Buket

Öğretim Görevlisi

This study aims to systematically review the available research on the effect of short-term imprisonment and alternative sanctions on preventing recidivism. The systematic review in this study was carried out using resources at the Campbell Collaboration Library of Systematic Reviews and Google Scholar. These databases were searched using the following keywords: imprisonment, prison sanction, shortterm imprisonment versus alternative sanctions, custodial versus non-custodial sanctions, formal sanctions versus immediate sanctions, recidivism, reoffending, victim, systematic review, meta-analysis, random controll. The author searched referenced lists, and conducted electronic searches for all reports that used these particular terms. However, only studies written in English and Turkish were considered for this systematic review. In order to be included in this systematic review, the meta-analytic evaluation studies fulfilled the following criteria: (1) All of them had at least one control or comparison group. (2) All of them had control and experiment groups consisting of people who were sentenced to imprisonment and alternative sanctions. (3) The interventions were homogenous; in other words, either prison sanctions or alternative sanctions were applied for the control and experimental groups. (4) All of the studies measured, the recidivism rate after imprisonment and alternative sanctions. That isi if a study compared only the execution cost of imprisonment and alternative sanctions, it was not included in this systematic review (McDougall et all, 2008). However, in a meta-analytic study, more than one measurement can be conducted. If the effect of prison and alternative sanctions on recidivism was clear and separate in the study, the study was included in this systematic review. (5) The results of the included studies in this systematic review were examined using metaanalytical methods. Three meta-analytic studies (Nagin et al, 2009; Jonson, 2010; Villettaz et al, 2015) about the effect of short-term imprisonment and alternative sanctions on preventing recidivism met the eligibility criterias set forth in this systematic review. These three studies include evaluation studies carried out between 1960 and 2013. All three studies are connected with each other because the evaluation studies they contain the same evaluation studies. The author draws some conclusions based on the findings from these three meta-analytic studies. First, it appears that the number of systematic reviews assessing the impact of imprisonment and alternative sanctions on recidivism is scarce. However, the number of evaluation studies is rather high. Researchers prefer to compare the prison sentence with one or more alternative sanctions rather than conducting systematic review. Second, this systematic review reveals findings that alternative sanctions are more effective than imprisonment in preventing recidivism. All three meta-analytic studies suggest that alternative sanctions are more effective than imprisonment on preventing recidivism. However, the level of this effectiviness is not significant. These three studies indicate that imprisonment does not have a statistically significant effect on preventing reoffense. Furthermore, one meta-analytic study indicates that imprisonment has an adverse effect on preventng recidivism (Jonson, 2010). These findings contradict the theory of deterrence, which suggests that imprisonment is the most effective method of preventing crime. However, it should not be overlooked that criminals in the control group who were sentenced to imprisonment were in a certain risk group and committed certain crimes. The experimental group consisted of criminals who committed crimes that could be converted to alternative sanction. In legal systems, short-term prison sentences (generally 6-12 months) are converted to alternative sanctions. Therefore, the finding that alternative sanctions are more effective than imprisonment only applies to short- term imprisonment. Third, can the findings that alternative sanctions are more effective than imprisonment on preventing recidivism be generalized to all alternative sanctions? In addition, is it possible to conclude as to which alternative sanctions are more effective than the others? Fourth, can the findings serve as a guide for Turkey’s criminal justice system? The results of the findings in this study are discussed in terms of theory, practice and research.

Suçun Önlenmesinde Hapis Cezası ile Seçenek Yaptırımların Etkinliğinin Karşılaştırılması: Meta-Analiz Çalışmalarının Sistematik Olarak İncelenmesi

Gülsün Ayhan

Assoc. Prof.

Developments about the judicial DNA examinations in criminal procedure law have neither been completely terminated nor fully resolved. Even the legal debates, which revolutionized criminal law, have now subsided into the background. The present study is aimed at re-discussing such issues as creating the authority to record DNA profiles under the criminal procedure law and establishing the national DNA bank of Turkey by re-examining molecular genetic studies in Turkish criminal procedure law. Indeed, first of all there is no consensus on the concept of judicial DNA examinations and the implications of these examinations on constitutional rights. In particular, the immunity of human dignity, the context of protection of body integrity, fundamental human rights, and the right to determine the future of personal information (autonomy of information or autonomy of informing) i.e., the right to request the protection of personal data, will be appropriate topics of the discussion in studies of judicial DNA within Turkish and comparative law. Although the private aspects of human life will not be invaded via judicial DNA examinations, obtaining personal DNA profiles is an attack on the private lives of people and it may not be required that everyone knows the direct or indirect information to be obtained as a result of the examination. Furthermore, the generation, using, processing, recording, detection, etc. of DNA profiles are attacks on the right to autonomy of informing which is in under the protection of the constitution. DNA profiles are personal data, and because of that, DNA profiles are under protection of Turkish Constitution Article 20/III. With a change in criminal procedure law, provisions that can be created about the making, recording and re-using judicial DNA analysis to be used in future jurisdiction may mean violating people’s rights to privacy and autonomy of information . For this reason, restrictions of these rights should be in accordance with the constitution. Beside the described matters, there is no provision about the processing and recording of DNA profiles in future jurisdiction and conducting mass DNA analyzes in Turkish Criminal Law. Unlike Turkish Criminal Procedure Law, there are four provisions in German Criminal Law. German Criminal Law Article 81/a is related to a suspect/defendant’s physical examination, German Procedure Criminal Law Article 81/c is related to another’s physical examination, German Criminal Procedure Law Article 81/e is related to genetic molecular examination and German Criminal Procedure Law Article 81/f is related to procedure of genetic molecular examination. Austrian Criminal Procedure Law Article 124 and Swiss Criminal Procedure Law Article 255 are the equivalent of the Turkish Criminal Procedure Law Art 75 and German Criminal Law Article 81. As said before, in Turkish Criminal Procedure Law there is no provision about the recording of DNA profiles to be used in future jurisdictions. Despite that, detailed regulations have been made in German Criminal Procedure Law Article 81/g, Swiss Criminal Procedure Law Article 256 and Austrian Security Forces Article 67. Similarly, the regulation on mass DNA analyzes are in German Criminal Procedure Law Article 81/h and Swiss Procedure Law Article 257 although they are not included in Turkish Criminal Procedure Law. A norm like that in German Criminal Procedure Law Article 81/g does not exist in Turkish Criminal Procedure Law. The other norms about DNA analyzes in German Criminal Law are similar to the norms in Turkish Criminal Procedure Law. Other than this, a new norm (Turkish Criminal Procedure Law Article 78/A) should be introduced about generating and recording to be used in future jurisdictions with comparative law, German Criminal Procedure Law Article 81/g, Swiss Criminal Procedure Law Article 256 and Austrian Security Forces Article 67 in mind. The same is valid for mass DNA analyzes too. When considering the comparative law regulations and discussions, the addition of a de lege ferenda norm (Turkish Criminal Procedure Law Article 78/B) to Criminal Procedure Law would be appropriate. This new norm should be reconsidered in the context of DNA data and the Turkish National DNA Database Law Draft and this draft should be passed immediately. This study consists of three main parts. The first part includes a general introduction to DNA analysis in criminal proceedings and a short history of DNA analyzes on criminal procedure law and includes the status of DNA analyzes against fundamental rights. In the second part of the work, legislation from Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Turkey on DNA analysis was reviewed, and German and Turkish law was emphasized. The last part of study deals with the need to foresee two new norms in Turkish Criminal Procedure Law on generating DNA analyzes, recording DNA profiles and analyzing mass DNA data for the future criminal proceedings.

Almanya, İsviçre ve Avusturya Hukuku Bağlamında Türk Ceza Muhakemesi Hukukunda Adlî DNA Analizleri

Begüm

We are witnessing a decade where human activities have led to an unprecedented scale of data collection and processing. Databases are being increasingly used by law enforcement to effectively investigate and prosecute criminal offences. Databases undeniably enhance the efficiency of investigations and assist in the prevention and prosecution of crime. However, the use of databases should also be assessed in relation to the protection of fundamental rights. Given the fact that the storage and processing of data are deployed to control, detect, deter, and prevent crime, databases and privacy are strongly linked. Depending on the case, the important aim of investigating serious crime may not sufficiently justify data retention. With the increasing use of big data, personal data processing takes place in the absence of the concerned individuals whose data is actually being processed. This raises issues related to data regulations and the effectiveness of existing mechanisms of legal protection for data subjects. On a different note, crime is no longer solely a national concern: it crosses jurisdictions and borders with ease. The growing tendency and need for law enforcement to use big data is particularly challenging when the data is stored abroad. Data transfer is particularly problematic if the recipient country cannot ensure an appropriate level of data protection. Because law enforcement authorities’ coercive powers are limited to their national territories, the path to enhanced judicial cooperation in criminal matters and police cooperation is of paramount importance. This is particularly true given the transnational dimension of most of serious crimes. It is essential for countries to cooperate in investigating and prosecuting criminal acts. This is particularly true in Switzerland and Turkey because of their status in the regional context: both lie outside the European Union (EU) but still have a high degree of interaction with the EU. This article deals with concerns relating to privacy protection in the context of data retention and judicial data exchange in Europe. A comparative analysis of Swiss and Turkish legal frameworks with regard to the European Court of Human Right’s case law provides a useful tool in identifying the legal standards that can help strike a fair balance between legitimate interests in database use and personal privacy protection. The specifics of the interplay between the right to privacy and the prevention and combatting crime in Swiss and Turkish cultures also creates a fertile ground to discuss the flaws in existing regulations. To this end, we describe the core principles in database processing with reference to the Council of Europe’s standards. Then we evaluate the legal frameworks of two countries under consideration. Last but not least, we assess the practical implications of these legal frameworks with regard to transmittal of personal data, with reference to the European Police Office.

Avrupa Konseyi Standartları çerçevesinde İsviçre ve Türk Hukukunda Veri Tabanları ve Ceza Muhakemesi

Büşra

Res. Assist.

Ensuring the confidentiality of trade secrets, banking secrets, and customer secrets is very important for commercial enterprises, companies, banks, and their customers. The protection of such secrets is related to the transparency of commercial enterprises, companies, banks, insurance companies, and brokerage firms operating in capital and financial markets. This protection is also related to the prevention of money laundering and subterranean economies as well as fighting against organized crime. Secret or confidential information refers to information that is protected against disclosure and remains confidential. A trade secret is confidential information that creates an economic advantage for commercial enterprises and companies, gives them an advantage over their competitors (for example, advertising strategies, consumer profiles, distribution methods, sales methods, lists of suppliers and clients, and manufacturing processes), and has independent commercial value. The concept of trade secret has come to cover both the commercial and financial sectors. The unauthorized use of trade secrets by anyone other than the owner is regarded as unfair practice and a violation of the trade secret. In addition, it is important to clarify the extent of the trade secret both for defining the limits of the stakeholders’ rights to receive information and for establishing the borders of disclosure in capital markets. Banking secrets can be defined as all information related to bank financial, economic, or credit status. Finally, customer secrets refer to all types of information and documentation related to customer relations of commercial enterprises, companies, banks, etc., with regard to their own areas of activity and all information and documentation obtained by such enterprises related to the personal, economic, financial, cash, or credit status of their customers. Depending on the national legal system, trade secrets, banking secrets, and customer secrets are subject to the protections provided for by unfair competition laws or other specific provisions like the provisions of labor law, criminal law, civil law, etc. Turkish law also provides numerous provisions regarding the protection of trade secrets. In this study, we first examine the provisions related to unfair competition in the Turkish Commercial Code, which provides legal protection for trade secrets, provisions for banking secrets and customers’ personal data in the Banking Code, and related provisions of the Labor Code. However, the focus of this study is Turkish Penal Code regulations. This study’s goal is to investigate the outlook of legislation as it relates to trade, banking, and customer secrets in Turkish criminal law. Corporation privacy and business secrets are protected under the economy, industry, and trade section of the Turkish Penal Code. In this study, the crime of information disclosure or documents deemed as trade secrets, banking secrets, or customer secrets is analyzed in accordance with the general theory of crime and the general provisions of the Turkish Penal Code. First, we examine both the material and moral elements of the current type of crime and discuss what reasons could justify that crime. In this respect, the most accepted definitions of trade secrets are introduced as the subject of the crime. Second, the study focuses on the special appearance forms of this criminal offense. In this regard, concurrence of crimes is explained as the main problem with regard to the violation of trade secrets, banking secrets, and customer secrets. This paper will also discuss available punishments for the perpetrator. In the last part of this study, we explain the draft law on “Trade Secrets, Banking Secrets and Customer Secrets,” which was created to clear up the inherent complexities of this issue and attempt to balance it with the criminal framework that already exists for such secrets.

Türk Ceza Hukukunda Ticari Sır, Bankacılık Sırrı ve Müşteri Sırrının Korunması

Muhammed

In the criminal code, a crimes is defined such that it can only be committed by a perpetrator. Punishing those who provide support for the commission of a crime but do not fulfil certain typical acts stipulated in the code requires an additional condition: this is called the accessory principle. In this context, the criminal liability of solicitors, aiders, or inciters to a crime depends on that of the perpetrator. Criminal liability for aiders and inciters is regulated under the title “Participation in Crime” in the Turkish Criminal Code. The regulation for aiders is formulated in Article 39, under the title of “Aiding.” This regulation determines which acts are considered aiding. According to this regulation, a person aiding another person in the commission of an offense can be sentenced to heavy life imprisonment, from 15 to 20 years, or to imprisonment from 10 to 15 years, if the perpetrator is subject to life imprisonment. Finally, this regulation defines the acts of aiding as limited and serial. These acts read as follows: to solicit a person for commission of a crime, to support a person’s decision to commit crime, to provide a guarantee of help after commission of crime, to provide ideas about how the crime should be committed, to supply the necessary tools to be used during commission of crime, or to render support before and during the commission of a crime in order to simplify the intended act. The legislative reasoning for this article does not define the scope of the aiding act. The definition of this condition is largely open to what it means to behave as an aider. There is also a similar influencing regulation in the 765 numbered Turkish Criminal Code (the former Code). In spite of the new Code’s explicitness, some problems arise under this article. Some of these read as follows: What are the differences between inciter and aider or accomplice and aider? Is someone who keeps watch during a crime considered an aider or an accomplice? This issue is important and must be handled carefully and in detail. In addition, the aiding regulation of the German Criminal Code (paragraph 27) must be taken into consideration, because this regulation (§27) differs from Article 39. The difference is that Article 39 clarifies the acts, whereas §27 does not. In German law, aiding acts are not defined clearly; this subject has been dealt with in doctrine. Comparing Turkish with German law on this subject is important in order to bring light to Turkish law. In particular, we emphasize how we deal with this subject in the following table, which contains the special systematic steps of aiding. Finally, in this essay, we analyse only aiding acts (Number 2 in table).

Alman Hukukuyla Karşılaştırmalı Yardım Etme Hareketleri

Rahime

National DNA databases are becoming common throughout the world. Consequently, their size and volume are expeditiously increasing each year. However, do we actually need a DNA database for the sake of criminal justice? Within this context, this study first shows how common it is to create DNA databases in the world today and how much information is retained in these databases. Then, the key question emerges: how do we find the balance between the competing interests of ensuring the right to privacy while facilitating the State’s interest in solving crimes? This is where the main implementation criteria for data entry, storage and destruction become significant. More concretely, we examine the criteria that should be adopted around whether DNA samples for particular criminals should be included. For example, should DNA samples be included in the case of serious crimes, e.g., crimes against life, sexual abuse, and robbery, as well as crimes requiring punishment of more than a certain time period, such as more than one year? Further, is it possible to remove DNA information from the database? This study is based on the proposal that these criteria play a significant role in easing the tension between breaching privacy and the state’s interest in fighting and solving crimes. This study will focus on these criteria, summarized as data entry, storage, and destruction. This study indicates that collecting DNA evidence in databases is useful for the criminal justice system in fighting and solving crimes. However, concerns arise, especially around privacy. Each criterion related to data entry, storage, and destruction of DNA samples plays a significant role in mitigating the tension between privacy concerns and the state’s interest in fighting and solving crime. As a matter of fact, these criteria ensure the principle of proportionality. However, the current tendency to create databases and expand the existing ones is developing in confusion and mess, which in turn renders cooperation among countries difficult. Within this context, it was highly unexpected that this study would find this outcome: EU member countries prefer to keep their own national criminal law procedural understanding in the application of the criteria private, even when the EU demands unity, such as through the introduction of the Prüm Convention of 2005. This outcome forces us to confront the issue of whether breaching genome privacy for the sake of the criminal justice system is ultimately justified is indeed still under question.

DNA Veri Bankaları Karşısında Ceza Muhakemesinde Maddi Gerçeğe Ulaşılması ile Genoma Dayanan Özel Yaşamın Korunması Arasındaki Dengenin Sağlanması

Ahmet

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

Eren

Temporary apprehension is a protective measure that allows a person suspected of having committed a crime to be caught by people who witnessed the crime. Temporary apprehension is only made in actual cases without any judicial decision. By its nature, it is a type of apprehension that can be performed by anyone, not just law enforcement officers.Since the committing of a crime is often witnessed by civilians, it is a necessity to determine the limits of the measures in which people can make apprehension. In accordance with this obligation, the conditions for the temporary apprehension of civilians are regulated in Article 90/1 of the Criminal Procedure Code. Accordingly, temporary apprehension can be made in cases where the person is encountered while committing a crime, if there is a possibility that the person being pursued will escape due to an act of red-handed crime, or if there is no possibility of immediately determining the person’s identity. In addition to these objective conditions, when making a temporary apprehension, people must hold the suspect for prosecuting him for the crime he has committed. Considering the form of regulation in the law, temporary apprehension is not an obligation for civilians. It is a right. Although the person against whom a crime has been committed is protected by temporary apprehension, the main purpose is to punish the perpetrator for the crime he committed.In terms of apprehension, the duration of the pursuit due to a red-handed act is not important. It may take time until the person being pursued for the crime is apprehended. The person who makes the temporary apprehension does not necessarily have to be the person who initiated the initial pursuit. The person who witnesses and pursues the crime may ask other people to catch the perpetrator. While making a temporary apprehension, the suspect can be detained and slightly injured. The important thing is to perform a measured act in connexion with the current state of crime. Since the purpose of temporary apprehension is to ensure that the suspect is prosecuted, this protection measure must be carried out for a limited time.It is not necessary for the apprehended person to actually commit the crime, but it is sufficient that there is a strong suspicion. Because the temporary apprehension will be made by civilians, it is not possible to expect these people to determine whether a crime has been committed or not. On the other hand, if the person who is found guilty of a crime is a child, an evaluation should be made according to the distinction in Article 31 of the Turkish Penal Code. Since there is no punishment in the first group for minors, there can be no legal purpose in apprehending. In terms of the second and third groups, temporary apprehension can be made due to the presence of defect capabilities.It is possible to make temporary apprehensions in crimes subject to complaint. Since temporary apprehension will be made by civilians, it is not possible to expect these people to know whether the crime they encounter is based on a complaint or not. If it is understood by law enforcement officers that the crime is due to the complaint after the person’s apprehension, the capture will have to be stopped from that moment. Temporary apprehension may also be made for deputies, ministers, and diplomats for whom special trial conditions have been determined. So much so that if there is any doubt about the identities of these people who are found guilty of committing a crime, temporary apprehension can be made in such a case. However, if it is clear that the person has immunity, temporary apprehension should not be carried out.&nbsp;

Geçici Yakalama (CMK m. 90/1’e Göre Yakalamanın Herkes Tarafından Yapılması)

Ilya

Unauthorised Access to Computer Information: The Motives for Committing a Crime

Sadullah

Öğretim Görevlisi Dr.

Zahir

Prof. Dr.

This research aims to reveal the effect of family support on the successful adaptation of ex-convicts to society and their recidivism. The phenomenological research model, one of the qualitative research models, was adopted in the study. The sample population of the study was specified as the Diyarbakır province. Purposive and snowball sampling techniques, which are non-random (not based on probability) sampling methods, were all utilised in the study. The sample of the study consisted of 50 ex-convicts over the age of 18 (who were imprisoned for drug, theft and injury crimes) who did not commit any crime for at least two years after their release from prison. A considerable percentage of those who were discharged from prison recidivate and return to prison within two years, according to the literature on criminology. Accordingly, the sample group was formed on the basis of the criterion that at least 2 years should have elapsed after their release from prison. The semi-structured interview technique was used as a data collection tool.Numerous factors, including the presence of family support, employment or participation in the labour force, development of personal motivation to change, abandonment of substance addiction, deterrence effect of prisons, effectiveness of prison-based rehabilitation programmes, the rejection of criminal environments and friendships, growth of spirituality and religiosity, maturation process, and activities carried out within the scope of probation, have been found to be effective in contributing to ex-convicts’ desistance from crime.Of these theories, the life course theory states that changes in the lives of offenders, such as marriage and employment, are effective in their desistance from crime, while the cognitive theory draws attention to the motivation of the individual for change. Social control theory highlights the effect of the individual’s increasing social commitment to values and institutions by maturing as they age, while rational choice theory asserts that desistance from crime may be related to the fact that it seems more reasonable (in terms of profit/benefit and loss/cost) for the individual. Narrative theories explain that during the process of desistance from crime, ex-offenders reconstruct their social identities toward recovery. The coercion and social support approach explains the exoffender’s capacity to tackle problems with the social support he/she receives from the community and the capacity to overcome problems with this help.&nbsp;In the study, it was revealed that those who stated that they abandoned crime and integrated into the society among the participants were overwhelmingly supported socio-psychologically (relational, social, emotional, etc.) and financially (housing, transportation, work, financial aid, etc.) by their families both in prison and post-prison. In other words, it has been concluded that among the familial variables, the fact that the offenders maintain contact with their family members both in prison and in the post-prison period and their financial support have a substantial effect on their desistance from crime. In this context, it has been discovered that the visits made during the imprisonment process lead to the strengthening of the convicts’ commitment to their family members and responsibilities. By virtue of this strengthened bond, it was revealed that the ex-convicts experienced a sense of regret for the crime they committed and tended to desist from the crime in order not to sadden their family members anymore.They also noted that the fact that individuals released from prison assist their families in earning a living, caring for them, and taking on various family tasks prevents them from recidivism. The fact that the participants began to feel responsibility for their families, and as a result of this responsibility, they endeavoured to earn their livelihood (especially their spouses and children), and acted with the motive of adopting and protecting their family members brought about a series of mental transformations in the participants. These mental transformations have caused a change in ex-offenders’ perspectives on their criminal behaviour.It is also observed that criminals that are married or who get married after imprisonment are more successfully adapted to society and desist from crime. Marriage plays an essential role in the process of building a proper family life, developing social and emotional bonds between family members, reducing interactions with the criminal environment, and detaching the individual from his/her criminal identity. In addition, it was concluded that bearing children also plays a deterrent role in preventing individuals from recidivism. In some participants, those who are married and have children stated that they longed for their children in prison, that their children would be victimised in case of recidivism, and that they fear that their children would emulate them, all of which led them to desist from crime.

Cezaevinden Çıkan Eski Hükümlülerin Suçu Terk Etmeleri Üzerinde Aile Desteğinin Önemi

Md. Bashir

Yanwen

Childhood Maltreatment and Violent Behaviour: A Systematic Review

Talha

Rural crime research, which focuses on crime and deviance in rural areas and communities, has been little addressed and mostly neglected within mainstream crime research (Donnermeyer, Scott and Barclay 2013). The prominence of cities as places where crime is more visible in the public sphere, the early sociological analyses being conducted in urban areas, and the consideration of crime as an issue needing urgent resolution in cities have led to a focus on urban-centred crime research within mainstream studies. Although this situation is quite natural and necessary, the focus on the city has also caused a negative situation that leaves rural crime research aside. However, crime also exists in rural areas and that it needs to be addressed through various researches and solutions must be produced. In the national literature, rural crime research is quite limited. This study aims to systematically review rural crime research and present a literature review.A systematic literature review refers to the systematic use and evaluation of clearly expressed questions to identify, select, and evaluate relevant research (Moher, Liberati, Tetzlaf and Altman 2009). Although systematic literature reviews are mostly related to the field of health, they have also been used in social sciences in recent years and have achieved successful results (Dacombe, 2018).This study focuses on crime research conducted in rural areas in Turkey. By scanning the designated databases, all types of research that could be obtained from databases, such as articles, books, and theses written in Turkish and English, were included in the scanning. In the studies, it was especially considered that rural areas and rural communities were the focus. This study aims to systematically review rural crime research, which has just begun to be addressed in national literature, and to provide a resource for researchers in this field. It is assumed that such studies will benefit rural crime researchers in terms of being able to see the field more clearly, which areas are more focussed on, which methods are used more, and what kind of gaps there are in the field. It is also thought that it will help new systematic literature reviews as rural crime research increases in the future.For this purpose, 581 results were obtained as a result of scanning the keywords determined in the study in the determined databases between 01.05.2023 and 01.06.2023. Because of the application of the review and selection criteria, 89 studies were registered for further review. As a result of a detailed review, it was determined that 17 of these studies were duplicates and 30 of them were unrelated to rural crime or rural society. A final list was created and 42 studies were determined on which the rural crime literature would be reviewed.When the literature is examined, there are 21 theses (4 of which are at doctoral level), 19 articles, 1 paper, and 1 book related to rural crime research. It can be observed that the number of studies on rural crimes has increased over the years. When topics related to rural crime research are examined, forest crimes, which can be considered among environmental crimes, and rural public order crimes take the lead. There are also studies that focus directly on a type of crime, such a as blood feud.The study concludes that rural crime research in Turkey is still in its infancy. Although studies on the phenomenon of crime in rural areas, through both forest and rural violence crimes, began in early periods, the field has not developed as expected despite increased research opportunities and data sources. It can be said that the transformation of rural and urban areas in Turkey has a great impact on this. As mentioned, although the studies started as early as the 60s, the migration from rural to urban areas, societal transformation, and the decrease in the impact of agriculture on the gross domestic product, especially after the 80s, paved the way for the concentration of interest in the city in social sciences and the neglect of studies on rural areas. However, there has been a revival in studies on rural crime, especially after 2010, but it should be noted that many points remain untouched for researchers planning to conduct studies in this field.

Türkiye’de Kırsal Suç Araştırmaları: Sistematik Literatür Değerlendirmesi

@JOURNAL_BOX_CURRENT

Asena

Res. Assist. Dr.

In historical times, vagrants have been the subjects of aid and punishment from time to time and have been positioned somewhere between these two extremes according to their social structure and needs. The dynamics that changed the perspective on work and poverty also affected the perspective on vagrancy, and heavy sanctions, such as death penalties, exile, and forced labor, could be imposed on vagrants. In times of labor demand, vagrants were sometimes forbidden to leave their settlements, imprisoned in workhouses, and forced to work in exile. In times of population mobility, when the security of life and property was in danger and social order was disrupted, sanctions such as death, stigmatization, beatings and, imprisonment were imposed on vagrants.The first laws punishing vagrancy in the West is the labor laws enacted in England in the 14th century. The vagrancy regulations enacted in this period were seen as an alternative way of providing cheap labor, which had become expensive due to the death of almost half of the population because of the Black Death and the loss of some lands. Until the 16th century, vagrancy regulations aimed at providing cheap labor were transformed to serve the purposes of discipline and social control. By the 19th century, vagrancy, which had been a status until then, was regulated as a crime by associating it with certain acts, and to provide the labor force needed by the industry, the conditions of those who received assistance worsened, and work was tried to be made attractive. In the 20th century, with the outbreak of world wars and the rise of welfare-oriented states, the approaches to vagrancy and homelessness changed.In the Ottoman Empire, as in Europe, people who did not work, were lazy, and wandered around were considered “dangerous” to society, and various ways were sought to eliminate this danger. From the 16th to the 19th centuries, methods such as forced labor or exile to the countryside were used against vagrants and beggars.After Tanzimat’s proclamation, the aim of rehabilitation through labor came to the forefront of the fight against vagrancy. The Law on Vagrants and Wrongdoing-Expected Persons, which entered into force during this period, remained in force until 1963.&nbsp;Today, vagrancy, which is included as a legitimate reason for limiting the right to liberty and security under the Constitution and the ECHR, continues to exist in a mixed manner with other legislative regulations, with the aim of protecting vagrants and preventing crime. Vagrancy is not criminalized under a condition or an act as it was in the past. However, in the changing social life with developments in the second half of the 20th century, work, poverty, and the position of vagrants have moved to a new place. Vagrants, whose labor force was utilized in the years following industrialization and who were supported and rehabilitated through social policies in the years when welfare state policies were effective, began to be addressed through their potential criminality and marginality.Today’s vagrants are the equivalent of the social science concept of “underclass”, which is defined as a social class that does not have employment opportunities in the labor market, is a burden on public welfare in proportion to its number, and is a source of drug and violent crime.Nowadays, when the need for the labor force has decreased due to technological developments, globalization, and economic policies, and full employment cannot be achieved, the criterion of “choosing not to work when one has the opportunity to work”, which serves to distinguish vagrancy from other poor groups, is no longer valid. On the other hand, the fact that social policies during the crisis of the welfare state are still being positioned as working and not being able to work due to temporary risks means that unemployed poor groups are included in the vagrant category as a whole. In such a context, without the need for vagrancy as a traditional concept, it seems inevitable that groups deprived of their work and social welfare will be subjected to surveillance and other preventive law enforcement activities with a focus on their dangerousness in terms of social order.In addition, the transformation of social life has inevitably led to changes in the field of criminal law, and as the critical literature emphasizes, criminal law has begun to assume a preventive function, emphasizing the aim of preventing possible future violations rather than past violations. The new trends focusing on risks in crime prevention and combating crime in criminal law, which has been expanding toward the pre-crime field, show that potentially dangerous vagrants have naturally reappeared on the radar of criminal law. In this case, vagrants are in the interest of criminal law not as criminals but as potential criminals.&nbsp;

Geçmişten Günümüze Serserilik (Suçu)

Assist. Prof. Dr.

In general, procedural impediments refer to prerequisites necessary for the initiation or progression of criminal proceedings. The concept of procedural impediments has been introduced into the doctrine of criminal law, mainly under the influence of civil procedural law. This concept was developed by the doctrine, embraced through jurisprudence, and incorporated into various legislations and has become one of the foundational institutions of criminal procedure. Procedural impediments are institutions designed to establish a balance between the actual state of affairs and ideals, thereby providing an exception to the principle of mandatory prosecution.The theoretical framework of procedural impediments is linked to understanding their purpose and classification. Their common characteristics could be meaningfully articulated by adopting this viewpoint. This paper distinguishes between procedural impediments into pure and complex categories, considering their reasons for existence and functions. This distinction depends on whether an impediment is evaluated solely within the merits of criminal procedural law or is influenced by other systems.Pure procedural impediments necessitate no exploration of crime policy or similar aspects when determining the rationale behind procedural impediments. In such cases, proceeding with a criminal trial would contradict the logic of adjudication or deviate from the minimum requirements of the legal system. The impediments in this category do not pose significant challenges in criminal proceedings, and their theoretical framework is relatively straightforward to delineate, as it can be fully explained by the requirements of the criminal procedural law system. The main challenge arises from impediments that cannot be explained by the logic of criminal proceedings.In cases of complex procedural impediments that necessitate balancing, it is insufficient to resolve issues by strictly adhering to the dynamics of criminal law alone; the situation must be examined within the expansive context of the law’s interrelation with other systems. This implies that decisions regarding the necessity of such impediments are not limited to criminal law expertise. Nonetheless, when contemplating the establishment of such an impediment, the measures necessary to achieve a balance cannot be determined without considering the dynamics of substantive and procedural law. It is crucial to acknowledge that when there is a need to balance criminal proceedings with other state functions, an evaluation by a criminal justice authority should be the preferred course of action. Specifically, if conducting an investigation poses a significant risk to public interests, entrusting the decision-making process to the discretion of the public prosecutor or facilitating consultation with various entities in exercising this discretion seems to be the most rational solution.&nbsp;

Ceza Muhakemesi Şartlarının Genel Teorisi

Bekir

Currently, criminal law aims to prevent risks regarding benefits protected by law before occurring result of an offence. Thus, we can say that punishment for the risks of murder is more important than punishment for murder. Because there is a risk of realizing a crime in the criminal attempt, law punishes the attempt. The Turkish Penal Code (TPC) accepts criminal liability for attempt in Article 35. The criminal attempt is punishable only if the perpetrator acts with intent. However, two forms of intent exist in the TPC. In cases of direct intent, the perpetrator aims to commit the offence or knows absolutely that his act will cause to commit the offence. However, in cases of conditional intent, the perpetrator foresees the possibility of committing the offence. Therefore, the perpetrator knows the risk of committing the offence, but nevertheless, he or she acts. Although Article 35 of the TPC does not determine that the intention must be the direct intention, The Turkish supreme court (Yargıtay), and criminal law doctrine accept that there is no criminal liability for attempt with conditional intent. For this reason, the rule that the conditional intent is determined according to the result of the offence is mostly valid in Turkish criminal law. Thus, the existence of conditional intent is conditioned on realizing the result in a practical but not theoretical sense. The background of this opinion is the concern that the range of criminal liability could be expanded intolerably. However, a different opinion in Turkish Criminal Law doctrine states that there is no difference between direct intention and conditional intent regarding the punishment of a criminal attempt.There are two important theories regarding conditional intent in German law doctrine. While risk theories determine the conditional intent according to the realized risk by the perpetrator, decision theories investigate the perpetrator’s decision, which is contrary to interests protected by law. Both parties concure with the opinion that criminal liability for attempt with conditional intent is possible. Thus there is no theoretical obstacle criminal liability for attempt with conditional intent. However, some authors demand to limit the criminal liability for this attempt. First, an opinion refuses criminal liability in cases of impossible attempts with conditional intent. This view is compatible with Turkish law because in Turkish law, impossible attempts cannot be punished. On the one hand, according to an opinion, abandonment of an attempt with conditional intent must have conditions differ from those of direct intent. The German Federal Court of Justice easily decides that in some cases, an attempt has been abonded. However, abandonment of an attempt is not voluntary in such cases; for this reason, this approach is criticized in German teaching. Finally, the dolus alternativus can limit criminal liability for attempt with conditional intent. Discussions on the dolus alternativus should, in our opinion, be further considered in Turkish law. Because an exception is stipulated in the Turkish penal code in terms of provisions for several offenses committed by one act (TPC art. 43 par. 3), and this exception brings practical importance to this discussion.If the perpetrator knowingly attacks a legally protected interest such as life, the conditional intent is not ambiguous. In this case, punishment for bodily harm rather than murder is unreasonable. Problems in accepting criminal liability for attempt with conditional intent can be limited, but no punishment for such an attempt causes unsolvable problems. This work aims to destroy the worry of criminal liability for attempt with conditional intent. For this purpose, we present solutions in German law, at the same time criticizing, some solutions that have constituted a system for criminal liability for attempt with conditional intent.&nbsp;

Olası Kastla Suça Teşebbüs Nedeniyle Ceza Sorumluluğunun Kabul Edilebilirliği

Leyla

Fahri

A fault is a common element that is necessary for both crime and tort. However, the meaning of this common concept may differ in terms of crime and tort. As a matter of fact, according to Art. 74/1 of the Turkish Code of Obligations, a civil judge is independent of the principles of criminal law in terms of determining fault in terms of acts that may constitute both crime and tort. The subject of this study is a comparison of the meanings of the concept of fault in terms of tort and crime. In this study, the differences and similarities between the approaches of criminal and civil law to this concept are revealed. Defining a person guilty is a more severe judgment than defining a person as debtor. On the other hand, depriving a person of his/her liberty is a more severe sanction than making him/her pay compensation. For these reasons, the conditions for a person being condemned for an unlawful act are more severe in criminal law than in civil law.The main points identified in this study regarding the similarities and differences between the meanings given to the concept of fault in terms of tort and crime are as follows:• The concept of fault is based on the judgment of condemnation by a legal order in relation to both tort and crime. However, in criminal law, an offender-oriented approach based on individuals is dominant in determining what is condemnable, whereas in civil law, a behavior-oriented approach where social and legal criteria come to the fore is dominant.• Since fault liability may be insufficient to compensate for damages incurred in some cases, there are cases of strict liability in the field of tort liability. However, in line with the principle of "without fault, there can be no crime", there is no strict liability in the field of criminal law.• There is no minimum age limit in terms of mental capacity in civil law. It can be concluded that a person who is incapable of imputation because of the minimum age limit stipulated in criminal law has mental capacity in the field of tort and has acted at fault.• Although, as a rule, an act must be committed with a fault at the level of intent in the field of criminal liability, even slight negligence is sufficient for civil liability to arise. The meaning given to the intent is similar in criminal and civil laws, and it means that the perpetrator/tortfeasor knows the unlawful result and desires or at least takes the risk of the result.• In criminal law, the subjective understanding of negligence is dominant. Although the duty of care and attention expected from a perpetrator is determined based on an objective criterion, whether the perpetrator can be condemned for not fulfilling this obligation is determined according to individual characteristics. Individual characteristics of a person capable of imputation, such as psychological, mental, physical weaknesses, or lack of talent, may prevent them from accepting the existence of criminal fault. On the other hand, in the field of tort, the measure of negligence has been objectified as a requirement for security in social life. The tortfeasor’s individual inadequacies and excuses were not considered in the assessment of fault. If the tortfeasor, who has mental capacity, deviates from the behavior expected under the same conditions and from the average reasonable type in the social category to which he belongs, it is accepted that he/she is negligent.• In the case of plurality of tortfeasors, to determine each plaintiff’s share of compensation in the internal relationship, the faults of the people in question must be determined proportionally. Since there is no sharing of responsibility in criminal liability, in the case of multiple perpetrators, there is no need to determine proportional fault.• The common fault of the victim does not eliminate criminal or civil liability unless it severs the causal link between the perpetrator’s/tortfeasor’s actions and the result, but reduces the amount of punishment and compensation.&nbsp;• The duty of expert witnesses in both criminal and civil proceedings consists of determining the obligations of the parties, whether they comply with these obligations, and the factors that caused the damage, using a technical dimension within their field of expertise. It is the duty of the judge to evaluate the existence and degree of the fault.

Kusur Kavramının Haksız Fiil ve Klasik Suç Öğretisine Göre Suç Bakımından Karşılaştırılması

İsmail

Drug, which is a medical term and derived from the word narco meaning sleep in Western languages, is also an important concept in criminal law. Because the production, supply, trade and use of drug and stimulant substances are subject to criminal regulations. Additionally, the trafficking of these substances is associated with organized crime and terrorism crimes; The use of these substances is closely related to crimes such as theft and prostitution. The word “drug” is used as a superordinate concept to include all addictive drug and stimulant substances that are intoxicating, pleasurable, stimulating, dream-inducing and provocative. Substance addiction is defined as the desire to use various types of drugs of plant or chemical origin that is continuous, repetitive and reaches a level that cannot be stopped without treatment.Drug and stimulant addiction is a disease that negatively affects a person’s physical and mental health, family, economic situation and social status. This disease is a serious problem for society, especially in the close circle of addicts. This problem is a study subject in different disciplines such as criminology, medicine, psychology, pharmacology, sociology, and economics, as well as criminal law. This multifaceted structure of addiction leads the classical rules of criminal law to be inadequate in combating addiction.Although heavy penalties are set for crimes within the scope of drug production and trafficking throughout the world, there are differences between countries’ crime and punishment policies regarding the punishment of personal drug use and possession of drugs for this purpose. Despite these criminal law regulations, the number of drug addictions has remained high for a long time. This situation, which also causes capacity problems and financial burdens for criminal justice systems, has led to the establishment of drug treatment courts in the United States, which are represent a different approach to combating addiction. Drug treatment courts, which are an example of problem-solving courts from the application areas of the therapeutic law approach, view drug addiction not as a classical crime but as a health problem with criminal consequences and aim to provide treatment to addicts through judicial intervention. The application and acceptance process adopted in the model, treatment, supervision, reward and temporary punishment system, opportunities such as education and employment offered to the participants and interdisciplinary cooperation are the basic criteria for the success of the model. This model, which has been found to be successful in preventing crime recidivism and reducing financial burden, has been taken as a precedent by many countries. Drug treatment courts operate in Canada, Australia, England, Scotland, Ireland, Austria, Belgium, Chile, Bolivia, Jamaica and parts of Brazil. The number of courts in the United States has also increased over this period. While there were 1,621 drug treatment courts in 2004, this number reached 3,448 in 2014 and 4,008 in 2021.In our law, the purchase, acceptance, possession of drugs or stimulants for use or use is regulated as a crime in Article 191 of the Turkish Penal Code. Since the adoption of the Turkish Penal Code (TPC), changes have been made in the said article, with laws numbered 5377, 5560, 6217, 6545, 6638, 7078, 7188, and 7445. The postponement of prosecution introduced by the amendment made by Law No. 6545 with regard to Article 191 of the TPC led to a decrease in the number of investigations and prosecutions for a period of two years, but these numbers then showed a general and significant increase. Statistical data show that drug addiction has become a serious problem in our country. According to 2017 data, the rate of drug addicts in the total population in our country is 1.54%. According to the 2023 Türkiye Drug Report prepared by the General Directorate of Security, action was taken against 241,821 suspects in 2022 in accordance with Article 191 of the TPC. In 2022, public expenditures within the scope of the fight against drugs in our country were 4,264,683,725 TL.Although the current provision and the relevant legislation contain some therapeutic provisions in terms of combating addiction, it is understood that there is a need for comprehensive regulation and organization for the effectiveness of the fight against addiction. We believe that drug treatment courts are more successful than our current law in combating drug addiction, that our current provisions are not sufficient, especially in therapeutic terms and that treatment structuring has not been completed. The drug treatment court model involves the participant’s application and acceptance into the program; treatment, supervision, rewards and temporary sanctions included in the program; education, employment and other opportunities offered to participants; it contains more effective provisions than our current law in many respects, such as the successful implementation of interdisciplinary cooperation. Many studies conducted in different countries have found that drug treatment courts are more successful in preventing recidivism than the classical approach of criminal law and reducing financial burdens. We believe that adopting the drug treatment court model will help prevent the criminal justice system from becoming a revolving door for drug-addicted criminals in our country, where the current workload regarding Article 191 of the TPC requires specialization. Thanks to the operation of this court in accordance with the problem-solving court model, beneficial results can be achieved for addicts, their families, society and our criminal justice system.

Uyuşturucu Bağımlılığıyla Mücadelede Tedavi Mahkemelerinin Rolü ve Türkiye’de Uygulanabilirliği

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Ayşe Özge

If we placed all of our personal data in a circle, the information coming from a molecular genetic analysis of our DNA would be located at the center point. This centre point symbolizes our sensitive personal data. Compared with other branches of law, criminal procedural law is the branch of law which most needs personal data and therefore performs the most interventions in accordance with its proceedings. Moreover, data in the category of sensitive personal data has a great importance in terms of criminal procedure. Since DNA samples cannot be manipulated and provide results with close to 100 percent accuracy, they offer a valuable type of evidence in terms of revealing the material truth. Depending on the offense committed, the molecular genetic analysis method therefore constitutes an important approach in the investigation and prosecution phases of criminal procedure, as being a method of reading the markers expressed in DNA data. Making use of DNA samples is important for criminal procedural law, but it requires using sensitive personal data. For this reason, the need for protecting sensitive personal data should be taken into consideration from the very beginning of the criminal procedure through to the conclusion. In this study, the molecular genetic analysis method in criminal procedural law will be evaluated, especially with regard to the protection of personal data. To this end, firstly the definition of personal data and the classification of specific personal data will be given and subsequently the legal provisions in Turkish criminal procedural law will be examined in detail. As will be seen, in terms of molecular genetic analysis, there are important provisions in the Turkish legislation regarding the protection of personal data. The most important one of these provisions is allowing the application of this method only in cases of where a judge renders a decision based on essentiality. In addition to specifically regulating confidentiality, the objectivity of the expert who makes this analysis and the destruction of the samples used in the analysis have also been regulated. After the evaluation of Turkish legislation, views on the possibility of establishing a national DNA data bank in Turkey, will be discussed. In this regard, opinions in the doctrine shall be presented and the obsolete draft Act on a national DNA data bank in Turkey will be explained. After this comprehensive analysis of the Turkish law, the next topic will be the&nbsp;regulation of molecular genetic analysis in comparative law. In that context, since the related Articles of the Turkish Criminal Procedure Code (CPC) have been translated from the German Criminal Procedure Code (StGB), the first country to be compared will be Germany. In this way, to avoid repeating the same provisions, two different methods will be explained which are regulated in the StGB but which do not appear in the CPC. These are: mass DNA analysis and data storage used for future criminal procedures. In other words a DNA data bank. The second country to be examined after Germany is the United Kingdom. This is because until the ECtHR’s famous decision in the Case of S. and Marper v. the United Kingdom this country had implemented a highly controversial system. Until this decision, the United Kingdom kept DNA cell samples for an indefinite period. Since this kind of application constitutes a very serious interference to the right to privacy regulated in Article 8 of ECHR, the ECtHR ruled against the United Kingdom, and the country made some amendments to its domestic law. Following the United Kingdom, the United States of America will be examined due to it having the largest DNA data bank in the world. This DNA data bank, named CODIS, is used by the FBI. Subsequently, other countries such as France, Italy and Canada (where national DNA data banks have existed for a long time) will be examined, and the different features of the practices in these countries will be explained. In the conclusion, a general evaluation and some important suggestions will be made which should be taken into consideration in case of the establishment of a national DNA data bank in Turkey. In this context, countries that have the most positive practices regarding the protection of personal data will be given as examples. Thus, the recommendations will be given for reaching and even going beyond the levels of international standards.&nbsp;

Ceza Muhakemesi Hukukunda Moleküler Genetik İncelemelerin Özel Nitelikli Kişisel Verilerin Korunması Açısından Değerlendirilmesi

Cüneyt

Our study examines the concept of “serious crime” that leads to withdrawal of donation. This may be due to the donee committing a serious crime against the donor or one of the donors’ relatives, which can be a reason for the withdrawal of donations, regulated by the Turkish Obligation Code (TOC) art. 295 I b 1. We refer to “severe crime,” as defined in the Turkish Civil Code art. 510, which regulates the grounds for debarment from inheritance. However, evaluations of severe crime that lead to debarment from inheritance may not be valid when considering the grounds for withdrawal of donation. In case of debarment from inheritance, the person whom the legator is debarring from his/her inheritance may be the heir according to the legator, yet there may be no such relationship between the donor and the donee. The proximity between the donor and the donee may not be as intense as in inheritance law. How can the concept of “serious crime” then be interpreted in terms of the withdrawal of donation? Is it possible, in this case, to deploy the assessments of criminal law? In the context of our study, we attempt to find answers to this question. To not exceed the scope of our study, we evaluate the concept of severe crime only with reference to withdrawal of donation. To gain an understanding of the concept of “serious crime” based on the TOC 295 I 1, a dual distinction must be in place to express the reason for a donee committing a serious crime against a donor or one of his/her relatives. The first distinction is “crime,” and the second distinction is “serious”. This distinction should not be regarded as purely theoretical because when withdrawing a donation, the offense committed by the donee is characterized as “crime” in terms of criminal law. When a donation is withdrawn, the offense committed by the donee is characterized as “crime” in terms of criminal law. To evaluate whether the offending act is a crime or not, referring to criminal law is sufficient. The fact that the offense is characterized as “crime” serves as an objective condition for the withdrawal of a donation when it is a serious crime. The second distinction required is to define the term “serious.” A crime is characterized as “serious” based on private law regulations in relation to the withdrawal of the donation. The criminal law issue will not be effective in this regard. The private law judge evaluates two types of issues when determining the concept of “serious crime”: objective and subjective. When determining subjective issues, the judge examines the following three elements: whether the crime justifies the existence of ingratitude, any damage caused to the donor because of the crime, and the objective justification for&nbsp;this damage. The judge should examine the nature of each specific case type, the extent of the donation, the motivation of the donor to donate, the motivation of the donee in relation to the offense, whether the donor is at fault or not, and whether these three elements exist together.

Bağışlamanın Geri Alınmasında “Ağır Suç” Kavramı Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

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Boran Ali

Restorative justice is an alternative practice of justice whereby offenders and victims voluntarily encounter, empathise and finally reconcile with each other in the presence of family and relatives, and other mediators. It has emerged as a substitute for the criminalising effects and humane-fiscal cost of the retributive justice system and initiated the active participation of community members in justice procedure. In this regard, community values and norms function as replacements for the written law of the state and criminal justice courts but with regard to more integrating and inclusionary means. The aim is, simply, to restore the broken rule of law by reintegrating perpetrators into the law-abiding community. The main condition for reconciliation between parties relies on a mutual positive emotional interaction and transference between parties, the aim of which is to make offenders reflect on their illicit behaviours and ultimately feel shame and remorse. Even though debates mostly focus on the judicial and socio-cultural viability of this alternative justice system, it is the possibility of a positive emotional interaction that plays a critical role in setting peace and reconciliation between victim and offenders. The idealised process is personified by the revealing of positive emotional expressions, mutual empathy and understanding between the parties in a conflict of interest. A psychosocial criminological approach to the evidence found in the literature on restorative justice has thus far shown that shame and remorse are the two key emotions anticipated for reconciliation in this setting. While not referenced explicitly, this emotional interaction process bears rather on a psychosocial character given that certain psychoanalytical processes are implicitly at work when victims and offenders are seeking to empathise with each other. Given the previous successful results of restorative justice conferences, emotional interaction between the parties has been observed to lead to the construction of mutual empathy and final closure, relying on identification and transference. In the course of the interaction, certain emotional turning points have been identified as taking place between the victim and the offenders, the latter of whom attempts to initiate a possible closure by symbolicemotional posture, facial expressions and gestures. These emotional turning points usually change the course of the conversation between the parties, resulting in the expression of a cordial apology by the offender and its acceptance by victim. However, studies on restorative justice reveal the problem of offenders’ sincerity and the genuineness of their remorse and guilt in such encounters. Some researchers&nbsp;argue that a genuine flow of shame and remorse, in an idealised form, is not displayed by offenders in contrast to the idealised expectations. To exemplify this, setting out the findings of the South Australia Juvenile Justice Research and Conferencing Project, Kathleen Daly draws attention to the fact that victims thought that only 30 per cent of offenders’ apologies were genuine, whereas offenders claimed that 60 per cent of apologies were truly sorry. This means that victims do not think offenders’ apologies are sincere and that offenders think that their apology does not truly reflect any genuine intent. Put it another way, the evidences suggest that there is a radical difference between offenders’ psychic-inner experiences and the presentation of themselves regarding the imperatives of restorative justice setting. This paper offers a conceptual distinction between emotion and affect as viewed from a psychoanalytically-inflected psychosocial criminological perspective. It further argues that emotion refers to symbolic bodily–linguistic signifiers being adaptable and consciously manipulable according to social contexts, whilst affect indicates an energy or intensities experienced unconsciously and not being symbolised. Setting out various case studies and pieces of evidence, the paper suggests that under the pressure of negative affects such as anxiety and fear of a possible failure of the restorative justice conference, offenders tend to display positive symbolic-emotional representations in a way that would convince victims and other mediators of their guilt and shame. The latter usually leads to the expected–idealised result of the victim-offender encounter. Thus, affective intensities in the emotional turning points need to be considered within the interaction process between victim and offender. A psychosocial criminological perspective should always be taken into consideration while restorative justice practices are claimed to be successful and implemented in a specific social and judicial setting.

Onarıcı Adalet Pratiklerinde Mağdur-Fail Karşılaşması: Duygusal Temsiller karşısında Hakiki Duygulanımlar

Kerryn

Assist. Prof.

Scott A.

Dale M.

Cinsiyet ve Cezaevi Koşulları Bakımından Tekerrür: Koruyucu Faktörler ve Risk Faktörlerinin Etkisi

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Ceza Hukuku ve Kriminoloji Dergisi (Journal of Penal Law and Criminology), açık erişimli, hakemli, Haziran ve Aralık aylarında olmak üzere yılda iki defa yayınlanan bilimsel bir dergidir. Ceza Hukuku ve Kriminoloji Dergisi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Ceza Hukuku ve Kriminoloji Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi’nin bir yayınıdır.

Ceza Hukuku ve Kriminoloji Dergisi (Journal of Penal Law and Criminology), öncelikle ceza hukuku ve kriminoloji alanlarına odaklanan, suç ve suçlulukla ilişkili konularda yazılan makalelere açık olan bir dergidir. Ceza Hukuku ve Kriminoloji Dergisi, yüksek kalitede içerikle bu alanlara katkıda bulunan ve bilgi paylaşımı sağlayan uluslararası bir platform sunmayı amaçlar. Dergide, Türkçe makalelerin yanı sıra İngilizce, Almanca, Fransızca, İspanyolca ve İtalyanca makalelere de yer verilir. Derginin hedef kitlesini akademisyenler, araştırmacılar, profesyoneller, öğrenciler ve ilgili mesleki, akademik kurum ve kuruluşlar oluşturur.

2024 itibariyle basılı versiyon durdurulmuştur. Dergi sadece online olarak yayınlanmaktadır.

Selman

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EBSCO

ERIH PLUS

TR Dizin

DOAJ

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Ceza Hukuku ve Kriminoloji Dergisi

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Ceza Hukuku ve Kriminoloji Dergisi (Journal of Penal Law and Criminology), açık erişimli, hakemli, Haziran ve Aralık aylarında olmak üzere yılda iki defa yayınlanan bilimsel bir dergidir. Ceza Hukuku ve Kriminoloji Dergisi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Ceza Hukuku ve Kriminoloji Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi’nin bir yayınıdır.Ceza Hukuku ve Kriminoloji Dergisi (Journal of Penal Law and Criminology), öncelikle ceza hukuku ve kriminoloji alanlarına odaklanan, suç ve suçlulukla ilişkili konularda yazılan makalelere açık olan bir dergidir. Ceza Hukuku ve Kriminoloji Dergisi, yüksek kalitede içerikle bu alanlara katkıda bulunan ve bilgi paylaşımı sağlayan uluslararası bir platform sunmayı amaçlar. Dergide, Türkçe makalelerin yanı sıra İngilizce, Almanca, Fransızca, İspanyolca ve İtalyanca makalelere de yer verilir. Derginin hedef kitlesini akademisyenler, araştırmacılar, profesyoneller, öğrenciler ve ilgili mesleki, akademik kurum ve kuruluşlar oluşturur.

Amaç ve Kapsam

<ul><li>Web of Science - Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)</li><li>TÜBİTAK - ULAKBİM TR Dizin  </li><li>DOAJ</li><li>ERIH PLUS</li><li>EBSCO Central &amp; Eastern European Academic Source </li></ul>

Dizinler

Dergi yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> Gönderilen makaleler derginin amaç ve kapsamına uygun olmalıdır. Orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmayan, her bir yazar tarafından içeriği ve gönderimi onaylanmış yazılar değerlendirmeye kabul edilir. Makale yayınlanmak üzere Dergiye gönderildikten sonra yazarlardan hiçbirinin ismi, tüm yazarların yazılı izni olmadan yazar listesinden silinemez ve yeni bir isim yazar olarak eklenemez ve yazar sırası değiştirilemez.İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir. Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.İntihal Ön kontrolden geçirilen makaleler, iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal/kendi kendine intihal tespit edilirse yazarlar bilgilendirilir. Editörler, gerekli olması halinde makaleyi değerlendirme ya da üretim sürecinin çeşitli aşamalarında intihal kontrolüne tabi tutabilirler. Yüksek benzerlik oranları, bir makalenin kabul edilmeden önce ve hatta kabul edildikten sonra reddedilmesine neden olabilir. Makalenin türüne bağlı olarak, bunun oranın %15 veya %20'den az olması beklenir.Çift Kör Hakemlikİntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Editör, makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakemlikten geçmesini sağlar ve makale biçimsel esaslara uygun ise, gelen yazıyı yurtiçinden ve /veya yurtdışından en az iki hakemin değerlendirmesine sunar, hakemler gerek gördüğü takdirde yazıda istenen değişiklikler yazarlar tarafından yapıldıktan sonra yayınlanmasına onay verir.

Politikalar

Dergi açık erişimlidir ve derginin tüm içeriği okura ya da okurun dahil olduğu kuruma ücretsiz olarak sunulur. Okurlar, ticari amaç haricinde, yayıncı ya da yazardan izin almadan dergi makalelerinin tam metnini okuyabilir, indirebilir, kopyalayabilir, arayabilir ve link sağlayabilir. Bu <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/translations/turkish-translation" target="_blank">BOAI</a> açık erişim tanımıyla uyumludur. Derginin açık erişimli makaleleri Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır.

Derginin tüm giderleri İstanbul Üniversitesi tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Dergide makale yayını ve makale süreçlerinin yürütülmesi ücrete tabi değildir. Dergiye gönderilen ya da yayın için kabul edilen makaleler için işlemleme ücreti ya da gönderim ücreti alınmaz.

Yazarlar dergide yayınlanan çalışmalarının telif hakkına sahiptirler ve çalışmaları  Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır. CC BY-NC 4.0 lisansı, eserin ticari kullanım dışında her boyut ve formatta paylaşılmasına, kopyalanmasına, çoğaltılmasına ve orijinal esere uygun şekilde atıfta bulunmak kaydıyla yeniden düzenleme, dönüştürme ve eserin üzerine inşa etme dâhil adapte edilmesine izin verir.

Editörler, yayınlanan makalede, bulguları, yorumları ve sonuçları etkilemeyen küçük hatalar tespit edilirse düzeltme yayınlamayı düşünebilirler. Editörler, bulguları ve sonuçları geçersiz kılan büyük hatalar / ihlaller söz konusu olduğunda, makaleyi geri çekmeyi düşünmelidir. Yazarlar tarafından araştırma veya yayını kötüye kullanmaya yönelik olasılık söz konusu ise; bulguların güvenilir olmadığına ve yazarların kurumlarının olayı soruşturmadığına dair kanıtlar var veya olası soruşturma haksız veya sonuçsuz görünüyor ise, editörler endişe ifadesi yayınlamayı düşünmelidir. Düzeltme, geri çekme veya endişe ifadesi ile ilgili olarak <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> ve <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> yönergeleri dikkate alınır.

Dergide yayınlanan tüm yazıların korunmasını ve kalıcı olarak erişilebilir olmasını sağlamak için makaleler, ulusal bir arşiv sitesi olarak hizmet veren ve aynı zamanda LOCKSS'in içeriği toplamasına, korumasına ve sunmasına izin veren Dergipark'ta saklanmaktadır.Ek olarak, yazarların kendilerinin makalelerinin son PDF sürümünü Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>) standartlarına uygun açık elektronik arşivlerde arşivlemeleri önerilir. Yazarlar, yayınladıkları arşiv versiyonundan, İ.Ü. Yayınevinin dergi web sitesinin URL'sine bağlantı sağlamalıdır.

<div style="text-align: left;">Ceza Hukuku ve Kriminoloji Dergisi (Journal of Penal Law and Criminology), yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için adres: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing.</a></div>Gönderilen tüm makaleler orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmamalıdır. Her bir makale, editörlerden biri ve en az iki hakem tarafından çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçirilir. İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir.Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.

Etik

Ceza Hukuku ve Kriminoloji Dergisi (Journal of Penal Law and Criminology) araştırma etiğinde en yüksek standartları gözetir ve aşağıda tanımlanan uluslararası araştırma etiği ilkelerini benimser. Makalelerin etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır.<ul><li>Araştırmanın tasarlanması, tasarımın gözden geçirilmesi ve araştırmanın yürütülmesinde, bütünlük, kalite ve şeffaflık ilkeleri sağlanmalıdır.</li><li>Araştırma ekibi ve katılımcılar, araştırmanın amacı, yöntemleri ve öngörülen olası kullanımları; araştırmaya katılımın gerektirdikleri ve varsa riskleri hakkında tam olarak bilgilendirilmelidir.</li><li>Araştırma katılımcılarının sağladığı bilgilerin gizliliği ve yanıt verenlerin gizliliği sağlanmalıdır. Araştırma katılımcıların özerkliğini ve saygınlığını koruyacak şekilde tasarlanmalıdır.</li><li>Araştırma katılımcıları gönüllü olarak araştırmada yer almalı, herhangi bir zorlama altında olmamalıdırlar.</li><li>Katılımcıların zarar görmesinden kaçınılmalıdır. Araştırma, katılımcıları riske sokmayacak şekilde planlanmalıdır.</li><li>Araştırma bağımsızlığıyla ilgili açık ve net olunmalı; çıkar çatışması varsa belirtilmelidir.</li><li>İnsan denekler ile yapılan deneysel çalışmalarda, araştırmaya katılmaya karar veren katılımcıların yazılı bilgilendirilmiş onayı alınmalıdır. Çocukların ve vesayet altındakilerin veya tasdiklenmiş akıl hastalığı bulunanların yasal vasisinin onayı alınmalıdır.</li><li>Çalışma herhangi bir kurum ya da kuruluşta gerçekleştirilecekse bu kurum ya da kuruluştan çalışma yapılacağına dair onay alınmalıdır.</li><li>İnsan öğesi bulunan çalışmalarda, “yöntem” bölümünde katılımcılardan “bilgilendirilmiş onam” alındığının ve çalışmanın yapıldığı kurumdan etik kurul onayı alındığı belirtilmesi gerekir.</li></ul>

Makalelerin bilimsel ve etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır. Yazar, makalenin orijinal olduğu, daha önce başka bir yerde yayınlanmadığı ve başka bir yerde, başka bir dilde yayınlanmak üzere değerlendirmede olmadığı konusunda teminat sağlamalıdır. Uygulamadaki telif kanunları ve anlaşmaları gözetilmelidir. Telife bağlı materyaller (örneğin tablolar, şekiller veya büyük alıntılar) gerekli izin ve teşekkürle kullanılmalıdır. Başka yazarların, katkıda bulunanların çalışmaları ya da yararlanılan kaynaklar uygun biçimde kullanılmalı ve referanslarda belirtilmelidir.Gönderilen makalede tüm yazarların akademik ve bilimsel olarak doğrudan katkısı olmalıdır. Bu bağlamda “yazar” yayınlanan bir araştırmanın kavramsallaştırılmasına ve dizaynına, verilerin elde edilmesine, analizine ya da yorumlanmasına belirgin katkı yapan, yazının yazılması ya da bunun içerik açısından eleştirel biçimde gözden geçirilmesinde görev yapan kişi olarak görülür. Yazar olabilmenin diğer koşulu ise, makaledeki çalışmayı planlamak veya icra etmek ve/veya revize etmektir. Fon sağlanması, veri toplanması ya da araştırma grubunun genel süpervizörlüğü tek başına yazarlık hakkı kazandırmaz. Yazar olarak gösterilen tüm kişiler, sayılan tüm ölçütleri karşılamalı ve yukarıdaki ölçütleri karşılayan her kişi, yazar olarak gösterilmelidir. Yazarların isim sıralaması ortak verilen bir karar olmalıdır. Tüm yazarlar, yazar sıralamasını <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/0CEFE36784F44C599A77D76F95DE3DAA" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formunda</a> imzalı olarak belirtmek zorundadırlar.Yazarlık için yeterli ölçütleri karşılamayan, ancak çalışmaya katkısı olan tüm kişiler, “teşekkür/bilgiler” kısmında sıralanmalıdır. Bunlara sadece teknik destek sağlayan, yazıma yardımcı olan ya da sadece genel bir destek sağlayan, finansal ve materyal desteği sunan kişiler örnek olarak gösterilebilir.Bütün yazarlar, araştırmanın sonuçlarını ya da bilimsel değerlendirmeyi etkileyebilme potansiyeli olan finansal ilişkiler, çıkar çatışması ve çıkar rekabetini beyan etmelidirler. Bir yazar kendi yayınlanmış yazısında belirgin bir hata ya da yanlışlık tespit ederse, bu yanlışlıklara ilişkin düzeltme ya da geri çekme için editör ile hemen temasa geçme ve işbirliği yapma sorumluluğunu taşır.

Editör; makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, cinsel yöneliminden, uyruğundan, dini inancından, siyasi ve felsefi düşüncesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Ayrıca editör, yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder. Hakemden gelen rapor doğrultusunda yazının yayınlanmasına, yazardan rapor çerçevesinde düzeltme istenmesine ya da yazının geri çevrilmesine karar verir ve yazarı durumdan en kısa sürede haberdar eder. Editör, içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Ayrıca editör, gerektiğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır.Editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çatışmaya izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemler; makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, cinsel yöneliminden, uyruğundan, dini inancından, siyasi ve felsefi düşüncesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirirler. Araştırmayla ilgili, yazarlarla ve/veya araştırmanın finansal destekçileriyle çıkar çatışmaları olmamalıdır. Değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Hakemler, yazarların atıfta bulunmadığı konuyla ilgili yayınlanmış çalışmaları tespit etmelidirler. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilgilerin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafından herhangi bir telif hakkının ihlal edildiğini ve intihal yapıldığını fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlayamayacağını düşünüyorsa, editöre bu durumu derhal bildirmeli ve editörden hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör, hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri, başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kendileri için makalelerin kopyalarını çıkarmalarına izin verilmez. Ayrıca hakemler, editörün izni olmadan makaleleri başkasına veremezler. Yazarın ve editörün izni olmadan hakemlerin gözden geçirmeleri basılamaz ve açıklanamaz. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme çift taraflı kör hakemlik ile değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.

Hakemlik Hakkında

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir.Baş Editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemlerin değerlendirmeleri objektif olmalıdır. Hakem süreci sırasında hakemlerin aşağıdaki hususları dikkate alarak değerlendirmelerini yapmaları beklenir.-Makale yeni ve önemli bir bilgi içeriyor mu?-Öz, makalenin içeriğini net ve düzgün bir şekilde tanımlıyor mu?-Yöntem bütünlüklü ve anlaşılır şekilde tanımlanmış mı?-Yapılan yorum ve varılan sonuçlar bulgularla kanıtlanıyor mu?-Alandaki diğer çalışmalara yeterli referans verilmiş mi?-Dil kalitesi yeterli mi?Hakemler, gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir.

<ol><li style="text-align: left;">Makale gönderimi online olarak, <a href="http://istanbul.edu.tr:8080/tr/journal/jplc/home" target="_blank">http://istanbul.edu.tr:8080/tr/journal/jplc/home</a> üzerinden yapılmalıdır.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Gönderilen yazılar, yazının yayınlanmak üzere gönderildiğini ifade eden, makale türünü belirten ve makaleyle ilgili bilgileri içeren (bkz: Son Kontrol Listesi) bir mektup; yazının elektronik formunu içeren Microsoft Word 2003 ve üzerindeki versiyonları ile yazılmış elektronik dosya ve tüm yazarların imzaladığı <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/0CEFE36784F44C599A77D76F95DE3DAA" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a> eklenerek gönderilmelidir.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Yayınlanmak üzere gönderilen makale ile birlikte yazar bilgilerini içeren <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/CB3FD4EC91BA4FF18424B5350D90CD1E" target="_blank">kapak sayfası</a> gönderilmelidir. Kapak sayfasında, makalenin başlığı, yazar veya yazarların bağlı bulundukları kurum ve unvanları, kendilerine ulaşılabilecek adresler, cep, iş ve faks numaraları ve e-posta adresleri yer almalıdır (bkz. Son Kontrol Listesi).</li><li style="text-align: left;">Dergide, hakem denetiminden geçen çalışmalar dışında, karar incelemesi, kitap incelemesi, mevzuat değerlendirmesi ve bilgilendirici notlara da yer verilir. Bu nitelikteki yazıların kabulü veya geri çevrilmesi, Editörler ve Yayın Kurulu tarafından yapılır.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Gönderilen yazılarla ilgili tüm yazışmalar ilk yazarla yapılır.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Yazarların dergiye gönderdikleri çalışmaların derginin kurallarına uygun olduğu kabul edilir. Bilimsel araştırma ve etik kurallarına uyulmadığı veya olağanın üzerinde yazım yanlışlarının tespit edildiği yazılar, Editörler ve Yayın Kurulu tarafından geri çevrilir.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Gönderilen çalışmaların yazı karakteri Times New Roman ve yazı büyüklüğü-14 punto olması gereken bölüm başlıkları ve 10 punto olması gereken dipnotlar dışında- 12 punto olması gerekir. Satır aralıklarının da 1.5 değerinde olması gerekir. Yararlanılan kaynaklara ilişkin dipnotlar sayfa altında yer almalıdır.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Yazar/yazarların adları çalışmanın başlığının hemen altında sağa bitişik şekilde verilmelidir. Ayrıca yıldız dipnot şeklinde (*) yazarın unvanı, kurumu ve e-posta adresi ve telefonu sayfanın en altında dipnotta belirtilmelidir.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Çalışmaların başlıca şu unsurları içermesi gerekmektedir: Türkçe Başlık, Türkçe öz ve anahtar kelimeler; İngilizce başlık, İngilizce öz ve anahtar kelimeler; İngilizce genişletilmiş özet, ana metin bölümleri, son notlar ve kaynaklar.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Giriş bölümünden önce 180-200 sözcük arasında çalışmanın kapsamını, amacını, ulaşılan sonuçları ve kullanılan yöntemi kaydeden Türkçe ve İngilizce öz ile 600-800 kelimelik İngilizce genişletilmiş özet yer almalıdır. Çalışmanın İngilizce başlığı İngilizce özün üzerinde yer almalıdır. İngilizce ve Türkçe özlerin altında çalışmanın içeriğini temsil eden 3 İngilizce, 3 Türkçe anahtar kelime yer almalıdır.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Araştırma yazılarında sorunsalın betimlendiği ve çalışmanın öneminin belirtildiği GİRİŞ bölümünü “Amaç ve Yöntem”, “Bulgular”, “Tartışma ve Sonuç”, ”Son Notlar” “Kaynaklar” ve “Tablolar ve Şekiller” gibi bölümler takip etmelidir. Derleme ve yorum yazıları için ise, çalışmanın öneminin belirtildiği, sorunsal ve amacın somutlaştırıldığı “Giriş” bölümünün ardından diğer bölümler gelmeli ve çalışma “Tartışma ve Sonuç”, ”Son Notlar”, “Kaynaklar” ve “Tablolar ve Şekiller” şeklinde bitirilmelidir.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Çalışmanın sonunda, kullanılan kaynakların yazar soyadına göre alfabetik sıraya dizildiği kaynakçaya yer verilmelidir. Ayrıca eserde kullanılan kaynaklar dipnotunda veya metin içerisinde kısa olarak yer almalıdır.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Eserlerin tablo veya grafik içermesi durumunda ayrı bir excel dosyası ile ham verilerin eserle birlikte gönderilmesi zorunludur. Çalışmalarda tablo, grafik ve şekil gibi göstergeler ancak çalışmanın takip edilebilmesi açısından gereklilik arz ettiği durumlarda, numaralandırılarak, tanımlayıcı bir başlık ile birlikte verilmelidir.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Kurallar dâhilinde dergimize yayınlanmak üzere gönderilen çalışmaların her türlü sorumluluğu ve çalışmada geçen görüşler yazar/yazarlarına aittir.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Hakem raporları doğrultusunda yazarlardan, metin üzerinde bazı düzeltmeler yapmaları istenebilir.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Dergiye gönderilen çalışmalar yayınlansın veya yayınlanmasın geri gönderilmez.</li></ol>

Yazım Kuralları

Makaleyi göndermeden önce Yazarlara Bilgi’yi lütfen okuyun ve aşağıdakilerin eksik olmadığından emin olun:Editöre mektup<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makalenin türü</li> <li>Başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu bilgisi</li> <li>Sponsor veya ticari bir firma ile ilişkisi (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Kaynakların OSCOLA’ya göre belirtildiği</li> <li>İngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığı</li> <li>Yazarlara Bilgide detaylı olarak anlatılan dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiği</li> </ul> </ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/0CEFE36784F44C599A77D76F95DE3DAA" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a>Daha önce basılmış material (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/2DE5F68B92874A26A2E9D5398C6A61D3" target="_blank">Makale kapak sayfası</a><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makalenin kategorisi</li> <li>Makale dilinde ve İngilizce başlık</li> <li>Yazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonar şehir ve ülke bilgisi de yer almalıdır), e-posta adresleri</li> <li>Sorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosu</li> <li>Tüm yazarların ORCID’leri</li> </ul> </ul>Makalenin ana metni<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makale dilinde ve İngilizce başlık</li> <li>Özetler 180-200 kelime makale dilinde ve 180-200 kelime İngilizce</li> <li>Anahtar Kelimeler: 3 adet makale dilinde ve 3 adet İngilizce</li> <li>İngilizce olmayan makaleler için (Örn, Almanca, Fransızca vd dillerdeki makaleler) İngilizce genişletilmiş özet (Extended Abstract) 600-800 kelime</li> <li>Makale ana metin bölümleri</li> <li>Finansal Destek (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Çıkar Çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Kaynaklar</li> <li>Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)</li> </ul> </ul>Makale Gönderme<ul type="disc"> <li style="text-align: left;">Makalenin gönderileceği DergiPark sayfası adresi: <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/49/submission/step/manuscript/new" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/49/submission/step/manuscript/new</a></li><li style="text-align: left;">Yapılan başvurularda, çalışmanın sorumlu yazarının (corresponding author) hesabı kullanılmalıdır. Sorumlu yazarın dışındaki yazarların ya da çalışmada yazar olarak yer almayan bir başkasının hesabı kullanılmamalıdır. Başvuru ile ilgili bütün yazışmalar DergiPark sistemi üzerinden gönderilen elektronik posta ile sorumlu yazara iletilmektedir.</li> <li style="text-align: left;">Makale ana metninin dosyasını (Main Document)  yüklerken, çift taraflı kör hakem süreci gereği, bu dosyanın yazar kimliğini deşifre eden hiçbir unsur barındırmadığından emin olun. Makale ana metni dosyası (Main Document) başlık sayfasını (Title Page) içermemeli; yazar adı geçen ya da yazar adlarını ifşa edebilecek bölümler içermemeli (Örneğin: Teşekkür, her sayfada tekrar eden ve yazar adlarını içerebilen başlık).</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>Ayrı Ayrı Yüklemeniz gereken dosyalar<ul type="disc"> <li>Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</li> <li>Resim, Tablo vb başka kaynaktan alındıysa izin belgesi</li> <li>Makale Kapak Sayfası</li> <li>Makale Ana Metni Dosyası  (Bu dosya aşağıdaki unsurları içermelidir)</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makale dilinde ve İngilizce başlık</li> <li>Özetler 180-200 kelime makale dilinde ve 180-200 kelime İngilizce</li> <li>Anahtar Kelimeler: 3 adet makale dilinde ve 3 adet İngilizce</li> <li>İngilizce olmayan makaleler için (Örn, Almanca, Fransızca, Türkçe vd dillerdeki makaleler ) İngilizce genişletilmiş Özet (Extended Abstract)  600-800 kelime</li> <li>Makale ana metin bölümleri</li> <li>Finansal Destek (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Çıkar Çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Kaynaklar</li> <li>Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)</li></ul></ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>

<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/0CEFE36784F44C599A77D76F95DE3DAA" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/5B1C2B40D7AB469E9A57486EF590CEB7" target="_blank">Makale kapak sayfası</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/55AD51EFEC864EF685218DCAED509157" target="_blank">Yazar Formu</a>

Aşağıdaki listede yer alan hususların eksik olmadığından emin olun:●    Editöre mektup•    Makalenin türü•    Başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu bilgisi•    Sponsor veya ticari bir firma ile ilişkisi (varsa belirtiniz)•    İstatistik kontrolünün yapıldığı bilgisi (araştırma makaleleri için)•    İngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığı bilgisi•    Yazarlara Bilgide detaylı olarak anlatılan dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiği•    Kaynakların OSCOLA’ya veya APA6’ya göre belirtildiği●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/0CEFE36784F44C599A77D76F95DE3DAA" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a>●    Daha önce basılmış materyal (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/F28B47DF92FD4F80BF9CB4775FBEF2F8" target="_blank">Makale kapak sayfası</a>•    Makalenin türü•    Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığı•    Yazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonra şehir ve ülke bilgisi de yer almalıdır), e-posta adresleri•    Sorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosu•    Tüm yazarların ORCID’leri●    Makale ana metni dosyası•    Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığı•    Özetler 180-200 kelime Türkçe ve 180-200 kelime İngilizce•    Anahtar Kelimeler: 3 adet Türkçe ve 3 adet İngilizce•    Makale Türkçe ise, İngilizce genişletilmiş Özet (Extended Abstract) 600-800 kelime•    Makale ana metin bölümleri•    Finansal Destek (varsa belirtiniz)•    Çıkar Çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)•    Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)•    Kaynaklar•    Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)

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