Araştırma Makalesi


DOI :10.26650/LITERA429529   IUP :10.26650/LITERA429529    Tam Metin (PDF)

Weibliche Reise im Deutschen Kaiserreich: Frauenemanzipation und Befürwortung des Kolonialismus in Frieda von Bülows Im Lande der Verheißung

Nkouda Sopgui Romuald Valentin

In der deutschen Geschichtsschreibung wurde die Beteiligung von Frauen an kolonialen Eroberungen lange ignoriert. Bereits in den 1880er Jahren erweckten die Kolonien das Interesse bürgerlicher Frauen. In den feministischen Kreisen versammelt, begleiteten sie die kolonialen Expeditionen und stellten damit die patriarchalische Logik des deutschen Reiches in Frage. Unser Beitrag fokussiert auf Frieda von Bülows Kolonialerzählung „Im Lande der Verheißung“. Es geht darum zu zeigen, dass die Anwesenheit von Frauen in den Kolonien, die auf den ersten Blick als eine Form der Emanzipation betrachtet werden kann, in Verbindung mit einem Exotismus, zur Legitimierung der Kolonisation führt. Dabei sind „Geschlecht“, „Rasse“ und „Kolonie“ drei Begriffe, die sich verknüpfen, um zu zeigen, dass die Beteiligung von Frauen am Kolonialprozess die Etablierung einer rassistischen Ordnung in den Kolonien ermöglichte, mit dem Ziel nicht nur bi-kulturelle Beziehungen zu vermeiden, sondern auch die Reinheit der deutschen Identität aufrechtzuerhalten.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Reisenemanzipationfrauenrassekolonie
DOI :10.26650/LITERA429529   IUP :10.26650/LITERA429529    Tam Metin (PDF)

Female Travel in the German Empire: Women’s Emancipation and Advocacy of Colonialism in Frieda von Bülow’s In the Land of Promise

Nkouda Sopgui Romuald Valentin

In German historiography, women’s participation in colonial conquests has long been ignored. In fact, as early as the 1880s, the German female bourgeoisie began to take an interest in the colonies. It was common for bourgeois women to gather within a feminist circle and to accompany the men on colonial expeditions, thus putting the patriarchal origin of the German Empire into question. Our contribution focuses on Frieda von Bülow’s colonial novel In the Land of Promises. Her novel shows that women’s presence in the colonies, which at first might seem to be a form of emancipation coupled with exoticism, in fact led to the legitimization of colonization. As a result, the notions of sex, race, and colony are tightly bound together. Ultimately, the novel shows that women’s participation in the colonial process maintained the purity of the German identity by establishing a racial order in the colonies that allowed the Germans to avoid bicultural relations.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Travelemancipationwomanracecolony

GENİŞLETİLMİŞ ÖZET


In German historiography, women’s participation in colonial conquests has long been ignored. In fact, as early as the 1880s, the German female bourgeoisie began to take an interest in the colonies. It was common for bourgeois women to gather within a feminist circle and to accompany the men on colonial expeditions, thus putting the patriarchal origin of the German Empire into question. A woman’s main responsibilities in the colonies included nursing, obstetrics, malaria prevention, and household chores. Participating in colonial enterprise allowed women to avoid experiencing the patriarchy as passive victims, thereby portraying the colonies as possible places for female emancipation. Novels about traveling and colonialism were born out of these women’s journeys. These novels not only describe life in the colonies, but also portray the German feeling of superiority and their mission of civilization. This paper examines the role of German women in colonial conquests through study of the novel In the Land of Promises, by German author Frieda von Bülow. Undoubtedly the best-known female writer in the German colonial movement before the First World War, she became the founder of the German colonial novel. After the unification of Germany in 1871, the national and colonial question formed the foundation of German identity. In the wake of these expansionist movements, German colonialism appears to propagate the Pan-Germanist ideology. In this light, feminist movements are not left out. Women’s writings show the legitimacy of the colonies and how the feminine imperialism contributed to creating the colonial profile of the young nation through their participation in the migration to the colonies. Our contribution focuses on Frieda von Bülow’s colonial novel In the Land of Promises. This paper examines women’s emancipation as a strategy for legitimizing colonialism. It argues that female colonialists hampered contact between male colonizers and indigenous women in order to maintain racial purity. The female subject should be the colonial ruler as a necessary cultural and ideological companion. The dispositive participation of women in colonialism was used to dictate colonial racial politics. Women’s presence in the colonies was intended to legitimize the predominance of the colonial metropolis. Von Bülow’s novel shows that women’s presence in the colonies, which at first might seem to be a form of emancipation coupled with exoticism, in fact led to the legitimization of colonization. As a result, the notions of sex, race, and colony are tightly bound together. Ultimately, the novel shows that women’s participation in the colonial process made it possible to establish a racial order in the colonies. Our investigation of the colonial narrative in the novel focuses on the physical representation of the female subject in the colonial situation. Here, gender, race, and colony are three terms that are linked to produce the cultural differences and racial demarcation of colonial space. The colonies serve as a projection screen in a multilayered way for colonial fantasies and also for the women’s freedom to participate in colonialism. An examination of the problem of the female journey within the German Empire led to our conclusion that many roles were assigned to German women who lived in colonies. Their presence represented sexual morality, purity, and national values. Von Bülow addresses German white women’s power and position meticulously in her writing. Women’s active participation in colonization can be seen as an attempt to establish a hierarchical, racist, white order and to participate as mistresses of colonial subjects within the German expansion.


PDF Görünüm

Referanslar

  • Bettina, D. (2013). Eine reise in die emanzipation und zurück: Der koloniale raum als literarischer rahmen zur definition von weiblichkeit in Lydia Höpkers um scholle und leben.Andererseits, Yearbook of Transatlantic German Studies, 3, 69–86. google scholar
  • Dietrich, A. (2006). Konstruktionen weisser weiblichkeit. Emanzipationsdiskurse im kontext des kolonialismus. Im M. Bechhaus-Gerst & S. G. Lang (Eds.),Koloniale und postkoloniale konstruktionen von Afrika und Menschen Afrikanischer Herkunft in der deutschen Alltagskultur (S. 33–44). Frankfurt, DE: Peter Lang. google scholar
  • Eigler, F. (1998). Engendering German nationalism: Gender and race in frieda von Bülow’s colonial writings. Im S. Friedrichsmeyer, S. Lennox & S. Zantop (Eds.), The imperialist imagination: German colonialism and its legacy (S. 69–85). Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. google scholar
  • El-Tayeb, F. (2001). Schwarze Deutsche: Der Diskurs um ›Rasse‹ und nationale Identität 1890–1933. Frankfurt, DE: Campus Verlag. google scholar
  • Mamozai, M. (2009). Einheimische und koloniale frauen. Im M. B. Gerst & M. Leutner (Eds.), Frauen im deutschen Kolonien (S. 14–31). Berlin, DE: Ch. Links Verlag. google scholar
  • Moura, J-M (1999). Littérature coloniale et exotisme : Examen d’une opposition dans la littérature coloniale. In J. Durand (Ed.), Regards sur les littératures coloniales d‘Afrique francophone (S. 22–39). Paris, FR: L. Harmattan. google scholar
  • Oloukpona-Yınnon, A-P. (2001). Femme, littérature et colonialisme: Le cas du Togo allemand. Im P.S. Diop, H. Lüsebrink, U. Fendler & C. Vatter (Eds.), Littératures et sociétés africaines : Regards comparatistes et perspectives interculturelles (S. 345–357). Tübingen, DE: Gunter Narr Verlag. google scholar
  • Ridley, H (1983). Images of imperial rule. London, UK: St Martin’s Press. google scholar
  • Riesz, J. (1989). Références à la révolution Française et aux droits de l’Homme dans la littérature coloniale et la littérature francophone. Französisch Heute, 3, 225–237. google scholar
  • von Bülow, F. (1899). Im lande der verheissung: Ein Deutscher kolonialroman. Dresden, DE: Verlag von Carl Reißner. google scholar
  • Walgenbach, K. (2005). Die weiße frau als trägerin Deutscher kultur. Im K. Walgenbach (Ed.), Koloniale diskurse zu geschlecht, rasse und klasse im kaiserreich (pp.119–136). Frankfurt, DE: Campus Verlag. google scholar
  • Warmbold, J. (1982). Deutsche kolonialliteratur: Aspekte ihrer geschichte, eigenart und wirkung: Dargestellt am beispiel Afrikas. Lübeck, DE: University of Lübeck. google scholar
  • Wild, I. (2002). Freiburger literaturpsychologische gespräche: Jahrbuch für literatur und psychoanalyse, band 21. Freiburg, DE: Freiburger Arbeitskreis google scholar
  • Wildenthal, L. (1994). Colonizers and citizens: Bourgeois women and the women question in the German colonial movement, 1886-1914 (Doctoral dissertation University of Michigan, Michigan). Retrieved from https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/39366/browse?value=Wildenthal%2C+Lora+Joyce&type=author google scholar
  • Wildenthal, L. (1998). When men are weak: The imperial feminism of Frieda von Bülow. Gender and History, 10(1), 53–77. google scholar
  • Wildenthal, L. (2003). Rasse und Kulter Frauenorganisationen in der deutschen Kolonialbewegung des Kaiserreichs. Im B. Kundrus (Ed.), Phantasiereiche. Zur Kulturgeschichte des deutschen Kolonialismus (pp. 202–219). Frankfurt, DE: Campus Verlag. google scholar

Atıflar

Biçimlendirilmiş bir atıfı kopyalayıp yapıştırın veya seçtiğiniz biçimde dışa aktarmak için seçeneklerden birini kullanın


DIŞA AKTAR



APA

Romuald Valentin, N. (2018). Weibliche Reise im Deutschen Kaiserreich: Frauenemanzipation und Befürwortung des Kolonialismus in Frieda von Bülows Im Lande der Verheißung. Litera: Dil, Edebiyat ve Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi, 28(1), 89-100. https://doi.org/10.26650/LITERA429529


AMA

Romuald Valentin N. Weibliche Reise im Deutschen Kaiserreich: Frauenemanzipation und Befürwortung des Kolonialismus in Frieda von Bülows Im Lande der Verheißung. Litera: Dil, Edebiyat ve Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2018;28(1):89-100. https://doi.org/10.26650/LITERA429529


ABNT

Romuald Valentin, N. Weibliche Reise im Deutschen Kaiserreich: Frauenemanzipation und Befürwortung des Kolonialismus in Frieda von Bülows Im Lande der Verheißung. Litera: Dil, Edebiyat ve Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi, [Publisher Location], v. 28, n. 1, p. 89-100, 2018.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Romuald Valentin, Nkouda Sopgui,. 2018. “Weibliche Reise im Deutschen Kaiserreich: Frauenemanzipation und Befürwortung des Kolonialismus in Frieda von Bülows Im Lande der Verheißung.” Litera: Dil, Edebiyat ve Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi 28, no. 1: 89-100. https://doi.org/10.26650/LITERA429529


Chicago: Humanities Style

Romuald Valentin, Nkouda Sopgui,. Weibliche Reise im Deutschen Kaiserreich: Frauenemanzipation und Befürwortung des Kolonialismus in Frieda von Bülows Im Lande der Verheißung.” Litera: Dil, Edebiyat ve Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi 28, no. 1 (Nov. 2024): 89-100. https://doi.org/10.26650/LITERA429529


Harvard: Australian Style

Romuald Valentin, N 2018, 'Weibliche Reise im Deutschen Kaiserreich: Frauenemanzipation und Befürwortung des Kolonialismus in Frieda von Bülows Im Lande der Verheißung', Litera: Dil, Edebiyat ve Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 89-100, viewed 23 Nov. 2024, https://doi.org/10.26650/LITERA429529


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Romuald Valentin, N. (2018) ‘Weibliche Reise im Deutschen Kaiserreich: Frauenemanzipation und Befürwortung des Kolonialismus in Frieda von Bülows Im Lande der Verheißung’, Litera: Dil, Edebiyat ve Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi, 28(1), pp. 89-100. https://doi.org/10.26650/LITERA429529 (23 Nov. 2024).


MLA

Romuald Valentin, Nkouda Sopgui,. Weibliche Reise im Deutschen Kaiserreich: Frauenemanzipation und Befürwortung des Kolonialismus in Frieda von Bülows Im Lande der Verheißung.” Litera: Dil, Edebiyat ve Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 28, no. 1, 2018, pp. 89-100. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/LITERA429529


Vancouver

Romuald Valentin N. Weibliche Reise im Deutschen Kaiserreich: Frauenemanzipation und Befürwortung des Kolonialismus in Frieda von Bülows Im Lande der Verheißung. Litera: Dil, Edebiyat ve Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi [Internet]. 23 Nov. 2024 [cited 23 Nov. 2024];28(1):89-100. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/LITERA429529 doi: 10.26650/LITERA429529


ISNAD

Romuald Valentin, Nkouda Sopgui. Weibliche Reise im Deutschen Kaiserreich: Frauenemanzipation und Befürwortung des Kolonialismus in Frieda von Bülows Im Lande der Verheißung”. Litera: Dil, Edebiyat ve Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi 28/1 (Nov. 2024): 89-100. https://doi.org/10.26650/LITERA429529



ZAMAN ÇİZELGESİ


Gönderim26.02.2018
Kabul05.05.2018
Çevrimiçi Yayınlanma01.06.2018

LİSANS


Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)

This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge you and be non-commercial, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms.


PAYLAŞ




İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları, uluslararası yayıncılık standartları ve etiğine uygun olarak, yüksek kalitede bilimsel dergi ve kitapların yayınlanmasıyla giderek artan bilimsel bilginin yayılmasına katkıda bulunmayı amaçlamaktadır. İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları açık erişimli, ticari olmayan, bilimsel yayıncılığı takip etmektedir.