structure in the real exchange rate series. Accordingly, it is seen that the PPP hypothesis is valid for Turkey. In other words, the analyzed period, the real exchange rate being stationary and Turkey coming to the real exchange rate shocks are temporary. The validity of PPP means that the prices of goods expressed in the same currency are the same anywhere in the world. Therefore, PPP is expected to play an active role in the monetary policy decision for Turkey.

Satın Alma Gücü Paritesi Hipotezi Geçerliliğinin Fourier Birim Kök Testleri ile İncelenmesi: Türkiye Örneği

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EKOIST Journal of Econometrics and Statistics yılda iki kez olmak üzere, her 6 ayda bir yayınlanmaktadır.

Dergimiz ölçme, tahmin, test, tahmin ve politika analizi konularını kapsayan, ekonomi ve ilgili konularda olmak üzere yeni ekonometrik tekniklerin uygulanması ile ilgili yüksek kaliteli makaleler yayınlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Ekonometrik tekniklerin dikkatli ve titiz bir şekilde uygulanması ile elde edilen sonuçların uygun yorumlanması üzerinde durulmaktadır. Makalelerde ekonomik içerik üzerinde vurgu yapılmalıdır. EKOIST Journal of Econometrics and Statistics başta Ekonometri, istatistik ve Yöneylem Araştırması olmak üzere yüksek kaliteli araştırmalar yayınlamaktadır. Uzmanlık alanlarına deyinen, ulaşılabilir teknikleri içeren ve diğer araştırmacılar tarafından kolayca tekrarlanabilen, ekonomide yenilikçi, niceliksel araştırmalar için bir çıkış sağlamaktır. Tüm gönderimler farklı hakemler tarafından inceleme sürecine tabidir.

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EKOIST Journal of Econometrics and Statistics yılda iki kez olmak üzere, her 6 ayda bir yayınlanmaktadır.Dergimiz ölçme, tahmin, test, tahmin ve politika analizi konularını kapsayan, ekonomi ve ilgili konularda olmak üzere yeni ekonometrik tekniklerin uygulanması ile ilgili yüksek kaliteli makaleler yayınlamayı amaçlamaktadır.Ekonometrik tekniklerin dikkatli ve titiz bir şekilde uygulanması ile elde edilen sonuçların uygun yorumlanması üzerinde durulmaktadır.Makalelerde ekonomik içerik üzerinde vurgu yapılmalıdır.EKOIST Journal of Econometrics and Statistics başta Ekonometri, istatistik ve Yöneylem Araştırması olmak üzere yüksek kaliteli araştırmalar yayınlamaktadır.Uzmanlık alanlarına deyinen, ulaşılabilir teknikleri içeren ve diğer araştırmacılar tarafından kolayca tekrarlanabilen, ekonomide yenilikçi, niceliksel araştırmalar için bir çıkış sağlamaktır.Tüm gönderimler farklı hakemler tarafından inceleme sürecine tabidir.EKOIST Journal of Econometrics and Statistics 2005'ten bu yana altı ayda bir &#34;hakemli dergi&#34; olarak yayınlanmaktadır.Derginin dili İngilizce ve Türkçedir.Çeşitli ekonomik sorunlara uygulanabilir istatistiksel yöntemleri tanıtan katkılar amaçlanır.

Amaç ve Kapsam

Web of Science – Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) <a href="https://search.trdizin.gov.tr/tr/dergi/detay/2589/ekoist-journal-of-econometrics-and-statistics-online" target="_blank">TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR Dizin</a>ProQuest Central<a href="https://doaj.org/toc/2651-396X?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22bool%22%3A%7B%22must%22%3A%5B%7B%22terms%22%3A%7B%22index.issn.exact%22%3A%5B%222651-396X%22%5D%7D%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%22size%22%3A100%2C%22sort%22%3A%5B%7B%22created_date%22%3A%7B%22order%22%3A%22desc%22%7D%7D%5D%2C%22_source%22%3A%7B%7D%2C%22track_total_hits%22%3Atrue%7D" target="_blank">DOAJ</a>ERIH PLUS <a href="https://ideas.repec.org/s/ist/ekoist.html" target="_blank" style="font-size: 10pt;">RePEc IDEAS</a> <a href="https://econpapers.repec.org/article/istekoist/" target="_blank">RePEc EconPapers </a><a href="http://atif.sobiad.com/index.jsp?modul=dergi-sayfasi&amp;ID=0&amp;magazinename=Ekoist:%20Journal%20of%20Econometrics%20and%20Statistics" target="_blank">SOBIAD</a>Cabells Journalytics<a href="https://go.gale.com/ps/dispAdvSearch.do?userGroupName=anon~84c5a0c7&amp;prodId=AONE" target="_blank">Gale Cengage</a>

Dizinler

Dergi yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> Gönderilen makaleler derginin amaç ve kapsamına uygun olmalıdır. Orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmayan, her bir yazar tarafından içeriği ve gönderimi onaylanmış yazılar değerlendirmeye kabul edilir. Makale yayınlanmak üzere Dergiye gönderildikten sonra yazarlardan hiçbirinin ismi, tüm yazarların yazılı izni olmadan yazar listesinden silinemez ve yeni bir isim yazar olarak eklenemez ve yazar sırası değiştirilemez.İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir. Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.İntihal Ön kontrolden geçirilen makaleler, iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal/kendi kendine intihal tespit edilirse yazarlar bilgilendirilir. Editörler, gerekli olması halinde makaleyi değerlendirme ya da üretim sürecinin çeşitli aşamalarında intihal kontrolüne tabi tutabilirler. Yüksek benzerlik oranları, bir makalenin kabul edilmeden önce ve hatta kabul edildikten sonra reddedilmesine neden olabilir. Makalenin türüne bağlı olarak, bunun oranın %15 veya %20'den az olması beklenir.Çift Kör Hakemlikİntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Editör, makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakemlikten geçmesini sağlar ve makale biçimsel esaslara uygun ise, gelen yazıyı yurtiçinden ve /veya yurtdışından en az iki hakemin değerlendirmesine sunar, hakemler gerek gördüğü takdirde yazıda istenen değişiklikler yazarlar tarafından yapıldıktan sonra yayınlanmasına onay verir.

Politikalar

Dergi açık erişimlidir ve derginin tüm içeriği okura ya da okurun dahil olduğu kuruma ücretsiz olarak sunulur. Okurlar, ticari amaç haricinde, yayıncı ya da yazardan izin almadan dergi makalelerinin tam metnini okuyabilir, indirebilir, kopyalayabilir, arayabilir ve link sağlayabilir. Bu <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/translations/turkish-translation" target="_blank">BOAI</a> açık erişim tanımıyla uyumludur. Derginin açık erişimli makaleleri Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır.

Derginin tüm giderleri İstanbul Üniversitesi tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Dergide makale yayını ve makale süreçlerinin yürütülmesi ücrete tabi değildir. Dergiye gönderilen ya da yayın için kabul edilen makaleler için işlemleme ücreti ya da gönderim ücreti alınmaz.

Yazarlar dergide yayınlanan çalışmalarının telif hakkına sahiptirler ve çalışmaları  Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır. CC BY-NC 4.0 lisansı, eserin ticari kullanım dışında her boyut ve formatta paylaşılmasına, kopyalanmasına, çoğaltılmasına ve orijinal esere uygun şekilde atıfta bulunmak kaydıyla yeniden düzenleme, dönüştürme ve eserin üzerine inşa etme dâhil adapte edilmesine izin verir.

Editörler, yayınlanan makalede, bulguları, yorumları ve sonuçları etkilemeyen küçük hatalar tespit edilirse düzeltme yayınlamayı düşünebilirler. Editörler, bulguları ve sonuçları geçersiz kılan büyük hatalar / ihlaller söz konusu olduğunda, makaleyi geri çekmeyi düşünmelidir. Yazarlar tarafından araştırma veya yayını kötüye kullanmaya yönelik olasılık söz konusu ise; bulguların güvenilir olmadığına ve yazarların kurumlarının olayı soruşturmadığına dair kanıtlar var veya olası soruşturma haksız veya sonuçsuz görünüyor ise, editörler endişe ifadesi yayınlamayı düşünmelidir. Düzeltme, geri çekme veya endişe ifadesi ile ilgili olarak <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> ve <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> yönergeleri dikkate alınır.Geri ÇekmeDergi geri çekme durumunda <a href="https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/retraction-guidelines-cope.pdf" target="_blank">COPE Retraction Guidelines</a>’ı izler. Editör, aşağıdaki durumlarda bir makaleyi geri çekme hakkına sahiptir: <ul><li>Büyük bir hata (örn. yanlış hesaplama veya deneysel hata), uydurma öğeler  (örn. veri) veya tahrifat (örn. görüntü manipülasyonu) gibi bulguların güvenilmez olduğu sonucunu çıkarmaya dair açık kanıtlar varsa; </li><li>İçerikte intihal varsa; </li><li>Uygun atıf yapılmadan başka bir yerde yayınlanmışsa;</li><li>Kullanım izni olmayan materyal veya veri içeriyorsa;</li><li>Telif hakkı ihlali veya başka bir ciddi yasal sorun varsa;</li><li>Etik olmayan araştırma içeriyorsa; </li><li>Hakem değerlendirme sürecinin bozulduğuna veya manipüle edildiğine dair kanıt varsa;</li><li>Yazar(lar), editörün görüşüne göre, çalışmanın yorumlanmasını veya editörlerin ve hakemlerin tavsiyelerini önemli derecede etkileyebilecek, kritik bir çıkar çatışmasını açıklamamış ise.</li></ul>Geri çekme durumunda aşağıdaki adımlar izlenir:<ul><li>Makale başlığını da içeren geri çekme bildirimi derginin bir sonraki sayısında yayınlanır. Geri çekme bildirimi  içindekiler tablosunda sayfa nosu verilerek listelenir. </li><li>Elektronik versiyonda geri çekme bildirimi ile orijinal makale arasında link sağlanır. </li><li>Online makaleden önce geri çekme bildirimini içeren sayfa gelir; okuyucu daha sonra makalenin kendisine geçebilir.</li><li>Orijinal makale, her sayfadaki .pdf üzerinde “geri çekildiğini” belirten bir filigran dışında değişmeden kalır.</li></ul>Yasal Nedenlerle Makalenin KaldırılmasıAşağıdaki durumlarda, üst veriler (başlık ve yazarlar) hariç olmak üzere, makale metni kaldırılır ve makalenin yasal nedenlerle kaldırıldığını bildiren bir sayfa makalenin yerini alır. <ul><li>Makalenin karalayıcı içerik ihtiva ettiği veya başkalarının yasal haklarını ihlal ettiği tespit edilir ve geri çekmenin yeterli bir çözüm olmadığı düşünülürse;</li><li>Makale bir mahkeme kararına konu olmuşsa veya olacağına dair makul bir neden varsa;</li><li>Kamu sağlığı açısından önemli bir risk söz konusu ise;  </li></ul>

Dergide yayınlanan tüm yazıların korunmasını ve kalıcı olarak erişilebilir olmasını sağlamak için makaleler, ulusal bir arşiv sitesi olarak hizmet veren ve aynı zamanda LOCKSS'in içeriği toplamasına, korumasına ve sunmasına izin veren Dergipark'ta saklanmaktadır.Ek olarak, yazarların kendilerinin makalelerinin son PDF sürümünü Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>) standartlarına uygun açık elektronik arşivlerde arşivlemeleri önerilir. Yazarlar, yayınladıkları arşiv versiyonundan, İ.Ü. Yayınevinin dergi web sitesinin URL'sine bağlantı sağlamalıdır.

EKOIST Journal of Econometrics and Statistics, yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için adres: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>Gönderilen tüm makaleler orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmamalıdır. Her bir makale editörlerden biri ve en az iki hakem tarafından çift kör değerlendirmeden geçirilir. İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir.Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.

Etik

Dergi araştırma etiğinde en yüksek standartları gözetir ve aşağıda tanımlanan uluslararası araştırma etiği ilkelerini benimser. Makalelerin etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır.-    Araştırmanın tasarlanması, tasarımın gözden geçirilmesi ve araştırmanın yürütülmesinde, bütünlük, kalite ve şeffaflık ilkeleri sağlanmalıdır.-    Araştırma ekibi ve katılımcılar, araştırmanın amacı, yöntemleri ve öngörülen olası kullanımları; araştırmaya katılımın gerektirdikleri ve varsa riskleri hakkında tam olarak bilgilendirilmelidir.-    Araştırma katılımcılarının sağladığı bilgilerin gizliliği ve yanıt verenlerin gizliliği sağlanmalıdır. Araştırma katılımcıların özerkliğini ve saygınlığını koruyacak şekilde tasarlanmalıdır.-    Araştırma katılımcıları gönüllü olarak araştırmada yer almalı, herhangi bir zorlama altında olmamalıdırlar.-    Katılımcıların zarar görmesinden kaçınılmalıdır. Araştırma, katılımcıları riske sokmayacak şekilde planlanmalıdır.-    Araştırma bağımsızlığıyla ilgili açık ve net olunmalı; çıkar çatışması varsa belirtilmelidir.-    Deneysel çalışmalarda, araştırmaya katılmaya karar veren katılımcıların yazılı bilgilendirilmiş onayı alınmalıdır. Çocukların ve vesayet altındakilerin veya tasdiklenmiş akıl hastalığı bulunanların yasal vasisinin onayı alınmalıdır.-    Çalışma herhangi bir kurum ya da kuruluşta gerçekleştirilecekse bu kurum ya da kuruluştan çalışma yapılacağına dair onay alınmalıdır.-    İnsan öğesi bulunan çalışmalarda, “yöntem” bölümünde katılımcılardan “bilgilendirilmiş onam” alındığının ve çalışmanın yapıldığı kurumdan etik kurul onayı alındığı belirtilmesi gerekir.

Makalelerin bilimsel ve etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır. Yazar makalenin orijinal olduğu, daha önce başka bir yerde yayınlanmadığı ve başka bir yerde, başka bir dilde yayınlanmak üzere değerlendirmede olmadığı konusunda teminat sağlamalıdır. Uygulamadaki telif kanunları ve anlaşmaları gözetilmelidir. Telife bağlı materyaller (örneğin tablolar, şekiller veya büyük alıntılar) gerekli izin ve teşekkürle kullanılmalıdır. Başka yazarların, katkıda bulunanların çalışmaları ya da yararlanılan kaynaklar uygun biçimde kullanılmalı ve referanslarda belirtilmelidir.Gönderilen makalede tüm yazarların akademik ve bilimsel olarak doğrudan katkısı olmalıdır, bu bağlamda “yazar” yayınlanan bir araştırmanın kavramsallaştırılmasına ve dizaynına, verilerin elde edilmesine, analizine ya da yorumlanmasına belirgin katkı yapan, yazının yazılması ya da bunun içerik açısından eleştirel biçimde gözden geçirilmesinde görev yapan birisi olarak görülür. Yazar olabilmenin diğer koşulları ise, makaledeki çalışmayı planlamak veya icra etmek ve / veya revize etmektir. Fon sağlanması, veri toplanması ya da araştırma grubunun genel süpervizyonu tek başına yazarlık hakkı kazandırmaz. Yazar olarak gösterilen tüm bireyler sayılan tüm ölçütleri karşılamalıdır ve yukarıdaki ölçütleri karşılayan her birey yazar olarak gösterilebilir. Yazarların isim sıralaması ortak verilen bir karar olmalıdır. Tüm yazarlar yazar sıralamasını <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/6457DE12A1C843DD826BC8AAF9767B86" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu'nda</a> imzalı olarak belirtmek zorundadırlar.Yazarlık için yeterli ölçütleri karşılamayan ancak çalışmaya katkısı olan tüm bireyler “teşekkür / bilgiler” kısmında sıralanmalıdır. Bunlara örnek olarak ise sadece teknik destek sağlayan, yazıma yardımcı olan ya da sadece genel bir destek sağlayan, finansal ve materyal desteği sunan kişiler verilebilir.Bütün yazarlar, araştırmanın sonuçlarını ya da bilimsel değerlendirmeyi etkileyebilme potansiyeli olan finansal ilişkiler, çıkar çatışması ve çıkar rekabetini beyan etmelidirler. Bir yazar kendi yayınlanmış yazısında belirgin bir hata ya da yanlışlık tespit ederse, bu yanlışlıklara ilişkin düzeltme ya da geri çekme için editör ile hemen temasa geçme ve işbirliği yapma sorumluluğunu taşır.

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, cinsel yöneliminden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder. Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve Dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemlerin araştırmayla ilgili, yazarlarla ve/veya araştırmanın finansal destekçileriyle çıkar çatışmaları olmamalıdır. Değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme çift taraflı kör hakemlik ile değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.

Hakemlik Hakkında

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirirler. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder. Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır. Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemler, araştırma, yazarlar ve/veya araştırmaya fon sağlayanlarla çıkar çatışması içinde olmamalıdır. Hakemler değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir.Baş Editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemlerin değerlendirmeleri objektif olmalıdır. Hakem süreci sırasında hakemlerin aşağıdaki hususları dikkate alarak değerlendirmelerini yapmaları beklenir.-Makale yeni ve önemli bir bilgi içeriyor mu?-Öz, makalenin içeriğini net ve düzgün bir şekilde tanımlıyor mu?-Yöntem bütünlüklü ve anlaşılır şekilde tanımlanmış mı?-Yapılan yorum ve varılan sonuçlar bulgularla kanıtlanıyor mu?-Alandaki diğer çalışmalara yeterli referans verilmiş mi?-Dil kalitesi yeterli mi?Hakemler, gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir.

DilDerginin yayın dili Türkçe ve İngilizce’dir.Yazıların Hazırlanması ve GönderimiAksi belirtilmedikçe gönderilen yazılarla ilgili tüm yazışmalar ilk yazarla yapılacaktır. Makale gönderimi online olarak ve <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ekoist" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ekoist</a> üzerinden yapılmalıdır. Gönderilen yazılar, yazının yayınlanmak üzere gönderildiğini ifade eden, makale türünü belirten ve makaleyle ilgili bilgileri içeren (bkz: Son Kontrol Listesi) bir mektup; yazının elektronik formunu içeren Microsoft Word 2003 ve üzerindeki versiyonları ile yazılmış elektronik dosya ve tüm yazarların imzaladığı <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/6457DE12A1C843DD826BC8AAF9767B86" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a> eklenerek gönderilmelidir. Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu yazar(lar) tarafından ıslak imzalı olarak taranıp pdf formatına dönüştürüldükten sonra sisteme yüklenmelidir.<ol><li style="text-align: left;">&#65279;Çalışmalar, <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ekoist/page/12738" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ekoist/page/12738</a> sayfasındaki makale şablonuna uygun şekilde hazırlanmalıdır. </li><li style="text-align: left;">Çalışmalar 4500 - 8500 sözcük arasında olmalı ve sayfa numaraları sayfanın altında ve ortada yer almalıdır.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Yazarlar tarafından sisteme yüklenen word dosyalarında yazar isim ve kurum bilgileri bulunmamalıdır. Tam metin dosyasının üzerinde sağa tıklayıp &#34;özellikler, ayrıntılar, özellikler ve kişisel bilgileri kaldır, aşağıdaki özellikleri bu dosyadan kaldır&#34; komutları izlenerek yazara ilişkin bilgilerin dosyadan silinmesi gerekmektedir. </li><li style="text-align: left;">Dergimize gönderilen Türkçe makalelerde Giriş bölümünden önce 200-250 sözcük arasında çalışmanın kapsamını, amacını, ulaşılan sonuçları ve kullanılan yöntemi kaydeden Türkçe ve İngilizce öz (abstract) ile Türkçe makalelerde 600-800 kelime içeren İngilizce genişletilmiş özet yer almalıdır. İngilizce makalelerde ise, yalnızca İngilizce öz (abstract) yer almalıdır. İngilizce ve Türkçe özlerin altında çalışmanın içeriğini temsil eden 3-5 İngilizce, 3-5 Türkçe anahtar kelime yer almalıdır.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Çalışmaların başlıca şu unsurları içermesi gerekmektedir: Başlık, Türkçe öz ve anahtar kelimeler; İngilizce başlık, İngilizce öz ve anahtar kelimeler; İngilizce genişletilmiş özet, ana metin bölümleri, son notlar ve kaynaklar.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Metin içi alıntılama ve kaynak gösterme için APA (American Psychological Association) kaynak sitilinin 6. versiyonu kullanılmalıdır. APA 6 stili hakkında bilgi için; http://ekoist.istanbul.edu.tr/tr/content/yazarlara-bilgi/kaynaklar sayfasını ziyaret edebilir veya Yazarlara Bilgi’nin Kaynaklar başlığı altında ilgili açıklama ve örnekleri inceleyebilirsiniz.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Çalışmalarda tablo, grafik ve şekil gibi göstergeler ancak çalışmanın takip edilebilmesi açısından gereklilik arz ettiği durumlarda, numaralandırılarak, tanımlayıcı bir başlık ile birlikte verilmelidir. Tablolara ait başlık üstte, Şekiller’e ait başlık altta yer almalıdır. Demografik özellikler gibi metin içinde verilebilecek veriler, ayrıca tablolar ile ifade edilmemelidir.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Yayınlanmak üzere gönderilen makale ile birlikte yazar bilgilerini içeren kapak sayfası gönderilmelidir. Kapak sayfasında, makalenin başlığı, yazar veya yazarların bağlı bulundukları kurum ve unvanları, kendilerine ulaşılabilecek adresler, cep, iş ve faks numaraları ve e-posta adresleri yer almalıdır (bkz. Son Kontrol Listesi).</li><li style="text-align: left;">Kurallar dâhilinde dergimize yayınlanmak üzere gönderilen çalışmaların her türlü sorumluluğu yazar/yazarlarına aittir.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Dergi Yazı Kurulu ve hakem raporları doğrultusunda yazarlardan, metin üzerinde bazı düzeltmeler yapmaları istenebilir.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Yayınlanmasına karar verilen çalışmaların, yazar/yazarlarının her birine dergi gönderilir.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Dergiye gönderilen çalışmalar yayınlansın veya yayınlanmasın geri gönderilmez.</li></ol>

Yazım Kuralları

Makaleyi göndermeden önce lütfen Yazım Kuralları’nı okuyun ve aşağıdakilerin eksik olmadığından emin olun:Editöre mektup<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makalenin türü</li> <li>Başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu bilgisi</li> <li>Sponsor veya ticari bir firma ile ilişkisi (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Kaynakların APA6’ya göre belirtildiği</li> <li>İngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığı</li> <li>Yazarlara Bilgide detaylı olarak anlatılan dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiği</li> </ul> </ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/6457DE12A1C843DD826BC8AAF9767B86" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a>Daha önce basılmış material (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/D6F99DA5E4E1495899D8CAEC33175E6B" target="_blank">Makale kapak sayfası</a><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makalenin kategorisi</li> <li>Makale dilinde ve İngilizce başlık</li> <li>Yazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonar şehir ve ülke bilgisi de yer almalıdır), e-posta adresleri</li> <li>Sorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosu</li> <li>Tüm yazarların ORCID’leri</li> </ul> </ul>Makalenin ana metni<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makale dilinde ve İngilizce başlık</li> <li>Özetler 200-250 kelime makale dilinde ve 200-250 kelime İngilizce</li> <li>Anahtar Kelimeler: 5 adet makale dilinde ve 5 adet İngilizce</li> <li>İngilizce olmayan makaleler için (Örn, Almanca, Fransızca vd dillerdeki makaleler) İngilizce genişletilmiş özet (Extended Abstract) 600-800 kelime</li> <li>Makale ana metin bölümleri</li> <li>Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Kaynaklar</li> <li>Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)</li> </ul> </ul>Makale Gönderme<ul type="disc"> <li>Makalenin gönderileceği Dergipark sayfası adresi:  <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ekoist" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ekoist</a>  </li> <li>Makale ana metninin dosyasını (Main Document)  yüklerken, çift taraflı kör hakem süreci gereği, bu dosyanın yazar kimliğini deşifre eden hiçbir unsur barındırmadığından emin olun. Makale ana metni dosyası (Main Document) başlık sayfasını (Title Page) içermemeli; yazar adı geçen ya da yazar adlarını ifşa edebilecek bölümler içermemeli (Örneğin: Teşekkür, her sayfada tekrar eden ve yazar adlarını içerebilen başlık).</li> <li>Ayrıca, ek olarak yüklediğiniz Supplemental File for Review türü dosyalarda da yazar kimliğinin ifşa edilmediğinden emin olun. ​</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>Ayrı Ayrı Yüklemeniz gereken dosyalar<ul type="disc"> <li>Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</li> <li>Resim, Tablo vb başka kaynaktan alındıysa izin belgesi</li> <li>Makale Kapak Sayfası</li> <li>Makale Ana Metni Dosyası  (Bu dosya aşağıdaki unsurları içermelidir)</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makale dilinde ve İngilizce başlık</li> <li>Özetler 200-250 kelime makale dilinde ve 200-250 kelime İngilizce</li> <li>Anahtar Kelimeler: 5 adet makale dilinde ve 5 adet İngilizce</li> <li>İngilizce olmayan makaleler için (Örn, Almanca, Fransızca, Türkçe vd dillerdeki makaleler ) İngilizce genişletilmiş Özet (Extended Abstract)  600-800 kelime</li> <li>Makale ana metin bölümleri</li> <li>Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Kaynaklar</li> <li>Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)</li></ul></ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>

Derleme yazıları okuyucular için bir konudaki kaynaklara ulaşmayı kolaylaştıran bir araç olsa da, her zaman orijinal çalışmayı doğru olarak yansıtmaz. Bu yüzden mümkün olduğunca yazarlar orijinal çalışmaları kaynak göstermelidir. Öte yandan, bir konuda çok fazla sayıda orijinal çalışmanın kaynak gösterilmesi yer israfına neden olabilir. Birkaç anahtar orijinal çalışmanın kaynak gösterilmesi genelde uzun listelerle aynı işi görür. Ayrıca günümüzde kaynaklar elektronik versiyonlara eklenebilmekte ve okuyucular elektronik literatür taramalarıyla yayınlara kolaylıkla ulaşabilmektedir.Kabul edilmiş ancak henüz sayıya dahil edilmemiş makaleler Early View olarak yayınlanır ve bu makalelere atıflar “advance online publication” şeklinde verilmelidir. Genel bir kaynaktan elde edilemeyecek temel bir konu olmadıkça “kişisel iletişimlere” atıfta bulunulmamalıdır. Eğer atıfta bulunulursa parantez içinde iletişim kurulan kişinin adı ve iletişimin tarihi belirtilmelidir. Bilimsel makaleler için yazarlar bu kaynaktan yazılı izin ve iletişimin doğruluğunu gösterir belge almalıdır. Kaynakların doğruluğundan yazar(lar) sorumludur. Tüm kaynaklar metinde belirtilmelidir. Kaynaklar alfabetik olarak sıralanmalıdır.Referans Stili ve FormatıEKOİST Ekonometri ve İstatistik Dergisi, metin içi alıntılama ve kaynak gösterme için APA (American Psychological Association) kaynak sitilinin 7. edisyonunu benimser. APA 7. Edisyonu hakkında bilgi için:-    American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.-    <a href="http://www.apastyle.org/" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org/</a>Metin İçinde Kaynak GöstermeKaynaklar metinde parantez içinde yazarların soyadı ve yayın tarihi yazılarak belirtilmelidir. Birden fazla kaynak gösterilecekse kaynaklar arasında (;) işareti kullanılmalıdır. Kaynaklar alfabetik olarak sıralanmalıdır.Örnekler:Birden fazla kaynak;(Esin ve ark., 2002; Karasar 1995)Tek yazarlı kaynak;(Akyolcu, 2007)İki yazarlı kaynak;(Sayıner ve Demirci, 2007, s. 72)Üç, dört ve beş yazarlı kaynak;Üç ve daha çok yazarlı kaynaklarda ilk kullanımda da geçerli olmak üzere; (Ailen ve ark., 2000)Kaynaklar Bölümünde Kaynak GöstermeKullanılan tüm kaynaklar metnin sonunda ayrı bir bölüm halinde yazar soyadlarına göre alfabetik olarak numaralandırılmadan verilmelidir.Kaynak yazımı ile ilgili örnekler aşağıda verilmiştir.Kitapa) Türkçe KitapKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8.bs). Ankara: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Türkçeye Çevrilmiş KitapMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler (A. Kotil, Çev.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.c) Editörlü KitapÖren, T., Üney, T. ve Çölkesen, R. (Ed.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi. İstanbul: Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Çok Yazarlı Türkçe KitapTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y. ve Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme. Ankara: Total Bilişim.e) İngilizce KitapKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.f) İngilizce Kitap İçerisinde BölümBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.g) Türkçe Kitap İçerisinde BölümErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi. M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi kitabı içinde (s. 233–263). Bursa: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Yayımcının ve Yazarın Kurum Olduğu YayınTürk Standartları Enstitüsü. (1974). Adlandırma ilkeleri. Ankara: Yazar.Makalea) Türkçe MakaleMutlu, B. ve Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri. İstanbul Üniversitesi Florence Nightingale Hemşirelik Dergisi, 15(60), 179–182.b) İngilizce Makalede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002c) Yirmiden Fazla Yazarlı MakaleKalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetmaa, A., . . . Joseph, D. (1996). The NCEP/NCAR 40- year reanalysis project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77(3), 437–471. <a href="http://doi.org/fg6rf9" target="_blank">http://doi.org/fg6rf9</a>d) DOI’si Olmayan Online Edinilmiş MakaleAl, U. ve Doğan, G. (2012). Hacettepe Üniversitesi Bilgi ve Belge Yönetimi Bölümü tezlerinin atıf analizi. Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 26, 349–369. Erişim adresi: http://www.tk.org.tr/e) DOI’si Olan MakaleTurner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910f) Advance Online Olarak Yayımlanmış MakaleSmith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867g) Popüler Dergi MakalesiSemercioğlu, C. (2015, Haziran). Sıradanlığın rayihası. Sabit Fikir, 52, 38–39.Tez, Sunum, Bildiria) Türkçe TezlerSarı, E. (2008). Kültür kimlik ve politika: Mardin’de kültürlerarasılık. (Doktora Tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.b)Ticari Veritabanında Yer Alan Yüksek Lisans Ya da Doktora TeziVan Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. (UMI No. 9943436)c) Kurumsal Veritabanında Yer Alan İngilizce Yüksek Lisans/Doktora TeziYaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from: Retrieved from http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portalid) Web’de Yer Alan İngilizce Yüksek Lisans/Doktora TeziTonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). Retrieved from http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar/phd/ickapak.htmle) Dissertations Abstracts International’da Yer Alan Yüksek Lisans/Doktora TeziAppelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica&#173;tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.f) Sempozyum KatkısıKrinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B., &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at American Psychological Association meeting, Orlando, FL.g) Online Olarak Erişilen Konferans Bildiri ÖzetiÇınar, M., Doğan, D. ve Seferoğlu, S. S. (2015, Şubat). Eğitimde dijital araçlar: Google sınıf uygulaması üzerine bir değerlendirme [Öz]. Akademik Bilişim Konferansında sunulan bildiri, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eskişehir. Erişim adresi: http://ab2015.anadolu.edu.tr /index.php?menu=5&amp;submenu=27h) Düzenli Olarak Online Yayımlanan BildirilerHerculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105i) Kitap Şeklinde Yayımlanan BildirilerSchneider, R. (2013). Research data literacy. S. Kurbanoğlu ve ark. (Ed.), Communications in Computer and Information Science: Vol. 397. Worldwide Communalities and Challenges in Information Literacy Research and Practice içinde (s. 134–140). Cham, İsviçre: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03919-0j) Kongre BildirisiÇepni, S., Bacanak A. ve Özsevgeç T. (2001, Haziran). Fen bilgisi öğretmen adaylarının fen branşlarına karşı tutumları ile fen branşlarındaki başarılarının ilişkisi. X. Ulusal Eğitim Bilimleri Kongresi’nde sunulan bildiri, Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, BoluDiğer Kaynaklara) Gazete YazısıToker, Ç. (2015, 26 Haziran). ‘Unutma’ notları. Cumhuriyet, s. 13.b) Online Gazete YazısıTamer, M. (2015, 26 Haziran). E-ticaret hamle yapmak için tüketiciyi bekliyor. Milliyet. Erişim adresi: http://www.milliyetc) Web Page/Blog PostBordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/d) Online Ansiklopedi/SözlükBilgi mimarisi. (2014, 20 Aralık). Vikipedi içinde. Erişim adresi: http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilgi_mimarisiMarcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/e) PodcastRadyo ODTÜ (Yapımcı). (2015, 13 Nisan). Modern sabahlar [Podcast]. Erişim adresi: http://www.radyoodtu.com.tr/f) Bir Televizyon Dizisinden Tek Bir BölümShore, D. (Senarist), Jackson, M. (Senarist) ve Bookstaver, S. (Yönetmen). (2012). Runaways [Televizyon dizisi bölümü]. D. Shore (Baş yapımcı), House M.D. içinde. New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting.g) Müzik KaydıSay, F. (2009). Galata Kulesi. İstanbul senfonisi [CD] içinde. İstanbul: Ak Müzik.

Aşağıdaki listede eksik olmadığından emin olun:●    Editöre mektupü    Makalenin türüü    Başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu bilgisiü    Sponsor veya ticari bir firma ile ilişkisi (varsa belirtiniz)ü    İstatistik kontrolünün yapıldığı (araştırma makaleleri için)ü    İngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığıü    Yazarlara Bilgide detaylı olarak anlatılan dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiğiü    Kaynakların APA6’ya göre belirtildiği●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/6457DE12A1C843DD826BC8AAF9767B86" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a>●    Daha önce basılmış ve telife bağlı materyal (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/1E033FB7101F402FAD661EB2D81D4A4E" target="_blank">Kapak sayfası</a>ü    Makalenin türüü    Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığıü    Yazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonra şehir ve ülke bilgisi de yer almalıdır), e-posta adresleriü    Sorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosuü    Tüm yazarların ORCID’leri●    Makale ana metniü    Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığıü    Özetler: 200-250 kelime Türkçe ve 200-250 kelime İngilizceü    Anahtar Kelimeler: 3-5 adet Türkçe ve 3-5 adet İngilizceü    Makale Türkçe ise, 600-800 kelime İngilizce genişletilmiş özet (Extended Summary)ü    Makale ana metin bölümleriü    Finansal destek (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Çıkar çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Kaynaklarü    Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)

<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/4B4F9DC35E854DED9953C603868BF903" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/5BC458EAD3554E249EC7C7A89071D85A" target="_blank">Kapak Sayfası </a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/06CFB2D57B124994B0235C3AC979D295" target="_blank">Yazar Formu</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/B198D02C87C34D5792BD82E2F9FF0D31" target="_blank">Mizanpaj Şablonu</a>

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