Araştırma Makalesi


DOI :10.26650/JECS2019-0041   IUP :10.26650/JECS2019-0041    Tam Metin (PDF)

2.000 Aile Araştırması: Bazı Sonuçlar ve Gelecek Araştırmalar için Potansiyeli

Ayşe Güveli

Son yıllarda, göç alanında kaydedilen gelişmelere rağmen, Avrupa’ya olan göçün analizine ilişkin yeterince aydınlatılmamış çalışma alanları mevcuttur. Göçün menşe ülkede kalanlara kıyasla, göçmenler, çocukları ve torunları üzerindeki etkileri hakkındaki bilgimiz oldukça sınırlıdır. Benzer şekilde, kuşaklar arası aktarımın nasıl geliştiğini ve şekillendiğini anlamaya yönelik akademik çalışmalar, varış ülkesinde yaşayan iki kuşağın karşılaştırılması ile sınırlıdır. Bu sınırlamalar, menşe ülkelerindeki göçmen olmayanlarla ve geri dönen göçmenlerle karşılaştırmayı içeren ve çoklu kuşaklar arası aktarım süreçlerini izleyen çalışmaların azlığından kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu çalışma, ilgili alandaki teorik ve metodolojik tartışmalarla birlikte 2.000 Aile Araştırması’nın, tasarımını ve veri setini tanıtan bir özet niteliğindedir. Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de ve en az sekiz farklı Avrupa ülkesinde yaşayan üç kuşağı kapsayan, yaklaşık 50.000 göçmen ve göçmen olmayan Türk aile üyesinin katılımı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Köklerden farklılaşma teorik bakış açısını benimseyen bu çalışma ile, araştırmaya dair belirleyici bulgular sunulmaktadır. Bu anket çalışması, katılımcıların bireysel özelliklerinin, değerlerinin, kaynaklarının ve tutumlarının yanı sıra üç kuşak boyunca aile geçmişleri ve göç deneyimleri hakkında zengin bilgiler sağlamıştır. Ayrıca, 2.000 Aile Çalışması’nın gelecekteki göç araştırmaları için potansiyeli yansıtılmaktadır. Araştırmacılar, 2.000 Aile verilerini, GESIS veri bankasından (GESIS data archive) indirip analiz edebilirler. 
DOI :10.26650/JECS2019-0041   IUP :10.26650/JECS2019-0041    Tam Metin (PDF)

2000 Families Research: Some Findings and Potential for Future Research

Ayşe Güveli

We have only a limited understanding of the consequences of migration for migrants and their descendants, relative to staying behind; and our insights of intergenerational transmission is limited to two generations of those living in the destination countries. These limitations stem from a scarcity of studies and data that include comparisons with those left behind and return migrants – in origin countries and which trace processes of intergenerational transmission over multiple generations in the migration context. This paper outlines the theoretical and methodological discussions in the field and data of the 2000 Families study. It introduces the unique design of the 2000 Families study, and its datasets, and discusses the research potential for future research. This study provides some core findings from the study, framed within a theoretical perspective of “dissimilation from origins”, and reflects on its potential for future migration research in all fields of the social sciences. The rich datasets are stored in the GESIS data archive and are open for researchers to explore and answer hitherto unanswerable research questions on multigenerational transmission, international migration, Turkish migration, (transnational) family relations, friendship, socioeconomic, cultural, political, religious behaviour, attitudes, values and relations. 

GENİŞLETİLMİŞ ÖZET


Despite recent advances, critical areas in the analysis of European migration remain underdeveloped. We have only a limited understanding of the consequences of migration for migrants and their descendants, relative to staying behind; and our insights of intergenerational transmission is limited to two generations of those living in the destination countries. These limitations stem from a scarcity of studies and data that include comparisons with those left behind and return migrants – in origin countries and which trace processes of intergenerational transmission over multiple generations in the migration context. Typical research on migrants and their descendants compares their whereabouts to natives or other migrant groups in the destination countries. However, to understand and reveal the impact of migration and change and stability after migration, research should take into account how migrants and their offspring compare to those non-migrants in the origin societies.

This paper outlines the theoretical and methodological discussions in the field, design and data of the 2,000 Families: Migration Histories of Turks in Europe study. It is estimated that more than five million people of Turkish descent live in Western Europe, making it one of the largest migrant groups in Europe. The fact that it is so large makes it of real interest, because research shows that the larger the migrant group, the slower the integration processes. Furthermore, Turks in Europe are predominantly Muslims or have Islamic background, which forms another important feature to investigate their migration, dissimilation and integration trajectories.

The 2000 Families research is an unprecedented study that has interviewed some 50,000 Turkish people – both migrants and non-migrants about their education, jobs, marriage, religion, friendships and family, and attitudes to gender and tradition. It begins with 2,000 Turkish men born between 1920 and 1945 from five distinct regions in Turkey. It then tracks the journeys of 1,600 of them to nine European countries as guest workers, and continues to follow their lives and those of their children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren. It furthermore traces the family genealogies of approximately 400 non-migrant ancestors from the same sending regions (Sarkışla, Akçaabat, Kulu, Emirdağ and Acıpayam) of the pioneer guest workers.

This paper introduces the unique design of the 2000 Families study, and its datasets, and discusses the research potential for future research. It provides some core findings from the study, framed within a theoretical perspective of “dissimilation from origins”, and reflects on its potential for future migration research in all fields of the social sciences. By tracing the family lineages of both migrants and non-migrants, the survey broadens the scope of research to include multi-generational transmission and the influence of grandparents on grandchildren. By covering early labour migrants and their descendants spread across eight host societies, it allows an exploration of the likely cross-country differences in the economic, social, cultural and/or political integration of a sizeable migrant Muslim group in Europe. The survey captures return migrants, providing a rare opportunity to shed light on an understudied area.

The rich datasets are stored in the GESIS data archive and are open for researchers to explore and answer hitherto unanswerable research questions on multigenerational transmission, international migration, Turkish migration, (transnational) family relations, friendship, socioeconomic, cultural, political, religious behaviour, attitudes, values and relations.

Initial findings from the 2000 Families study show that migrants and their descendants do benefit from moving to Europe. Migrants and their three generations of descendants have higher education and occupational status, especially women gain more educational and employment benefits than men. They are also less likely to be in an arranged marriage, tend to have fewer children and demonstrate more gender equalitarian attitudes. The research also shows the migrants’ attachment to their home country’s culture and traditions decreased slightly over family and migration generations. The 2000 Families study illustrates how important and enlightening it is to compare migrants with non-migrants across multiple family and migration generations, rather than predominantly with natives in the destination country.


PDF Görünüm

Referanslar

  • Abadan-Unat, Nermin, Rusen Keles, Rinus Penninx, Herman Van Renselaar, Leo van Velzen, & Leyla Yenisey. (1975). Migration and development: A study of the effects of international labour migration on Bogazlayan destrict. Ankara: Ajans – Turk Press. google scholar
  • Akgunduz, Ahmet. (2008). Labour migration from Turkey to Western Europe, 1960–1974: A multidisciplinary analysis. Aldershot: Ashgate. google scholar
  • Alba, R., Logan, J. Lutz, A., & Stults. B. (2002). Only English by the third generation? Loss and preservation of the mother tongue among the grandchildren of contemporary immigrants. Demography, 39(3), 467–484. google scholar
  • Alba, R., & Nee. V. (1997). Rethinking assimilation theory for a new era of immigration. International Migration Review, 31(4), 826–874. google scholar
  • Amelina, A., & Faist. T. (2012). De-naturalizing the national in research methodologies: Key concepts of transnational studies in migration. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 35(10), 1707–1724. google scholar
  • Baykara-Krumme, H. (2015). Three-generation marriage patterns: New insights from the ‘dissimilation’ perspective. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 41(8), 1324– 1346. google scholar
  • Baykara-Krumme, H. (2016). Consanguineous marriage in Turkish families in Turkey and in Western Europe. International Migration Review, 50(3), 568–598. doi:10.1111/imre. 12176. google scholar
  • Bayrakdar, S. & Guveli, A. (2019). The educational consequences of migration for women and men. Migrant and Europe-born Turkish origin people compared to non-migrants in Turkey. ISER Working Paper Series, No.201908. google scholar
  • Beauchemin, C. (Ed.). (2018). Migration between Africa and Europe. Springer International Publishing. google scholar
  • Beauchemin, C. (2014). A manifesto for quantitative multi-sited approaches to international migration. International Migration Review, 48(4), 1747–7379. google scholar
  • Beauchemin, C., & Amparo G. F. (2011). Sampling international migrants with origin-based snowballing method: New evidence on biases and limitations. Demographic Research, 25, 103–134. google scholar
  • Bengtson, V.L., Casey E., Norella, C., Putney, N., & Silverstein, M., (2009). A longitudinal study of the intergenerational transmission of religion. International Sociology, 24(3), 325–345. google scholar
  • Borjas, G. J. (1992). Ethnic capital and intergenerational mobility. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107 (1), 123–150. google scholar
  • Carol, S. (2014). The intergenerational transmission of intermarriage attitudes and intergroup friendships. The role of Turkish migrant parents. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 40(10), 1550–1571. google scholar
  • Castles, S., De Haas, H., & Miller. M. J. (2014). The age of migration: International population movements in the modern world. 5th ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. google scholar
  • Chan, T. W., & Boliver. V. (2013). The grandparents effect in social mobility: Evidence from British birth cohort studies. American Sociological Review, 78(4), 662–678. doi:10.1177/0003122413489130. google scholar
  • Crul, M., & Schneider. J. (2010). Comparative integration context theory: Participation and belonging in new diverse European cities. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 33(7), 1249–1268. google scholar
  • Dustmann, C. (2008). Return migration, investment in children, and intergenerational mobility – comparing sons of foreign- and native-born fathers. Journal of Human Resources, 43(2): 299–324. google scholar
  • Dustmann, C., Itzhak F., & Weiss, T. (2011). Return migration, human capital accumulation and the brain drain. Journal of Development Economics, 95(1), 58–67. google scholar
  • Eroglu-Hawksworth, S, (2018). Trapped in small business? An investigation of three generations of migrants from Turkey to Western Europe. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44, 1214-1232. google scholar
  • FitzGerald, D. (2012). A comparativist manifesto for international migration studies. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 35(10), 1725–1740. google scholar
  • Ganzeboom, B. G. H., Sozeri, E.K. Guveli, A. & Bayrakdar. S. (2015). 2000 Families: Migration histories of Turks in Europe, Data Documentation. Amsterdam: VU University of Amsterdam. google scholar
  • Glass, J., Bengtson, V.L. & Dunham. C.C. (1986). Attitude similarity in three-generation families: Socialization, status inheritance, or reciprocal influence? American Sociological Review, 51(5), 685–698. google scholar
  • Glick, J. E. (2010). Connecting complex processes: A decade of research on immigrant families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(3), 498–515. google scholar
  • Guveli, A. (2015). Are movers more religious than stayers? Religiosity of European majority, Turks in Europe and Turkey. Review of Religious Research, 57, 43–62. google scholar
  • Guveli, A., Ganzeboom, B.G.H., Baykara-Krumme, H., Platt, L., Eroglu, S., Spierings, N., Bayrakdar, S., Nauck, B. & Sözeri, E.K. (2017). 2,000 Families: Identifying the research potential of an origins-of-migration study. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 40(14), 2558-2576. google scholar
  • Guveli, A. Ganzeboom, B. G. H., Baykara-Krumme, H., Bayrakdar, S., Eroglu, S., Hamutci, B., Nauck, B., Platt, L. & Sözeri, E.K. (2016). 2000 Families: Migration histories of Turks in Europe. GESIS Datenarchiv, Köln. ZA5957 Datenfile Version 1.0.0. doi:10.4232/1.12541. google scholar
  • Guveli, A., Ganzeboom, B.G.H. Platt, L. Nauck, B., Baykara- Krumme, H., Eroglu, S. Bayrakdar, S., Sozeri, E.K. & Spierings. N. (2016). Intergenerational consequences of migration: Socio-economic, family and cultural patterns of stability and change in Turkey and Europe. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan. google scholar
  • Guveli, A. & Platt. L. (2011). Understanding the religious behaviour of Muslims in the Netherlands and the UK. Sociology, 45 (6), 1008–1027. google scholar
  • Guveli, A. (2011). Social and economic impact of the headscarf ban on women in Turkey. European Societies, 13(2), 171-189. google scholar
  • Hagan, J., MacMillan, R. & Wheaton. B. (1996). New kid in town: Social capital and the life course effects of family migration on children. American Sociological Review, 61(3), 368–385. google scholar
  • Hagestad, G.O. (2006). Transfers between grandparents and grandchildren: The importance of taking a threegeneration perspective. Zeitschrift für Familienforschung-Journal of Family Research, 18(3), 315–332. google scholar
  • Herberg, W. (1955). Protestant, Catholic, Jew: An essay in American religious sociology. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co. google scholar
  • Hitlin, S. (2006). Parental influences on children’s values and aspirations: Bridging two theories of social class and socialization. Sociological Perspectives, 49(1), 25–46. google scholar
  • Hondagneu-Sotelo, P., (1992). Overcoming patriarchal constraints: The reconstruction of gender relations among Mexican immigrant women and men. Gender & Society, 6, 393–415. google scholar
  • Huijnk, W., & Liefbroer. A.C. (2012). Family influences on intermarriage attitudes: A sibling analysis in the Netherlands. Journal of Marriage and Family, 74(1), 70–85. google scholar
  • Ichou, M. (2014). Who they were there: Immigrants’ educational selectivity and their children’s educational attainment. European Sociological Review, 30(6), 750–765. google scholar
  • Kalmijn, M., Liefbroer, A.C., Van Poppel, F., & Van Solinge. H. (2006). The family factor in Jewish-Gentile intermarriage: A sibling analysis of the Netherlands. Social Forces, 84(3), 1347–1358. google scholar
  • Koenig, M., Maliepaard, M, & Güveli, A. (2016). Religion and new immigrants’ labor market entry in Western Europe. Ethnicities, 16(2), 213–235. google scholar
  • Koopmans, R., Michalowski, I., & Waibel. S. (2012). Citizenship rights for immigrants: National political processes and cross-national convergence in Western Europe, 1980–2008. American Journal of Sociology, 117(4), 1202–1245. google scholar
  • Lazerwitz, B., & Rowitz. L. (1964). The three-generations hypothesis. American Journal of Sociology, 69(5), 529– 538. google scholar
  • Maliepaard, M., & Lubbers. M. (2013). Parental religious transmission after migration: The case of Dutch Muslims. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 39(3), 425–442. google scholar
  • Markides, K.S. (1986). Sources of helping and intergenerational solidarity: A three-generations study of Mexican Americans. Journal of Gerontology, 41(4), 506–511. google scholar
  • Massey, D.S. (1987). The ethnosurvey in theory and practice. International Migration Review, 21(4), 1498–1522. google scholar
  • Massey, D.S., Alarcon, R., Durand, J., & Gonzalez. H. (1987). Return to Aztlan: The social process of international migration from Western Mexico. Berkeley: University of California Press. google scholar
  • Montero, D. (1981). The Japanese Americans: Changing patterns of assimilation over three generations. American Sociological Review, 46(6), 829–839. google scholar
  • Nauck, B. (2001). Social capital, intergenerational transmission and intercultural contact in immigrant families. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 32(4), 465–489. google scholar
  • Obucina, O. (2013). Occupational trajectories and occupational cost among Senegalese immigrants in Europe. Demographic Research, 28(19), 547–580. google scholar
  • Phalet, K., & Schonpflug. U. (2001). Intergenerational transmission in Turkish immigrant families: Parental collectivism, achievement values and gender differences. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 32(4), 489–504. google scholar
  • Platt, L. (2007). Making education count: The effects of ethnicity and qualifications on intergenerational social class mobility. The Sociological Review, 55(3), 485–508. google scholar
  • Portes, A., & Rumbaut. R.G. (2001). Legacies. The story of the immigrant second generation. Berkeley: University of California Press. google scholar
  • Schneider, J., & Crul. M. (2010). New insights into assimilation and integration theory: Introduction to the Special Issue. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 33 (7), 1143–1148. google scholar
  • Schönpflug, U. (2001). Intergenerational transmission of values: The role of transmission belts. Journal of CrossCultural Psychology, 32 (2), 174–185. google scholar
  • Schoorl, J., Heering, L., Esveldt, I., Groenewold, G., Van der Erf, R., Bosch, A., De Valk, H., & De Bruijn. B. (2000). Push and pull factors of international migration: A comparative report. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publication of the European Communities. google scholar
  • Spierings, N. (2015). Gender equality attitudes among Turks in Western Europe and Turkey: The interrelated impact of migration and parents’ attitudes. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 41(5), 749–771. google scholar
  • Telles, E.E., & Ortiz. V. (2009). Generations of exclusion: Mexican Americans, assimilation, and race. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. google scholar
  • Thomas, W.I., & Znaniecki. F.E. (1918). The polish peasant in Europe and America: Monograph of an immigrant group. Boston, MA: Richard G. Badger. google scholar
  • Vermeulen, H. (2010). Segmented assimilation and cross-national comparative research on the integration of immigrants and their children. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 33(7), 1214–1230. google scholar
  • Wimmer, A., & Schiller. N.G. (2003). Methodological nationalism, the social sciences, and the study of migration: An essay in historical epistemology. International Migration Review, 37(3), 576–610. google scholar

Atıflar

Biçimlendirilmiş bir atıfı kopyalayıp yapıştırın veya seçtiğiniz biçimde dışa aktarmak için seçeneklerden birini kullanın


DIŞA AKTAR



APA

Güveli, A. (2019). 2.000 Aile Araştırması: Bazı Sonuçlar ve Gelecek Araştırmalar için Potansiyeli. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, 0(60), 87-104. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2019-0041


AMA

Güveli A. 2.000 Aile Araştırması: Bazı Sonuçlar ve Gelecek Araştırmalar için Potansiyeli. Journal of Economy Culture and Society. 2019;0(60):87-104. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2019-0041


ABNT

Güveli, A. 2.000 Aile Araştırması: Bazı Sonuçlar ve Gelecek Araştırmalar için Potansiyeli. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, [Publisher Location], v. 0, n. 60, p. 87-104, 2019.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Güveli, Ayşe,. 2019. “2.000 Aile Araştırması: Bazı Sonuçlar ve Gelecek Araştırmalar için Potansiyeli.” Journal of Economy Culture and Society 0, no. 60: 87-104. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2019-0041


Chicago: Humanities Style

Güveli, Ayşe,. 2.000 Aile Araştırması: Bazı Sonuçlar ve Gelecek Araştırmalar için Potansiyeli.” Journal of Economy Culture and Society 0, no. 60 (Nov. 2024): 87-104. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2019-0041


Harvard: Australian Style

Güveli, A 2019, '2.000 Aile Araştırması: Bazı Sonuçlar ve Gelecek Araştırmalar için Potansiyeli', Journal of Economy Culture and Society, vol. 0, no. 60, pp. 87-104, viewed 15 Nov. 2024, https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2019-0041


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Güveli, A. (2019) ‘2.000 Aile Araştırması: Bazı Sonuçlar ve Gelecek Araştırmalar için Potansiyeli’, Journal of Economy Culture and Society, 0(60), pp. 87-104. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2019-0041 (15 Nov. 2024).


MLA

Güveli, Ayşe,. 2.000 Aile Araştırması: Bazı Sonuçlar ve Gelecek Araştırmalar için Potansiyeli.” Journal of Economy Culture and Society, vol. 0, no. 60, 2019, pp. 87-104. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2019-0041


Vancouver

Güveli A. 2.000 Aile Araştırması: Bazı Sonuçlar ve Gelecek Araştırmalar için Potansiyeli. Journal of Economy Culture and Society [Internet]. 15 Nov. 2024 [cited 15 Nov. 2024];0(60):87-104. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2019-0041 doi: 10.26650/JECS2019-0041


ISNAD

Güveli, Ayşe. 2.000 Aile Araştırması: Bazı Sonuçlar ve Gelecek Araştırmalar için Potansiyeli”. Journal of Economy Culture and Society 0/60 (Nov. 2024): 87-104. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2019-0041



ZAMAN ÇİZELGESİ


Gönderim19.04.2019
Kabul24.08.2019
Çevrimiçi Yayınlanma22.10.2019

LİSANS


Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)

This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge you and be non-commercial, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms.


PAYLAŞ




İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları, uluslararası yayıncılık standartları ve etiğine uygun olarak, yüksek kalitede bilimsel dergi ve kitapların yayınlanmasıyla giderek artan bilimsel bilginin yayılmasına katkıda bulunmayı amaçlamaktadır. İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları açık erişimli, ticari olmayan, bilimsel yayıncılığı takip etmektedir.