Araştırma Makalesi


DOI :10.26650/jspc.2019.78.0039   IUP :10.26650/jspc.2019.78.0039    Tam Metin (PDF)

Youth Unemployment and Government Pro-Employment Policies in Zimbabwe

Noah MaulaniBilly Agwanda

Youth unemployment remains a global threat pushing youths to participate in various unlawful and dangerous activities. In Zimbabwe, a weak economy and domestic sociopolitical challenges have pushed youth unemployment rates to one of the highest in the continent and globally. Despite accounting for the largest population, Zimbabwean youths continue to be marginalized from the national development discourse, and this has had a general negative impact on the Zimbabwean national development agenda. The National Youth Policy, enacted in 2000 by the government to address youth unemployment through a multi-sectoral framework, has resulted in minimal progress. This paper adopts an in-depth qualitative literature review of academic articles, government reports, World Bank and IMF reports to conduct an analysis of the root causes of high youth unemployment rates in Zimbabwe, its effects and the performance of the measures undertaken by the government to address the problem. This study has identified frequent economic crises, weak education system, and poor implementation of macroeconomic policies by the government as some of the challenges increasing the rates of youth unemployment.


PDF Görünüm

Referanslar

  • Agnes, I. A. I. (2010). Youth unemployment in Nigeria: causes and related issues. Canadian social science, 6(4), 231–237. google scholar
  • Ansell, N. (2002). Secondary education reform in Southern Africa and the needs of rural girls: pronouncements, policy, and practice. Comparative education, 91–112. google scholar
  • Anyanwu, J. C. (2014). Does Intra-African Trade Reduce Youth Unemployment in Africa? Tunis Belvédère: African Development Bank Group. Appiah-Kubi, J. (2018). google scholar
  • Challenges Encountered in community development in urban slums: A study of Ashaiman, Ghana. International Journal of Science: Basic and Applied Research, 81–93. google scholar
  • Awogbenle, A. C., & Iwuamadi, K. C. (2010). Youth unemployment: Entrepreneurship development programme as an intervention mechanism. African Journal of Business Management, 831–835. google scholar
  • Aydın, G., Nyadera I. N., & M. Onder M. (2020). Strategic management in Turkey’s public sector: Reforms and application issues. Public Organization Review. HYPERLINK “https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-020-00463-8” doi.org/10.1007/s11115 020-00463-8 google scholar
  • Ayhan, F. (2016). Youth unemployment as a growing global threat. Актуальні проблеми економіки, (7), 262–269. google scholar
  • Ayhan, F., & Gebesoglu, P. F. (2020). Analysis of The Economic Effects of Syrian Migration on Turkish Labor Market in Migration and Urbanization: Local Solutions for Global Economic Challenges, Ed.Denis Ushakov, Pages: 177-198, ISBN:9781799801115, google scholar
  • Baah-Boateng, W. (2016). The youth unemployment challenge in Africa: What are the drivers? The Economic and Labour Relations Review, 413–431. google scholar
  • Besada, H., & Moyo, N. (2008). Zimbabwe in Crisis: Mugabe’s Policies and Failures. SSRN Electronic Journal. google scholar
  • Bhebhe, T., Bhebhe, R. K., & Bhebhe, B. S. (2016). An investigation into the causes of unemployment among youths in the city of Harare. Global Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences. google scholar
  • Bhebhe, T. B., Sulochana, N., Muranda, Z., Sifile, O., & Chavhunduka, D. M. (2015). Effects of the educated youth unemployment nexus in Zimbabwe. Journal Of Humanities And Social Science, 01–11. google scholar
  • Chagunta, F. (2002). Youth entrepreneurship: Meeting the key policy challenges. Oxford: Wolfson College Press. google scholar
  • Chetsanga, C., & Muchenje, T. (2003). An Analysis of the Cause and Effect of Brain Drain in Zimbabwe. Scientific and Industrial Research and Development Centre. google scholar
  • Chirisa, I. (2011). Youth, Unemployment, and Peri-Urbanity in Zimbabwe: a snapshot of lessons from Hatcliffe. International Journal of Politics and Good Governance. google scholar
  • Chitiyo, M., Hughes, M. E., Changara, M. D., Chitiyo, G., & Montgomery, K. M. (2017). Special education professional development needs in Zimbabwe. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 48-62. google scholar
  • Constitution of Zimbabwe 2013 Deyo, F. C. (2016). Social reconstructions of the world automobile industry: Competition, power, and industrial flexibility. Springer. google scholar
  • Dorsey, B. (1989). Educational development and reform in Zimbabwe. Comparative Education Review, 40-58. google scholar
  • Eastwood, J. B., Conroy, R. E., Naicker, S., West, P. A., Tutt, R. C., & Plange-Rhule, J. (2005). Loss of health professionals from sub-Saharan Africa: the. Lancet: Public Health. google scholar
  • Ebaidalla, E. M. (2016). Analysis of youth unemployment in Sub-Saharan Africa: determinants and possible ways forward. African Journal of Economic and Sustainable Development, 5(4), 302–317. google scholar
  • Galal, A. (2002). The paradox of education and unemployment in Egypt. Cairo: Egyptian Center for Economic Studies. google scholar
  • Garwe, E. C. (2015). Quality assurance in higher education in Zimbabwe. Research in Higher Education Journal, 1–12. google scholar
  • Gerla., V. B. (2016). Unemployment protection systems: The experiences of developed and transition countries. google scholar
  • Gukurume, S. (2018). Navigating precarious livelihoods: Youth in the SME sector in Zimbabwe. google scholar
  • Gukurume, S. (2019). Chinese migrants and the politics of everyday life in Zimbabwe. Asian Ethnicity, 20(1), 85–102. google scholar
  • Hussamanns, R. (2007). Measurement of employment, Unemployment, and Underemployment – Current international Standards and issues in their application. google scholar
  • ILO. Geneva International Labour Organization (2012). Youth Employment Interventions in Africa A Mapping Report of the Employment and Labour Sub-Cluster of the Regional Coordination Mechanism (RCM) for Africa. google scholar
  • ILO, Geneva. International Labour Organization. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/global/ about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_615590/lang--en/index.htm google scholar
  • International Labour Organization (2019). Quick Guide on Interpreting the Unemployment Rate. Geneva: International Labour Office. google scholar
  • Jerie, S. (2015). Urban youth unemployment in Zimbabwe: nature, challenges, and consequences. Urban Youth Unemployment in Eastern and Southern Africa: Features, Consequences and Cut-Back Strategies, 40–62. google scholar
  • Kamete, A. Y. (2018). Pernicious assimilation: reframing the integration of the urban informal economy in Southern Africa. Urban Geography, 39(2), 167–189. google scholar
  • Kang’ethe, S. M., & Mafa, D. (2015). Exploring the panacea and perfidy of indigenization as a driver to avert youth unemployment in Zimbabwe. Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology, 335–340. google scholar
  • Kanyenze, G. ( 2010). Youth Unemployment in Zimbabwe. Geneva: ILO. Kanyongo, G. Y. (2005). Zimbabwe’s public education system reforms: Successes and challenges. International Education Journal, 65–74. google scholar
  • Keynes, J. M. (1935). The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. google scholar
  • Khumalo, N. B. (2016). Are we clear on indigenization and youth empowerment in Zimbabwe? The views of some young Zimbabweans on the government’s indigenization and youth empowerment initiatives. Oral History Journal of South Africa, 4(1), 70–81. google scholar
  • Knack, S., & Keefer, P. (1995). Institutions and Economic Performance: Cross-Country Tests Using AlternativeInstitutional Indicators. Munich Personal RePEc Archive. google scholar
  • Kongolo, M. (2010). Job creation versus job shedding and the role of SMEs in economic development. African Journal for Business Management, 2288–2295. google scholar
  • Lall, S. (1995). Structural adjustment and the African industry. World Development, 23(12), 2019–2031. google scholar
  • Lall, S. V., & Deichmann, U. (2009 ). Density and DisastersEconomics of Urban Hazard Risk. World Bank Fınance Department. google scholar
  • Lasswell, D, H. (1956). The Decision process. Maryland: University of Maryland Press. Lindblom, C. E. (1965). The Intelligence of Democracy. New York: Free Press. google scholar
  • Luebker, M. (2008). Employment, unemployment, and informality in Zimbabwe: Concepts and data for coherent policy-making. google scholar
  • Macheka, T., & Masuku, S. (2019). Youth participation structures in Zimbabwe: A lens into the experiences of rural youth within WADCOs and VIDCOs. google scholar
  • Madambi, M. ( 2008). Educations at cultural crossroads: a struggle for meaningful education in Zimbabwe. google scholar
  • Makanda, Pascal T., Davie Mutasa, and Maurice Taonezvi Vambe (2013). Youth empowerment and indigenization in Zimbabwe.” Commonwealth Youth and Development, 11(2), 50–60. google scholar
  • Mamdani, M. (2009). Lessons of Zimbabwe: Mugabe in Context. Concerned African Scholars. google scholar
  • Mamukwa, E., Lessem, R., & Schieffer, A. (2016). Afrintuneurship: Towards Integral African Enterprise Development: Integral green Zimbabwe –the storyline. Routledge, 172–192. google scholar
  • McConnell, A. (2010). Policy Success, Policy Failure and Grey Areas In-Between. Journal of Public Policy, 345–362. google scholar
  • McGovern, R. (2013). Zimbabwe’s National Youth Service Program. google scholar
  • Michaels, D., Couper, I., Mogodi, M. S., Hakim, J. G., Talib, Z., Mipando, H. M., . . . Simuyemba, M. (2017). A peer evaluation of the community-based education programme for medical students at the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences: A southern African Medical Education Partnership Initiative (MEPI) collaboration. African Journal of Health Professions Education, 138–143. google scholar
  • Ministry of Youth. (2013). National Youth Policy. Harare: Ministry of Youth. Ministry of Youth. (2000). The National Youth Policy. Harare: Ministry of Youth. google scholar
  • Mlatsheni, C. (2002 ). Why is Youth Unemployment so High and Unequally spread in South Africa? Capetown: University of Capetown. google scholar
  • Murinda, E. (2014). Skills training and the employment situation of young people in Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe country report for the 2014 Ministerial Conference on youth unemployment. Abidjan. google scholar
  • Muvunzi, T. (2011). The Impact of Structural Adjustment Programmes on Zimbabwe’s Public Health Sector. google scholar
  • Ncube, M. (2000). Employment, unemployment and the growth of labour policy in Zimbabwe. Harare: University of Zimbabwe. google scholar
  • Ngwenya, S., & Boshoff, N. (2018). Valorization: the case of the Faculty of Applied Sciences at the National University of Science and Technology. Zimbabwe. South African Journal of Higher Education, 215–236. google scholar
  • Nherera, C. M. (2018). Rethinking Technical and Vocational Education and Training in the Context of the New Curriculum Framework for Primary and Secondary Education 2015-2022 in Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe Journal of Educational Research. google scholar
  • Nkechi, O., & Lawrence., O. (2016). Youth Unemployment and Peace in Nigerian Society. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. google scholar
  • Nyadera I.N., Islam M.N. (2020) Link Between Administration, Politics, and Bureaucracy. In: Farazmand A. (eds) Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance. Springer, Cham. google scholar
  • Nyadera I. N., Kisaka M. O., & Agwanda B., (2020) Fragile State, Just War and the Crisis in Counterterrorism: Reflections on Boko Haram and Nigeria’s War on Terrorism, African Journal on Terrorism, 8(1) 54–73. google scholar
  • Nyadera, I. N. (2018). South Sudan conflict from 2013 to 2018: Rethinking the causes, situation and solutions. African Journal on Conflict Resolution, 18(2), 59–86. google scholar
  • O’Higgins, N. (2001). Youth unemployment and employment policy: A global perspective. Geneva: International Labour Organisation Publication. google scholar
  • Okafor, E. E. (2011). Youth unemployment and implications for the stability of democracy in Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa. google scholar
  • Onder, M., & Nyadera, I. N. (2020). The role of non-economic drivers in development planning: The case of South Korea and Turkey. International Journal of Public Administration, 43(4), 283–293. doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2019.1628057 google scholar
  • Onder, M., & Nyadera, I. N. (2019). Comparative Administrative Cultures between Developed and Developing Countries.” In: Farazmand A. (eds) Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance. Springer, Cham. google scholar
  • Oosterom, M. A. (2019). Youth and social navigation in Zimbabwe’s informal economy:‘Don’t end up on the wrong side’. African Affairs, 118(472), 485–508. google scholar
  • Qayyum, W. (2007). Causes of Youth Unemployment in Pakistan. Pakistan Development Review, 611–621. google scholar
  • Quintini, G., Martin, J. P., Martin, S. (2007) The changing nature of the school-to-work transition process in OECD countries. IZA Discussion Papers 2582, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn. google scholar
  • Ripley, M., & Hartrich, S. (2017). Measuring productive employment. google scholar
  • Rose, R. (1984). Understanding big government. London: Sage Publication. google scholar
  • Rusvingo, S. L. (2015). The Zimbabwe soaring unemployment rate of 85%: A ticking time bomb not only for Zimbabwe but the entire SADC region (2014). Global Journal of Management and Business Research. google scholar
  • Saungweme, T., Matsvai, S., & Sakuhuni, R. C. (2014). Econometric analysis of unemployment, output, and growth of the Informal Sector in Zimbabwe (1985to2013). international journal of economics research, 1–9. google scholar
  • Salvador, R. G., & Leiner-Killinger, N. (2008). An analysis of youth unemployment in the euro area. ECB Occasional Paper, (89). google scholar
  • Schneider, G. E. (1999). An institutionalist assessment of structural adjustment programs in Africa. Journal of Economic Issues, 33(2), 325–334. google scholar
  • Szirmai, A., Gebreeyesus, M., Guadagno, F., & Verspagen, B. (2013). Promoting productive employment in sub-Saharan Africa. google scholar
  • Terziev, V., & Arabska, E. (2015). Social policy and social programming: key implications concerning the development of active labor market policies and employment. 17th International Academic Conference. Vienna: University of Rousse. google scholar
  • Timbwari, L. (2015). Youth unemployment in Zimbabwe . 30 37. google scholar
  • Topel, R. H., Ward, M. P. (1992). Job mobility and the careers of young men. Q J Econ, 107(2), 439–79. google scholar
  • United Nation. (2007). World Youth Report. New York: United Nations Publications. United Nations (2020). Zimbabwe Demographics. google scholar
  • United Nations (2018). Retrieved from http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Metadata. aspx?IndicatorId=0&SeriesId=597 google scholar
  • UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, (2019). Youth population trends and sustainable development. HYPERLINK “https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/documents/ youth/fact-sheets/YouthPOP.pdf” https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/documents/youth/ fact-sheets/YouthPOP.pdf google scholar
  • World Bank. (2020). The World Bank In Zimbabwe. https://www.worldbank.org/en/ country/zimbabwe/overview#1 google scholar
  • Vroey, M. D. (2004). Involuntary Unemployment: The Elusive Quest for a Theory. Conference on the History of macroeconomics. Louvain-la-neuve: Université catholique de Louvain. google scholar
  • World Bank (2012). World Development Report 2013: Jobs. Washington, DC: World Bank google scholar
  • World Bank (2017 ). Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM. TOTL.ZS google scholar
  • World Bank (2017 ). Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.1524.ZS google scholar
  • World Bank. (2018). World Bank Data. Retrieved from World Bank: https://data. worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS google scholar
  • World Health Organisation (2016). Zimbabwe Demographics. google scholar
  • Zimbabwe Human Rights Commission (ZHRC) (2019). Ohchr Study On Youth And Human Rights: Youth In Zimbabwe. HYPERLINK “https://www.ohchr.org/">https://www.ohchr.org/ Documents/Issues/Youth/ZimbabweHRCommission.pdf” https://www.ohchr.org/ Documents/Issues/Youth/ZimbabweHRCommission.pdf google scholar
  • Zimstat. (2017). Inter censal demographic survey. Harare: Zimstats. google scholar
  • Zinhumwe, C. (2007). The youth and unemployment in Zimbabwe. Building a Future with Decent Work for Young People. Harare. google scholar

Atıflar

Biçimlendirilmiş bir atıfı kopyalayıp yapıştırın veya seçtiğiniz biçimde dışa aktarmak için seçeneklerden birini kullanın


DIŞA AKTAR



APA

Maulani, N., & Agwanda, B. (2020). Youth Unemployment and Government Pro-Employment Policies in Zimbabwe. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, 0(78), 229-256. https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2019.78.0039


AMA

Maulani N, Agwanda B. Youth Unemployment and Government Pro-Employment Policies in Zimbabwe. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi. 2020;0(78):229-256. https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2019.78.0039


ABNT

Maulani, N.; Agwanda, B. Youth Unemployment and Government Pro-Employment Policies in Zimbabwe. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, [Publisher Location], v. 0, n. 78, p. 229-256, 2020.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Maulani, Noah, and Billy Agwanda. 2020. “Youth Unemployment and Government Pro-Employment Policies in Zimbabwe.” Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi 0, no. 78: 229-256. https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2019.78.0039


Chicago: Humanities Style

Maulani, Noah, and Billy Agwanda. Youth Unemployment and Government Pro-Employment Policies in Zimbabwe.” Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi 0, no. 78 (Mar. 2025): 229-256. https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2019.78.0039


Harvard: Australian Style

Maulani, N & Agwanda, B 2020, 'Youth Unemployment and Government Pro-Employment Policies in Zimbabwe', Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, vol. 0, no. 78, pp. 229-256, viewed 10 Mar. 2025, https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2019.78.0039


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Maulani, N. and Agwanda, B. (2020) ‘Youth Unemployment and Government Pro-Employment Policies in Zimbabwe’, Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, 0(78), pp. 229-256. https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2019.78.0039 (10 Mar. 2025).


MLA

Maulani, Noah, and Billy Agwanda. Youth Unemployment and Government Pro-Employment Policies in Zimbabwe.” Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, vol. 0, no. 78, 2020, pp. 229-256. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2019.78.0039


Vancouver

Maulani N, Agwanda B. Youth Unemployment and Government Pro-Employment Policies in Zimbabwe. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi [Internet]. 10 Mar. 2025 [cited 10 Mar. 2025];0(78):229-256. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2019.78.0039 doi: 10.26650/jspc.2019.78.0039


ISNAD

Maulani, Noah - Agwanda, Billy. Youth Unemployment and Government Pro-Employment Policies in Zimbabwe”. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi 0/78 (Mar. 2025): 229-256. https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2019.78.0039



ZAMAN ÇİZELGESİ


Gönderim14.06.2019
Kabul19.04.2020
Çevrimiçi Yayınlanma25.06.2020

LİSANS


Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)

This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge you and be non-commercial, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms.


PAYLAŞ




İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları, uluslararası yayıncılık standartları ve etiğine uygun olarak, yüksek kalitede bilimsel dergi ve kitapların yayınlanmasıyla giderek artan bilimsel bilginin yayılmasına katkıda bulunmayı amaçlamaktadır. İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları açık erişimli, ticari olmayan, bilimsel yayıncılığı takip etmektedir.