Tuva Türkçesindeki Farsça Alıntılar Üzerine Notlar
Salih Mehmet ArçınDiller; kültürel, iktisadi, siyasi, sosyal, dinî ve türlü sebeplerden dolayı birbirleriyle etkileşim hâline girmektedir. Bu etkileşimin yönü, çoğunlukla üst kültürden alt kültüre olmakla birlikte tam tersi yönde de gerçekleşebilmektedir. Öyle ki, dil bir iletişim aracı olması açısından çeşitli toplulukları yakın veya uzak bir mekân algısına bağlı kalmaksızın etkileme gücüne sahiptir. Bu noktada dünya üzerinde gerek ölü diller gerekse de hâlihazırda çeşitli toplumlarda konuşma ve yazı dili olarak varlığını sürdüren canlı dillerin söz varlığında alıntı sözcüklerin yer aldığı bilinmektedir. Söz varlığı incelemelerinde alıntı sözcük olmayan bir dilin, diğer bir deyişle saf bir dilin olmasının mümkün olmadığı açık bir şekilde görülmektedir. Bu açıdan sözgelimi X dili ile Y dilinin etkiletişim ilişkisi birbirleri arasında olabileceği gibi, farklı bir Z dili veya başka dillerin aracı olması ile de tesis edilebilir. İşte bu hususla bağlantılı olarak çalışmadaki amacımız Sibirya Grubu Türk lehçelerinden Tuva Türkçesindeki Farsça alıntı sözcükleri incelemektir. Farsça alıntı sözcüklerin Türk lehçelerinde görünümü bilinen bir gerçek olmakla birlikte Tuva Türkçesinin söz varlığında söz konusu dilin verilerinin mevcut olması oldukça dikkat çekicidir. Çalışmamızda yöntem olarak Tuva Türkçesinin söz varlığına dair dil verilerini ihtiva eden Etimologiçeskiy slovar’ Tuvinskogo yazıka (Tom I-II-III-IV), Etimologiçeskiy slovar’ tyurkskih yazıkov (Tom II), Tolkovıy slovar’ Tuvinskogo yazıka (Tom I-II) ve Tuvinsko-russkiy slovar’ adlı kaynaklar taranmış ve söz konusu eserlerdeki Farsça kökenli sözcükler fişlenmiştir. Tarama neticesinde Tuva Türkçesinde Farsça kökenli 24 sözcük tespit edilmiştir. Tanıklanan Farsça kökenli sözcüklerin Tuva Türkçesine doğrudan alıntı olup olmadığı veya hangi aracı diller vasıtasıyla alıntılandığı çalışmamızda tartışılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, bu sözcüklerin Tuva Türkçesine giriş şekillerinin (a) Farsça >> Moğol dilleri >> Tuva Türkçesi; (b) Farsça >> Rusça >> Tuva Türkçesi; (c) Farsça >> Rusça >> Altay Türkçesi >> Tuva Türkçesi; (d) Farsça >> Türk lehçeleri >> Rusça >> Tuva Türkçesi; (e) Farsça >> ? >> Tuva Türkçesi biçiminde olduğu görüşüne ulaşılmıştır.
Notes on Words Borrowed from Persian in Tuvinian Language
Salih Mehmet ArçınLanguages interact with each other for cultural, economic, political, social, and religious reasons, among others. Although the direction of this exchange is mostly from the dominant culture to the sub-culture, a reverse exchange also happens. Language has the power to influence various communities regardless of the perception of a near or distant space because it is a means of communication. In this vein, it is known that there are borrowed words in the vocabularies of both extinct and living spoken and written languages in the world. It is clearly seen in vocabulary analyses that no language is free of borrowed words — that is, a pure language. From this perspective, there can be interaction relations between languages X and Y, for example, and this interaction can be established through language Z or other languages. Within this framework, this study aims to analyze words in Tuvinian — related to the Siberian group of Turkic languages — borrowed from Persian. Although the existence of words borrowed from Persian in Turkic languages is known, it is rather remarkable that Tuvinian vocabulary also has data from the Persian language. The method used in this study comprised reviewing Etimologiçeskiy slovar’ Tuvinskogo yazıka (Tom I-II-III-IV), Etimologiçeskiy slovar’ tyurkskih yazıkov (Tom II), Tolkovıy slovar’ Tuvinskogo yazıka (Tom I-II), and Tuvinsko-russkiy slovar’, which contain language data pertaining to Tuvinian vocabulary, as well as indexing words of Persian origin in these works. As a result of this literature review, 24 words of Persian origin were identified in the Tuvinian language. This study further investigated whether these identified words of Persian origin were borrowed directly or through mediating languages, if any. In consequence, it was found that these words entered the Tuvinian language in the following ways: (a) Persian >> Mongolian languages >> Tuvinian language; (b) Persian >> Russian >> Tuvinian language; (c) Persian >> Russian >> Altai language >> Tuvinian language; (d) Persian >> Turkic languages >> Russian >> Tuvinian language; and (e) Persian >> ? >> Tuvinian language.
This study analyzes words in Tuvinian — related to the Siberian group of Turkic languages — borrowed from Persian. Although the existence of words borrowed from Persian in Turkic languages is known, it is rather remarkable that Tuvinian vocabulary also has data from the Persian language.
So far, no exclusive study has been conducted on words in Tuvinian borrowed from Persian. When discussing Persian words in other Siberian Turkic dialects or other languages in Siberia, they are elaborated only if such words are witnessed in Tuvinian. Some words of Persian origin are also shown in the etymological dictionary of Tuvinian. Marek Stachowski has produced pioneering studies in this field. Marek Stachowski analyzed Persian and Arabic origin words in southern Siberian Turkic dialects in his article, “Beiträge zur Kenntnis der arabischen und persischen Lehnwörter in den südsibirischen Türksprachen.” In this study, he underlined the form of the following words of Persian origin in Tuvinian: bazār, tar(y), däptär, kügür, bolat, čigir, taxta, kudaj, and kinči. In another study by Stachowski, referred to as “Persische Etymologien in der Geschichte der jakutischen Wortforschung,” he recorded the word par, which he considered to be of Persian origin and had not presented in his previous work. Finally, the word kās is identified as a Tuvinian word borrowed from Persian in Stachowski’s article, “Persian Loan Words in 18th Century Yeniseic and the Problem of Linguistic Areas in Siberia.”
In addition to Stachowski’s studies, Marzanna Pomorska analyzed words of Persian origin in the Chulym Turkic language in her article, “Notes on Persian Loan Words in the Chulym Turkic Dialects.” In this article, Pomorska showed the words in question if the same words were also present in Tuvinian, when marking the words of Persian origin in the Chulym Turkic language. In Pomorska’s work, the words she recorded as borrowed from Persian were Boz̆a, dary, kügür, kudaj, kās, bolat, çigir, and taχta. Nonetheless, it should be noted that although Pomorska’s study focused on words in Chulym Turkic borrowed from Persian, if any Persian-origin word found in Chulym Turkic was used in other Turkic dialects, the study also referred to these other languages where that word was being used. In other words, this study referred to common words in general Turkish although mainly dwelling upon the data on the Chulym Turkic language. The studies mentioned above, however, did not directly tackle Persian-origin words in Tuvinian but only referred to such words when analyzing Persian-origin words in other Siberian Turkic dialects. Hence, this study specifically elaborates on words in Tuvinian that are borrowed from Persian. While determining words borrowed from Persian, we reviewed the following works: ESTY-I, ESTY-II, ESTY-III, ESTY-IV, ESTYa-II, TSTY-I, TSTY-II, and TuvRS. As a result of this review, we identified 14 new Persian-origin words (çadır, çemodan, doos: aldın-doos (togus), doydu, duran, kas, kindan, kojay, kurbustu, majı, margaa, mede ~ me’de, merze, and terek) in addition to those recorded by Stachowski (bazār, bolat, čigir, tar(y), däptär, kās, kudaj, kügür, and taxta) and Pomorska (boz̆a, bolat, čigir, dary, kās, kudaj, kügür, and taχta).
In Tuvinian, 24 words of Persian origin have been identified. We believe that the way these words were introduced to Tuvinian was as follows: (a) Persian >> Mongolian languages >> Tuvinian language; (b) Persian >> Russian >> Tuvinian language; (c) Persian >> Russian >> Altai language >> Tuvinian language; (d) Persian >> Turkic languages >> Russian >> Tuvinian language; and (e) Persian >>? >> Tuvinian language.
