Journal of Economy Culture and Society

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Araştırma Makalesi


DOI :10.26650/JECS2018-002   IUP :10.26650/JECS2018-002    Tam Metin (PDF)

Kültürel, Sosyal, Duygusal ve Bilişsel Açılardan Türkiye’de Rüşvet Olgusu

Mustafa Şeref Akın

Bu makale Türkiye’de rüşvet olgusunu kültürel, sosyal, duygusal ve bilişsel açılardan etnografik metodları kullanarak açıklamayı hedeflemektedir. Rüşvetin ekonomik, hukuki ve siyasi boyutu kadar psikolojik ve sosyal psikoloji boyutu mevcut.  Sosyal psikolojik unsurlar, itaat ve uygunluk kavramına bağlı olarak rüşvet işleminde çok güçlüdür. İnsanlar vicdanlarını rahatlamak için kullandıkları sebepler başkalarının da böyle davrandığı yönündeki inaçlarıdır. Daha önceki çalışmalar anketlere dayalıdır. Halbu ki, rüşvet hadisesindeki gerçek davranış ve deneyimleri yansıtmamaktadır. Bu açıdan rüşvet konusundaki ilk etnografik akademik araştırmadır.  Etnografik araştırmada, farklı alanlarda rüşvet veren kişilerle derin duygusal, kültürel, sosyal ve bilişsel deneyimlerini ortaya koymaktadır. Araştırma soruları a) hangi bağlamda yolsuzluğun meydana geldiği, b) fiziksel, bilişsel, duygusal, sosyal ve kültürel durumların neler olduğu ve c) insanların neden rüşvet verdikleri ve motivasyonları ne olduğu yöndedir? Empatik bir anlayış kazanma insanları anlamak düşüncelerini, duygularını ve ihtiyaçlarını dinleyerek, gözlemleyerek, etkileşerek ve analiz ederek kazanılır. İnsanların rüşvet hikayelerini dikkatli bir şekilde dinlemek, çok şaşırtıcı ve açık olmayan çok değerli gerçekleri açığa çıkarabilir. Böyle değerli bilgilere ulaşmak için insanların yaptığı, söylediği ve düşündüğü her şeye odaklanılmalı; Bir siyasi politikayı uygularken insanların faaliyetlerini, ihtiyaçlarını, motivasyonlarını ve genel deneyimlerini derinlemesine zihnimizde olmalı. 
Anahtar Kelimeler: Rüşvet, sosyal psikoloji, psikoloji, etnografi, kalkınmakta olan ülkeler
DOI :10.26650/JECS2018-002   IUP :10.26650/JECS2018-002    Tam Metin (PDF)

Cultural, Social, Emotional and Cognitive Aspects of Corruption in Turkey

Mustafa Şeref Akın

This paper aims to contribute to an improved understanding of the role played by psychology and social psychology in corruption in Turkey using enthnographic methods. The social psychological elements are very strong in bribery transactions, linked to the concept of obedience and conformity. Previous works rely on survey questions. However, survey responses may not reflect true experiences in actual corruption scenarios. From this perspective, it is the first ethnographic academic research on corruption. The research questions concern a) in which context corruption occurs, b) what are the physical, cognitive, emotional, social, and cultural situations, and c) what people’s motivations are and why people give into bribery. Knowing people is about gaining an empathic understanding of people’s thoughts, feelings, and needs by interacting. Immersing yourself in people’s bribery transactions and keenly listening to their bribery stories can provide valuable insights whish are sometimes quite surprising and nonobvious. To get to such valuable insights, we should focus on everything that people do, say, and think during ther bribery transaction; we should deeply understand people’s motivations, and overall experiences when we implement policies. 
Anahtar Kelimeler: Corruption, social psychology, psychology, ethnography, developing economies

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Referanslar

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  • Tranparency International (2017). Turkey’s institutions are failing to comply with good governance principles and combat corruption. https://www.transparency.org/news/pressrelease/turkeys_institutions_are_failing_to_comply_with_good_governance_principles google scholar
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  • Slavador, T., Bell, G., & Ken, A. (1999). Design ethnography. Design Management Journal, Fall, 35–41. google scholar
  • Schulze, G., & Frank, B. (2003). Deterrence versus intrinsic motivation: experimental evidence on the determinants of corruptibility. Economics of Governance, 4, 143–160. google scholar
  • Svensson, J. (2003). Who must pay bribes and how much? Evidence from a cross section of firms. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118, 207–230. google scholar
  • Waller, C. J., Verdier, T., & Gardner, R. (2002). Corruption: Top down or bottom up? Economic Inquiry, 40(4), 688–703. google scholar
  • Whitney, P (2001). Culture shock. Context Magazine, August, September, 18–19. google scholar
  • Whitney, P. (2003). Global companies in local markets. Product Design Magazine, April, 49–53. Acemoglu, D., & Verdier, T. (1998). Property rights, corruption and the allocation of talent: A general equilibrium approach. Econ Journal, 108(450), 1381–1403. google scholar
  • Beets , S. D . (2005). Understanding the demand-side issues of international corruption. Journal of Business Ethics, 57(1): 65–81. google scholar
  • Brown, T. (2008). Design thinking. Harvard Business Review, 5(3), 56–65. google scholar
  • Brown T. (2009). Change by design: How design thinking transforms organizations and inspires innovation. New York: Harper Business. google scholar
  • Cateora, P. R., Gilly, M.C., & Graham, J. L. (2009). International marketing. Irwin, New York: McGraw-Hill. google scholar
  • Caselli, F., & Morelli, M. (2004). Bad politicians. Journal of Public Economics 88(3–4), 752–782. google scholar
  • Chandler, J. D., & Graham, J. L. (2010). Relationship-oriented cultures, corruption, and international marketing success. Journal of Business Ethics, 92(2), 251–267. google scholar
  • DiRienzo, C., Das, J., Cort, K., & Burbridge, J. (2007). Corruption and the role of information. Journal of International Business Studies, 38(2), 320–332. google scholar
  • Dollar, D., & Levin, V. (2006). The increasing selectivity of foreign aid, 1984–2003. World Development, 34(12), 2034–2046. google scholar
  • Everett, J., Neu, D., & Shiraz, A. (2007). Accounting and the global fight against corruption. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 32(6), 513–542. google scholar
  • Forsyth, D.R (2006). Group dynamics. Belmont, CA: Thomson-Wadworth. google scholar
  • Gelbrich, K., Stedham, Y., & Gäthke, D. (2016). Cultural discrepancy and national corruption: investigating the difference between cultural values and practices and its relationship to corrupt behavior. Business Ethics Quarterly, 26, 2. google scholar
  • Getz, K. A., & Volkema, R. J. (2001). Culture, perceived corruption, and economics: A model of predictors and outcomes. Business & Society, 40(1), 7–30. google scholar
  • Harrison, L. E. (2000). Culture matters. The National Interest, 60, 55–65. google scholar
  • Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. google scholar
  • Huang, H., & Wei, S. J. (2006). Monetary policies for developing countries: The role of institutional quality. Journal of International Economics, 10(1), 239–252. google scholar
  • Huntington, S. P. (1968). Political order in changing societies. New Haven: Yale University Press. google scholar
  • Husted, B. (1999). Wealth, culture, and corruption. Journal of International Business Studies, 30(2), 339–359. google scholar
  • Izraeli, D. (1997). Business ethics in the middle east. Journal of Business Ethics, 16(14), 1555–1560. google scholar
  • Khera, I. P. (2001). Business ethics east versus west: myths and realities. Journal of Business Ethics, 30(1), 29–39. google scholar
  • Kelley, T., & Kelley. (2013). Creative confidence: unleashing the creative potential within us. New York: Crown Business. google scholar
  • Kumar, V. (2012). 101 Design methods: A structured approach for driving innovation in your organization. Chicago: Wiley. google scholar
  • Lee, W. & Guven, C. (2013). Engaging in corruption: The influence of cultural values and contagion effects at the microlevel. Journal of Economic Psychology, 39(4): 287–300. google scholar
  • Leff, N. (1964). Economic development through bureaucratic corruption. Amer. Behav. Sci., 8(2), 8–14. google scholar
  • Liedtka, J., King, A., & Bennett, K. (2014). Solvıng problems with design thinking. New York: Columbia Business School. google scholar
  • Martin, K. D., Cullen, J. B., Johnson, J. L., & Parbotheeah, K. P . (2007). Deciding to bribe: A cross-level analysis of the fi rm and home country infl uences on bribery activity. Academy of Management Journal, 50(6): 1401–1422. google scholar
  • Maingot, A. P. (1994). Confronting corruption in the hemisphere: A sociological perspective. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, 36, 49–63. google scholar
  • Mauro, P. (1995). Corruption and growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 681–712. google scholar
  • Milgram, S. (1974). Obedience to authority; An experimental view. New York: Harpercollins. google scholar
  • Miller, W. (2006). Corruption and corruptibility. World Development, 34, 371–380. google scholar
  • Mo, P. H. (2001). Corruption and Economic Growth. J. Comp. Econ., 29(1), 66–79. google scholar
  • O’Higgins, E. (2006). Corruption, underdevelopment, and extractive industries: addressing the vicious cycle. Business Ethics Quarterly, 16(2), 235–254. google scholar
  • Park., H. (2003). Determinants of corruption: A cross-national analysis . The Multinational Business Review, 11(2): 29–48. google scholar
  • Quah, J. S. T. (1999). Corruption in asian countries: can it be minimized? Public Administration Review, 59(6), 483–494. google scholar
  • Razafindrakoto, M., & Roubaud, F. (2010). Are international databases on corruption reliable? A comparison of expert opinion surveys and household surveys in sub-Saharan Africa. World Development, 38, 1057–1069. google scholar
  • Riggs, F. W. (1997). Modernity and bureaucracy. Public Administration Review, 57(4), 247–353. google scholar
  • Rivas, M. (2011). An experiment on corruption and gender. Working Paper, Middle East Technical University –Northern Cyprus Campus. google scholar
  • Rose-Ackerman, S., & Palifka, B. J. (2016). Corruption and government: causes, consequences, and reform. Cambridge: Cambridge University. google scholar
  • Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behaviour. In Worchel, S; Austin, W.G. Psychology of Intergroup Relations. Chicago, Illinois: Nelson-Hall. google scholar
  • Theobald, R. (2002). Containing Corruption: Can the State Deliver? New Political Economy, 7(3), 435–449. google scholar
  • Tranparency International (2017). Turkey’s institutions are failing to comply with good governance principles and combat corruption. https://www.transparency.org/news/pressrelease/turkeys_institutions_are_failing_to_comply_with_good_governance_principles google scholar
  • Treisman, D. (2000). The causes of corruption: a cross-national study. Journal of Public Economics, 76, 399–457. Sanyal, R. N. (2005). Determinants of bribery in international business. Journal of Business Ethics, 59(1-2), 139–145. google scholar
  • Slavador, T., Bell, G., & Ken, A. (1999). Design ethnography. Design Management Journal, Fall, 35–41. google scholar
  • Schulze, G., & Frank, B. (2003). Deterrence versus intrinsic motivation: experimental evidence on the determinants of corruptibility. Economics of Governance, 4, 143–160. google scholar
  • Svensson, J. (2003). Who must pay bribes and how much? Evidence from a cross section of firms. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118, 207–230. google scholar
  • Waller, C. J., Verdier, T., & Gardner, R. (2002). Corruption: Top down or bottom up? Economic Inquiry, 40(4), 688–703. google scholar
  • Whitney, P (2001). Culture shock. Context Magazine, August, September, 18–19. google scholar
  • Whitney, P. (2003). Global companies in local markets. Product Design Magazine, April, 49–53. google scholar

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DIŞA AKTAR



APA

Akın, M.Ş. (2019). Kültürel, Sosyal, Duygusal ve Bilişsel Açılardan Türkiye’de Rüşvet Olgusu. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, 0(59), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2018-002


AMA

Akın M Ş. Kültürel, Sosyal, Duygusal ve Bilişsel Açılardan Türkiye’de Rüşvet Olgusu. Journal of Economy Culture and Society. 2019;0(59):1-12. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2018-002


ABNT

Akın, M.Ş. Kültürel, Sosyal, Duygusal ve Bilişsel Açılardan Türkiye’de Rüşvet Olgusu. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, [Publisher Location], v. 0, n. 59, p. 1-12, 2019.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Akın, Mustafa Şeref,. 2019. “Kültürel, Sosyal, Duygusal ve Bilişsel Açılardan Türkiye’de Rüşvet Olgusu.” Journal of Economy Culture and Society 0, no. 59: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2018-002


Chicago: Humanities Style

Akın, Mustafa Şeref,. “Kültürel, Sosyal, Duygusal ve Bilişsel Açılardan Türkiye’de Rüşvet Olgusu.” Journal of Economy Culture and Society 0, no. 59 (Jun. 2024): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2018-002


Harvard: Australian Style

Akın, MŞ 2019, 'Kültürel, Sosyal, Duygusal ve Bilişsel Açılardan Türkiye’de Rüşvet Olgusu', Journal of Economy Culture and Society, vol. 0, no. 59, pp. 1-12, viewed 29 Jun. 2024, https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2018-002


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Akın, M.Ş. (2019) ‘Kültürel, Sosyal, Duygusal ve Bilişsel Açılardan Türkiye’de Rüşvet Olgusu’, Journal of Economy Culture and Society, 0(59), pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2018-002 (29 Jun. 2024).


MLA

Akın, Mustafa Şeref,. “Kültürel, Sosyal, Duygusal ve Bilişsel Açılardan Türkiye’de Rüşvet Olgusu.” Journal of Economy Culture and Society, vol. 0, no. 59, 2019, pp. 1-12. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2018-002


Vancouver

Akın MŞ. Kültürel, Sosyal, Duygusal ve Bilişsel Açılardan Türkiye’de Rüşvet Olgusu. Journal of Economy Culture and Society [Internet]. 29 Jun. 2024 [cited 29 Jun. 2024];0(59):1-12. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2018-002 doi: 10.26650/JECS2018-002


ISNAD

Akın, MustafaŞeref. “Kültürel, Sosyal, Duygusal ve Bilişsel Açılardan Türkiye’de Rüşvet Olgusu”. Journal of Economy Culture and Society 0/59 (Jun. 2024): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2018-002



ZAMAN ÇİZELGESİ


Gönderim25.12.2018
Kabul21.02.2019
Çevrimiçi Yayınlanma03.07.2019

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PAYLAŞ




İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları, uluslararası yayıncılık standartları ve etiğine uygun olarak, yüksek kalitede bilimsel dergi ve kitapların yayınlanmasıyla giderek artan bilimsel bilginin yayılmasına katkıda bulunmayı amaçlamaktadır. İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları açık erişimli, ticari olmayan, bilimsel yayıncılığı takip etmektedir.