Verda

Prof.

In the present day, the discipline of “social policy” is mainly studied under the departments of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations (LEIR) since it includes topics such resolving problems of workers during production and reducing class conflicts. Apart from the departments of “Labour Economics and Industrial Relations,” courses and academic studies on “social policy” are also current in other departments such as social work, sociology, and public administration. Even though the development of social policy in Turkey is mainly covered by two prominent schools (Istanbul University and Ankara University), there are different opinions on the matter. The present study analyses the outlook of the academic projection of “social policy,” which has a long-standing tradition within the context of graduate theses. Narrowly defined, social policy aims to eliminate the conflicts, imbalances, and conflicts of interest that arise between employers and workers in the capitalist order, to harmonize between classes and to address the problems of industrial societies. Broadly defined however, social policy refers to studies that deal with issues of all social groups, covering common areas and producing solutions to problems. Social policy, which is one of the fundamental fields of the Labour Economics and Industrial Relations discipline, has spread to areas such as labour markets, labour, social security law, human resource management, sociology of work and organizational management, and work psychology.Difficult to define and limit, the scope of “social policy” is quite broad. In its fullest sense, it encompasses all policies aimed at making changes in the social structure. Even though its course of development differs from one country to another, the concept of social policy was influenced by the Industrial Revolution and conditions at that time and, in time, has become a scientific discipline. Its main feature can be defined as the aim of maintaining the continuity of the economic and social system by partly compensating and eliminating problems and adverse outcomes stemming from the system.&nbsp;In a narrow sense, social policy intends to eliminate inconsistencies, imbalances, and conflicts of interest emerging between employers and workers in the capitalist order and to maintain harmony between classes. It focuses on the problems of industrial societies. In a broad sense, it signifies the entire body of practices concerned with the issues of all social groups, covering social fields, and providing solutions for problems. In this context, social policy aims&nbsp;to offer solutions for the problems of all social groups by considering all social fields. Accordingly, it also includes factors like education, health, the protection of craftspeople, taxation policies, agriculture, and the cooperative system.&nbsp;While social policy grew as a scientific discipline and underwent changes and transformations in terms of practice, it mainly flourished under the departments of “Labour Economics and Industrial Relations” within the higher education system in Turkey. In other words, emerging and developing in parallel with the need for solutions to problems encountered in society, the discipline of social policy has also brought about the emergence of the department of “Labour Economics and Industrial Relations.” Nowadays, as a result of the diversification of social problems, the scope of the department has also widened within this context and, due to the rapid development of information technologies stemming from globalization, social policy has become more crucial. These developments have led to an increased interest in social policies and academic studies concerning social policy.&nbsp;Adopting a partly detailed perspective through the analysis of graduate theses, the present study attempts to answer the following questions:• How are the theses examined within the scope of the study distributed across years, graduate study levels, and universities? • How are the subjects of theses on “social policy” distributed? • Do the theses involve field research? • How are these theses connected with the definition and concept of social policy?These questions are answered within the framework of dimensions created based on the studies in the national academic literature.This study has a qualitative research design allowing the presentation of research results by reading the data one-by-one based on codes and categories. The qualitative research method was accepted as the most suitable research method for this study which aims to determine the thematic states of graduate theses, including the concept of “social policy” in their titles and analyze and comment on the theses thoroughly.&nbsp;The research population consists of 3836 theses written within the scope of “Labour Economics and Industrial Relations” in the database (National Thesis Centre) of the Turkish Council of Higher Education (CoHE). As for the study sample, it comprises 124 theses. The data obtained as a result of scanning using the keyword “social policy” in the “Title” tab in the “Detailed Search” section were transferred onto “Excel” spreadsheets, and MAXQDA Analytics Pro 2018 and the theses offering access to full texts were downloaded.&nbsp;The theses were classified according to publication years, levels of graduate study, and institutes. To ensure validity and reliability, the Excel data files created by the researcher based on the lists of theses from the CoHE database were presented to an expert for consultation. Based on the opinion of this expert, the keywords of the research questions were finalized.The document analysis method was employed in the study to analyze the content of the theses. The document analysis stages used in the present study can be listed as follows: “accessing documents,” “obtaining documents,” “analyzing the data,” and “using the data”.Due to the interdisciplinary nature of the concept, “social policy” covers a wide range of fields in academic studies. Following a general examination of research studies, it seems that the feared effect of the combination of the words “social” and “policy” does not occur. This issue, emphasized in the studies of Makal (2008), and Koray (2013), is worthy of further discussion. Just like this argument, the entire research is undoubtedly open to critique and further development. This is a qualitative study, and it is not independent of the value judgment, observations, and experience of the researcher. Given the number of studies conducted within the scope of this discipline in which each review is either the reason or outcome of another increase, a clearer picture regarding the subject matter will be revealed.

Türkiye’de Çalışma Ekonomisi ve Endüstri İlişkileri Lisansüstü Tezlerinin “Sosyal Politika” Bağlamında Değerlendirilmesi

Veysel

Aşkın

Haluk

Assoc. Prof.

Factors Predicting Life Satisfaction Among Social Media Users

Ayhan

Employees and employers in democratic countries are organised not only to negotiate wages and employment conditions, but also to protect and develop their interests. The organised representation and the process of the negotiation and making-decision by collective bargaining is a fundamental establishment to regulate the labour market and the main pillar of social dialogue at the national level. Also, rights to organise and collective bargaining are a fundamental right to work determined by the ILO Convention No. 98.It is well known that, as it is in Scandinavian countries, a high union density ensures the enhancement of collective bargaining coverage rates, and also the collective bargaining coverage can be boosted by the extension mechanism in countries with a high employer organisation density, as it is in France. Besides, the role of collective bargaining levels, coordination degrees between bargains in different levels and the extension mechanism should be investigated to fully understand the disparities in collective bargaining coverage rates across countries, and the differences of union density and collective bargaining coverage within the country.Although a detailed and comprehensive comparative literature about the developing nature and coverage of collective bargaining has been accumulated, notably in OECD countries, in the case of Turkey, it has been seen that there are limited empirical studies related to the coverage and changing structure of collective bargaining. This literature gap delimitates the access to reliable and updated knowledge about the factors of the collective bargaining coverage in Turkey. In this sense, by using data taken from the Amsterdam University database on ICTWSS and the OECD database, this research mainly aims to analyse the relationship between the collective bargaining coverage and the factors affecting the collective bargaining coverage such as union density, employer organisation density, levels and coordination of the collective bargainings and the extension mechanism based on the comparative industrial relations. Additionally, in the light of findings collected from the study, model proposals for the modernisation of the Turkish industrial relations system will be discussed.&nbsp;This study originally concluded that there is a significantly moderate size of correlation relationship between collective bargaining coverage rates and coordination degrees of collective bargainings, and the usage frequency of the&nbsp;extension mechanism while being of a significantly large size of correlation relationship between collective bargaining coverage rates and the employer organisation density and the predominant collective bargaining level. Also, the other results of the study are the following:Examining countries with a high collective bargaining coverage, the empirical results and literature imply that high union density, central level of collective bargaining and frequent usage of expansion mechanisms are the factors that increase the collective bargaining coverage. However, the increase in union density needs the existence of a gent system, as it is in the Scandinavian countries, whilst the central level of collective bargaining and the prevalent usage of extension mechanisms depend on a high employer organisation density.&nbsp;In Turkey, the predominant level of collective bargaining is the workplace and the enterprise levels, while in countries where the collective bargaining coverages are relatively higher than in other countries, collective bargaining is more predominant at the sectoral and national level. Additionally, the negotiation of collective bargaining at the sectoral level is legally impossible in Turkey, however, group collective bargaining, which negotiates at the workplaces and the enterprises in the same industry, may be qualified as the substitution of sectoral collective bargaining.It is seen that collective bargaining representation criteria in the majority of the countries compared vary according to the domestic dynamics of the countries, and are shaped by having a certain number of members, a legal arrangement, a social agreement, achieving a certain vote threshold in the ballot in which employees participate, and judicial decisions. However, in Turkey, the collective bargaining representation authority is designated by law and consists of a double threshold system: 1% industry threshold based on the union density in the industry, and the workplace and the enterprise thresholds: 50%+1 for workplaces and 40% for the enterprises. In practice, the fixation of the collective bargaining representation to the double threshold makes it difficult to achieve a representation authority for newly established unions and leads to a reduction of the collective bargaining coverage.&nbsp;Although industry and workplaces thresholds which are needed for a collective bargaining representative have been reduced in Turkey after the year 2012, collective bargaining coverage rates have still been lower than both trade union density and employer organisation density, and this negative difference continues to increase every year. This reveals that some of the employees, though they are union members, are not covered by collective bargaining, and they face some obstacles related to use their right to organise.Under the double affiliation principle in Turkey, only signatory bargaining parties and their members can benefit from wages and working conditions determined by collective bargaining. However, it is possible for employees who are not signatory union members to benefit from the collective agreement by paying a solidarity fee.&nbsp;Finally, although the extension mechanism has been legally regulated since the period of the institutionalisation of industrial relations in Turkey, it does not have a significant effect on the collective bargaining coverage. This is because, until now, it has been rarely used.

Toplu Pazarlık Kapsamını Etkileyen Faktörler: Karşılaştırmalı Endüstri İlişkileri Temelinde Türk Endüstri İlişkileri Sisteminin Modernizasyonu

Today’s Syria lived under Ottoman rule for four hundred and three years. After leaving the domination of the Ottoman Empire, Syria’s relations with Turkey have consistently been problematic. Thanks to the efforts of the AKParty (JDP- (Justice and Development Party) which came to power in 2002, relations between Turkey and Syria were positive between 2004 and 2011. After 2011, the anti-regime events and conflicts that started in Syria caused a significant proportion of the Syrian people to leave the country. With its open-door policy towards Syrians, Turkey has become a host to about five million Syrians (including unregistered ones), which is far above what Turkey had expected to do. After this flood of refugees, Turkey has had to face the refugee problem. In previous years of migration, Turkey considered the events temporary and tried to overcome the problems with palliative solutions. In the face of the reality of Syrian refugees, Turkey has been engaged in intensive efforts to shape national migration legislation and produce policies. The country has made significant progress both in terms of legislative arrangements and institutional structures.While the Syrian refugees initially concentrated in the border cities, they later turned towards the big cities. They form a significant proportion of the population in some of our provinces such as Kilis and Hatay, which are located in the border regions. In cities such as Istanbul and Bursa, the ratio of the city to the general population is low, but they nonetheless form a significant proportion of the population and ghettoization can be observed in some districts of these cities. The current situation of the number of Syrian refugees today will cause significant economic problems and crime-based concerns in the future as well as today. The concerns are exacerbated by social media and these concerns are increasing day by day, sometimes for real reasons and sometimes not.&nbsp;The fact that 46.5% of Syrian refugees are in the 0-18 age range also highlights the issue of education. In order to adapt to society and save their future, the importance of refugee children receiving education is emerging as a very real concern. However, due to the language problem, the fact that the language of education is Arabic both makes it difficult to question the quality of the education given and also imposes significant costs on the country’s economy. In terms of health services, the right of refugees to benefit indefinitely and free of charge has been provided. This not only leads to a reduction in efficiency in overall service quality in terms of health, but also adds additional financial burdens to the budget by increasing the need for new institutions and staff. In order to reduce this cost, there is already a draft law in the TBMM (GNAT-Grand National Assembly of Turkey) to limit health services to one year. There is also concern that the economic difficulties of Syrians and their inability to integrate into society will increase their criminal tendencies. According to the data obtained, 1.32% of the incidents of crime in Turkey are carried out by Syrians. However, in provinces such as Kilis, where the population is densely populated, crime rates have increased to 30%. Of course, these rates do not include the number of incidents not referred to judicial authorities. These are due to tolerance, however, it is estimated that there may be a significant proportion. The reason why the incidents are not reported to the judicial authorities is the fact that the criminals are forgiven. However, the case rate is estimated to be high.There is a need for refugees to be economically empowered to live their lives while they are in Turkey. Therefore, they are supported in order to be present in the working life. This support may also lead to the development of some flexible situations, both in entrepreneurship and in ignoring situations where the agreement between the worker and the employer may just be informal.&nbsp;Almost all Syrians are in informal employment. In addition, some people perceive that Syrian refugees might be part of the reason why unemployment rates in our country are 1.5% higher than it is thought they should be and this perception might cause the refugees to be looked on unfavourably. Although the Syrians provide capital inflow to the economy in terms of entrepreneurship with the capital they brought with them, it is understood that forty billion dollars of expenditure was allocated to them, according to the government. This figure refers to the expenditure of a very important resource for a country such as Turkey which has problems with funds and payments. In this article, the social and economic status of Syrian refugees in Turkey is evaluated and their contribution to the social and economic life of our country is examined along with the cost that this has incurred.&nbsp;

Türkiye’deki Suriyeli Sığınmacıların Sosyo-Ekonomik Yaşama Etkileri: Fayda Maliyet Ekseninde Bir Bakış

Salih

Oğuz

As a result of the extension of the service sector, a consumer-centered economic system emerged (Rafaeli et al., 2012, p. 931). The fact that customer satisfaction has become so important, and today’s customer-oriented approach leads the companies running in this area to adopt the philosophy of “the customer is always right”, hence, this results in an unequal power mechanism between employees and customers (Grandey, Dickter &amp; Sin, 2004, p. 3; Choi, Kim, Lee &amp; Lee, 2014, p. 273). As a reflection of this, employees may be subjected to treatment such as verbal harassment, unfair demands and disrespectful behaviors from customers (Wang et al., 2013, p. 989). One of the concepts used in the literature to express negative behaviors caused by the customer is verbal customer aggression. The concept of verbal customer aggression expresses customer behaviors such as swearing, shouting, threatening, humiliation and mocking (Grandey, Kern &amp; Frone, 2007, p. 68; Yeh, 2015, p. 1; Li &amp; Zhou, 2013, p. 893).Studies show that customer-related aggressive behavior is quite common (Grandey, Dickter &amp; Sin, 2004; Hughes &amp; Tadic, 1998; Harrris &amp; Reynolds, 2003; Akgeyik &amp; Delen, 2009; Kavi &amp; Ceylan, 2016). The increase in the frequency of customer aggression also increases the burnout levels of employees (Grandey et al., 2004, p. 402). Also, social interactions based on unequal relationships between service workers and customers trigger greater resource loss and lead to emotional exhaustion (Kim, Paek, Choi &amp; Lee, 2012, p. 508; Gong, Sun &amp; Zhang, 2018; Demerdash &amp; Said, 2018; Kind, Eckert, Steinlin, Ferget &amp; Schmid, 2008). Studies show that customerrelated negative behavior and emotional exhaustion may be the sources of the turnover intention of employees’ (Walsh, 2011, p. 68; Liu et al., 2018; Gong et al., 2018; Bamfo, Dogbe &amp; Mingle, 2018; Onay ve Kılcı, 2011, p. 372; Yıldırım, Erul &amp; Kelebek, 2014, p. 40; Yıldız &amp; Çolak, 2018, p. 625; Interest, 2019, p. 34; Adams, Hollingsworth &amp; Osman, 2019, p. 455; Kim, 2019, p. 21). Also, there are some studies investigate the mediating effect of burnout in the effect of customer-related aggressive behavior on turnover intention (Han, Bonn &amp; Cho, 2016; Karatepe, Yorganci &amp; Haktanır, 2009b).Method The sample of the study consists of 351 employees working as sales and customer representatives in the service sector in Trabzon, Turkey. The survey form consists of four parts. The first part aims to determine the demographic characteristics of the participants. The second part aims to detect the verbal customer aggression that employees are exposed to. The scale used in this section is the 5-item verbal customer aggression scale, developed by Dormann and Zapf (2004), and the validity-reliability study is carried out by the authors. The third section aims to determine the level of emotional exhaustion experienced by customer representatives. The scale used in this section is the 9-item emotional exhaustion scale, developed by Maslach and Jackson (1981), and the validity-reliability study was performed by Üngüren, Doğan, Özmen and Tekin (2010). The last section aims to determine the turnover intention of the customer representatives. The 3-item turnover intention scale, developed by Cammann, Fichman, Jenkins and Klesh (1979) and the validityreliability studies conducted by Gül, Gökçe and Gökçe (2004) were used.ResultsAccording to the results, 50.4% of the participants are women, 48.4% are married and 39% have a bachelor-degree level. The ages of the participants ranged from 18 to 50, with an average age of 29 (± 5.96), and their experience ranged from 1 to 27 years, with an average of 6 years (± 4.97). Preacher and Hayes (2004: 721-722) macro was used to test the hypotheses in SPSS. For estimation, the 5000 bootstrapping and a bias-corrected percentile method were used to determine the 95% confidence interval. Accordingly, verbal customer aggression has a positive effect on emotional exhaustion (β: 0.40; t: 6.91), verbal customer aggression positively affects employees’ turnover intention (β: 0.51; t: 4, 97), emotional exhaustion positively affects the turnover intention (β: 1.42; t: 25.21) and finally, emotional exhaustion has a fully mediating role in the effect of customer verbal aggression on turnover intention (β ‘: -0, 60; t: -0.92 - Sobel Z: 6.66789; p: 0.00).DiscussionMany studies in the literature show that one of the important problems caused by verbal customer aggression is emotional exhaustion (Grandey et&nbsp;al., 2007; Ben-Zur and Yagil, 2005; Karatepe et al., 2010b; Dursun &amp; Aytaç, 2014; Sommovigo, Setti &amp; Argentero, 2019). Also, the literature shows that customer aggression has a significant impact on the turnover intention of employees’ (Karatepe et al., 2009a; Gong et al., 2018; Bamfo et al., 2018), emotional exhaustion has a positive effect on the turnover intention and lastly, emotional exhaustion has a fully mediating role in the effect of verbal customer aggression on turnover intention (Onay &amp; Kılcı, 2011; Yıldırım et al., 2014; Yıldız &amp; Çolak, 2018; Faiz, 2019; Adams et al., 2019; Kim, 2019; Grandey et al., 2004; Karatepe et al., 2009).

Müşteri Sözlü Saldırganlığının Çalışanların İşten Ayrılma Niyeti Üzerine Etkisi: Duygusal Tükenmenin Aracılık Rolü

Mehmet

Nursel

Res. Assist.

The concept of care can generally be defined as showing the necessary emotional, physical and socio-psychological attention and care to a person (s). In this context, care services cover a wide range of tasks and activities aimed at providing for those who are unable to provide personal health and wellbeing themselves. Whoever performs these tasks and activities is important for the social importance of care because its social meaning, which does not limit care to the private sphere, brings with it the institutional provision of care services and is one of the main welfare state practices. The inclusion of the concept of care in welfare regime analysis also means analyzing how care responsibilities are shared between the state, the market and the family in society, and how this sharing affects the social and economic relations of society as a whole. This situation especially emerged as a result of economic, social and demographic developments and transformation in welfare system since the 1970s. It is seen that the early periods of the modern welfare state were based on the principle of “familialism”, in which the man provided the livelihood of the house by way of paid work in the market, and the woman fulfilled the care and reproduction responsibilities as above unpaid labor in the house. However, during the transformation of the welfare system, increasing female employment, changing family structures, declining fertility rates and aging of the population etc. developments have made it necessary to introduce alternatives to the family-wide choice of care in the past. During this period, a “care crisis” has begun to be experienced in many European countries due to the supply deficit resulting from the increasing demand for care services, and welfare states have started to seek policies to solve this crisis. This has been a common search for all welfare regimes in the restructuring of welfare systems since the late 1970s. However, the trajectory of the policies pursued has varied according to the characteristics of the regimes.The gender structure on which welfare regimes are shaped and the structural conditions of the labor markets have determined the trajectory of care policies and the party which is primarily responsible for the provision of care services and the way in which funding and services are provided has differentiated. In this context, the aim of this study is to reveal the main features and trajectory of care policies in the transformation process of the welfare system in the axis of the conservative welfare regime. For this purpose, the examples of Germany, France and Belgium, which have the characteristics of the conservative welfare regime,were taken into consideration and an attempt was made to evaluate the policies regarding the care services implemented by these countries in the post-1980 period with their basic features. In the evaluation, it was seen that care policies in these countries in the post-1980 period were implemented for similar purposes as a result of similar stimuli in two main periods: (i) 1980-2000 and (ii) 2000 and later. Traditionally, care-oriented policies in the conservative welfare regime were built on three main characteristics. These are: a strong commitment to the principle of familialism, a micro-to-macro devolution of care responsibilities, and generous financial assistance to families to support their priorities in care roles. Care policies pursued in the first period after 1980 were shaped in coordination with the labor market situation within the framework of these basic characteristics. During the period from the mid1980s to the end of the 1990s, when unemployment rates remained high, in order to provide additional employment opportunities for the male labor force who traditionally supported the house, the care policies in these three countries were mainly configured on detering women from entering the labor markets and cash transfers encouraging care at home. With the paradigmatic change after the late 1990s, efforts to increase female employment rates have led to the extension of care policies with the emphasis on gender equality, and the government taking more responsibility in this area by focusing on institutional care services. In the same period, the threat of the care crisis, which has arisen as a result of the aging population and low birth rates and which is expected to deepen in the following period, has led the government to take more responsibility in this area. Therefore, instead of an approach that prioritizes care within the family, an approach that gives support to different alternatives and how to fulfill the responsibility of care is left to the parents’ own preferences has come into prominence. This approach, which has been supported by the development of institutional care services and flexible working practices in addition to cash transfers since the 2000s, represents the most defining characteristic of the changing trajectory of the care policies of countries with a conservative welfare regime under the discourse of “freedom of choice ”. Finally, in the last part of the study, on the axis care policies implemented in recent years in Turkey, an attempt has been made to demonstrate the issues which are similar and differentiated with the trajectory followed by care policies in the conservative welfare regime.

Refah Sisteminin Dönüşümü Sürecinde Bakım Politikalarının Yörüngesi: Muhafazakâr Refah Rejimi Temelinde Bir Değerlendirme

Demet

Assist. Prof.

ILO, which was founded in 1919 with the belief that a permanent and world-wide peace can only be achieved through social justice, agreeing on the fair and safe working conditions of workers in industrialized countries. ILO is currently working with 185 member states and it is the only tripartite United Nations organization - including the government, employers and workers- and all parties have equal rights to say in decisions. The parties have been trying to meet the needs of working men and women by coming together to form basic working standards and to develop policies and programs. The general policies of the ILO are determined by the International Labor Conferences that are held annually. Decent Work includes equal opportunity in employment and work life, fair working conditions and social protection for all women and men and social dialogue which was first mentioned in the report presented at the 87 th. International Labor Organization Conference in 1999. Decent work has four strategic objectives. The first objective covers the basic principles and rights at work. The second objective is to increase income opportunities for all women and men through more employment. In this aim, it was emphasized that poverty and inequalities can only be reduced by increasing employment. The third objective addresses social protection. Social protection is important in situations where the economy is fragile. The fourth and final objective is about social dialogue, representativeness and tripartite reconciliation. In 2003, models with various indicators and sub-criteria were developed by different experts to measure decent work within a country, region or just in an industry. The indicators and sub-criterias were finalized by the ILO in 2008. All the previously developed models were basically similar to each other and all involved a fairer, better working environment.2019 is the 100th anniversary of the ILO, and the ILO sees this anniversary as an opportunity for the future. In 2013 at the 102nd ILO conference, seven initiative titles were proposed for the 100th anniversary. These initiatives were approved by the management and it was emphasized that the future of work should be the focus point of the 100th year. Future of work discusses topics such as decent work policies for all, integration of young people with high qualified, productive and healthy working life, providing equal opportunity without gender discrimination, improvement of working conditions and social dialogue. In addition, it is underlined that the existing and potential gaps in skills and abilities should be identified and education and training systems should meet the needs of the labor market. People-oriented approach includes the concept of social dialogue, productive workplaces and safe and healthy working conditions necessary for decent work. Therefore, the future of the work, which has similar content with decent work, emphasizes the importance of skills development as a distinction of decent work.&nbsp;Skill is defined as the way people apply their thoughts, feelings and acting abilities that they use repeatedly while producing a job. Throughout history, the skills and skills required by employees have also changed. Works in the early periods required more simple and routine skills, today, due to technological developments, they have turned into jobs that require flexibility, creativity, problem-solving skills and complex communication skills. Therefore, organizations need to manage these skill changes.Approximately half of the current jobs and 60% of the professions can be done with technology. It is foreseen that 35% of the skills demanded for jobs in all industries will vary by 2020. Education and training systems need to keep up with the new demands of constantly challenging labor markets with technological and demographic changes, changing business models and the changing nature of work. However, employers state that education systems cannot keep up with the changing nature of the job and that they cannot find enough staff with the needed skills. Investments and innovations are urgent and indispensable for the global labor market, to provide new skills to employees because the market is facing the challenges of technological changes. One of the industries in which new talents should be created or existing talents should be changed is tourism within the services industry. Tourism industry employment, which does not have very positive results for every indicator in terms of decent work, is also threatened by technology and developments in the 4th Industrial Revolution. Skills development, which is dealt with in the future of work, should be planned and implemented immediately in the tourism industry to prevent potential threats from Industry 4.0. based technologies. The tourism industry will not be affected by technological threats by increasing developing skills, adding new skills to existing ones or gaining skills.

Çalışma Yaşamının Geleceği Kapsamında Yetenek Geliştirme: Turizm Endüstrisi

Noah

Billy

Youth Unemployment and Government Pro-Employment Policies in Zimbabwe

Osman

Abdullah

Throughout history, people have tried to earn their lives by evaluating their labor. In every period, the evaluation of labor has been done with different methods depending on production. Particularly in the production structure formed after the industrial revolution, the majority of the people sold/rented their labor with increasing acceleration and the name of their income is wage. Since most of the developed societies constitute wage earners, the policies to be put forward about them will have both economic and social effects.&nbsp;When we look at Turkey’s private wages and nature of the relationship between inflation and minimum wage, which has an important place in the income distribution and to determine the quantity, should inflation better understanding of the dynamics in the era of increasing both the minimum wage has the potential importance for progress and communication of monetary policy. This is because it has the structure to shed light on the course of labor costs in terms of being a reference to wages in the economy as well as the minimum wage prevalence.According to the wage-price spiral, which influences macroeconomic dynamics on the basis of any expanding aggregate demand policy, businesses would like to maintain the prices of their products and prefer to increase prices. When faced with the same situation, workers will try to increase their real wages in addition to maintaining their real wages.&nbsp;There are some studies in the literature examining the relationship between wage inflation. Most of the studies have tried to reveal the causal relationship between the general level of the economy, the general level of prices and wages and the direction of this relationship. Also, in the majority of studies, the effect of productivity and wages on inflation is examined.According to the literature review, the relationship between wages and inflation is generally positive and nominal wages are determined by taking into account the inflation rate realized in previous years. In Turkey, most of the studies performed to examine the relationship between inflation and wages together as a very strong relationship, where there is bidirectional causality is present in many works and pay the price spiral.Most of the studies conducted in other countries indicate that there is a relationship between wages and inflation. Inflation has a two-way effect on wages, both positive and negative. Thus, the findings obtained in the direction and severity of the impact vary. Another notable result was obtained from causality analyzes, and one-way or two-way relationships were determined.In this context, annual CPI and Minimum Wage data between 1987- 2018 were used. The relationship between inflation and Minimum Wage was determined by applying the ARDL Boundary Test Approach and the existence of the wage-price spiral by applying the Toda-Yamamoto Causality tests. According to the results of the econometric analysis, the long-term relationship between inflation and the minimum wage was found and in the short term, the relationship was found to be meaningless. Accordingly, a 1% increase in long-term inflation increases the minimum wage by approximately 2.59%. The increase in the minimum wage is higher than the increase in the inflation rate, that is, the coefficient of elasticity greater than 1 indicates the real increase in the minimum wage. According to the results of the Toda-Yamamoto Causality Analysis, a two-way causality relationship was determined from minimum wages to inflation and from inflation to minimum wages. This relationship suggests the existence of the 1987-2018 reference period in the range of wage-price spiral in Turkey. In the years following the crisis periods, the minimum wage increased by 3.65 units.As a result of causality analysis, the emergence of a two-way relationship and the fact that the average increases are close to each other reveals that minimum wages are determined by considering the inflation criterion. In determining the rate of increase in minimum wages, considering the inflation rates in previous years, that is, economic actors took decisions in 1956 within the framework of Adaptive Expectations Theory developed by American economist Phillip D. Cagan, and real wages increased as a result of the differences between expected inflation and actual inflation. It is seen that the real minimum wages, which are in a downward trend following the crisis periods, have been increased to compensate. In particular, since the inflation rates decreased to single households after 2004, the inflation expectation was predictable, leading to an increasing trend in the 8-9% band of monetary minimum wages after 2004.

Türkiye’de Enflasyon ile Asgari Ücretler Arasındaki İlişki ve Ücret-Fiyat Sarmalı

Yasin

The human being, the most fundamental being of the state, is social. Nations, states, and civilizations can revive society only when their focus is on the human factor. Civilizations that revive society have advanced socially, economically, politically and technologically. Their level of prosperity has increased, they have provided peace of mind, have successfully maintained their relations with other civilizations, and left positive marks in the history of the world.The Industrial Revolution revealed the social mind of Europe. Of course, a mentality with substance and interest will bring persecution. Although the liberal economic understanding is an apparently competitive understanding, it actually brought with it a wild exploitation. In this period, working conditions were unusually bad and wages were low. In addition to male workers, female workers and even children were exposed to heavy working conditions. The “Law on the Protection of British Children” was seen as a small step in the field of social policy in 1802, and it would be a start in the acquisition of other social rights. It would be Social Politics and labor economics that would prevent social disintegration during this period. In a narrow scope, Social Policy was a means of intervention in the relations between the worker and employer, but has expanded over time to include all disadvantaged groups and all social classes.In the 1929 economic crisis, the liberal view was replaced by the Keynesian view. After the Second World War, social welfare states were formed and for the next 30 years this was its golden age until the late 1970s oil crisis. After this crisis, the state tried to reduce many of its social duties over time, through privatization, and this situation developed the non-profit organizations of the future. Among the countries of the world, the USA is one of the most important examples of a neo-liberal approach. It is expected that the efficiency of foundations will increase in a period when NGOs are getting stronger.Foundations have existed in many cultures since it is also suitable for the creation of humanitarian aid without profit. Although there is not a very professional foundation system in Rome, it is seen that there is a foundation culture in Byzantium. However, it can be said that foundations gained their real identity through Islamic Civilization. The main reason for this is that the&nbsp;right to love and life for all living things is clearly recognized by the religion of Islam and that this right is clearly defended.Islamic Civilization is human oriented and has an attached importance to social ties. With the order of the Prophet Muhammad, even if religious beliefs are different, kinship ties have not been broken. Islamic Civilization, where helping, doing good and dividing wealth is a religious duty, has linked these aid organizations to a systematic over time, even in the second (at the seventh year of the migration). This systematic is called habs, hubs, or “foundation” in the literature.Foundations gained meaning when the Islamic Civilization existed in Turkey, during the Seljuk period, and reached its peak in the Ottoman period. Today, it has successfully carried out many socio-economic activities performed by states. The Ottomans further strengthened the foundation culture they inherited from the Seljuks. For this reason, foundations in the Ottoman period have many types in terms of their qualities and subjects.The foundations weakened in parallel with the collapse of the Ottoman state. Foundations prevented the dispersion of the homeland for a while during the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. The empire was brutally criticized by some western undersecretaries, especially because of this function.Foundations institutions, together with the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, following the adoption of the Civil Code in 1926, protects a portion of the remaining foundations from the Ottoman era and the foundation established with the new term “new foundation” has been described. Both the increase in the population and the presence of a sense of solidarity and solidarity at the core of the Turkish Nation sustained the foundation institution.The foundations, which took a large part in the economic life during the Ottoman period, served alone in many areas. This is a civil society movement that has never been in any western state until then. It is known that foundations functioned as a social policy tool in the Republican period parallel to the Ottoman period. It is possible to gather these functions under the titles of education, housing, social activity, social assistance, care services and health.

Türkiye’de Vakıfların, Kâr Amacı Gütmeyen Sosyal Politika İşlevleri: “Sosyal Millet” Anlayışı

Azime

&nbsp;An important component of the implementation of social services for the elderly and disabled people in Turkey are home care services. According to TUIK data; 8% of Turkey’s population are individuals aged 65 and over. According to the 2019 Disabled and Elderly Statistical Bulletin; 6.9% of the total population consists of individuals with disabilities. On the one hand, the elderly population, and the increase of chronic diseases and disabilities increase the density in hospitals. On the other hand, it also causes a serious financing problem. This situation causes home care services to come to the fore.Although important arrangements have been made in the laws related to home care services, what is the public perspective on this issue? Which cultural dimensions dominate the home care attitude? A number of questions come to mind. Indeed, culture plays an important role in the formation of attitudes and behavior. People act within the values they adopt. Cultural values lie behind the attitudes adopted. It also guides behavior. In Turkish society, which is expressed as a collective society, the concept of family and collective behaviors are important. At this point, the family also has important duties in patient care. On the other hand, it is stated that the healing process of the patients will be extended under the stressful and negative conditions of the hospital environment (Akdemir et al., 2011: 57).From this point of view, this study was carried out in order to determine whether the culture structure that is dominant in the society has an effect on home care services attitude. This study was carried out in 2019. The research consists of individuals aged 18 and over, who live in the province of Burdur. In the study, data were collected from 384 people in total. All of the surveys are included in the analysis. A survey was used to collect the necessary data for the research. In this questionnaire, two different scales were used, namely the “Collectivism and Individualism Culture Scale (INDCOL)” and the “Home Care Services Attitude Scale (HCSAS)”. In both of these scales used, a 5-point Likert-type rating was used: 1) I definitely agree and 5) I definitely disagree.It was determined that the gender distribution of the participants included in this study is almost equal. The majority of the participants are married individuals. It was determined that the groups formed regarding the age distribution of the participants were close to each other. On the other hand, it is observed that only 58 of the participants have individuals who benefit from home care services. When the educational status is analyzed, it is observed that primary and high school levels are the majority. Income status has been determined to be at the level of 4500+ TL.It is seen that the collectivist culture dimension has a higher average than the individualistic cultural dimension. In the dimensions of home care attitude scale, the highest average belongs to the relationship dimension. Then, the comparison dimension, home care services attitudes as a whole, and the support dimension.It has been determined that both the collectivist and the individualist cultural dimensions have a significant and positive relationship with all the dimensions of home care services attitudes at a high reliability level. It is seen that the collectivist culture dimension is mostly related to the implicit variable of home care services attitudes. In addition, the individualistic culture dimension was found to be mostly related to the comparison dimension. When the findings are examined, it can be seen that both the collectivist and the individualist cultures significantly and positively affect the attitudes of home care services. The collective culture dimension affects the home care services attitude scale the most. The individualist culture has been found to affect the comparison factor the most. On the other hand, in this study, the individualist culture dimension has been found to positively affect the attitude of home care services. This may relate to the prevalence of communityism throughout society, the dominant norms and rules that it still holds, and its validity. Although people yearn for independence, autonomy, hedonism and individual prosperity, it is thought that there is still a high need to adopt with social rules. Because when the norms and rules are violated, there may be sanctions, such as exclusion from the society and deprivation of social approval.&nbsp;

Kültürel Boyutların Evde Bakım Hizmetleri Tutumuna Etkisi: Burdur İli Kent Merkezi Örneği

İsmail

Halim

Lecturer

Social security is considered one of the measures of social policy that concerns and covers all segments of society. As a result of the fundamental rights that the social state undertakes to guarantee, social security has been systematized. It offers a guarantee of protection against physiological and socioeconomic risks that lead to consequences such as deducting income and increasing expenses.On the other hand, there is a direct interaction between social security systems and the economic and demographic structure of a country. In the 1970s, as a result of the excessive financial burden of the social security administration, Turkey was faced with a disruptive revenue-expenditure imbalance. These excessive financial burdens were as follows: Giving pension rights regardless of age limit, using funds in a wrong and inefficient manner, forgiving premium receivables, and service debt, etc. In the mid-1990s, the need for reform of social security emerged in Turkey. Within the scope of the reform works that started in 1999, a voluntary Individual Pension System (IPS) was introduced with law Number 4632 which was put into practice in 2001. With this system, it aimed to establish an administrative structure to control the lack of existing social security institutions.The IPS is a beneficial system for directing the savings of individuals in longterm investments and increasing the savings of the country. This study’s aim was to determine the factors that affect an academicians’ decision to participate in the IPS. While determining these factors, the institutions where academicians work was taken into consideration. They were analysed separately as a foundation university or a public university. This was because all foundation university academicians are insured under 4/a Compulsory Insurance and public university academicians are subject to Civil Servants’ Act No. 657. For this purpose, 405 academicians participated in the survey. The survey consisted of 18 statements and with the help of factor analysis; these statements were divided into three different dimensions. These dimensions are; (1) Saving Habits and Investment, (2) Financial Literacy Level, and (3) Future Anxiety and Assurance. The answers given to the survey were analysed using a Logistic Regression Model.According to the findings obtained from these demographic features, 325 state university employees and 80 foundation university employees participated in the survey. The results for public university employees showed&nbsp;that the variables of the habit of saving and investment, financial literacy, future anxiety and assurance, gender and experience affected an academics’ decision to enter the IPS. At the same time, this model correctly predicted public university academicians with individual pensions, with a success of 83.7%. On the other hand, according to the results for foundation university employees, the variables of the habit of saving and investment, financial literacy and age affected an academics’ decision to enter the IPS. This model correctly predicted foundation university academicians with individual pensions, with a success of 77.1%.Although academic staff working at the state and foundation universities are considered to have the same occupation, their social security coverages are different. In parallel, their salary scales are also different. For this reason, it may be different for people belonging to these two groups to participate in the IPS and what kind of financial asset they consider the IPS funds to be. The results showed that both the habit of saving and investment and financial literacy affected both groups positively. However, future anxiety and the assurance variable was statistically positive for academic staff at public universities, but not for academic staff at a foundation university. At the beginning of the study, it was assumed that a contrary finding would be obtained. The researchers believed that academic staff at a foundation university would be anxious for the future as they will probably have a lower monthly salary during retirement. For this reason, it was thought that they should feel more positive towards the IPS.For both individual pension companies and the government, it was important to identify occupational groups that could contribute more to the IPS. The increase in funds collected by companies would mean more resources for investments. Pension companies operating in the IPS must focus on occupational groups with income levels that can save. In this regard, awareness should be increased to encourage participation in the IPS and therefore providing clear guidelines that determine factors so that employees would consider participating in the IPS. Knowing these factors can help IPS companies in sales and marketing strategies. Besides, this system also contributes to individuals’ earning additional income during their retirement.&nbsp;

Bireysel Emeklilik Sistemi’ne Giriş Kararlarını Belirleyen Etmenler: Devlet ve Vakıf Üniversitelerinde Çalışan Akademisyenlerin Karşılaştırılması

Büşra

The values that form the focus of the study; philosophy, sociology, psychology, anthropology are among the topics discussed in the social sciences literature. However, the values have not been clarified conceptually. According to one of its common definitions values; is defined as the desired goals that vary from person to person and guide the lives of people. Values are dynamic; ıt varies from society to society, from person to person. In the life cycle, while the importance given to some of the values hierarchy increases, the importance given to some decreases. In this cycle, new beliefs and behaviors that are compatible with general changes are gained and new priorities and needs are developed for how to deal with changing situations. Values can be explained and interpreted both by the effect of individuals on attitudes and behaviors and the impact of different structural variables on values; ıt is very popular in the social sciences, as it allows for cross-cultural comparisons.On the other hand, the subject of “work” as well as the subject of “values” has been the focus of interest in various disciplines from antiquity to the globalized world of today and researches have been made on it. Work, is one of the most important and basic requirements for people. It is an activity that benefits the individual both materially and morally in order to exist in social life. In addition, it is an important phenomenon that plays a role on the welfare and economic development of societies. The concept of work has different values and perceptions in different cultures. The work values related to the values and attitudes held for the study are narrower and include the importance given to the results of the study or the preferred results. When working values are mentioned, attitudes towards working in a society are understood. Therefore, the attitudes of a society towards work may differ in another society. While some societies develop a positive attitude towards work, others prioritize free time rather than work. In other words, the cultural characteristics and structure of the society in which it is located, is one of the variables that have an impact on the working values of individuals.Researches on how to understand the working values in different societies and cultures and how they attach importance to these values remain important and ıt is also discussed how the values follow between young and old groups. Are there differences in value priorities between generations socializing with different values due to changes in cultural values as a result of social change? The subject of this study, by considering the age factor out whether the value change in Turkey, is to examine the factors that influence the value changes. Within the scope, the value model of Ronald Inglehart, which has an important effect on value studies, has been handled and evaluated accordingly.The World Values Survey (WVS) conducted by Inglehart on six continents as of 1981, focuses on the transformation between generations in value orientations and this transformation is analyzed on the basis of underdeveloped and developed countries. These studies have shown that there are serious differences between younger generations and older generations in terms of value priorities. Especially in the Western world after the Second World War, it is possible to say that the lives of the generations are in prosperity. For this reason, it has shown that older generations give more importance to the priority of physical security and economic conditions, which are “materialistic values” and values that include self-expression and autonomy, which are “post-materialist” values as younger generations are passed. Inglehart states that due to its nature, the transgenerational value transformation is slow, but underlines that this transformation will be greater in the long run. Therefore, based on these results, even though the system of values is seen as stationary; ıt is influenced by culture, beliefs of individuals and the characteristics of the society in which they grow.In the study, prior to 1980 in Turkey in the context of Inglehart’s thesis and taken some years after 1980 and Mugla Sıtkı Koçman University Academic Staff sample examined whether there is a difference in study values between those born before 1980 and after 1980. Accordingly, an attempt was made to seek answers to three basic hypotheses. The first is that one of the participants materialist or postmaterialist values is more dominant and this is different among those born in different years. The second is that one of the participants’ internal and external working values is more dominant and different between those born before and after 1980. The third is that the materialist values and the external values coincide with the post-materialist values and the internal values.

Inglehart’ın Değer Dönüşüm Teorisi: Akademisyenler Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Yaşar

Disability refers to a number of deficiencies, either physically or mentally, as well as difficulties in the participation or adaptation to social life. That is, disabilities prevent the individual from fulfilling his/her duties in social and business life.Like every human being living in society, people with disabilities endeavor to produce and develop themselves. Together with working and producing, people not only meet their economic needs but also their social needs. Therefore, people with disabilities who are looking for a job can work either in the public or private sector.&nbsp;The fact that a person has a disability does not require him/her to give up or be hindered from his/her working life and right to work. Because, like all individuals, people with disabilities must meet their daily needs and health expenses. Thus, people with disabilities will not only be consuming but also producing. If a person with a disability is placed in a job suitable for his/ her qualification, education and disability, he/she will also feel confident, in addition to facilitating his/her daily life and meeting his/her needs. In addition, facilitating the lives of disadvantaged groups is the basic principle of being a social state and a social municipality.The Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Directorate of Disabled People has a wide service network and infrastructure in terms of services for the disabled. The Directorate of Disabled People contacts 700 companies annually on the subject of employment of disabled people, and provides employment to 400 people with disabilities. Thus, it contributes to the employment policies of Turkey and Istanbul. In this context, when the services for disabled people are evaluated, the Directorate of Disabled People ensures the participation of the disabled people in social life, increases their self-confidence and helps them to have a social status.As in many developed countries, Turkey has necessary legal laws and arrangements on the employment of disabled people, such as kind of businesses, rights, work and social adaptation, and vocational training, etc.. Employment laws for disabled vary somehow from one country to another, but there are many similarities. All legal arrangements for the employment of disabled have been guaranteed under the law enacted by the Turkish Grand National Assembly, and are identified as below.For the first time in 1986, a council recommendation was made on the employment of persons with disabilities at the European Community level. Again in 1997, the ‘European Employment Strategy” was adopted. In this context, a “National Action Plan for Employment” was requested from the member countries. It is also expected that job opportunities, including groups of people with disabilities, will be explored, and efforts will be made to improve the work skills of people with disabilities. In 2000, the European Commission issued the “Equal Treatment of Employment and Work” directive. With this directive, all kinds of discrimination were challenged. It is emphasized that if a regulation on the work environment of the disabled individual is issued, the disabled individual may be suitable for the job.&nbsp;In Turkey, according to Article 30 of the 4857 Act; employers are obliged to employ %3 disabled people in private sector work places where they employ fifty or more workers. According to the same article, individuals are obliged to work in jobs that are appropriate to their occupational, physical and mental status. According to the Civil Servants Law No. 657; public institutions and organizations are obliged to employ disabled people in their staff. The obligation to employ disabled people in the public institutions and organizations with fifty or more employees is 4%.As a result of the discussions and researches on how, in what conditions and under what conditions the persons with disabilities brought about by the legal obligations regarding the employment of persons with disabilities, various methods of employment of persons with disabilities have emerged. Because, when the literature studies and researches are examined, it can be seen that there are seven different methods of employment for the disabled. These seven different methods of employment for the disabled are: The Quota System Consists of Protected Workplaces, Personal Working Methods, Employers’ Employability without Obligation, Working at Home, Cooperative Working Methods and Employment Method in Selected Jobs, where only Disabled People are Employed.The Istanbul Municipality Directorate of Persons with Disabilities first invites the disabled to apply for employment. A face-to-face interview is held with the disabled person, who comes to the employment office upon invitation. These interviews are usually conducted with psychologists. A resume pool is formed by psychologists filling in the resumes of the disabled. Essentially,&nbsp;the aim is to find out what qualifications are required by the employers. The qualified resumes are called for interviews according to the qualifications demanded by employers. In this way, employers have interviews with disabled people who can work in their own positions. In other words, they do not meet the staff who cannot meet their needs. Thus, employers do not have to waste time unnecessarily interviewing people with disabilities. Therefore, due to this classification of resumes, private sector workplaces generally apply directly to the Directorate of Persons with Disabilities for the employment of persons with disabilities.&nbsp;As mentioned above, the Directorate of Disabled People not only organizes private sector employer and employee meetings, but also organizes for free the disabled public personnel selection exam (E-KPSS) courses for the disabled. Thus, people with disabilities who attend the courses are better equipped and prepared for the examinations organized and conducted by the state. Candidates who take the exam as a result of the courses can become civil servants if they pass the exam. As can be seen, the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Directorate of Disabled People carries out its activities in a multi-dimensional manner in order to enable disabled people to work in both the private and public sectors.

Yerel Yönetimlerce Engellilere Sunulan İstihdam Hizmetleri: İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Engelliler Müdürlüğü Örneği

One of the oldest social policy problems of all times, poverty has direct impacts on many aspects of human living conditions through physical, moral, and psychological outcomes. Therefore, countless numbers of criteria and approaches have been developed to conceptualise poverty so far. While many of them analyses the traditional aspects of poverty in the form of insufficient and irregular income to secure basic needs, others partly examine poverty in its intangible dimensions, such as education, health, life expectancy, child mortality etc.The problem of identifying and measuring poverty is extremely complex due to the different factors that contribute to the problem. Thus, the problem requires more than economic growth. There are still a significant number of people struggling to survive even in the developed countries with strong economies. Understanding well-being and poverty is the first step to reduce poverty. Meaningful definitions are important to determine the causes of poverty and poverty reduction goals as well as the scope of what needs to be done. Local governments need the concepts of welfare and poverty to help them make the right decisions at the local level. These concepts can be a starting point for central and local governments to better understand the relationship between poverty and welfare.However, if the necessary coordination and harmony between local governments and central government cannot be achieved in combating poverty, it is inevitable that there will be repeated interventions. This will lead to the inability to use the resources which are very precious and limited, as well as to prevent individuals from getting out of poverty. Therefore, the ability of local governments to fully fulfil the roles expected from them in the fight against poverty depends primarily on their work in a compliant and complementary manner with the central government.Local governments also have some natural obstacles to tackle poverty. As a matter of fact, they often face problems such as determining the causes of poverty, prioritizing those interventions among other obligations, or lacking data and information that primarily target certain poor groups. Local governments, which have not been given sufficient roles with central planning before, naturally have little experience in the preparation and implementation of local development plans. Other problems and obstacles such as insufficient delegation, insufficient and disproportionate resources, and poor coordination among sectors have further restricted local governments’ capacity to meet local needs. Nevertheless, since poverty is a problem that needs to be eliminated completely, local governments have important contributions to this issue.Poverty occupies the socioeconomic policy agenda of governments all over the world. Collaborations between partners, participatory processes, and local stakeholders are key features of the new initiatives reviewed. One of the most common trends in tackling poverty at the local level is the development of new programs to improve the level of living of poor individuals clustered in slum areas. These programs are much more than traditional direct cash supports. They are more suitably called social inclusion policies. As a matter of fact, it is now clear that poverty is not only a lack of material income, but rather a decrease in the welfare levels and rights of individuals.&nbsp;Another precise point is that central governments cannot fight poverty by themselves anymore. Therefore, it is a definite necessity for a large number of actors, such as central-local governments, the private sector, supranational organizations, and non-governmental organizations, to combat and struggle against poverty altogether. However, such partnerships are vulnerable. When the interests of one of the partners change, the entire partnership can be resolved and excellent initiatives deprived of political support and resources may collapse. The most common cause of conflict among partners is political privileges and preferences. Excessive politicization of problems and cuts in leadership can lead to disruptions. Election strategies, political maneuvers, and personal conflicts within local authorities and partner organizations may result in partial or complete separation.In studies related to poverty and local governments, it appears that the local government capacity is an important determinant of the level of effectiveness in poverty prevention. This supports the latest local economic development literature, which argues that local governments have some degree of control over local resources that can override the effects of poverty and other structural inequalities. Therefore, it is a definite necessity to support and increase the autonomy levels of local governments in the fight against poverty in many ways, especially the sharing of authority.

Yerel Yönetimlerin Yoksullukla Mücadeledeki Yeri: Küresel Düzeyden Yerel Düzeye Yeni Yönelimler

Sayım

Merve

Umut

Prof. Dr.

A Life Between Work and Travel: A Study on Turkish Digital Nomads

Nurten

Assist. Prof. Dr.

Gökçe

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

Doğa

Blockchain Technology and Social Policy Transformation: A Critical Examination and Recommendations

Serpil

Remote Work and Telemigrants: The New Face of Offshoring and Its Effects on Industrial Relations

Kutluğ

Res. Assist. Dr.

Elif

Possible Impacts of Human Enhancement Technologies on the Older  Workforce

Hakan

Bibliometric Analysis of Publications on the Digital Nomad with VOSviewer

Fatih

Mine

A Qualitative Study of the Perceptions and Experiences of Volunteers in the Field of Disability: The Case of Bandırma

Seda

One of the important matters in economic theory is the debate on income inequality. The role of the state and institutions in improving income inequality in developed and especially developing countries is gaining importance. In this context, it is necessary to determine the dynamics affecting income distribution to determine and create economic policies.The study analyzes the years between 1994 and 2017. The selected group of countries is known as the Fragile Five (Brazil, India, Indonesia, South Africa and Türkiye). In these countries, income distribution dynamics will be determined by using panel data analysis - CCE estimator. CCE is an estimator that derives coefficients on the basis of panel overall as well as cross-sectional units. Therefore, this estimator allows the analysis results to be interpreted in the terms of the panel overall and cross-sectional unit.The analysis of this study was executed by using eleven different variables. The GINI coefficient represents the income distribution as dependent variables. In addition, variables that are thought to affect income distribution inequality are policy interest, money supply, public expenditures, tax revenues, per capita national income growth, inflation rate, trade openness, financial openness, financial development and human capital data as independent variables.When the coefficients were appraised in terms of the panel as a whole, it was concluded that the variables x2 (broad money supply), x9 (financial development) and x10 (human capital) have statistically significant effects on y (GINI coefficient) used to represent the income distribution in the Fragile Five countries. Although these statistically significant effects in the terms of variables x2 and x10 are positive, the opposite x9 is founded negative. Accordingly, these findings in terms of panel overall mean that augmenting in broad money supply and human capital increases income inequality, while increasing in financial development decreases income inequality.The increase in human capital may not be sudden and total, and although there is an average increase in the country’s human capital, it is thought that the development of human capital and the increase in the number of qualified personnel lead to a widening of the income gap between a certain group of unqualified personnel and the existing one.For this reason, it is assumed that the increase in human capital will be reflected in the GINI figures after a certain level. In addition, the broadly defined money supply could change the saving and borrowing capacity in favour of high-income groups. The lower income group will be able to benefit less from monetary expansion than the upper income group, so the income distribution may deteriorate further.Financial development could impact income inequality through various channels. Improved access to financial services and opportunities may empower low-income individuals, thereby reducing inequality. However, if financial development benefits the wealthy or exacerbates financial market distortions, it can broaden income gaps, perpetuating inequality.&nbsp;When the coefficients are evaluated in terms of the cross-sectional units:In Brazil, it was concluded that variables x1 (policy rate), x3 (public expenditures), x6 (inflation rate), x9 (financial development) and x10 (human capital) have statistically significant effects on y (GINI coefficient) used to represent income distribution. Although these statistically significant effects in the terms of variables x1, x3, x6, and x9 are negative, the opposite x10 is founded positive. Accordingly, this finding, specific to Brazil, means that increasing in policy rate, public expenditures, and financial development decreases income inequality, while escalating in the human capital increases income inequality.&nbsp;In India, only variable x2 (broad money supply) has a statistically significant impact on y (GINI coefficient) used to represent income distribution. This statistically significant effect of x2 on y is found to be positive. Accordingly, this finding, specific to India, means that augmenting the broad money supply increases income inequalitySimilar to India, also Türkiye, only one variable, x10 (human capital), has statistically significant effects on y (GINI coefficient) used to represent income distribution. That statistically significant effect of x10 on y is founded positive. Accordingly, this finding, specific to Türkiye, means that an increase in human capital escalates income inequality.In addition to those findings, for both Indonesia and South Africa, it was concluded that the whole explanatory variables, which are thought to affect income distribution inequality, do not have statistically significant effects on y (GINI coefficient).&nbsp;

Kırılgan Beşli Ülkelerinde Gelir Dağılımının Dinamikleri: Ampirik Bir Uygulama

Emel

Sevgi

In Turkey, the social policies applied to the relatives of martyrs, veterans and veterans differ in the relevant legislation according to the type of event that caused them to be martyrs or veterans and the degree of their being affected by this event. It is thought that this study will clarify how by whom and under what conditions the social policies are applied. In the study, the rights provided on the basis of state institutions and their implementation have been examined and attention has been drawn to the adequacy level of these rights and the places where it is thought that there are deficiencies that need to be improved. The social policies implemented for the relatives of martyrs, veterans and veterans were evaluated in psycho-socio-economic terms.There are very few studies in the literature on social policies implemented for the relatives of martyrs, veterans and veterans. In this study, as in Erzincanlı’s study in 2020, it was revealed that the participants were largely satisfied with the social policies implemented, but differences between statuses were observed. In Karabulut’s study conducted in 2017, it was observed that the degree of satisfaction with the social policies implemented was high.In general, the problems encountered in the use of some positive privileges provided to individuals in the disadvantaged group negatively affect the relatives of martyrs, veterans and veterans who are already psychologically, sociologically and economically worn out. Instead of struggling to obtain the new rights they need, they must ensure that their existing rights are recognised.In this study, face-to-face interviews were conducted with 20 participants and content analysis was conducted in the light of the data obtained. In addition to the answers given to the questions during the interviews, observations were made. Because of the research, it was seen that the level of adequacy of the social policies utilised by the participants was high. In addition, it has been concluded that there are places that need to be developed according to the areas where social policies are utilised and are considered to be missing.When the participants were asked the question "How do you deal with these problems you face?", they said that they mostly found a solution by complaining to the necessary authorities. In particular, the General Directorate of Martyrs’ Relatives and Veterans, which was established in 2011 and started its activities within the Ministry of Family and Social Services as the General Directorate in 2018, played an active role in areas such as coordination and information of the rights provided and made their work easier. Participants see the Non-Governmental Organisations to which they are affiliated as another solution.Since the rights whose procedures are carried out by the SSI Presidency generally cover various payments in the field of economy, these payments are often not sufficient in today’s conditions. Since these payments differ according to those in various statuses, it is seen that these payments sometimes lead to inequality among the relatives of martyrs, veterans and veterans. In this context, it is thought that updating the payments according to today’s conditions and eliminating discrimination between statuses will improve the quality of life of service beneficiaries.The rights provided in terms of employment are generally not sufficient. The right to employment, which is of utmost importance in terms of standing on their own feet, is not sufficient as the number of relatives of martyrs and veterans increases. For example, when a martyr has 3 children, 2 of them can benefit while the other child cannot. This situation creates difficulties in terms of who will benefit, while on the other hand, it decreases the quality of life. The participants stated that they demanded support, especially for veterans engaged in agriculture. From this point of view, it is thought that it would be appropriate to provide various incentives to veterans who make a living with agriculture.It is known that they do not benefit equally from the rights provided in the field of health services, as in other rights, since there are status differences according to the laws. In addition, the fact that the personnel working mostly in health service providers are sometimes not informed about the legislation confronts the relatives of martyrs, veterans and veterans who are already there due to their illnesses with difficult situations. In this context, it is thought that informing public personnel about the procedures concerning the rights of martyrs, veterans and veterans’ relatives and diversifying and increasing the seminars held at this point will play an effective role in solving the problem.It has been observed that satisfaction with the rights provided in the field of education is generally high. However, it was observed that some of the participants did not benefit from the right to education for themselves or their children because such a right was not yet recognised when they were martyr relatives or veterans, and then they did not benefit from it when their children grew up. In addition, it was also observed that especially the soldiers who were martyred in the previous years were martyred while they were still single, so they did not have children who would benefit from the right to education. It was observed that the participants stated that they tended to refuse to receive education for their children. At this point, it is thought that organising seminars to encourage the children of martyrs and veterans to receive education will have effective results.&nbsp;While the relatives of martyrs, veterans and veterans who are generally satisfied with the rights provided by the Ministry of National Defence, it is seen that the right to use the military facilities, which is the most used, creates a problem when those with a certain status can enter while others cannot.It is thought that providing psychological support against post-traumatic stress disorder of martyrs’ relatives, veterans and veterans’ relatives, who are worn out due to the processes experienced, even if they do not show any symptoms, will increase the quality of life. In addition, it is thought that regular group work by multidisciplinary teams consisting of social workers and psychologists within the scope of psychosocial support will positively affect the quality of life.

Şehit Yakını, Gazi ve Gazi Yakınlarına Yönelik Uygulanan Sosyal Politikalar: Sakarya İli Örneği

Onur

Bilal

In the last quarter of the 20th century, the structure of sectors and employment has changed and advances in technology have increased unemployment rates. On the other hand, changes in the production and organisational structures of workplaces, as well as the internationalisation of competition due to globalisation, have led to an increase in flexible forms of employment such as temporary and part-time work (Görmüş, 2019, p. 68).When discussing the labour market’s failure, unemployment is often the first issue that comes to mind, but underemployment is also a significant issue when considering the productivity loss it causes. Underemployment is undoubtedly a significant issue in terms of the wasteful use of resources, even though it does not have the same profound macroeconomic implications as unemployment (Dikmen, 2021, p. 212).In practically all developing countries, underemployment and unemployment in urban areas are still prevalent. In this regard, underemployment and unemployment are significant issues in Türkiye. People cannot withstand unemployment for a long time because it comes at a heavy cost. To end unemployment, unemployed people might need to take advantage of their current job chances. People are being used inefficiently in this situation (Küçükali and Özmen, 2019, p. 142). In other words, underemployment causes a loss of social welfare. This problem is more common in agriculture economies, where informal employment is widespread, and in medium- and small-sized underdeveloped or developing countries where businesses dominate the economy. In this respect, it can be stated that underemployment is an important problem area in Türkiye (Ünal and Gönülaçan, 2019, p. 130).&nbsp;Underemployment affects young people, women, and low-skilled workers globally. These individuals want full-time, permanent jobs but are often forced to accept temporary or part-time jobs. In general, the average education level of the labour force is increasing worldwide. However, despite the high educational attainment, the labour market often does not meet the needs of higher education. One consequence of this is the problem of overqualification, skills mismatch, or underemployment. Similarly, one of the major problems facing Türkiye is the inability of educated youth to find a job. In addition, another important problem area is that young people work in fields different from their qualifications or are employed on a temporary and part-time basis rather than full-time. As in other countries of the world, underemployment, which is a broadly defined element of unemployment in Türkiye, is an important social policy problem that points to the loss of productivity (Emeç, Üçdoğruk Birecikli and Kümbül Güler, 2020, p. 139-140).Time-related underemployment is an important issue that requires examination. The purpose of this research is to analyse the variables influencing time-related underemployment in Türkiye. The sample was derived from the microdataset for 2022 Household Labour Force Statistics from TURKSTAT. First, those who were employed and working during the reference week were chosen from among the 628,936 participants. Then, individuals working less than 40 h per week were included in the sample. In the third stage, people except for the heads of households and their spouses and children were eliminated. Finally, those who worked during the reference week but had 0 working hours were excluded from the sample. The final sample size consisted of 37.958 participants.In this research, time-related underemployment was the dependent variable. This variable was measured on the basis of respondents’ answers to the questions on employment, willingness to work more time and availability to work more time. Three categories were used to group the independent variables. Individual variables include gender, age, level of education, and marital status. Social variables included proximity, household size, and region of residence, whereas work-related variables included SSI registration and workplace situation. The research aims to answer two basic questions: (1) Are there statistically significant differences in time-related underemployment between the sub-sample groups? (2) To what extent do the independent variables used in the research explain the probability of being in time-related underemployment?The article is divided into three main sections. The first highlights the conceptual discussion of time-related underemployment and emphasises the issue’s importance in the literature. Following that, TURKSTAT data are used to present the current situation of affairs in Türkiye. In the second part, after the method and sample used were introduced, the analyses were carried out. The distribution of time-related underemployment among subsample groups is analysed using descriptive statistics. Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal– Wallis-H tests, which are non-parametric analysis techniques, were utilised for difference analyses since it was found by the normality test (Kolmogorov-Smirnov) that the data were not normally distributed. Finally, binary logistic regression analysis was used to analyse the variables that explain time-related underemployment. In the last section, the results are summed up and contrasted with the results of the previous studies in the literature.The results of the analyses that were carried out can be summed up. The difference analysis findings indicate that every variable used causes statistically significant differences in time-related underemployment. Most the sub-sample groupings show a considerable differentiation when pairwise comparisons between them are considered. The dependent variable’s change is explained by every independent variable, with the exception of household size, according to the findings of the binary logistic regression analysis. Together, individual, social, and work-related variables account for 19.2% of the risk of time-related underemployment.

Bizim Neyimiz Eksik? Zamana Bağlı Eksik İstihdama Yönelik Nicel Bir Analiz

Neşe

The Importance of the “Social Agenda” in the G20 Decision-Making: Increasing or Decreasing

Kubilay

Enes

The global population is rapidly ageing, a trend propelled by the combination of increasing life expectancy and declining fertility rates, thanks to advancements in health care and medical technology. This demographic shift necessitates the development of city policies that prioritize the well-being of senior citizens, ensuring they can lead healthy and harmonious lives. In this context, the significance of age-friendly cities and municipalities becomes even more pronounced, underlining the urgency of the issue.Population projections also show that Türkiye’s population is ageing rapidly. The decrease in childbirth and prolonged life expectancy are reasons for the population ageing. Age-friendly city and municipality practices are critically crucial for Türkiye, which is undergoing demographic change. The urgency of this issue cannot be overstated. In this sense, the World Health Organisation (WHO) Global Network of Age-Friendly Cities and Communities is vital in identifying different practices and using them as a model.TheWHOGlobal Network for Age-Friendly Cities and Communities, launched in 2010, plays a crucial role in meeting the needs of the ageing population. The network not only promotes age-friendly cities and communities but also facilitates the sharing of knowledge, experience, and good practices. The commitment of cities and communities to implement age-friendly practices, with the cooperation of various stakeholders, is a testament to the network’s influence. It provides guidance, resources, and information sharing, and organizes training programmes and workshops to ensure the effective implementation of age-friendly practices.A qualitative method was used in the study. The services provided by Muratpaşa, Kadıköy, Beşiktaş, Seyhan, Bornova Municipalities and Mersin Metropolitan Municipality, which are included in the WHO Age-Friendly Cities and Communities Network from Türkiye, were obtained through document review data collection method within the framework of the strategic plans of the member municipalities covering the years 2020-2024 and the annual reports published between 2020-2023. These documents were then analyzed using a content analysis approach. The findings were associated with the sub-themes of age-friendly cities published by WHO. Thus, the age-friendly activities of the Network member municipalities in Türkiye were revealed, providing crucial insights for the audience. In addition, the themes under which these services are concentrated have been associated.The world population and the population of Türkiye are ageing. Municipalities provide services within the age-friendly city concept, focusing on specific service groups. This study aims to reveal the current state of age-friendly city practices and the relationship between activities and sub-themes.This research focuses on identifying and tracking age-friendly city policies implemented by municipalities, particularly in Türkiye. It highlights the lack of studies evaluating age-friendly municipal practices in Türkiye and emphasizes the importance of the research. The findings show that municipalities generally focus on home health and care services for older adults, but there is a lack of activities offered in areas such as civic participation, employment, transport, accommodation, and physical structures. Increasing municipal service diversity can contribute to the happy and active aging of elderly citizens. Spreading elderly home-type applications can facilitate older adults’ access to services and help them easily follow authority and responsibility in services.During the COVID-19 pandemic, the policy development and implementation of the network of member municipalities for older adults were disrupted. There was a significant increase in demand for some services before and after the pandemic. Some of the services provided for older adults were not offered after the pandemic. It was concluded that a significant portion of these services were meaningful during the pandemic, while their provision became meaningless after the pandemic.In the activity reports for 2020-2023, duplicate data of the municipalities’ health and social service units were found. It is considered that there needs to be more clarity in authority and responsibility. For a solution, the unit responsible for determining the strategic plan must share the data in reporting. There are also various irregularities in the activity reports. It is observed that some data are shown under different headings by years, some are combined, and some data are not included at all. Maintaining the reporting method adopted by the Municipality within the strategic plan period will contribute to solving this problem.Six municipalities in Turkey are showing interest in age-friendly initiatives, aligning with global trends and WHO objectives. While progress has been made in infrastructure and healthcare, more comprehensive policies are urgently needed to address economic security and employment opportunities for older individuals. Immediate action is necessary to tackle these issues.

Türkiye’de Yaş Dostu Belediyecilik Uygulamaları: Yaş Dostu Kentler ve Topluluklar Küresel Ağı Bağlamında Bir İnceleme

Zehra

Meryem

When extraordinary living conditions are combined with the existing limitations of the disabled, a dire picture emerges. For all these reasons, the disabled are included in the priority groups that need to be rescued and protected in conflict situations. There is a requirement in international law to help and protect civilians in conflicts. In cases where sufficient food, water and medical supplies cannot be provided, the delivery of humanitarian aid should be facilitated. Among those who need help in these environments, the most difficult to reach are the disabled, who are isolated from society, have limited mobility, and have difficulty communicating and obtaining information. In addition to the difficulties currently experienced by disabled individuals, the disabled population in Gaza tends to increase every day.While international organisations submit reports on the situation, they also call for an immediate permanent ceasefire. However, urgent ceasefire calls that do not have sanctions are not being met. The extent to which many international organisations and professional associations established with the discourse of human rights act in accordance with their missions when it comes to non-Western societies has begun to be questioned more around the world after October 7, 2023. These deprivations to which Gaza’s people and particularly disabled individuals are subjected provide a general picture of right violations in a wide range and systematically.The starting point of this study is to understand the current situation of the disabled people of Gaza, who are under threat of life on the one hand and have a double disadvantage of limited mobility on the other, and to examine their problems. In this context, the main problem of the study can be stated as discovering whether the disabled, who are one of the vulnerable groups, are able to use their basic rights in the conflict environment in Gaza, while they should be protected as a priority in the conflict environment, what the disabled people of Gaza with intersectional disadvantages experience, what international organisations are doing for the disabled in Gaza, and how the future of the disabled people in Gaza will be shaped.The titles and content of the study were also created in line with this problem in the light of the literature review and current developments. In this context, the study will first include the changing meanings and perspectives of disability throughout the historical process. In this section, a sequence will be followed from the traditional perspective to the human rights model in terms of perspectives on disability. Then, the ontological questioning of living a life that can be constantly monitored under a blockade will be made specifically for Gaza. Afterwards, the responsibilities of international organisations, the problems and basic needs of the disabled people in Gaza during the conflict will be discussed, and then the future of the disabled people in Gaza will be discussed.Although there are studies on the damage caused by the conflict environment and human rights violations in general due to Gaza being under blockade for many years and being in a conflict environment from time to time, there is no study in the Turkish literature that specifically focuses on the problems experienced by disabled people in Gaza. Therefore, this study aims to contribute to both disability studies and human rights studies by focusing on disabled people in Gaza.As a result of the political and economic policies implemented by Israel against Gaza under the blockade, restrictions on the mobility of people and goods, as well as discrimination, social exclusion, poverty and unemployment problems have made the lives of disabled people in Gaza even more difficult. In this regard, Human Rights Watch (HRW) (2023a) stated that including comprehensive restrictions on the movement of people and goods significantly affects disabled people. The systematic discrimination of disabled people has resulted in their exclusion from all kinds of economic and social activities. The rights of people with disabilities to live independently, to live a life worthy of human dignity, to employment, education, health and rehabilitation services are systematically violated. The needs of the elderly, the disabled and the patients who cannot leave their homes were not taken into account in Israel’s order to evacuate Northern Gaza (Human Rights Watch, 2024a). In particular, the fact that humanitarian aid does not meet the needs of people with disabilities poses a significant problem. People with disabilities continue to be forgotten victims of armed conflict. The impact of armed conflict on people with disabilities continues to be a subject largely ignored by all actors. There are at least one billion people with disabilities in the world, and a large portion of them live in states affected by the conflict (Priddy, 2019:74).In the armed conflicts in Gaza, people with disabilities of all ages experience more disadvantages than other population groups. While all this is happening, it is stated that concepts such as “human rights” and “human dignity and value” put forward by international organisations remain as meta-narratives. It is seen that disciplines that position themselves as human rights professions, along with international organisations, have not received the necessary reaction regarding Gaza. In this context, Algan et al. (2024) stated that social work, which is a human rights discipline and profession, has a passive attitude regarding Gaza. They stated that only written statements were made by the International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW), and that many roles and functions of social work such as advocacy, mediation, activism, community mobilisation and anti-oppression practises were not effective enough. Israel does not consider the situation of disabled individuals in random air strikes and evacuation orders. Despite the existence of international agreements on the rights of disabled people, disabled people in Gaza cannot benefit from these rights, the calls of international organisations are not met, and disabled people are subjected to natural selection. The human rights discourse turns into an ambivalent practise regarding Gaza.

Gazze’de Engelli Olmak: Sorunlar, İhtiyaçlar ve Uluslararası Örgütler Bağlamında Bir Durum Değerlendirmesi

@JOURNAL_BOX_CURRENT

@JOURNAL_BOX_EARLYVIEW

Toker

The article below is a tribute to the centennial foundation of the International Labour Organization. Following deliberations over various various criticisms by the ILO, the Turkish legislature had enacted the new i legislation of Turkey, i.e. the Labor Unions and Collective Agreements Act of 7 November, 2012, no.6356 which constitutes the present legal framework of industrial relations in Turkey. Aiming to bring the labor relations law of Turkey into conformity with ILO norms on freedom of association as well as to find solutions to various practical problems of implementation, Act no.6356 carries various positive provisions, i.e.simplifying some of the earlier formal requirements; restrenghening the job security of the union shop steward; clarifying the rights of union administrators; abolition of the condition for public notary approval for the worker’s acquision of and withdrawal from union membership. But the Act also seems flawed in certain respects, i.e. uncertainties in the protection of the worker against acts of antiunion discrimination; maintenance of the socalled “double criteria” for collective bargaining authorization, ( that is , while seemingly reducing the first condition to 1/% from the previous 10% cent industry-level representation , making the union’s ability to achieve the authorization certificate more difficult due to forced mergers among industries ; certain strike restrictions in sectors not deemed to fall into essential services in the strict sense of the ILO; and suspension of strikes and lock-outs by the government due to reasons of general healt or national security where, in the absence of agreement between the parties, industrial conflict is to be suspended and the process must result in compulsory arbitration.More recently with a view to lessen the workload of labor courts, the amendment to the Labor Courts Act by Act no. 7036 dated 25 October 2017, has in the settlement of workers’ claims including reinstatement demands brought the precondition of calling on the process of ‘mediation’ before filing the lawsuit. Although mediation shall not entail a binding decision, it may lead the worker to accepting a lower amount than what he would be awarded under legal action in the court system.As the mandate of the so-called ‘mediation as a precondition for legal action’ encompasses requests for compensation in union-related dissmissals as well, the mediation technique may create consequences detrimental of the protection of freedom of association and as such is likely to be challenged before the Constitutional Court or to be brought to the agenda of the ILO.&nbsp;Furthermore, coupled with the declining rate of union density in Turkey, the prevalence of the so-called ‘single channel representation’ i.e. the absence of workers’ representatives and/or a works council system at least in workplaces where union shop stewards do not exist, seem lead to various voids which must be filled for the performance of various functions in the Turkish industrial relations system (e.g.collective layoffs) . Therefore this paper advocates the adoption of a ‘dual-channel representation system including labor labor unions and elected employee representatives’ who must be active anyhow as Turkey had ratified ILO Convention 135 in the year 1993.At a stage where the government’s avowed goal was to launch reforms to bring Turkish industrial relations into conformity with international norms on freedom of association, the outcomes of Act no. 6356 have been rather mixed, in some respects disappointing, in others encouraging. Various dimensions of Act no.6356 are clearly tilted against the interests of workers and labor unions Thus, despite the introduction of various positive elements and certain ameliorations made since the year 2012, Act no 6356 is still likely to continue being challenged in national and international fora.This article, based partly on the observations of the writer as the government representative in the supervisory organs of the ILO, is a general evaluation of the main changes brought about by Act no.6356 on freedom of association in Turkey as well as on a few a other amendments made after its passage in 2012. Despite the presence of the above-stated weaknesses, , it is clear that the present legal framework of industrial relations in Turkey represents a better-balanced and advanced stage than the previous legislative environments . In reaching this level of maturity, the impact of the ILO and the jurisprudence of the ILO’s Freedom of Association Committee, coupled of course with the contributions of the Turkish social partners should be acknowledged.

Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü’nün (ILO’nun) Türkiye’de Endüstri İlişkilerinin Gelişmesine Etkileri (Uluslararası Sendika Özgürlüğü Normları Açısından Eleştirel Bir Yaklaşım)

Hülya

After the Second World War, European states attempted to overcome major economic difficulties by inviting guest workers to their countries in order to resolve the manpower deficit left by the war. Over time, however, immigrants who moved from developing countries like Turkey to Western European states abandoned their “guest worker” status and began to settle permanently in these countries. Because of this, immigrants’ cultural problems, identity issues and concepts of culturalization, integration, and assimilation began to be studied to a much greater extent in the fields of sociology and political science.Turkish labor migration to Germany started following an agreement signed between Turkey and Germany on October 30, 1961. In the first year, 6,800 Turks arrived in Germany, and their population steadily increased over the years. The Turkish population in Germany rose to 652,000 in 1971, 1,546,000 in 1981, and 1,780,000 in 1991. Turks who moved to Germany in the first decade following the agreement are considered to be the first generation of Turkish immigrants. Members of this generation had no information about Germany before their arrival and experienced serious difficulties in adapting to their new country. They were generally unskilled workers, they could not speak German, and they preserved Turkish values rather than assimilating German ones. As this group was seen by the Germans as temporary guest workers, integration policies were not applied to them&nbsp;The second generation of Turkish immigrants in Germany appeared from 1974 to 1984. They were the children of the first generation, or they came to Germany under the laws of family reunification. In fact, beginning from the 1980s, the German government sought certain ways to encourage Turkish immigrants to return to their country, but these efforts proved largely ineffective. Even if a number of Turkish immigrants returned to Turkey, their children opted to stay in Germany, and thus the Turkish population continued to increase. Members of the second generation could speak some German, and some of them were educated in German schools. Following the formation of the second generation, German officials realized that presence of Turks in Germany would be permanent, and accordingly initiated some policies to ensure the integration of next generations to German society.The third generation of Turkish immigrants is the product of these policies. These people are young, aged 18-29, and living in Germany. Compared to the previous generations, members of the third generation have a much closer relationship to German society. They were born and educated in Germany, they can speak German fluently and their friends are generally German. As they have also adapted to German culture and lifestyle to a great extent, it can be argued that the integration&nbsp;policies launched by the German state took root in this generation. Because of their proximity to German language and culture, these young Turks are quite active in the daily and professional life of Germany. On the other hand, they have not learned Turkish language and culture very well; they have some persistent conflicts with their families and previous generations. Alienation from Turkish identity is the most crucial problem in the overall structure of third generation.In this study, the process of migration and integration of Turkish immigrants in Germany is examined and a comparison of the first and third generation Turks is made. The article argues that the changing cultural dimension of the Turkish immigrants in Germany originated from state policies to bring third-generation Turks closer to German culture and society.

Almanya’daki Türklerin Göç ve Entegrasyon Süreci: Birinci ve Üçüncü Kuşak Karşılaştırması

@JOURNAL_BOX_FEATURED

Metin

After the international norms of trade union freedom were determined by ILO Convention 87 (1948), a rapid increase in complaints about member states was observed. Since 1951, the ILO Administrative Council has used the Committee on Freedom of Association (CFA) for assistance in investigating these complaints.The Committee on Freedom of Association has also explained what procedures and principles it considers when reviewing and resolving complaints about member states: the first of its decisions is that it is not a judicial decision that compels the member state. According to the statement, a decision which is made is not intended to condemn a member state or a trade union organization; on the contrary, it aims to make trade union freedom valid in all countries by making use of the trilateral structure, which is the most prominent feature of the ILO.While making decisions, the second principle of the CFA is that it does not, as a rule, take into account the level of development of the complained country. The third principle is that the change of political regime or political power in a member state will not affect the previous decisions. The new political regime or the new government is under the obligation of producing solutions based on the decisions of the Committee in terms of trade union freedom.Lastly, the CFA requires that, in accordance with the decision of the Administrative Council with respect to multinational companies, the existence of a provision contrary to trade union freedom among the conditions of investment in another country shall never be tolerated.The reason why we choose the issue of strike is that employers’ associations in the ILO and in our country argue from time to time that the right to strike does not have a legal relationship with trade union freedom. The most important justification of the allegations in this regard is that there is no direct provision regarding the right to strike in Convention 87 or other legislation of the ILO regulating trade union freedom.For many years, the CFA has advocated a totally opposite view. According to them, the right to strike is an integral part of trade union freedom. In this case, it is not possible for trade unions to exclude the right to strike while freely regulating their activity programs.&nbsp;Based on this basic view, the CFA does not accept all actions where employees collectively agree to stop working as a legal strike within the framework of trade union freedom. For example, according to the CFA, a strike initiated by a trade union for purely political purposes does not fall within the framework of trade union freedom. As such, the CFA does not accept the strike which is done in order to prove that the trade union is the authority in collective bargaining. The CFA acknowledges that the issue of authority is a problem that needs to be examined separately.As such, the committee acknowledges that the right to strike may be restricted or even banned in basic services that threaten the health and safety of society. In the case of government officials in public service, the CFA accepts that high level bureaucrats who use public power on behalf of the state can be included in the scope of the ban on strikes. The Committee tries to clarify the concept of basic services in its decisions and gives examples from various business lines.The CFA has also made important decisions on peaceful solutions to ensure that workers do not lose their rights in the event of restrictions or prohibitions on the right to strike. According to the CFA, the peaceful solutions that are put into action in such a situation should definitely have gained the trust of parties through their impartiality and independence.It is determined that an independent body should decide for such strikes which are delayed for a certain period due to national security and general health, and if the government is the decision body, this postponement should be made with a good faith interpretation considering the narrow meaning of the words ‘national security’ and ‘general health’.&nbsp;If serious health and safety problems arise in society due to the prolongation of the strike and its widespread nature, it may be decided to meet the minimum needs of society by the decision of an independent body; however, as a result of this decision, the effect of the decision to strike should not diminish and the public image of the union should not decrease.

ILO Sendika Özgürlüğü Komitesi’nin Grev Hakkına İlişkin Önemli Bazı Kararları

Murat

Özge

According to the referendum held in the United Kingdom (UK) in June 2016, the proportion of “leavers” was much higher. Since the referendum, the debate about the future of the European Union (EU) has progressed into a different dimension. In total, 51.9% of the citizens of UK voted to leave the EU as a result of the referendum where European skepticism was evident. This led to some doubts about the future integration model of the EU. In this period, many factors were observed as the impulsion that generated the mode of debates on the future of European integration. One of the most important and controversial factors at the EU level can be identified as migration. Especially after the Syrian Crisis, the number and the types of migrants coming from Syria to other regions were seen as a concern by many states in political, economic, and social terms. Even if the EU’s security and border management policies had taken root far before the start of the Syrian Civil War, the Syrians who escaped from the civil war have increased the security concerns of member states to the highest levels. In parallel with the increase of security concerns, the perception of the EU regarding migrants exists as a controvertible subject at a political level because of the differentiated approaches of EU members regarding this issue. Anti-immigration discourses have become a very effective form of populist expression in certain policy areas. One of the examples of this style of expression that has gained more ground in recent years can be observed in UK’s EU referendum process. In this context, evaluating anti-immigrant discourses in referendum campaigns presents important clues regarding the rise of Eurosceptic trends in the EU.In this article, discourses on immigration and migrants during the referendum campaigns are presented as one of the main drivers that paved the way for Brexit (Britain-exit). The instrumentalization of the immigrant opposition arose out of debates between the Conservative Party and the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP), and this provides an example of the position of migration in the EU. The rise of far-right politics and populist radical discourses are a defined problem that the EU must overcome and the UK referendum process is supposed to be held as a concrete sample regarding this problem. Therefore, as a tool of populist and far-right wing discourses, explaining the anti-immigration aspects in the UK’s referendum process is the main aim of this study. In this context, the presentation of the immigrants as an economic and social burden on the EU member states is a critically moot point that questions the future of the EU. So, as a factor that is pushing the discourses of the far-right wing, populists, and anti-immigrant can be defined as a risk for the EU and its normative characterization. This study aims to explain how anti-immigrant discourses can influence the campaign process and to what extent it affected the UK’s decision to leave the EU.According to the literature, Brexit has been held in terms of the process itself, and a future model of European integration is now on the agenda of many scholars&nbsp;in terms of the many risks that the EU has confronted. Even if Brexit does not seem like an astonishing step, it is a factor pushing anti-immigrant discourses that draw a considerable scene. Among the member states, UK has been defined as the representative of Eurosceptic tradition for a long time. In the EU, where there has been a developing culture of solidarity among member states in areas such as the Eurozone, the Justice and Home Affairs, and the Schengen Area, the separation of UK politics from the culture of solidarity has been assessed as the axis of European skepticism. When considering UK’s isolated preferences in some European level policy areas and its Eurosceptic tendency, we can evaluate Brexit as not being a surprising event. However, anti-immigrant discourses in the process can be evaluated as a challenging dimension. Anti-immigrant discourse has not only widened its influence in the UK’s political scene, it has reached a worrisome dimension in many other parts of the EU today. Therefore, analyzing the Brexit process presents a tangible outcome about to what extent anti-immigrant and populist discourses can widen their influence in the European Union.

Birleşik Krallık’taki Göç Karşıtı Söylemlerin Brexit Sürecine Etkisi

The Journal of Social Policy Conferences, which since 1948 has been published within the body of the Faculty of Economics, Labor Economics, and the Industrial Relations Department at Istanbul University, Turkey, plays an important part in the formation and maintenance of social policy tradition. With the stages, changes, and transformation it has undergone from 1948 to the present, the journal offers an outstanding academic setting for research in the field of social policy in Turkey. In addition, 1948 is an important year in terms of the International Labour Organization (ILO) conventions approved by Turkey. Turkey, which ratified only one ILO convention between the years 1932 and 1946, signed 11 conventions between the years 1946 and 1959. In this context, ILO, which is an important institution at international level in the field of labor relations and social policy, and the journal that created the first social policy corpus in Turkey were founded in the same period.The main hypothesis of this study is to highlight the importance within scientific and academic development of long-term academic publications being able to present to their readers the reflections of the social, political and economic developments of the periods with which they are concerned. Starting from this, the purpose of the study is to examine how ILO, which is one of the major international institutions in terms of industrial relations and working life, is reflected in the Journal of Social Policy Conferences as a journal that has been maintaining its publishing activities through 71 years.This study firstly presents the history of the Journal of Social Policy Conferences. Then, within the scope of “Qualitative Analysis of the Journal of Social Policy Conferences”, the articles in the journal are subjected to qualitative analysis regardless of periods. After that, the journal articles dealing with ILO, -and those covering the basic ILO conventions are examined under the title of “ILO in the Journal of Social Policy Conferences”.&nbsp;&nbsp;The literature review shows that different academic publications such as journals and graduate studies are analyzed through various qualitative research methods, namely document analysis, content analysis, and bibliometric analysis. With 71 years of history, the Journal of Social Policy Conferences is too deep to be analyzed through a single method. This is because when the origin and history of the journal is examined, it is clear that different periodizations can be made (e.g before and after 2003 according to the criterion of being a peerreviewed scientific journal; before and after 2009-2010 based on the criterion of transfer to the internet environment from the printed journal).In this article, the reflection of ILO in academia is presented through the Journal of Social Policy Conferences, the academic representative of the social policy field in the national arena. The fact that the study is the first one to subject the Journal of Social Policy Conferences to qualitative bibliometric analysis shows its originality. However, this originality also carries with it the difficulties of making an analysis that complies with the spirit of the journal. In this context, the study should be considered as an “exploratory” preliminary study that can guide future studies with how it all started and how it continued as well as the research method it employed.The database used in the research was created by transferring all the files in the journal archive to the Excel program through the DergiPark system. Analyses were performed on 830 files excluding the records coded as “Imprint, Editorial, Table of Contents”, “Editorial”, and “Foreword” from among the those included in the dataset created within the scope of the study.&nbsp;The calculation results indicate that the journal does not comply with the 80/20 rule, which states that 80% of all articles published in the journal should be written by 20% of the authors, and neither does it comply with Price’s law, which measures the productivity of the authors. However, it does comply with Lotka’s law, which measures the contribution to the literature. In light of the calculation made according to Lotka’s law, which is a quantitative estimation of how many articles the authors have contributed to the literature, it can be said that the 71-year journal will continue to contribute to the field as an academic platform in the following years as well.There are 30 studies directly containing the word “ILO” in their titles. This number amounts to 3.6% of the total number of studies. There are few studies directly addressing ILO which can be repeated within the scope of the journal covered in the present study as well.The Journal of Social Policy Conferences, which has grown and developed concurrently with the social policy history of Turkey, has aspects that, by maintaining its mission from tradition to future, flourish, create a tradition, sustain such tradition, and have a significant collective power.

Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi ve Uluslararası Çalışma  Örgütü (ILO)

Çetin

Turkey has been caught unprepared for the influx of asylum seekers and migrants since the 1990s and the increasing number of refugees fleeing the Syrian war since 2011. Today, more than 3.5 million Syrians and over 300,000 non-Syrian asylum seekers are residing in Turkey. They are among the most disadvantaged groups in Turkish society. Turkey’s migration and asylum system has been undergoing a transition process since the early 2000s. Recently, the Law on Foreigners and International Protection (LFIP) in 2013 and the Regulation on Temporary Protection (RTP) in 2016 have been adopted to categorize and manage different asylum-seeker groups. The main difference between them is that non-Syrian asylum seekers can apply for international protection to be resettled to a third country and must register in a satellite city. Today, there are more than 60 satellite cities as defined by the Ministry of Interior Directorate General of Migration Management (DGMM). According to the Article 82-1 of Law on Foreigners and International Protection (2014), refugees and asylum seekers are only allowed to live in satellite cities for reasons of security and public order, and to prevent accumulation in big cities. Düzce is one of the satellite cities as defined by DGMM. More than seven thousand asylum seekers, mostly from Iraq, Syria, Iran and Afghanistan, are currently living in Düzce. This paper explores the difficulties of accessing social services and the social integration problems of asylum seekers in Düzce from a gender- and human rights-based social-work perspective.This paper is based on an empirical research using a qualitative approach and a snowball sampling method. In-depth interviews with 21 asylum seekers and two key informants from public institutions, Düzce Governorship and the City Branch of Migration Management, were conducted. In addition, several public institutions in education, health, and social services, as well as non-governmental organizations’ activities for asylum seekers, were investigated. The socio-economic support options in Düzce include free education for children, Turkish-language courses for adults, free access to health care (including free medications) and 120 TRY given by Kızılay Card to meet some requirements such as food and shelter. Also, some NGOs provide irregular economic support based on humanitarian aid. Our findings show that although asylum seekers are entitled to access some social services, including education, health services or employment, they have difficulties accessing them due to language barriers, work obligations, health problems, and gendered responsibilities.Asylum seekers cannot access healthy accommodations and usually face lowpaying or irregular employment and/or non-payment problems, social exclusion and stigmatization in Düzce; and these problems deepen their psychological problems&nbsp;caused by the war. In particular, female asylum seekers have serious problems meeting their daily needs, such as food and shelter, accessing to health care, and public services. As a result of limited access to psycho-social and economic support mechanisms, female asylum seekers face unique gender-based risks, including sexual harassment in their search for employment or aid.&nbsp;At the local level, the needs of asylum seekers are met through a “philanthropist” approach, where social workers are not involved. Asylum seekers consist of different groups, including children, youth, the elderly, disabled individuals, and single women, and they all have different problems and needs. Based on empirical research, some recommendations can be made to support asylum seekers more effectively. In general, these recommendations include the empowerment of asylum seekers via different support mechanisms, such as an easy access to multi-lingual information services, accommodation, and human rights-based socio-economic supports. Most importantly, in order to fight against gender-based violence, human rights based and gender-sensitive psycho-social and economic support mechanisms should be developed for female asylum seekers in Düzce and all over Turkey.

Sığınmacıların Toplumsal Uyum Sorunları ve Sosyal Hizmetlere Erişimi: Düzce Uydu Kent Örneği

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Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, dar anlamda sosyal politikanın alanına giren emek-sermaye ilişkileri ve bunların sonuçları yanında, geniş anlamda sosyal politikanın konusu olan işsizlik, demografi ve nüfus çalışmaları, yoksulluk, sosyal yardımlar, sosyal hizmetler, sosyal güvenlik, sosyal sigorta vb. ile kadınlar, özürlüler, gençler, yaşlılar ve diğer dezavantajlı gruplara yönelik sosyal politikaları kapsayan hususlarla ilgili teorik ve ampirik çalışmalara yer vermektedir. Dergi 1948 yılında ilk defa İçtimai Siyaset Konferansları şeklinde basılmaya başlanmıştır. 2003 yılındaki 45. sayısından itibaren ise hakemli ve bilimsel bir dergidir. 

Makale gönderimi sosyalsiyasetdergi@istanbul.edu.tr adresine yapılmaktadır.

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Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi’nin amacı; başta sosyal siyaset olmak üzere, çalışma ekonomisi, endüstri ilişkileri, iş sağlığı ve güvenliği, sosyal güvenlik, sosyal hizmetler, iş hukuku, çalışma sosyolojisi, örgütsel davranış, çalışma psikolojisi ve insan kaynakları alanlarında ulusal ve uluslararası düzeyde teorik ve ampirik araştırmalarla akademik tartışmalara katkı sunmak ve yön vermek, çözüm bekleyen sosyal sorunlara politika önerileri getirmektir.Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi’nin kapsamı ise; derginin amacında belirtilen alanlardaki konulardan oluşmaktadır. Bu bağlamda dergiye, aşağıda detaylı bir şekilde sıralanan konularda hazırlanan akademik makaleler kabul edilmektedir:Sosyal Siyaset alanında; sosyal politika tarihi, ulusal ve uluslararası düzeyde sosyal politika araçları, yoksulluk, gelir dağılımı, istihdam ve işsizlik, ücretler, çalışma koşulları, sosyal güvenlik, iş sağlığı ve güvenliği, göç, ayrımcılık, sosyal dışlanma ile çocuklar, gençler, yaşlılar, özürlüler, eski hükümlüler, göçmenler ve kadınlar gibi dezavantajlı nüfus grupları, yerel yönetimlerin sosyal politika açısından fonksiyonları, uluslararası sosyal politika konuları ve sağlık, eğitim ve çevre politikaları.Çalışma Ekonomisi alanında; işgücü piyasalarında emek arzı ve talebi, istihdam, işsizlik, ücretler, verimlilik ve işgücü piyasası politikaları.Endüstri İlişkileri alanında; tarihsel perspektiften işçi hareketleri, işçi sendikaları, memur sendikaları, işveren sendikaları, toplu iş uyuşmazlıkları ve çözüm yolları, toplu pazarlık, devletin endüstri ilişkilerindeki rolleri, karşılaştırmalı endüstri ilişkileri küreselleşmenin endüstri ilişkilerine etkisi ile sosyal diyalog.Sosyal Güvenlik alanında; sosyal güvenliği tarihsel gelişimi, yönetimi, teknikleri, kurumsal yapısı, finansmanı, iktisadi ve mali boyutu, hukuki boyutu, ülke uygulamaları ile sosyal güvenlik sistemlerindeki yeni sorunlar.Sosyal Hizmetler alanında; yöntem ve teknikleri, aileye, kadına, çocuklara, gençlere, engelli ve yaşlılara yönelik sosyal hizmetler, sağlık, eğitim ve adalet alanında sosyal hizmet uygulamaları ile sosyal hizmet kuruluşları.İş Hukuku alanında; iş sözleşmesinden doğan borçlar, iş sözleşmesinin sona ermesi, kıdem tazminatı, çalışma süreleri, dezavantajlı gruplara yönelik uygulamalar gibi bireysel iş hukuku konuları ile sendikalar, toplu sözleşme, grev ve lokavt uygulamaları gibi toplu iş hukuku konuları.Çalışma Sosyolojisi alanında; klasik ve çağdaş yaklaşımlar, teknolojinin çalışma yaşamına etkisi, toplumsal tabakalaşma ve sınıflar, yabancılaşma, boş zaman endüstrisi, küreselleşme, çalışma yaşamında cinsiyet meseleleri, kuşaklar ve dönüşüm.Örgütsel Davranış alanında; kurum kültürü, liderlik, motivasyon, örgütsel bağlılık, iş tatmini, iş ahlakı, örgütlerde stres, çatışma, güç ve politika.Çalışma Psikolojisi alanında; bireyin yaşamında çalışmanın anlamı ve önemi, kariyer gelişimi, ergonomi, iş monotonluğu, tükenmişlik sendromu.İnsan Kaynakları alanında; yönetim, örgütlenme, planlama, iş analizi, eğitim, performans değerleme, kariyer yönetimi, ücret yönetimi, stratejik insan kaynakları yönetimi, uluslararası insan kaynakları yönetimi, bilgi sistemleri.* Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi’nde akademik makalelerin yanı sıra, ilgili alanlardaki kitap incelemeleri ve iş hukuk alanındaki karar incelemeleri de yer almaktadır.

Amaç ve Kapsam

<a href="https://trdizin.gov.tr/publication/journal/detailJ/TVRReU5qWT0=" target="_blank">TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR Dizin</a>EBSCO Central &amp; Eastern European Academic Source EBSCO Sociology Source Ultimate EBSCO Health Policy Reference Center ProQuest Central ProQuest Social Sciences Database ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection ProQuest Political Science Database DOAJ <a href="https://dbh.nsd.uib.no/publiseringskanaler/erihplus/periodical/info.action?id=498753" target="_blank">ERIH PLUS</a> <a href="https://ideas.repec.org/s/ist/iujspc.html" target="_blank" style="font-size: 13.3333px;">RePEc IDEAS</a> <a href="https://econpapers.repec.org/article/istiujspc/" target="_blank" style="font-size: 13.3333px;">RePEc EconPapers </a> SOBİAD Gale Cengage

Dizinler

Dergi yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> Gönderilen makaleler derginin amaç ve kapsamına uygun olmalıdır. Orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmayan, her bir yazar tarafından içeriği ve gönderimi onaylanmış yazılar değerlendirmeye kabul edilir. Makale yayınlanmak üzere Dergiye gönderildikten sonra yazarlardan hiçbirinin ismi, tüm yazarların yazılı izni olmadan yazar listesinden silinemez ve yeni bir isim yazar olarak eklenemez ve yazar sırası değiştirilemez.İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir. Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.İntihal Ön kontrolden geçirilen makaleler, iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal/kendi kendine intihal tespit edilirse yazarlar bilgilendirilir. Editörler, gerekli olması halinde makaleyi değerlendirme ya da üretim sürecinin çeşitli aşamalarında intihal kontrolüne tabi tutabilirler. Yüksek benzerlik oranları, bir makalenin kabul edilmeden önce ve hatta kabul edildikten sonra reddedilmesine neden olabilir. Makalenin türüne bağlı olarak, bunun oranın %15 veya %20'den az olması beklenir.Çift Kör Hakemlikİntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Editör, makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakemlikten geçmesini sağlar ve makale biçimsel esaslara uygun ise, gelen yazıyı yurtiçinden ve /veya yurtdışından en az iki hakemin değerlendirmesine sunar, hakemler gerek gördüğü takdirde yazıda istenen değişiklikler yazarlar tarafından yapıldıktan sonra yayınlanmasına onay verir.

Politikalar

Dergi açık erişimlidir ve derginin tüm içeriği okura ya da okurun dahil olduğu kuruma ücretsiz olarak sunulur. Okurlar, ticari amaç haricinde, yayıncı ya da yazardan izin almadan dergi makalelerinin tam metnini okuyabilir, indirebilir, kopyalayabilir, arayabilir ve link sağlayabilir. Bu <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/translations/turkish-translation" target="_blank">BOAI</a> açık erişim tanımıyla uyumludur. Derginin açık erişimli makaleleri Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır.

Derginin tüm giderleri İstanbul Üniversitesi tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Dergide makale yayını ve makale süreçlerinin yürütülmesi ücrete tabi değildir. Dergiye gönderilen ya da yayın için kabul edilen makaleler için işlemleme ücreti ya da gönderim ücreti alınmaz.

Yazarlar dergide yayınlanan çalışmalarının telif hakkına sahiptirler ve çalışmaları  Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>)  olarak lisanslıdır. CC BY-NC 4.0 lisansı, eserin ticari kullanım dışında her boyut ve formatta paylaşılmasına, kopyalanmasına, çoğaltılmasına ve orijinal esere uygun şekilde atıfta bulunmak kaydıyla yeniden düzenleme, dönüştürme ve eserin üzerine inşa etme dâhil adapte edilmesine izin verir.

Editörler, yayınlanan makalede, bulguları, yorumları ve sonuçları etkilemeyen küçük hatalar tespit edilirse düzeltme yayınlamayı düşünebilirler. Editörler, bulguları ve sonuçları geçersiz kılan büyük hatalar / ihlaller söz konusu olduğunda, makaleyi geri çekmeyi düşünmelidir. Yazarlar tarafından araştırma veya yayını kötüye kullanmaya yönelik olasılık söz konusu ise; bulguların güvenilir olmadığına ve yazarların kurumlarının olayı soruşturmadığına dair kanıtlar var veya olası soruşturma haksız veya sonuçsuz görünüyor ise, editörler endişe ifadesi yayınlamayı düşünmelidir. Düzeltme, geri çekme veya endişe ifadesi ile ilgili olarak <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> ve <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> yönergeleri dikkate alınır.Geri ÇekmeDergi geri çekme durumunda <a href="https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/retraction-guidelines-cope.pdf" target="_blank">COPE Retraction Guidelines</a>’ı izler. Editör, aşağıdaki durumlarda bir makaleyi geri çekme hakkına sahiptir: <ul><li>Büyük bir hata (örn. yanlış hesaplama veya deneysel hata), uydurma öğeler  (örn. veri) veya tahrifat (örn. görüntü manipülasyonu) gibi bulguların güvenilmez olduğu sonucunu çıkarmaya dair açık kanıtlar varsa; </li><li>İçerikte intihal varsa; </li><li>Uygun atıf yapılmadan başka bir yerde yayınlanmışsa;</li><li>Kullanım izni olmayan materyal veya veri içeriyorsa;</li><li>Telif hakkı ihlali veya başka bir ciddi yasal sorun varsa;</li><li>Etik olmayan araştırma içeriyorsa; </li><li>Hakem değerlendirme sürecinin bozulduğuna veya manipüle edildiğine dair kanıt varsa;</li><li>Yazar(lar), editörün görüşüne göre, çalışmanın yorumlanmasını veya editörlerin ve hakemlerin tavsiyelerini önemli derecede etkileyebilecek, kritik bir çıkar çatışmasını açıklamamış ise.</li></ul>Geri çekme durumunda aşağıdaki adımlar izlenir:<ul><li>Makale başlığını da içeren geri çekme bildirimi derginin bir sonraki sayısında yayınlanır. Geri çekme bildirimi  içindekiler tablosunda sayfa nosu verilerek listelenir. </li><li>Elektronik versiyonda geri çekme bildirimi ile orijinal makale arasında link sağlanır. </li><li>Online makaleden önce geri çekme bildirimini içeren sayfa gelir; okuyucu daha sonra makalenin kendisine geçebilir.</li><li>Orijinal makale, her sayfadaki .pdf üzerinde “geri çekildiğini” belirten bir filigran dışında değişmeden kalır.</li></ul>Yasal Nedenlerle Makalenin KaldırılmasıAşağıdaki durumlarda, üst veriler (başlık ve yazarlar) hariç olmak üzere, makale metni kaldırılır ve makalenin yasal nedenlerle kaldırıldığını bildiren bir sayfa makalenin yerini alır. <ul><li>Makalenin karalayıcı içerik ihtiva ettiği veya başkalarının yasal haklarını ihlal ettiği tespit edilir ve geri çekmenin yeterli bir çözüm olmadığı düşünülürse;</li><li>Makale bir mahkeme kararına konu olmuşsa veya olacağına dair makul bir neden varsa;</li><li>Kamu sağlığı açısından önemli bir risk söz konusu ise;  </li></ul>

Dergide yayınlanan tüm yazıların korunmasını ve kalıcı olarak erişilebilir olmasını sağlamak için makaleler, ulusal bir arşiv sitesi olarak hizmet veren ve aynı zamanda LOCKSS'in içeriği toplamasına, korumasına ve sunmasına izin veren Dergipark'ta saklanmaktadır.Ek olarak, yazarların kendilerinin makalelerinin son PDF sürümünü Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>) standartlarına uygun açık elektronik arşivlerde arşivlemeleri önerilir. Yazarlar, yayınladıkları arşiv versiyonundan, İ.Ü. Yayınevinin dergi web sitesinin URL'sine bağlantı sağlamalıdır.

Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için adres: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>Gönderilen tüm makaleler orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmamalıdır. Her bir makale editörlerden biri ve en az iki hakem tarafından çift kör değerlendirmeden geçirilir. İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir.Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.

Etik

Dergi araştırma etiğinde en yüksek standartları gözetir ve aşağıda tanımlanan uluslararası araştırma etiği ilkelerini benimser. Makalelerin etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır.- Araştırmanın tasarlanması, tasarımın gözden geçirilmesi ve araştırmanın yürütülmesinde, bütünlük, kalite ve şeffaflık ilkeleri sağlanmalıdır.- Araştırma ekibi ve katılımcılar, araştırmanın amacı, yöntemleri ve öngörülen olası kullanımları; araştırmaya katılımın gerektirdikleri ve varsa riskleri hakkında tam olarak bilgilendirilmelidir.- Araştırma katılımcılarının sağladığı bilgilerin gizliliği ve yanıt verenlerin gizliliği sağlanmalıdır. Araştırma katılımcıların özerkliğini ve saygınlığını koruyacak şekilde tasarlanmalıdır.- Araştırma katılımcıları gönüllü olarak araştırmada yer almalı, herhangi bir zorlama altında olmamalıdırlar.- Katılımcıların zarar görmesinden kaçınılmalıdır. Araştırma, katılımcıları riske sokmayacak şekilde planlanmalıdır.- Araştırma bağımsızlığıyla ilgili açık ve net olunmalı; çıkar çatışması varsa belirtilmelidir.- Deneysel çalışmalarda, araştırmaya katılmaya karar veren katılımcıların yazılı bilgilendirilmiş onayı alınmalıdır. Çocukların ve vesayet altındakilerin veya tasdiklenmiş akıl hastalığı bulunanların yasal vasisinin onayı alınmalıdır.- Çalışma herhangi bir kurum ya da kuruluşta gerçekleştirilecekse bu kurum ya da kuruluştan çalışma yapılacağına dair onay alınmalıdır.- İnsan öğesi bulunan çalışmalarda, “yöntem” bölümünde katılımcılardan “bilgilendirilmiş onam” alındığının ve çalışmanın yapıldığı kurumdan etik kurul onayı alındığı belirtilmesi gerekir.

Makalelerin bilimsel ve etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır. Yazar makalenin orijinal olduğu, daha önce başka bir yerde yayınlanmadığı ve başka bir yerde, başka bir dilde yayınlanmak üzere değerlendirmede olmadığı konusunda teminat sağlamalıdır. Uygulamadaki telif kanunları ve anlaşmaları gözetilmelidir. Telife bağlı materyaller (örneğin tablolar, şekiller veya büyük alıntılar) gerekli izin ve teşekkürle kullanılmalıdır. Başka yazarların, katkıda bulunanların çalışmaları ya da yararlanılan kaynaklar uygun biçimde kullanılmalı ve referanslarda belirtilmelidir.Gönderilen makalede tüm yazarların akademik ve bilimsel olarak doğrudan katkısı olmalıdır, bu bağlamda “yazar” yayınlanan bir araştırmanın kavramsallaştırılmasına ve dizaynına, verilerin elde edilmesine, analizine ya da yorumlanmasına belirgin katkı yapan, yazının yazılması ya da bunun içerik açısından eleştirel biçimde gözden geçirilmesinde görev yapan birisi olarak görülür. Yazar olabilmenin diğer koşulları ise, makaledeki çalışmayı planlamak veya icra etmek ve / veya revize etmektir. Fon sağlanması, veri toplanması ya da araştırma grubunun genel süpervizyonu tek başına yazarlık hakkı kazandırmaz. Yazar olarak gösterilen tüm bireyler sayılan tüm ölçütleri karşılamalıdır ve yukarıdaki ölçütleri karşılayan her birey yazar olarak gösterilebilir. Yazarların isim sıralaması ortak verilen bir karar olmalıdır. Tüm yazarlar yazar sıralamasını <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/7FE7AA181733489AB281E49F84F3C0B6" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu'nda</a> imzalı olarak belirtmek zorundadırlar.Yazarlık için yeterli ölçütleri karşılamayan ancak çalışmaya katkısı olan tüm bireyler “teşekkür / bilgiler” kısmında sıralanmalıdır. Bunlara örnek olarak ise sadece teknik destek sağlayan, yazıma yardımcı olan ya da sadece genel bir destek sağlayan, finansal ve materyal desteği sunan kişiler verilebilir.Bütün yazarlar, araştırmanın sonuçlarını ya da bilimsel değerlendirmeyi etkileyebilme potansiyeli olan finansal ilişkiler, çıkar çatışması ve çıkar rekabetini beyan etmelidirler. Bir yazar kendi yayınlanmış yazısında belirgin bir hata ya da yanlışlık tespit ederse, bu yanlışlıklara ilişkin düzeltme ya da geri çekme için editör ile hemen temasa geçme ve işbirliği yapma sorumluluğunu taşır.

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, cinsel yöneliminden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder. Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve Dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemlerin araştırmayla ilgili, yazarlarla ve/veya araştırmanın finansal destekçileriyle çıkar çatışmaları olmamalıdır. Değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme çift taraflı kör hakemlik ile değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.

Hakemlik Hakkında

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirirler. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder. Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır. Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemler, araştırma, yazarlar ve/veya araştırmaya fon sağlayanlarla çıkar çatışması içinde olmamalıdır. Hakemler değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir.Baş Editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemlerin değerlendirmeleri objektif olmalıdır. Hakem süreci sırasında hakemlerin aşağıdaki hususları dikkate alarak değerlendirmelerini yapmaları beklenir.-Makale yeni ve önemli bir bilgi içeriyor mu?-Öz, makalenin içeriğini net ve düzgün bir şekilde tanımlıyor mu?-Yöntem bütünlüklü ve anlaşılır şekilde tanımlanmış mı?-Yapılan yorum ve varılan sonuçlar bulgularla kanıtlanıyor mu?-Alandaki diğer çalışmalara yeterli referans verilmiş mi?-Dil kalitesi yeterli mi?Hakemler, gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir.

DilDergide Türkçe ve İngilizce dilinde makaleler yayınlanır. Türkçe makalelerde İngilizce öz, anahtar kelimeler ve genişletilmiş özet olmalıdır. Ancak İngilizce yazılmış makalelerde geniş özet istenmez.Yazıların Hazırlanması ve Yazım KurallarıAksi belirtilmedikçe gönderilen yazılarla ilgili tüm yazışmalar ilk yazarla yapılacaktır. Makale gönderimi online olarak Dergipark üzerinden ya da <a href="mailto:sosyalsiyasetdergi@istanbul.edu.tr" target="_blank">sosyalsiyasetdergi@istanbul.edu.tr</a> adresine doğrudan yapılmalıdır. Gönderilen yazılar, yazının yayınlanmak üzere gönderildiğini ifade eden, makale türünü belirten ve makaleyle ilgili detayları içeren (bkz: Son Kontrol Listesi) bir mektup; yazının elektronik formunu içeren Microsoft Word 2003 ve üzerindeki versiyonları ile yazılmış elektronik dosya ve tüm yazarların imzaladığı <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/7FE7AA181733489AB281E49F84F3C0B6" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a> eklenerek gönderilmelidir.<ol><li>Çalışmalar, A4 boyutundaki kağıdın bir yüzüne, üst, alt, sağ ve sol taraftan 2,5 cm. boşluk bırakılarak, 12 punto Times New Roman harf karakterleriyle ve 1,5 satır aralık ölçüsü ile ve iki yana yaslı olarak hazırlanmalıdır. Paragraf başlarında tab tuşu kullanılmalıdır. Metin içinde yer alan tablo ve şemalarda ise tek satır aralığı kullanılmalıdır.</li><li>Metnin başlığı küçük harf, koyu renk, Times New Roman yazı tipi, 12 punto olarak sayfanın ortasında yer almalıdır.</li><li>Metin yazarına ait bilgiler başlıktan sonra bir satır atlanarak, Times New Roman yazı tipi, 10 punto ve tek satır aralığı kullanılarak sayfanın soluna yazılacaktır. Yazarın adı küçük harfle, soyadı büyük harfle belirtildikten sonra bir alt satıra unvanı, çalıştığı kurum ve e-posta adresi yazılacaktır.</li><li>Giriş bölümünden önce 200-250 kelimelik çalışmanın kapsamını, amacını, ulaşılan sonuçları ve kullanılan yöntemi kaydeden makale dilinde ve ingilizce öz ile 600-800 kelimelik İngilizce genişletilmiş özet yer almalıdır. Çalışmanın İngilizce başlığı İngilizce özün üzerinde yer almalıdır. İngilizce ve makale dilinde özlerin altında çalışmanın içeriğini temsil eden, makale dilinde 5 adet, İngilizce 5 adet anahtar kelime yer almalıdır. Makale İngilizce ise İngilizce genişletilmiş özet istenmez.</li><li>Çalışmaların başlıca şu unsurları içermesi gerekmektedir: Makale dilinde başlık, öz ve anahtar kelimeler; İngilizce başlık öz ve anahtar kelimeler; İngilizce genişletilmiş özet (makale İngilizce ise İngilizce genişletilmiş özet istenmez), ana metin bölümleri, son notlar ve kaynaklar.</li><li>Çalışmalarda tablo, grafik ve şekil gibi göstergeler ancak çalışmanın takip edilebilmesi açısından gereklilik arz ettiği durumlarda, numaralandırılarak, tanımlayıcı bir başlık ile birlikte verilmelidir. Demografik özellikler gibi metin içinde verilebilecek veriler, ayrıca tablolar ile ifade edilmemelidir.</li><li>Yayınlanmak üzere gönderilen makale ile birlikte yazar bilgilerini içeren kapak sayfası gönderilmelidir. Kapak sayfasında, makalenin başlığı, yazar veya yazarların bağlı bulundukları kurum ve unvanları, kendilerine ulaşılabilecek adresler, cep, iş ve faks numaraları, ORCID ve e-posta adresleri yer almalıdır (bkz. Son Kontrol Listesi).</li><li>Kurallar dâhilinde dergimize yayınlanmak üzere gönderilen çalışmaların her türlü sorumluluğu yazar/yazarlarına aittir.</li><li>Yayın kurulu ve hakem raporları doğrultusunda yazarlardan, metin üzerinde bazı düzeltmeler yapmaları istenebilir.</li><li>Yayınlanmasına karar verilen çalışmaların, yazar/yazarlarının her birine istekleri halinde dergi gönderilir.</li><li>Dergiye gönderilen çalışmalar yayınlansın veya yayınlanmasın geri gönderilmez.</li></ol>

Yazım Kuralları

Elektronik başvurular Dergipark üzerinden ya da <a href="mailto:sosyalsiyasetdergi@istanbul.edu.tr" target="_blank">sosyalsiyasetdergi@istanbul.edu.tr</a> adresine doğrudan yapılabilir.

Derleme yazıları okuyucular için bir konudaki kaynaklara ulaşmayı kolaylaştıran bir araç olsa da, her zaman orijinal çalışmayı doğru olarak yansıtmaz. Bu yüzden mümkün olduğunca yazarlar orijinal çalışmaları kaynak göstermelidir. Öte yandan, bir konuda çok fazla sayıda orijinal çalışmanın kaynak gösterilmesi yer israfına neden olabilir. Birkaç anahtar orijinal çalışmanın kaynak gösterilmesi genelde uzun listelerle aynı işi görür. Ayrıca günümüzde kaynaklar elektronik versiyonlara eklenebilmekte ve okuyucular elektronik literatür taramalarıyla yayınlara kolaylıkla ulaşabilmektedir.Kabul edilmiş ancak henüz sayıya dahil edilmemiş makaleler Early View olarak yayınlanır ve bu makalelere atıflar “advance online publication” şeklinde verilmelidir. Genel bir kaynaktan elde edilemeyecek temel bir konu olmadıkça “kişisel iletişimlere” atıfta bulunulmamalıdır. Eğer atıfta bulunulursa parantez içinde iletişim kurulan kişinin adı ve iletişimin tarihi belirtilmelidir. Bilimsel makaleler için yazarlar bu kaynaktan yazılı izin ve iletişimin doğruluğunu gösterir belge almalıdır. Kaynakların doğruluğundan yazar(lar) sorumludur. Tüm kaynaklar metinde belirtilmelidir. Kaynaklar alfabetik olarak sıralanmalıdır.Referans Stili ve FormatıSosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, metin içi alıntılama ve kaynak gösterme için APA (American Psychological Association) kaynak sitilinin 6. edisyonunu benimser. APA 6. Edisyonu hakkında bilgi için:- American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.- <a href="http://www.apastyle.org/" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org/</a>Metin İçinde Kaynak GöstermeKaynaklar metinde parantez içinde yazarların soyadı ve yayın tarihi yazılarak belirtilmelidir. Birden fazla kaynak gösterilecekse kaynaklar arasında (;) işareti kullanılmalıdır. Kaynaklar alfabetik olarak sıralanmalıdır.Örnekler:Birden fazla kaynak;(Esin ve ark., 2002, s. 12; Karasar 1995, s. 20.)Tek yazarlı kaynak;(Akyolcu, 2007, s. 52.)İki yazarlı kaynak;(Sayıner ve Demirci, 2007, s. 72)Üç, dört ve beş yazarlı kaynak;Metin içinde ilk kullanımda: (Ailen, Ciambrune ve Welch, 2000, s. 12–13) Metin içinde tekrarlayan kullanımlarda: (Ailen ve ark., 2000, s. 65.)Altı ve daha çok yazarlı kaynak;(Çavdar ve ark., 2003, s. 33)Kaynaklar Bölümünde Kaynak GöstermeKullanılan tüm kaynaklar metnin sonunda ayrı bir bölüm halinde yazar soyadlarına göre alfabetik olarak numaralandırılmadan verilmelidir.Kaynak yazımı ile ilgili örnekler aşağıda verilmiştir.Kitapa) Türkçe KitapKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8.bs). Ankara: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Türkçeye Çevrilmiş KitapMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler (A. Kotil, Çev.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.c) Editörlü KitapÖren, T., Üney, T. ve Çölkesen, R. (Ed.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi. İstanbul: Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Çok Yazarlı Türkçe KitapTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y. ve Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme. Ankara: Total Bilişim.e) İngilizce KitapKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.f) İngilizce Kitap İçerisinde BölümBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.g) Türkçe Kitap İçerisinde BölümErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi. M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi kitabı içinde (s. 233–263). Bursa: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Yayımcının ve Yazarın Kurum Olduğu YayınTürk Standartları Enstitüsü. (1974). Adlandırma ilkeleri. Ankara: Yazar.Makalea) Türkçe MakaleMutlu, B. ve Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri. İstanbul Üniversitesi Florence Nightingale Hemşirelik Dergisi, 15(60), 179–182.b) İngilizce Makalede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002c) Yediden Fazla Yazarlı MakaleLal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184d) DOI’si Olmayan Online Edinilmiş MakaleAl, U. ve Doğan, G. (2012). Hacettepe Üniversitesi Bilgi ve Belge Yönetimi Bölümü tezlerinin atıf analizi. Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 26, 349–369. Erişim adresi: http://www.tk.org.tr/e) DOI’si Olan MakaleTurner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910f) Advance Online Olarak Yayımlanmış MakaleSmith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867g) Popüler Dergi MakalesiSemercioğlu, C. (2015, Haziran). Sıradanlığın rayihası. Sabit Fikir, 52, 38–39.Tez, Sunum, Bildiria) Türkçe TezlerSarı, E. (2008). Kültür kimlik ve politika: Mardin’de kültürlerarasılık. (Doktora Tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.b)Ticari Veritabanında Yer Alan Yüksek Lisans Ya da Doktora TeziVan Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. (UMI No. 9943436)c) Kurumsal Veritabanında Yer Alan İngilizce Yüksek Lisans/Doktora TeziYaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from: Retrieved from http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portalid) Web’de Yer Alan İngilizce Yüksek Lisans/Doktora TeziTonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). Retrieved from http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar/phd/ickapak.htmle) Dissertations Abstracts International’da Yer Alan Yüksek Lisans/Doktora TeziAppelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica&#173;tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.f) Sempozyum KatkısıKrinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B., &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at American Psychological Association meeting, Orlando, FL.g) Online Olarak Erişilen Konferans Bildiri ÖzetiÇınar, M., Doğan, D. ve Seferoğlu, S. S. (2015, Şubat). Eğitimde dijital araçlar: Google sınıf uygulaması üzerine bir değerlendirme [Öz]. Akademik Bilişim Konferansında sunulan bildiri, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eskişehir. Erişim adresi: http://ab2015.anadolu.edu.tr /index.php?menu=5&amp;submenu=27h) Düzenli Olarak Online Yayımlanan BildirilerHerculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105i) Kitap Şeklinde Yayımlanan BildirilerSchneider, R. (2013). Research data literacy. S. Kurbanoğlu ve ark. (Ed.), Communications in Computer and Information Science: Vol. 397. Worldwide Communalities and Challenges in Information Literacy Research and Practice içinde (s. 134–140). Cham, İsviçre: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03919-0j) Kongre BildirisiÇepni, S., Bacanak A. ve Özsevgeç T. (2001, Haziran). Fen bilgisi öğretmen adaylarının fen branşlarına karşı tutumları ile fen branşlarındaki başarılarının ilişkisi. X. Ulusal Eğitim Bilimleri Kongresi’nde sunulan bildiri, Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, BoluDiğer Kaynaklara) Gazete YazısıToker, Ç. (2015, 26 Haziran). ‘Unutma’ notları. Cumhuriyet, s. 13.b) Online Gazete YazısıTamer, M. (2015, 26 Haziran). E-ticaret hamle yapmak için tüketiciyi bekliyor. Milliyet. Erişim adresi: http://www.milliyetc) Web Page/Blog PostBordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/d) Online Ansiklopedi/SözlükBilgi mimarisi. (2014, 20 Aralık). Vikipedi içinde. Erişim adresi: http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilgi_mimarisiMarcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/e) PodcastRadyo ODTÜ (Yapımcı). (2015, 13 Nisan). Modern sabahlar [Podcast]. Erişim adresi: http://www.radyoodtu.com.tr/f) Bir Televizyon Dizisinden Tek Bir BölümShore, D. (Senarist), Jackson, M. (Senarist) ve Bookstaver, S. (Yönetmen). (2012). Runaways [Televizyon dizisi bölümü]. D. Shore (Baş yapımcı), House M.D. içinde. New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting.g) Müzik KaydıSay, F. (2009). Galata Kulesi. İstanbul senfonisi [CD] içinde. İstanbul: Ak Müzik.

Aşağıdaki listede eksik olmadığından emin olun: ●    Editöre mektupMakalenin türüBaşka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu bilgisiSponsor veya ticari bir firma ile ilişkisi (varsa belirtiniz)Kaynakların APA 6. Edisyon'a göre belirtildiğiİngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığıYazarlara Bilgide detaylı olarak anlatılan dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiği<ul></ul>●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/7FE7AA181733489AB281E49F84F3C0B6" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a>●    Daha önce basılmış materyal (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/59B8C549C1D04917B82EDAB36AE5A260" target="_blank">Kapak sayfası</a>Makalenin kategorisiMakale dilinde ve İngilizce başlıkYazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonra şehir ve ülke bilgisi de yer almalıdır), e-posta adresleriSorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosuTüm yazarların ORCID’leri<ul></ul>●    Makale ana metniMakale dilinde ve İngilizce başlıkÖzetler 200-250 kelime makale dilinde ve 200-250 kelime İngilizceAnahtar Kelimeler: 5 adet makale dilinde ve 5 adet İngilizceİngilizce olmayan makaleler için (Örn, Almanca, Fransızca vd dillerdeki makaleler)İngilizce genişletilmiş Özet (Extended Summary) 600-800 kelimeMakale ana metin bölümleriTeşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)Son notlar (varsa belirtiniz)KaynaklarTablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)<ul></ul>

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