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DOI :10.26650/JECS2018-0004   IUP :10.26650/JECS2018-0004    Tam Metin (PDF)

Türkiye’de Boş Zaman Talebi ve Belirleyicileri

Selçuk Gemicioğlu, Uğur Akkoç

Zaman dağılımının iktisadi ajanların karar süreçlerine dahil edilmesi ve zamanın bir üretim girdisi olarak kabul edilmesi ilk kez Becker (1965) tarafından önerilmiştir. Granou (1977) ile birlikte ise, bireyin piyasa dışında geçirdiği zamanın ve hane içi üretimin bileşenlerinin iktisadi analizi önem kazanmıştır. Türkiye, erkeklerde ücretli çalışma, kadınlarda ise ücretsiz hane içi emek yükü bakımından OECD ülkeleri arasında zirvede yer almaktadır. Toplumun değişen yapısı ile beraber erkeğin “ailenin geçimini sağlayan kişi” konumu, kadınların işgücüne katılımının artması ile birlikte iş yüklerinin dağılımını değiştirmiştir. Dolayısıyla zaman dağılımı ve zaman dağılımındaki cinsiyet farkı bakımından incelemeye özel bir konumdadır. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’ de boş zaman talebi analiz edilmiştir. Bu amaçla, TÜİK tarafından sunulan Zaman Kullanımı Anketi (ZKA) 2014-2015 verileri kullanılarak, erkekler ve kadınlar için boş zaman talebi ayrı ayrı tahmin edilmiştir. Sonuçlar incelendiğinde, boş zaman talebindeki cinsiyet farkı oldukça belirgin olduğu görülmüştür. Farkın başlıca nedeni ücretsiz hane içi emek yükünün; kadınların boş zaman talebinin esnekliğini azaltmasıdır. Bununla beraber, boş zaman talebinin en önemli belirleyicileri, boş zamanın adeta fiyatı olan ücret ve eğitim düzeyidir. 
Anahtar Kelimeler: Hanehalkı ekonomisi, istihdam, zaman kullanımı, mikroekonometri, cinsiyet eşitsizliği
DOI :10.26650/JECS2018-0004   IUP :10.26650/JECS2018-0004    Tam Metin (PDF)

Leisure Time Demand and Determinants in Turkey

Selçuk Gemicioğlu, Uğur Akkoç

It was proposed for the first time by Becker (1965) that time allocation should be included in the decision processes of economic agents and accepted as a production input at the time. Together with Granou (1977), economic analysis of the components of household production and of the time individuals spent outside the market became important. Turkey ranks first in terms of men’s paid work and women’s unpaid work hours among OECD countries. With the changing nature of society, man’s position of “breadwinner” has changed in the distribution of work-loads with an increase in women’s participation in the labor force. In this context, Turkey has a special position in terms of gender differences and time allocation and time use. In this study, Turkey’s leisure time demands were analyzed. With this in mind, leisure time demands for  men and women - were estimated separately using Time Use data (TUS) 2014-2015 presented by TURKSTAT. When the results are examined, an obvious difference between genders in leisure time demand can be seen. The main reason is that theburden of unpaid household work reduces the flexibility of leisure time for women. However, the most important determinants of leisure time are wages and education level - which is the usual price of leisure time. 
Anahtar Kelimeler: Household economics, employment, time use, microeconometrics, gender inequality

GENİŞLETİLMİŞ ÖZET


It was proposed for the first time by Becker (1965) that time allocation should be included in the decision processes of economic agents and also that time is a production factor. Together with Granou (1977), the economic analysis of the components of household production and of the time the individuals spent outside the market became important. Among OECD countries, Turkey is the leading country for paid work hours completed by men, while women are top in terms of household labor burden. In this way, Turkey is a special case for time allocation and gender difference. In this study, Turkey’s leisure time demands were analyzed. With this in mind, leisure time demand for all employees - working men and working women - were estimated separately using Time Use Data (TUS) 2014-2015 provided by TURKSTAT. Given that a large number of individuals reported not spending any time on leisure, the truncated Tobit method was used to determine the factors that affect leisure time demand. The gender gap in leisure time is quite evident, the main reason being that women’ s leisure demand elasticity is reduced by their unpaid work burden. However, the most important determinants of leisure time demand are wages and education level, which is the usual price of leisure time. Another important consequence of the study is that leisure time has negative income elasticity. Therefore it can be said that leisure time can be classified as an inferior good.

The first pilot applications for the systematic compilation of data in Turkey for Time Use was carried out in 1996 by TSI. Turkey’s Time Use Survey (ZKA) by TSI was carried out twice - the first time in 2006, and the second time in 2014-2015. The studies about the Turkish time use characterictics is also limited, although the data is relatively old. Erdil et al. (2006) examined the distribution of time in the inhabitants living in rural areas with their own data set. However, there are no studies with a direct approach to Turkey in terms of leisure demands. The purpose of this study is to fill the gap in available literature and to encourage other studies in this regard. In this study, leisure time demands and socio-economic and indiviuals’ economic determinants were examined using the 2014-2015 Time Usage Questionnaire (ZKA) data compiled by TURKSTAT. To facilitate this, the time preferences of working individuals were taken into account first. The reason for this is that it is accepted that the time distributions of unemployed (job seekers or retired) individuals are more than a preference or economic decline (Hamermesh, 2006). In addition, this study is also important in that it is the first study conducted by TURKSTAT based on the data from the 2014-2015 Time Use Questionnaire.

Turkey’s most important determinants of leisure time demand are wages and education. The wage is almost like a price in leisure time, and individuals pay leisure by the wages that give up. From this point of view, there appears to be a strong relationship between the price of leisure time and the quantity expected. Education, on the other hand, increases the demand for leisure time, and this effect is particularly pronounced in highly educated individuals. The main reason for this is that highly educated individuals are employed in jobs with better conditions in the labor market and therefore have less working hours. In summary, as the individual’s level of education individual increases, so too do their leisure time demands thanks to improved working conditions, while the leisure time demand decreases as the wage increases. A similar positive effect occurs when the household has a non-labour income. If household has any income aside from wages, the leisure demands of household members increases.


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APA

Gemicioğlu, S., & Akkoç, U. (2019). Türkiye’de Boş Zaman Talebi ve Belirleyicileri. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, 0(59), 45-62. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2018-0004


AMA

Gemicioğlu S, Akkoç U. Türkiye’de Boş Zaman Talebi ve Belirleyicileri. Journal of Economy Culture and Society. 2019;0(59):45-62. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2018-0004


ABNT

Gemicioğlu, S.; Akkoç, U. Türkiye’de Boş Zaman Talebi ve Belirleyicileri. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, [Publisher Location], v. 0, n. 59, p. 45-62, 2019.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Gemicioğlu, Selçuk, and Uğur Akkoç. 2019. “Türkiye’de Boş Zaman Talebi ve Belirleyicileri.” Journal of Economy Culture and Society 0, no. 59: 45-62. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2018-0004


Chicago: Humanities Style

Gemicioğlu, Selçuk, and Uğur Akkoç. “Türkiye’de Boş Zaman Talebi ve Belirleyicileri.” Journal of Economy Culture and Society 0, no. 59 (Nov. 2024): 45-62. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2018-0004


Harvard: Australian Style

Gemicioğlu, S & Akkoç, U 2019, 'Türkiye’de Boş Zaman Talebi ve Belirleyicileri', Journal of Economy Culture and Society, vol. 0, no. 59, pp. 45-62, viewed 24 Nov. 2024, https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2018-0004


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Gemicioğlu, S. and Akkoç, U. (2019) ‘Türkiye’de Boş Zaman Talebi ve Belirleyicileri’, Journal of Economy Culture and Society, 0(59), pp. 45-62. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2018-0004 (24 Nov. 2024).


MLA

Gemicioğlu, Selçuk, and Uğur Akkoç. “Türkiye’de Boş Zaman Talebi ve Belirleyicileri.” Journal of Economy Culture and Society, vol. 0, no. 59, 2019, pp. 45-62. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2018-0004


Vancouver

Gemicioğlu S, Akkoç U. Türkiye’de Boş Zaman Talebi ve Belirleyicileri. Journal of Economy Culture and Society [Internet]. 24 Nov. 2024 [cited 24 Nov. 2024];0(59):45-62. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2018-0004 doi: 10.26650/JECS2018-0004


ISNAD

Gemicioğlu, Selçuk - Akkoç, Uğur. “Türkiye’de Boş Zaman Talebi ve Belirleyicileri”. Journal of Economy Culture and Society 0/59 (Nov. 2024): 45-62. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2018-0004



ZAMAN ÇİZELGESİ


Gönderim31.07.2018
Kabul23.01.2019
Çevrimiçi Yayınlanma03.07.2019

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