Dovran

CISG ascertains, whether the nature of the proposal is attributable to the offeror, in other words, whether the proposal is an invitation to treat or offer statement, by specificity of addressee. The Convention, as a rule, prescribes that the proposal is an offer when the addressee is specific, otherwise it will be considered as an invitation to treat. Nonspecificity of adressee means that the proposal stated to public. For that reason, proposals which stated to public, as a rule, will be considered as an invitation to treat. The Convention, however, allows to make an offer to public by expressly stating that the offeror is to be bound with his own proposal, even if the addressee is unspecific. Offeror can defiened the nature of a proposal by stating “public offer” related clauses. On the contrary, if there is no explicit declaration of intent in proposals which stated to public, its imperative to determine offerors intention. It is cruical to state that, proposals which stated to public may occur as price lists, circular notes, advertisements, brochures, call for tender or window displays. Furthermore, proposals which are stated to public, constitutes in sales which concluded within the context of e-commerce transactions, which became fixture of our daily life. In such a case, by proposals which consists display by countdown, limitation by stocks or indicate that the goods are sales by discounts, we can estimate that offeror is stated intention which will be bound with own proposal and finally it is constitute that it is public stated proposal. Intention as this way, ordinarily limited by stocks or date ranges or countdowns which stating in small or inapprehensible fonts by prima facie. There will be numerus clauses addressee when offeror limits intention. It is cruical to state that, identification and nature of addressee is insignificant for offeror. For that reason, it is admissible that addressee is specific even if it is relative. Specificity of addressee is means that the proposal is in public offer nature. If we consider that sales contracts which are within the context of electronical commerce are not concluded only inborders of one state, but its assembly buyer and sellers in global scope, it is no doubt that the Convention does apply to sales of goods in this sphere. However, it is uncertainty that if we despite Art. 2, is it possible that Convention does apply to sales which are made through auctions via internet sites. It is admissible, if we consider that electronic commerce was not reputable yet when the Convention concluded. Nowadays its possible that the Convention does apply to auctions related sales. In this work, by consider Art. 2 of the Convention, it has been discussed within comparison with Turkish Law; the legal nature of an offer which is made in the context of international sales contract, how to act within the bounds of possibilities if we confront public offer or auction sales.

CISG Uyarınca Sözleşmenin Kurulmasında İcap ve Özellikle Kamuya Yöneltilen İcapların Hukuki Niteliği

Nuray

Prof.

There are two basic legal arrangements regarding residence permits in Turkish Law. The first is the Law No. 6458 on Foreigners and International Protection (“LFIP”) published in the Official Gazette on 11 April 2013. The second is Implementing Regulation on the Law on Foreigners and International Protection which has been in force since 2016. The LFIP draws a clear line between visas and residence permits. According to Article 19 of the LFIP, foreigners who intend to stay in Turkey longer than the visa or visa exemption period or in excess of ninety days are obliged to obtain a residence permit. The foreigners who are exempted from the requirement of residence permit are listed in Article 20 of the LFIP. Residence permits are classified in six groups in Article 30 of the LFIP. The types of residence permits listed in Article 30 are (1) short-term residence permit, (2) family residence permit, (3) residence permits for students, (4) long-term residence permit, (5) humanitarian residence permit, (6) residence permit issued to victims of human trafficking. The foreigners to whom each type of residence permit will be granted, conditions for issuing, rejection, cancellation or non-extension are arranged in detail in Articles 31 to 49 of the LFIP. There can be a switch between the different types of residence permits. For example, a short term residence permit can be converted into a family residence permit. In the event of termination of or change in the reason for which a residence permit was issued, foreigners may request a residence permit suitable to the new reason for residence. It should be noted that a work permit as well as work permit exemption document shall be considered a residence permit as per Article 27. Humanitarian residence permit, one of the six types of residence permits, is granted under the circumstances enumerated in Article 46 of the LFIP. This residence permit, issued for humanitarian reasons, is of an exceptional nature and its issuance is not subject to any conditions except those laid down in Article 46. Humanitarian residence permits may be issued and extended with a maximum validity of one year by the Directorate of Migration Management in each city. However, prior to its issuance or extension, relevant Directorate of Migration Management has to obtain an approval from the General Directorate of Migration Management under Ministry of Interior located in Ankara. Foreigners who can obtain humanitarian residence permit are enumerated in Article 46 in a restrictive manner. Article 46 provides that humanitarian residence permits may be issued in case (1) the best interest of the child is involved; (2) the foreigner, for whom a decision to deport or ban on entry to Turkey has been taken, cannot be deported from Turkey or when the departure is deemed unreasonable or impossible; (3) a deportation decision cannot be implemented; (4) the foreigner resorts to legal remedy against decisions concerning expulsion or inadmissibility of an international protection application or withdrawal of international protection application; (5) the proceedings concerning the return of the foreigner to the first country of asylum or safe third country are not finalized; (6) the foreigner is required to be allowed to enter into or stay in Turkey due to emergency reasons or for the protection of national interests, as well as in terms of public order and public security but who does not have the possibility of acquiring other types of residence permits due to the existence of circumstances that obstruct the issuing of a residence permit; (7) there are extraordinary circumstances. As mentioned, the humanitarian residence permit is exceptional and can only be arranged in the cases referred to in Article 46 of the LFIP. Therefore, it is not possible to extend the scope of or to add new circumstances to Article 46 either by administrative decisions or circulars. The Directorate of Migration Management in each city has a discretionary power in the evaluation and interpretation of the cases referred to in Article 46 of the LFIP. Although the administration has the discretionary power to evaluate the circumstances under which the humanitarian residence permit may be granted there is no discretion to extend the circumstances listed in Article 46. Until April 2018, 56,000 humanitarian residence permits were issued. The height of the figure shows that humanitarian residence permits have been used by the administration for other purposes, in particular to legalize illegal migration. The humanitarian residence permit set forth in Article 46 shall be granted without discrimination on any ground such as sex, race, color, religion, national or social origin. However, in practice, there are certain nationalities that are granted humanitarian residence permits. As in the case of Iraqi Turkmen, granting humanitarian residence permits to some groups is used as a remedy for legalizing their illegal stay in Turkey. In other words, one of the methods to register certain groups of foreigners who stay in Turkey illegally is to issue humanitarian residence permits. However, this method is neither legal nor has a legal base. This is also not fair and suitable method for public policy and public security. Applications for humanitarian residence permits to the Directorate of Migration Management in each city are sent to the General Directorate of Migration Management under the Ministry of Interior in Ankara before the humanitarian residence permits are issued. An investigation is carried out by the General Directorate of Migration Management on foreigners who apply for humanitarian residence. However, it is not possible to conduct a proper investigation for the foreigners coming from countries with political and administrative chaos, particularly from Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Syria, Palestine and African countries. Because of security issues that Turkey faces, humanitarian residence permits cannot be given in cases which are not stated in Article 46. Issuing humanitarian residence permit in a case which is not mentioned in this Article can also be considered by the administrative courts as violation of law. It should not be forgotten that although the administration has discretionary power in issuance of humanitarian residence permits, the administration does not have discretionary power to extend the reasons mentioned in Article 46 of the LFIP.

Mahkeme Kararları Işığında İnsani İkamet İzni

İlyas

Assist. Prof.

In international investment law, the investments and rights of investors are usually protected by either bilateral investment treaties (BITs) or multilateral international treaties (MITs). As a multilateral international treaty protecting investors and their rights, the ICSID Convention has become widely recognized and applied by states and investors for purposes of settling investment claims. The ICSID is a treaty signed on October 14, 1966, by 159 countries and ratified to date by 151 states. Its frequent application and wide acceptance, however, have given rise to a number of serious issues for both courts and practitioners, specifically the controversial issue of ICSID’s jurisdiction. In this article, some of the major problems arising from the application of ICSID’s jurisdiction provisions are discussed and analyzed. This paper will focus on recent cases and problems encountered in practice in its exploration of the issues of consent of parties and withdrawal of the consent; denunciation of the ICSID Convention by state parties and its effects on investments; determination of investor citizenship for investment purposes, particularly when multiple nationalities are involved; and delineating the precise scope of “investment” and ICSID’s jurisdiction under the Additional Facility Rules. While the aforementioned issues are nothing new in the field of international investments, they have assumed a much greater role in ICSID arbitration. Consent of parties and withdrawal of the consent are very important concepts because ICSID jurisdiction on an investor–state dispute settlement case is contingent on consent to arbitration by both parties. Determination of the presence of bilateral consent can be problematic when the home state party fails to provide an explicit declaration of its consent during the ratification process and when the concerned BIT does not refer to ICSID’s jurisdiction. This article therefore suggests that the autonomy of the parties who are involved in explicitly or implicitly deciding on the issue of jurisdiction should be considered. Another important issue is the suitability of umbrella clauses that are designed to facilitate the elevation of contractual claims to investment claims, with the latter being protected by the ICSID regime. A party’s desire to withdraw its consent to arbitration by the ICSID can be a contentious issue when the arbitration process has already proceeded far, particularly when considering the need to uphold the rights and duties of both parties. A situation that is more problematic arises when a state party denounces the ICSID. This would deeply impact investors with long-term projects in the state party. In the article, most recent cases of vilification of the ICSID are analyzed in light of Article 71 of the said Convention, citing Bolivia, Republic of Ecuador, and Venezuela as major examples. Herein, survival clauses provide investors with a limited guarantee by protecting investments for a certain period of time even after unexpected denunciations by state parties. Determining the citizenship of investors, particularly in cases of multiple nationalities, is another major problem in ICSID arbitration practice as it also plays a role in allowing BITs to serve as the basis for ICSID’s jurisdiction. Because an investor needs to be a citizen of a state party, ascertaining the nationality of investors in real and legal terms is crucial. This article also elaborates on the category “investment disputes” because while disputes involving international investments are within the scope of ICSID’s jurisdiction, those involving pure contractual claims are not. The final issue discussed in the article is about arbitration cases taking place under the ICSID Additional Facility Rules, which must be carefully distinguished from cases of ICSID arbitration. This is because Article 3 of the ICSID Additional Facility Rules clearly excludes all provisions of the ICSID Convention. The Additional Facility Rules have actually served to broaden the jurisdiction of ICSID, albeit controversially. All the aforementioned issues continue to draw heated discussions, and it appears that there is yet no end in sight for their resolution.

ICSID Tahkiminde Yetkiden Kaynaklanan Bazı Sorunlar

Seon Yeong

The first regulation on arbitration in South Korea was made in 1966 under the Korean Arbitration Act. This act was later amended on 31 December 1999 as the UNCITRAL Model Law. Finally, in 2016, comprehensive changes have been made based on the 2006 UNCITRAL Model Law. The Korean Arbitration Act, which was revised in 2016, is in force today. The Korean Arbitration Act regulates both national and international arbitrations. Korean Arbitration Act applies to arbitrations seated in Korea, with exceptions. In addition, Korea became a party to the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards in 1973 and the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States in 1967. In Korea, these contracts will also apply to the enforcement of foreign arbitral awards. Since the Korean Arbitration Act was revised on the basis of the 2006 UNCITRAL Model Law, it has the legislation in accordance with international standards on issues such as the validity of the arbitration agreement and arbitration procedure. According to Article 3 of the Korean Arbitration Act, the arbitration agreement is an agreement between the parties on the settlement of all or some of the disputes arising from an existing legal relationship, whether or not due to the contract or not. Arbitration agreements are defined in accordance with the UNCITRAL Model Law. However, in some of the 2003 and 2004 decisions of the Korean courts, the Korean courts have made comments that would invalidate the arbitration agreement. Normally, the Korean courts are approaching the parties who choose arbitration and arbitration in a positive way. However, it is important that the Korean courts review these decisions in terms of the validity of arbitration agreements between 2003-2004, as it is a landmark. The most important result of these decisions is the decrease observed in applying to KCAB after these years. In South Korea, the Korean Commercial Arbitration Board (KCAB) should be mentioned in terms of international commercial arbitration. The Korean Commercial Arbitration Board is the only institutional arbitration center in Korea. The Korean Commercial Arbitration Board (KCAB), located in Seoul, is based on the Korean Arbitration Act of 22 March 1966. KCAB shall be applied for both local and international legal disputes. In 1966, 21. 416 arbitration and mediation requests were filed by KCAB. The South Korean government pursues a policy in favor of the arbitration. In South Korea, the New York Convention is applied for the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards. According to Article 6 of the South Korean Constitution, international treaties and conventions adopted by South Korea have the same effect as the Korean laws. There is no difference between the Korean Arbitration Act and the New York Convention regarding to the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards. Korean Arbitration Act will be applied to the issues that if they are not regulated in the New York Agreement. In practice, the courts in Korea have a positive view of the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards. The most common reason for rejection in cases involving the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in Korean courts is non-compliance with public policy

Güney Kore’de Uluslararası Ticari Tahkim

Mehmet

In international arbitration law, the final award has a binding effect on the parties to the dispute. However, national laws provide also the intervention of State courts at the post-award stage, namely the setting aside procedure. In modern international arbitration laws, the setting aside procedure is a limited and exceptional recourse mechanism against arbitral awards, in principle, before the courts of the seat of arbitration. Some national laws, including Turkish law, also recognize the parties’ right of waiver of setting aside action under certain conditions. This article analyses main characteristics of the setting aside action and parties’ right of waiver to initiate setting aside action under article 15 of the Turkish International Arbitration Code (MTK). It also undertakes a comparative law analysis with Swiss and French international arbitration laws. The setting aside procedure is a limited and exceptional recourse mechanism against arbitral awards. In Turkish international arbitration law, it is the only way of challenging an arbitral award. The limited and exceptional nature of the setting aside action presents itself in the procedural rules, e.g., short time limits to initiate the setting aside action or to decide without holding a hearing unless otherwise decided by the court, and in respect of the grounds exhaustively set out in the MTK. In this view, the setting aside action, which provides a limited review of State courts on the arbitral award, is accepted as an additional safeguard offered to the parties. MTK follows some other examples in comparative law and recognizes the parties’ right of waiver to initiate a setting aside action under certain conditions. In our paper, we first analyze the conditions of waiver and its legal effects under the MTK. The parties’ right of waiver concerns the delicate relationship between the parties’ autonomy of the will and the State courts’ control over arbitration. In principle, the waiver is permitted in situations where the links between the parties and the seat of arbitration are weak. According to Article 15/A, parties can fully or partially waive their right to initiate a setting aside action against the award before Turkish courts. However, parties cannot waive this right when one of them is domiciled or has its habitual residence or place of business in Turkey. Additionally, this waiver should be made with an express clause either in the arbitration agreement or in writing following the signature of the arbitration agreement. Because Article 15/A requires an express and clear agreement of the parties, a general waiver clause, as drafted under Article 35(6) of ICC Arbitration Rules, should not be accepted as a valid waiver agreement. Second, parties may contemplate enforcing the arbitral award at the seat of arbitration notwithstanding the waiver agreement. MTK Article 15/B provides that a party willing to enforce the arbitral award in Turkey should request an enforceability decision from State courts. In this case, Turkish courts shall examine the arbitral award under two grounds of annulment: arbitrability of the dispute and violation of public policy. In this paper, the conditions of waiver agreements and their effects in Swiss and French international arbitration laws are also examined. However, when a party requests enforcement of the arbitral award within their territories despite the existence of a valid waiver agreement, Swiss and French laws consider that award as a “foreign arbitral award,” and all grounds for refusing enforcement become applicable. For instance, Article 192 paragraph 2 of the Swiss Private International Law Code explicitly states, “If the parties have excluded all appeals against the award and enforcement of the awards is sought in Switzerland, the New York Convention of June 10, 1958 on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards shall apply by analogy.” Compared to Swiss and French laws, in our view, MTK offers a limited and insufficient legal protection when parties try to enforce the arbitral award in Turkey despite the waiver agreement. In this case, it is necessary to consider this arbitral award as a foreign award and submit it to the recognition and enforcement regime. This would not only protect the parties’ interests but would also ensure the protection of the seat of arbitration’s legal order.

Milletlerarası Tahkim Kanunu Uyarınca İptal Davası Açma Hakkından Feragat

Hilal Tuğba

Arbitration is a method of dispute resolution, which has been applied more than the state courts in the resolution of disputes in maritime trade for a long time across the world. On the other hand, maritime dispute resolution in Turkey commonly occurs before the Turkish state courts and not through arbitration. However, according to the statistics of T.R. Ministry of Justice General Directorate of Judicial Records and Statistics, cases of specialized maritime courts are among the longest-standing cases in civil courts. According to the aforementioned statistics, a case of a specialized maritime court will take approximately 3 years, 7 months and 3 days to be concluded, yet it is possible for an arbitration case to be concluded in 6 months. Therefore, the choice of state courts instead of arbitration in maritime disputes can extend the duration of judicial proceedings up to approximately 610%. Thus, it can be seen that popularization of maritime arbitration in Turkey is a necessity. There is no maritime arbitration institution yet in Turkey, and the arbitration institutions that are available in Turkey are not commonly chosen in the resolution of maritime disputes. Maritime disputes can be resolved both by ad hoc arbitration rules and within a body of arbitral institutions. It is known that ad hoc arbitration is more popular than administered arbitration with regard to maritime disputes. Even though maritime arbitration proceedings are generally conducted on an ad hoc basis in places such as London and New York, administered arbitration is more common in other centres like Paris, Tokyo, Hong Kong and Moscow. Furthermore, a global comparison of ad hoc and administered maritime arbitration shows that the number of arbitration institutions is more than the number of associations that have published maritime ad hoc rules. It appears that there is currently a global trend of establishing maritime arbitration institutions. For the aforementioned reasons and because of the fact that arbitration is not sufficiently common in Turkey, it can be seen that establishing a maritime arbitration centre is a necessity. According to the 12th article of the Turkish Union of Chambers and Exchange Commodities along with Chambers and Exchanges Act No. 5174, constitution of arbitral tribunals is among the chamber duties. It is an important fact that awards of arbitral tribunals within administered arbitral institutions that are specified on a sector, have a different effect on tradesman that conduct business in that sector. Sanctions of sector specific arbitral institutions such as circularization and blacklisting play a big role in consentingly taking up of arbitral awards by parties as well. Discounts on administrative costs and arbitrators’ fees are also common at sector specific arbitral institutions. The necessity of establishing a maritime arbitration centre in Turkey can be fulfilled by a maritime arbitration centre that is established within the body of the Chamber of Shipping, in accordance with Turkish Union of Chambers and Exchange Commodities along with the Chambers and Exchanges Act No. 5174. Thus, maritime disputes can be resolved in a fast and cost-efficient manner by expert arbitrators in Turkey. Turkey is an important maritime centre and constitution of a maritime arbitration centre in Turkey within the body of Chamber of Shipping would serve the aim of developing Turkey to be one of the capital centres of maritime law in the future.

Türkiye’de Deniz Ticareti Tahkim Merkezi Kurulması Üzerine Düşünceler

Necla

Assoc. Prof.

Güven

Res. Assist.

The geographical location of Turkey is a strong attraction for foreigners to settle which covers, natural beauty, has social and cultural significance during different eras of history. As a consequence of being seen as an attractive choice for elderly population of European Union to predominantly settle by the Mediterranean coast, including being the transit country for Asian citizens unable to find jobs in their home countries. Turkeys` immigration has been progressively intense in the recent years. Population of resident foreigners is increasing, especially around Turkey’s coastline. Antalya has become one of the leading cities where the foreign population is centered around the coastline as well. After the central district of Muratpaşa’s, Alanya has the highest foreign population in the city. In certain European countries, especially in the regions where the foreign population is dense, there are Foreigners Committees, by way of an example, which participate in the local governance by taking into account human rights and general emancipations. Thus, attempted active participation is ensured for local residents into the local governance by taking into consideration of the freedom of expression, meeting and association related rights. The first example of the Foreigners Committee model in Turkey is at Alanya, founded in 2004 with the objective of addressing complaints and suggestions of foreigners; strengthening their harmony with the people of Alanya and increasing their participation in the local governance. The aim of this study is examining the Foreigners Committee of Alanya being the first model of foreign participation in the local governance in Turkey. The concept of participation in management is defined in the literature in the first part of our study. In this section, the forms of participation in the classical approach such as the right to vote, the right to petition, the publication of the advertisement(s), the right to use and petition the press, the distribution of the papers and the new forms of participation in the management which have emerged in the recent years such as - active participation-oriented initiatives, non-governmental organizations, electronic democracy and internet are examined with regards to Foreigners Committee of Alanya. Additionally, the participation of foreigners in local governance in Turkish law is discussed in terms of constitutional and legal regulations related to its productive efforts and changes capable of being implemented. In the second part of the study; Convention on the Participation of Foreigners in Public Life at the Local Level, not signed yet by Turkey was informed and Foreigners Committee of Alanya was introduced. In this context; the formation and history, the purpose, some activities carried out in line with this purpose of Committee were explained. Besides, the membership, the expiry of the membership, the parliamentary meeting, the place of the meeting, decision-making and the implementation of the decisions of the Committee were detailed to report changes further. In the third part of the study; the relationship between the Committee and City Councils was discussed. In this context, the place of City Councils, which the representatives of local authorities and citizenships participate and which aim to implement concepts such as publicity, transparency, locality and governance with legal regulations in Turkish law, is discussed. Further, the relationship between the Foreigners Committee of Alanya and City Councils was examined in terms of the right of foreigners to participate in the local governance and the evaluations made under Turkish law. Our study would be limited to by giving assessments and recommendations from various aspects and the evaluations of our results with suggestive recourses. In our opinion, the existence of voluntary organizations in which individuals develop their social and democratic skills by acting freely such as the Foreigners Committee of Alanya is extremely important for democracy and civil society. For all these reasons, to increase the number of such organizations taking into account human rights, fundamental freedoms, economic and social development; to realize and secure the ideals which are common heritage of humanity and to make the necessary legal arrangements especially in the cities where foreign population is intense will be appropriate. As a result, when the participation of foreigners in the public life is ensured, they will be given the opportunity to express themselves strongly and there will be an understanding local government that allows the views and thoughts of the settled foreigners to be taken to implement and enforce legislation that prioritizes participation as well.

Alanya Yabancılar Meclisi: Yabancıların Yerel Yönetime Katılım Örneği

Ayşe

As a result of the rapid development of international trade, the number of franchise contracts, that have been linked to more than one country, has increased at the same rate. Therefore, the determination of the applicable law to international franchise contracts will be of great importance. The applicable law to the franchise contracts that involve cross-border element will be determined by the conflict-of-laws method. Provisions concerning the determination of applicable law to obligations arising from contracts involving crossborder elements are stipulated in the article 24 of the Code on Private International Law and International Procedural Law No. 5718 (Code of PIL). In accordance with conflict-of-laws rules, parties may choose the applicable law to the contract. According to the article 24 of the Code of PIL, choice-of-law agreement might be made either explicitly or implicitly. It is also possible to make a choice-of-law agreement applicable to certain part(s) of a contract. Choice-of-law agreements are not subject to any form requirements. Parties might make a choice-of-law agreement either before or after conclusion of contract. Choice-of-law agreements might be concluded by parties at any time. However choice-of-law agreements concluded after conclusion of contract shall be valid, without prejudice to the rights of third parties. In case of a franchise contract involving cross-border element, choice of applicable law by parties before occurance of any dispute, will be very important in terms of ensuring legal security and predictability. Currently, there is no international agreement on franchising for the countries involved. For this reason, the work of organizations, such as ICC and UNIDROIT, play an important role in the development of international franchise law. The Model Franchising Agreement by ICC and the Code of Ethics, created by the International Franchise Association (IFA) for international franchise agreements are important as lex mercatoria resources. ICC Model Franchising Agreement or Code of Ethics, created by IFA, might be selected to be applied to franchise contracts by parties. However, this choice does not constitute a choice-of-law agreement before Turkish courts. Where lex mercatoria resources are selected by parties, they shall be regarded as a part or provision of contract. Lex mercatoria resources, included in contract through incorporation, shall be applicable to extent that they comply with the mandatory rules of the law applicable to contract, which is determined in accordance with article 24 of the Code of PIL. There is no special provision either in the Code of PIL or in another code of Turkish law about the law applicable to international franchise contracts. Therefore, according to the general acceptance in the Turkish literature, the law applicable to international franchise contracts is subject to the general rule relating to the contracts in article 24 of the Code of PIL. 5718. However, there is also another opinion in the literature, that franchise contracts are contracts for intellectual property rights and that they are subject to the rule laid down in article 28 of the Code of PIL. In our opinion, intellectual property rights serve only the economic establishment of franchise contracts but subject of franchise contracts is too extensive to be limited to intellectual property rights. For these reasons, the law applicable to international franchise contracts should be determined in accordance with article 24, in parallel with the general acceptance in the literature. Accordingly, where parties have not made a choice-of-law agreement, the party undertaking the characteristic performance shall be determined in order to determine the applicable law in accordance with article 24 of the Code of PIL. There is neither any legal provision nor any consensus in the literature which expressly states the party undertaking the characteristic performance in franchise contracts. Since the component -which is (in our opinion) the main reason for a franchise contract- is the brand value, that has been created and developed by franchisee, characteristic performance is the act of franchisee. Therefore, while determining the applicable law to franchise contracts in accordance with article 24, where parties have not made a choice-of-law agreement, franchisee should be accepted as the party undertaking the characteristic performance of franchise contract. In a franchise contract, that contains provisions relating to intellectual property rights; it will be more accurate to determine applicable law to franchise contract by applying the provisions of article 24 and article 28 to the relevant parts of the franchise contract. Thus, in cases where parties did not made a choice-of-law agreement, acceptance of franchisee as the party undertaking the characteristic performance shall ensure application of the same law either article 24 or article 28 is applied. In the article 4(1) of the Rome (I) Regulation, which is one of the regulations of the European Union, the law applicable to franchise contracts is determined by a clear and definite rule. Thus, the discussion on the characteristic performance of franchise contracts has ended. We are of the opinion that it would be appropriate to have a similar regulation in terms of article 24 of Code of PIL or to regulate it in a new special provision in order to determine the applicable law to international franchise contracts clearly. In addition, since franchise contract is a kind of framework contracts, the mutual rights and debts of parties shall be regulated in general terms of such contracts. Details shall be determined by complementary agreements between parties during the contract period. As an example, if a product franchise contract is concluded between parties, franchisee and franchisor will have to make a sales contract in order to make these products available during the contract period. When a dispute arises from the franchise contract regarding sale of products, the dispute may stay within the scope of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). Since Turkey is a party to the CISG, unless otherwise agreed, in disputes falling within the field of application of the Convention, the Turkish courts shall apply the provisions of the CISG.

5718 Sayılı Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk ve Usul Hukuku Hakkında Kanun Çerçevesinde Franchise Sözleşmelerine Uygulanacak Hukukun Tayini

Ulaş

The aim of this work is to discuss the reasons why Turkey refuses to be a party to the Treaty Establishing Energy Community. After presenting the respective energy policies of Turkey and the European Union, this work provides an overview of the effects of the Energy Community Treaties on the contracting parties. This work also aims to show why, since the establishment of the Energy Community, Turkey has only agreed to be an observer and not a contracting party. The main reason why Turkey refuses to become a contracting party to the Energy Community is the implementation of the Acquis Communautaire by the contracting parties to establish an Energy Community among the parties. Specifically, being a member of the Energy Community Treaty influences the energy policy and the energy market of the contracting parties, thus leading to a high loss of control and sovereignty of the contracting parties in the field of energy. This huge impact is not worthy of its membership to the Energy Charter Treaty, of which Turkey is a member. Moreover, by becoming a party to the Energy Community, the energy market rules of the EU (Acquis Communautaire), especially the electric and gas market rules, have to be implemented by the contracting party, which leads to a geographical expansion of EU rules over Turkey. This fact may be acceptable for contracting parties with a real perspective of EU membership, because such membership entails that the Acquis Communautaire of the EU has to be implemented, including the energy market rules. The lack of perspective to EU membership has driven Turkey to keep ahead from the Energy Community. The influence of Turkey within the decision-making process of the Energy Community is not satisfactory in proportion to the country’s geographical importance in ensuring the supply security of EU, especially because of the strategic position of Turkey between Europe and the gas-rich countries. Furthermore, by not being an EU-Member, Turkey is not within the supply security policy of the EU. Considering these circumstances, the value of being in the core of the decisionmaking process of the EU rules, which have to be implemented by the contracting parties, has a negligible importance for Turkey with regards its decision not to become a contracting party. Furthermore, by not becoming a party to the Treaty, Turkey avoids the non-discriminatory access to its gas sector and the possibility of becoming a simple transit country that is excluded from the decision-making process and the supply guarantee policy of the EU. Summing up the stated conditions, the Energy Community Treaty does not give full credence to the geo-strategic situation and importance of Turkey in the European energy sector. The work emphasizes the conditions that must be changed in order to convince Turkey to participate in the Energy Community and discusses alternative scenarios.

Türkiye’nin Avrupa Enerji Topluluğu Antlaşması’na Taraf Olmamasının Nedenlerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Fatih Burak

ICSID Konvansiyonu Kapsamında Bulut Bilişimin Yatırım Olarak Değerlendirilmesi

Cüneyt

Deniz

Türkiye’nin Gelişmekte Olan Uluslararası Ekonomik Ortaklıklarında Yeni Bir Kilometre Taşı: Türkiye-Japonya Yeni Nesil Serbest Ticaret Anlaşması

Bahattin

Ceren

Assist. Prof. Dr.

Rumeysa

&nbsp;The Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, which contains concrete provisions for persons in need of international protection, defines refugee status and sets the basic standards for obtaining this status, is the first source to be used against gender-based persecution. Although the provision of the Convention limits the sources of fear of persecution to certain grounds and gender, which constitutes one of the largest groups in the face of such persecution, is not listed among the grounds that may give rise to the fear of persecution, it is widely accepted that gender has a determining effect on the form and causes of treatment constituting persecution, and in this context, it is foreseen that the correct interpretation of the article will not exclude the concept of gender. Therefore, the refugee status remains the main instrument offering international protection to individuals against gender-based persecution. However, the fact that the criteria stipulated in the Geneva Convention of 1951 have not been expanded on a normative basis and that human rights treaties guaranteeing the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals do not ultimately provide for a special protection status necessitates the existence of statuses called complementary protection/subsidiary protection, especially for individuals who fall outside the definition of refugee in the face of gender-based persecution. The so-called complementary protection/subsidiary protection statuses extend the protection granted to the individual by both stretching the concept of persecution/(reducing it to the level of serious harm) and not limiting it to certain grounds. However, it should be noted that the emergence of complementary/ subsidiary forms of protection as a result of the need to offer protection to persons who are not refugees leads to the conclusion that the refugee status acts as a threshold in the assessment of this protection. If, because of assessment, the person has not been able to obtain refugee status, it is accepted that only then should an assessment be made in terms of complementary/subsidiary protection. This acceptance is not only a consequence of the nature of the complementary/subsidiary protection status but also a requirement of the state party to the Geneva Convention of 1951 to fulfil its international obligations. This is because complementary/subsidiary protection statuses are largely based on national legal regulations. The existence of complementary/ subsidiary protection statuses on a national basis not only weakens the protection provided to the individual but also causes the boundaries of the envisaged protection to diverge, thus making state practises in this direction less uniform. This situation raises the need to regulate complementary/subsidiary protection statuses by an international convention. This is because an international convention granting protection status to an individual significantly affects/expands the scope of the rights and freedoms granted to these individuals and ultimately offers a stronger protection as it puts states under an international obligation in the light of the independent nature of human rights treaties from the principle of reciprocity. At this point, the Istanbul Convention comes to the 2 fore in terms of emphasising the protection offered against gender-based persecution.&nbsp;&nbsp;The Istanbul Convention implicitly extends the protection provided by the 1951 Geneva Convention and complements the protection provided by the 1951 Geneva Convention by facilitating access to international status despite gender-based persecution. The Istanbul Convention gives a normative character to the complementary protection against gender-based persecution on an international basis and serves to transform protection into an international obligation for states. As a party to the Geneva Convention of 1951, Turkey’s legislation on foreigners’ law is regulated in line with the provisions of the Convention. The refugee status under Article 61 of the Law on Foreigners and International Protection (No. 6458) is defined within the scope of the Geneva Convention of 1951. The international protection statuses regulated in Article 62 (conditional refugee status) and Article 63 (subsidiary protection status) are based entirely on Turkey’s domestic legislation and are not covered by the Convention. Under Article 63, before a person can be examined for subsidiary protection status, an examination under Articles 61 and 62 must have been conducted. However, in practise, applications are evaluated without following this order. This is a clear violation of the Law on Foreigners and International Protection (No. 6458) and the Geneva Convention of 1951. Asylum applications must first be examined in terms of (conditional) refugee status. As a result of the lack of detailed explanations of the concepts of “serious harm” and “persecution” in the Law on Foreigners and International Protection (No. 6458), the issue of who will be granted subsidiary protection status in practise and under what standards and principles becomes unclear. Further clarification of the content of these concepts in the law would contribute to the situation.&nbsp;The study also examines the cases of individuals fleeing the armed conflict in Ukraine, especially those who have experienced sexual violence. These individuals, particularly women, may qualify for asylum under the Geneva Convention on the grounds of membership in a particular social group. However, one of the critical challenges in the asylum process is the difficulty refugees face in articulating their experiences during interviews. This can result in their inability to demonstrate the fear of persecution necessary to obtain refugee status. The study emphasises that fear should be assessed objectively, recognising that even if an individual’s fear appears less intense than average, it does not negate the existence of persecution or a credible risk thereof. Decisions on whether gender-based violence falls within one of the five grounds under the Geneva Convention of 1951 are examined in relation to applications based on domestic violence, sexual assault, sexual orientation, certain surgical interventions on genitalia and forced marriage. It is concluded that in these applications based on sexual violence, whether the applicants have been persecuted on account of their membership of a particular social group should be addressed as a matter of priority. Cases where people seek asylum in Turkey not individually but through a mass migration movement are discussed separately in the study. In this regard, there are persons who should be granted temporary protection status in &nbsp;accordance with the Temporary Protection Regulation. Under Provisional Article 1 of the Temporary Protection Regulation, temporary protection status is granted to persons who came to Turkey “asof 28.04.2011 due to the events that occurred in the Syrian Arab Republic”. Therefore, persons covered by the Regulation cannot be included in the individual application process, even if they are victims of sexual violence. However, in our opinion, it is right to criticise the fact that the Regulation, rather than the law, stipulates this issue.

Cinsiyet Temelli Zulme Karşı Uluslararası Hukukta ve Türk  Hukukunda Sağlanan Koruma Statüleri

Prof. Dr.

Emre

Ahıska Türklerinin Ülkelerine Geri Dönme Hakkı

Muhammet

Hasan

&nbsp;The idea of the establishment of a permanent international criminal court has been encountered by hesitations and even objections by many States. Nevertheless, in 2002, the International Criminal Court (ICC) began to operate when the 60th State party lodged its ratification documents as prescribed by the Rome Statute. As a turning point in international criminal law, the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (the Rome Statute) aimed to end impunity for crimes of international concern. States that hesitated or raised objections to protect State sovereignty have not become a party to the Rome Statute. Nevertheless, the ICC has developed a tool to assert jurisdiction over the nationals of non-State parties, circumventing the need for a United Nations Security Council referral. This was established with the jurisdictional ruling in the Bangladesh/Myanmar situation in 2018. The Rohingya, an ethnic and religious minority also known as Arakan Muslims, in the Rakhine State of Myanmar have endured various forms of violence, discrimination and persecution for decades. In 2017, the military government of Myanmar started a brutal campaign against the Rohingya that significantly escalated the level of violence. The Rohingya people have become open targets for both the Myanmar armed forces and other armed groups, as well as civilians acting in concert. The attacks against the Rohingya, involving deliberate killings, sexual assaults, enforced disappearances, destruction of homes and villages, looting, and destruction of livelihoods, have reached such dimensions that numerous sources have described the Rohingya people as “the most persecuted people in the world.” Their experiences have been cited as “a textbook example of the crime of ethnic cleansing.” Only in August 2017, at least 750,000 Rohingya were driven from their homes to seek refuge in Bangladesh. Taking into account previous forced displacement movements, it is estimated that nearly 1 million Rohingya are now refugees in Bangladesh. Cox’s Bazar, a Bengal city on the Myanmar border, swiftly became the host of the world’s largest refugee camp. The Security Council has failed to take appropriate measures to prevent the atrocities committed against the Rohingya because of the veto power exercised by the permanent members. Against this backdrop, the ICC has taken a step that has come as a surprise to many. 2 Bangladesh is a party to the Rome Statute but Myanmar is not. The Office of the Prosecutor (OTP) declared its intention to investigate the issue on the basis that the events constituted the crime of deportation, prescribed in Article 7(1)(d) of the Rome Statute as a crime against humanity. In April 2018, the OTP requested a preliminary ruling from a Pre-Trial Chamber to resolve doubts regarding the Court’s jurisdiction since Myanmar is not a party to the Rome Statute. In September 2018, the Pre-Trial Chamber I ruled that the crime of deportation inherently requires crossing an international border. Therefore, the commission of this crime is only possible with the involvement of at least two different countries. While the conduct of the crime of deportation began in Myanmar, a non-State Party to the Rome Statute, it was nevertheless completed in Bangladesh, a State Party. Noting that part of the crime was committed in the territory of a State Party, the Pre-Trial Chamber concluded that the investigation of the crimes committed in Bangladesh falls within the jurisdiction of the Court. This meant that the ICC could prosecute Myanmar’s nationals who committed crimes that started in Myanmar but were completed in Bangladesh. This novel interpretation created an immense debate among international law circles from the legal and political aspects. Through some interpretation techniques, the Court has shown its willingness to intervene in matters beyond its jurisdictional powers explicitly granted by the Rome Statute. This approach has been hailed by some as a step closer to achieving the objectives of the Court, such as ending impunity for international crimes or achieving universal jurisdiction. Indeed, the Court can extend its territorial jurisdiction to a great extent through the crime against humanity of deportation because almost all States share a border with a State Party to the Rome Statute. Applying the same logic to additional crimes, such as persecution, the war crime of deportation, forcing protected persons or prisoners of war into the territory of a State Party, or other inhumane acts causing great suffering, particularly the prevention of the right to return, the Court may further expand its jurisdiction over nationals of non-State Parties. Moreover, if the Court wishes to add an extra layer to its jurisdiction, it can further adopt the doctrine of ongoing violation. This would enable the Court to extend its ratione temporis jurisdiction on matters that occurred before the Rome Statute’s entry into force but continue to have a persistent nature. The nationals of non-State Parties would then fall under the jurisdiction of the Court even for the matters that were carried out before the creation of the Rome Statute. This potential expansion, on the other hand, has raised some concerns as the ruling seemingly goes against fundamental principles of international law such as the sovereignty of states and the principle of pacta tertiis nec nocent nec prosunt (a treaty only binds parties; it does not create obligations for a third state). Sceptics have further criticised the decision for practical and political reasons. Such an expansionist&nbsp;approach opens the Pandorra’s Box while the Court is not capable of coping with a large volume of increased burden. Previous cases show that the Court has not achieved significant progress when a State does not cooperate. Therefore, a potential gain at the expense of the fundamental principles of international law might serve no purpose but to undermine the legitimacy of the Court. The Court already faces legitimacy challenges by criticism of both developed and developing states for various reasons. Adding an extra layer to the legitimacy problem is not a policy that would strengthen the international criminal justice system. Overall, this article analyses the legal implications of the jurisdictional ruling of the ICC in the Bangladesh/Myanmar situation while addressing some risks and opportunities it poses for the development of the international criminal justice system.

Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi’nin Yargı Yetkisi: Bangladeş/Myanmar  Kararı Sonrası Hukuki Manzara

Banu

Determining the law applicable to an arbitration agreement is a controversial issue in various aspects. The increase in problems regarding the extension of arbitration agreements to third parties in practice has revealed the importance of determining the law applicable to the arbitration agreement. Essentially, it has become important whether the arbitration agreement is valid for the third parties subject to the extension request. However, in cases where there is no request to extend the arbitration agreement to third parties; it should not be overlooked that there are also invalidity claims among the existing parties.The invalidity claims of arbitration agreements can be raised before arbitrators, as well as before state courts. Both in cases of annulment of arbitral awards and cases of enforcement of foreign arbitral awards, the validity of arbitration agreements and the determination of the law to be applied to arbitration agreements are handled by state courts. However, as will be seen below, the lack of a uniform regulation and/or practice regarding the law applicable to arbitration agreements has led to different decisions by the courts of various states on this issue. Particularly in cases of annulment of arbitral awards and/or requests for recognition and enforcement, decisions are made by the relevant state courts. These decisions are rendered according to the trends that dominate the issue of extension in the relevant legal systems. In this context, first of all, emphasis should be placed on determining the law applicable to the arbitration agreement depending on the intent of the parties. It is generally accepted that the law applicable to the arbitration agreement can be determined by the parties.In other words, the parties can determine the law applicable to the arbitration agreement as well as the law applicable to the main contract. However, it is a fact that the parties generally do not include a separate choice of law clause to be applied to the arbitration agreement. In fact, the law applicable to the main contract is generally chosen but, the law applicable to the arbitration agreement has not been determined by the parties expressly. For this reason, the implied choice of law and the role of the law applicable to the main contract are mostly discussed.&nbsp;Recently, high courts in various legal systems have demonstrated different tendencies regarding the law applicable to arbitration agreements, and contradicting evaluations have been made, especially regarding the extension of the arbitration agreement to third parties. While some higher courts consider the choice of law applicable to the main contract by the parties as an implied choice of law, others consider the determination of the seat of arbitration as an implied choice of law. In addition, where there is no choice of law, assessments have been made based on the most closely connected law, especially by the English courts.A recent decision rendered by the German Federal Court on March 9, 2023, is noteworthy in this regard. The decision examines whether the arbitral award may&nbsp;be enforced in the event that the arbitration agreement is extended to companies within a group of companies. The Federal Court upheld the rejection of the request for enforcement of the arbitral award after examining various issues. On appeal to the Federal Court, the Koblenz Regional High Court ruled that the arbitration agreement could not be extended to a third party. Although there are no detailed evaluations regarding the extension of the arbitration agreement to the companies in the group, it can be said that the decision reflects the perspective of German law. The Federal Court determined the applicable law to the arbitration agreement on the basis that the extension of the arbitration agreement to third parties is a matter of the law applicable to the substance of the arbitration agreement. The applicable law to the arbitration agreement was determined as German law, despite the seat of arbitration being Russia. Because the contract contained a choice of law clause indicating that the contract is subject to German law. The Court interpreted that the law applicable to the arbitration agreement was impliedly determined by the parties and concluded that the extension of the arbitration agreement to third parties under German law was not appropriate. Similarly, in some recent decisions of the English Supreme Court and the French Supreme Court on the requests for enforcement and annulment of arbitral awards, especially in some cases where the issue of extension to third parties is discussed, different principles are applied on the applicable law to the arbitration agreement and different conclusions are reached in parallel cases. Legal certainty and predictability have been undermined as a result of these different approaches. In this respect, the English Law Commission has recently proposed an amendment to the English Arbitration Act, which, if enacted, will eliminate the implied choice of law in determining the law applicable to the arbitration agreement in English law.&nbsp;In this study, firstly, the dispute subject to the decision of the German Federal Court and the discussions regarding the determination of the applicable law to the arbitration agreement on the basis of this decision are discussed. For this purpose, firstly, information on the dispute subject to the decision is provided, and then the approach of some other legal systems and recent judicial decisions on the determination of the applicable law to the arbitration agreement are analyzed. In particular, taking into account the developments regarding the implied choice of the law applicable to the arbitration agreement by the parties, the appropriateness of the interpretations regarding the implied choice of the applicable law is discussed. Finally, the views on the determination of the applicable law in Turkish international arbitration law are evaluated.&nbsp;It should also be noted that this study addresses the question of determination of the applicable law to the arbitration agreement in cases where the issue is discussed before the state courts, upon the first objection to arbitration, and upon requests for annulment or enforcement of arbitral awards.&nbsp;

Alman Federal Mahkemesi’nin Yabancı Hakem Kararının Üçüncü Kişilere Karşı Tenfizi Talebinin Reddine İlişkin 9 Mart 2023 Tarihli Kararı ve Güncel Gelişmeler Işığında Tahkim Anlaşmasına Uygulanacak Hukuk

Özlem

There are various theories about the legal, economic, and political status of the North and South Poles. Furthermore, theorists reach different scientific conclusions when comparing the North Pole and the South Pole. Both the Arctic and Antarctic harbor many natural resources, including oil and natural gas, and are home to biodiversity. However, the laws of the two poles are subject to different regimes. The Arctic is the scene of a struggle for sovereignty between the resident and associated countries. The Arctic Five (Russia, the United States, Canada, Norway, and Denmark), as well as Iceland, Sweden, and Finland, three states that aim to obtain exclusive status even though they have no direct borders with the ocean, are in competition with each other. In contrast, in Antarctica, the sovereignty claims of seven states (Argentina, Australia, France, Chile, Norway, the United Kingdom, and New Zealand) are frozen by the Antarctic Treaty system. In fact, the legal regime of Antarctica, which lies outside the sovereignty of all countries, is still open to debate. Antarctic law is characterised by the Antarctic Treaty of 1959, which entered into force in 1961, and its extension, the Antarctic Treaty system. Within this system, mining is prohibited except for scientific purposes.&nbsp;In Antarctic law, instead of res nullius, the principle of res communis humanitatis and the motto of the common heritage of humanity are adopted because belonging to no one means openness to occupation, which can lead to the submission of the weak to the strong. In contrast, common belonging can produce peace, abundance, and prosperity. The social science literature dealing with the poles explains res communis in terms of collectivism and its ideal requirements. International law, on the other hand, defines the sine qua non of such a fictitious commonality in terms of pluralism and solidarity. The doctrine of the common heritage of humanity is skillfully projected onto the Antarctic through multidisciplinary discourse, yet the collectivist Antarctic discourse in academia is not clearly reflected in the treaty system.&nbsp;The Antarctic Treaty was first ratified by twelve states, and forty-four others have become members to date. Twenty-nine of these fifty-six states have decision-making power, while twenty-seven can only attend meetings as observers. In other words, of the fifty-six states nominally associated with the Antarctic Treaty, only twenty-nine have decision-making authority. According to UN data, there are two hundred six states in the world and one hundred seventy-seven of those do not participate in governance&nbsp;in Antarctica. Considering that only fifty-six of the world’s states are associated with the Antarctic Treaty, at least one hundred fifty states currently have no conventional connection with the legal regime of the glacial continent. Thus, Antarctica is the common heritage of only %15 of the planet, to the exclusion of the remaining %85. It is obvious that the Antarctic Treaty system, which represents the will of roughly one-seventh of the world, is not global and does not meet the requirements of the doctrine of the common heritage of humanity. This introverted and elitist treaty, whose legal bindingness depends on the fate of international law, does not reflect a global consensus. The legal regime that confines Antarctica to only twenty-nine elite states is not a compromise but rather the collusion of a closed group.It is only to be hoped that the states will collectively refrain from asserting sovereignty in Antarctica out of concern for the common heritage of humanity. The present study supports this hope with the basic terminology of civil law. If there is hope that sovereign nations will come together to establish a new Antarctic Treaty system, this project could be clarified by the ancient civil law infrastructure. This is because the concepts of res nullius and res communis, known in philosophy and law, have their antecedents in Christian theology and their origins in Roman civil law. In fact, the idea of the common heritage of humanity being passed down from generation to generation comes from Roman law.&nbsp;The historical details of res communis humanitatis can be useful when envisioning the ideal governance of Antarctica. Here, an attempt to idealise the concept of the common heritage of humanity with the basic terminology of Roman civil law is undertaken, which may offer a new perspective on the doctrine of the poles. The idea of the Antarctic law protecting future generations is only possible with the acceptance of communis humanitatis and collective property. The following terms and principles can be considered as a conceptual infrastructure for a more efficient application of res communis humanitatis in Antarctica: co-ownership, co-ownership for or as undivided shares, the absence of designated shares of co-owners, unanimous decision-making (at least in extraordinary administrative matters), the extension of each co-owner’s property to the whole of the communal property, authorising each co-owner to protect the common interests of the co-ownership, not authorising co-owners to file partition action, filling the legal gaps with the rules of co-ownership as divided, the impediment to partition arising from being allocated to a permanent and common purpose, and the implicit agreement to maintain co-ownership.&nbsp;&nbsp;The Roman jurist Ulpian thought as follows: The benefits produced or transformed from res communis are res nullius. However, in Antarctica, the rule that what is on/in res communis is considered res nullius should be applied with caution and sensitivity because this continent, which resembles a Pandora’s box, contains unimaginable riches. The fact that what is on/in Antarctica is considered res nullius and that those who&nbsp;labor to obtain these fruits are rewarded with propriety may lead to the exploitation of developing countries by developed ones. It is unacceptable that the precious minerals and biodiversity of Antarctica should be reserved for certain powerful countries simply because they have labored to acquire them. In terms of the South Pole res communis humanitatis requires the equitable sharing and use of resources. After all, the freedom to claim the benefits of humanity’s common heritage is limited by the principles of equitable sharing and passing it on to future generations.&nbsp;

Res Communis ve Roma Medenî Hukukunun Diğer Temel Kavramlarıyla Antarktika Hukukunu İdealleştirme Denemesi

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@JOURNAL_BOX_EARLYVIEW

Esen

The subject of our study is an action brought to state courts regarding a dispute subject to arbitration and the determination of parties’ objections related to arbitration. The respondent may raise an arbitration objection in the case appearing before the state court and the claimant may plead that the arbitration agreement is invalid. On these claims, it is important to determine the scope of the review to be carried out by the court. Before going into the scope of the review, it’s important to address briefly the relevance of a foreign seat and its effects according to Turkish arbitration law. An important result of the determination of a foreign state as the seat of arbitration under Turkish law is that the dispute would fall outside of the scope of the Code on International Arbitration No. 4686. However, in cases where a foreign state is designated as the seat of arbitration, the International Arbitration Code art. 5 regulating the arbitration objection will be applied to the dispute. IAC art. 5 stipulates that if an action is brought before the court in a matter which is subject to an arbitration agreement, the respondent may object to the jurisdiction of the court. The acceptance or refusal of the objection and disputes concerning the validity of the arbitration agreement are subject to the provisions of the Civil Procedure Code regarding the preliminary objections. If such objection is accepted, then the court shall dismiss the action on procedural grounds. Although it is accepted in the article that the court will dismiss the action in case of a valid arbitration agreement, detailed provisions regarding the standard of the review and the validity of the arbitration agreement are not included. Two main opposite views have been accepted in the doctrine regarding the scope of the review. According to the first group of authors the court should, determine the validity of the arbitration agreement after a full review and in case of a valid arbitration agreement, refer the dispute to arbitration. And according to the second view, the court should only look for an arbitration agreement, thus carry out a prima facie review and in case of the existence of an arbitration agreement, refer the dispute to arbitration. In this case, the arbitral tribunal shall have the competence to decide on its own jurisdiction according to the principle of Competence-Competence. It’s important to determine which standard of review should be adopted by Turkish courts when the seat of arbitration is in a foreign country. UNCITRAL Model Law art. 8, 1958 New York Convention art. II/3, Civil Procedure Law art. 422 all include the provision that unless the arbitration agreement is “null and void, inoperative and incapable of being performed” the dispute should be referred to arbitration. It can be deduced from the wording of these articles that the court should carry out a full review and determine the validity of the arbitration agreement. In the doctrine and in the jurisprudence of Swiss courts, it is agreed that the court should decide whether the arbitration agreement is valid in cases where the seat of arbitration is in a foreign state. It is emphasized that otherwise the principle of natural judge would be violated. After determining the scope of the review, the law applicable to the validity of the arbitration agreement is examined in the second part of the study. According to the article 4 of the International Arbitration Code, “The validity of the arbitration agreement is subject to the law agreed by the parties, failing such agreement to Turkish Law.” This article provides for the law applicable to the arbitration agreement, however it cannot be applied where the seat of arbitration is in a foreign country. As there is no other rule or provision regulating the applicable law when the seat is in a foreign country, there is a legal gap in Turkish law regarding this matter. Several views and methods have been put forward in the doctrine on how to fill the gap regarding the law applicable to the arbitration agreement. According to the first view, Article 4 of the International Arbitration Code should be applied by analogy and Turkish law should be applied to the arbitration agreement. The second view also applies Article 4 by analogy however the authors consider that the underlying principle of this article is the “seat of arbitration” and state that the law applicable should be the law of the seat. It is also argued that the applicable law can be determined by application by analogy of the article V/1/a of the New York Convention. And finally, the law applicable to the arbitration agreement can be determined according to the conflict of law rules on the law applicable to the contracts, thus article 24 of the Code on Private International Law and International Procedure Law. In our opinion, it is possible to fill this gap with the application of the provisions of the Code on Private International Law and International Procedure Law, which contains general rules regarding the disputes including a foreign element. In cases where there is no provision in the lex specialis, namely the Code on International Arbitration, it is possible to refer to the aforementioned Code. Article 62/f of the Code on PIL which regulates the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitration awards can be applied by analogy. According to this article, the law applicable to the validity of the arbitration agreement is subject to the law designated by the parties, or in the absence thereof, to the law of the place where the arbitral award is rendered. Thus, in the absence of any choice of law by the parties, the law of the seat of arbitration should apply

Yabancı Bir Devletin Tahkim Yeri Olarak Kararlaştırıldığı Hallerde Tahkim Anlaşmasının Geçerliliğine İlişkin Türk Mahkemelerinin Yapacağı İnceleme ve Uygulanacak Hukuk

Doğan

Today’s commercial and economic life has a character that transcends the borders of countries. Knowledge and expertise gain importance in this economic structure. Therefore, in many fields such as consultancy, banking, the medical sector, education, law, architecture, which require expertise, the contract of mandate has a wide application area. As a matter of fact, the contract of mandate manifests itself in many cases together with the representative authority or, more precisely, requires the representative authority raising the question of which regulations will be subject to the contract status and which law to be applied to the representative authority. Due to the similarity between the contract of mandate and the representative authority, the resolution of the qualification dispute is very important in the determination of the applicable law to the contract of mandate. Since, according to the qualification methods (lex causae method or lex fori method), gray areas can be evaluated within the scope of the representative authority or contract of mandate. In the determination of the subject, it is necessary to evaluate the areas touching the representative authority as a whole and to be subject to the same law. At the beginning of these areas, sub-power of attorney, substitution of mandate and the cases required special representative authority come together. These institutions should be considered within the concept of representative authority and subject to the law of the state in which the agent has his place of business according to Article 30, paragraph 2 of the International Private and Civil Procedure Law (Act No. 5718) that regulates the representative authority. This is because these institutions dispose the conditions under which acts of the agent bind the principal in relation to third parties. Therefore, possible legal conflicts that may arise as a result of subjecting gray areas to different legal systems will be prevented. On the other hand, the case that several persons conclude a contract of mandate as agents according to the substantive law and those of agents do not act together as a representative, cause an agency without authority. In the same way, when the substitution of mandate is available, the lack of authority to delegate the power of representation to another person as a representative or the authorization that is not given in cases where special representation is required lead to the agency without authority. Since the conditions required to be accountable the principal to third parties for the acts of agents are deficient in these cases, this deficiency falls into the application area of the Article 30, paragraph 2 of the International Private and Civil Procedure Law. The law to be applied to the indirect representation is always connected with the basic legal relationship with the substantive law and should be considered as its integral part. Therefore, the indirect representation should be subject to the law applied to the basic legal relationship. Outside of the grey areas, the applicable law to the contract of mandate shows parallelism with the general “contract status”, in other words “the law applicable to contractual obligations”. In the absence of a choice of law, the applicable law to the mandate will be governed by the most connected and closest law to the contract of mandate in accordance with the objective connecting factor that should be specified according to the characteristic obligation of mandate. In the contract of mandate, it is accepted that the characteristic obligation is the service obligation of the agent. This objective connecting factor is the habitual resident of the agent or if the contract of mandate was concluded in the exercise of a professional or commercial activity, where the agent has his place of business. Having regard to the complexity of today’s economic relations, the possibility of a more closely related law will be strengthened. Considering the state of all affairs, if there is a law more tightly related to the contract of mandate, that particular law shall govern the relationship between the parties in accordance with Article 24, paragraph 4 of the International Private and Civil Procedure Law. The exceptional application of the exception clause will be more important than the expected situation of this disposition in the present case. It should be noted that doctors, engineers, architects, lawyers, counselors, notaries, dentists, veterinarians and banks who have the capacity to act as agent in the contract of mandate will often perform their obligation of service on their own place of business. Accordingly, in the absence of a choice of law in these professional activities, the law which the objective connecting factor determines, will often be considered as the more closely related law with the contract of mandate.

Vekâlet Sözleşmesine Uygulanacak Hukuk

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Şafak

Surrogate motherhood has become one of the most interesting and complicated issues of family law in domestic laws as well as in private international law. The wellaccepted certainty of the ‘mater semper certa est’ principle of Roman law has started to lose potency with the development of new reproduction techniques. The different national legal provisions and applications have become the reason for the rise of international surrogacy tourism. It has been observed that the once rigid approach of European countries in this matter has become softer following the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) in Mennesson and Labassee. The subject in Turkish law is partly regulated and the practice of surrogate motherhood is prohibited. In our study, we attempted to approach the subject from different perspectives in terms of comparative law and recent ECHR decisions. In this way, we wish to make a contribution to the discussion and potential legal framing and harmonization in Turkish law. Surrogate motherhood has recently turned into a global operation because couples who face legal prohibition of surrogacy in their own countries head towards those countries which allow the process. Nonetheless, this process does not function smoothly especially because of the associated legal and ethical problems. Moreover, the legal problems of transnational surrogate motherhood, issues such as the legal validity of the conditions of the surrogacy agreement, the parties to the agreement, the rights and obligations of the parties in case of breach of contract, the legal and ethical nature of the contract, and the parentage issues are the main topics for discussion. Cases regarding surrogate motherhood initially started to engage public attention in the 1980s. The legal cases ‘Baby Cotton’ (Britain) and ‘Baby M’ (USA) have had serious repercussions across the world and have brought forth the legal and ethical issues regarding the process. The current and famous international cases such as ‘Baby Donna’ (Belgium), ‘Baby Manji’ and ‘Balaz Twins’ (India), ‘Baby Gammy’ (Australia-Thailand) have followed these cases. National legislators are now faced with this new and interesting element in family law, confirming that the practice of surrogate motherhood is steadily increasing. In comparative law, countries may be divided into three categories according to their legal policies on surrogate motherhood: 1. Those countries known as ‘import countries’ in the doctrine because that they do not currently allow surrogate motherhood in their domestic law. Germany, Switzerland, France, Austria, Italy, Spain and Turkey are in this first category. 2. Those countries where no legal regulations regarding surrogate motherhood exist or where the process is allowed in domestic law under strict conditions and supervision provided that the willing couples are entitled to nationality or permanent residence e.g. Belgium, Holland, New Zealand, Brazil. 3. The third group is referred to as export countries, including certain states in the United States (e.g. California), Russia, Ukraine, Israel, India and Greece. These countries accept both transnational and domestic surrogacy. Those countries belonging to categories I. and II. have long refused parental authority for willing couples of babies who were already born in countries which allow surrogate motherhood based on the grounds of ‘contradiction to public policy’, ‘fraud against law’ or incompleteness of other requirements. Nonetheless, it is possible to say that the rigid approach of European countries in this area has softened since the EHCR decisions in Mennesson and Labassee case. In Turkey, there was no specific legal regulation (in terms of ‘code’) for a long time regarding having a child by assisted reproductive technologies and surrogate motherhood – although the legal aspect of the subject was partly regulated by a by-law. Evaluating the legislation of the foreign countries that have prohibited the surrogacy, it was truthfully criticized in the doctrine that such a legal prohibition of surrogate motherhood should have been set forward rather by the will of legislator, but not the administration. Finally, there have been amendments to Law 2238 on the Harvesting, Storage, Grafting, and Transplantation of Organs and Tissues, by Law 7151 on the Amendment of Certain Laws and Decree Laws enacted in Official Gazette 30616 dated 05.12.2018. Accordingly, surrogate motherhood is legally prohibited by power of these amendments. (Non-commercial) Surrogate motherhood should also be accepted as a legal possibility de lege ferenda and should be the subject of an extensive and detailed legal arrangement and supervision as it is the case in Israel, in case there is no other medical choice left. It is possible that surrogacy can come to be a useful alternative solution, provided that the arrangements aiming at the protection of the child and the parties to the application are carried out under strict supervision. As evidenced by the increasing number of cases of surrogate motherhood, disregarding what the science of medicine provides and, moreover, legal prohibition of its practice is not a long-term solution. Since the surrogate motherhood agreement is a private law contract, it will be more appropriate to allow the implementation of this application in the event that no one can be forced to become a party to the contract. Furthermore, the application is considered as a last resort when the usefulness of the application is taken into consideration and the other means are officially depleted. Hence, we believe that the legal arrangements should be made to facilitate the establishment of paternity with the willing father and mother. In the face of medical developments in reproductive methods, the silence or prohibition of the law will violate the rights of individual/families to have children and their rights to reproduction. We would like to express that surrogacy has been prohibited not just because of the ethical aspects of the subject matter, but also the legislator may probably have thought of avoiding the problems to be occurred in the practice.

Aile Hukukunda Zor Bir Dönemeç: Karşılaştırmalı Hukuk Bakış Açısıyla Taşıyıcı Anneliğe İlişkin Güncel Gelişmeler

Burcu

The Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (CIArb) in its Code of Professional and Ethical Conduct for Members, defines ethical rules as “a set of moral principles according to which one should conduct one’s affairs”. It is common for parties in international commercial arbitration cases to be represented by one or more party representatives registered with multiple bars or not registered with a bar at all or even by a layperson, when permitted. Moreover, often, the seat of arbitration can be where neither party’s representative is licensed. This brings up the question of which ethical rules shall be applicable to the parties’ representatives, who shall be the competent authority in case of breach, whether the arbitral tribunals have legitimate power to sanction the parties’ representatives and so on. Long before the current discussions on the necessity to adopt a Code of Ethics for parties’ representatives, Professor Michael Reisman affirmed in 1971 that parties’ representatives should be subject to regulation at an international level. The International Bar Association (IBA) published the IBA Guidelines on Party Representation in its IBA Guidelines on 23rd May 2013 specifically regulating the conduct of party representatives in international arbitration proceedings. According to the Guidelines, it shall apply where and to the extent that the Parties have so agreed, or if the arbitral tribunal, after consultation with the Parties, wishes to rely upon them after having determined that it has the authority to rule on matters of Party representation to ensure the integrity and fairness of the arbitral proceedings. Furthermore, the London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA) Rules came into force on 1st October 2014 with an Annex entitled General Guidelines for the Parties’ Legal Representatives (LCIA Rules). Contrary to the IBA Guidelines, the LCIA Rules apply to all arbitration conducted under the auspices of the LCIA commenced on or after 1st October 2014. Finally, the Singapore Institute of Arbitrators (SIArb) published Guidelines on Party-Representative Ethics (SIArb Guidelines) on 26th April 2018 and the American Arbitration Association (AAA) together with the International Centre for Dispute Resolution (ICDR) published Standards of Conduct for Parties and Representatives (AAA Standards). Uncertainty regarding the ethical rules applicable to party representatives as well as the differences in the application and appreciation of the above-mentioned regulations lead to two concerns: the use of guerrilla tactics by party representatives in an attempt to derail arbitral proceedings and the absence of a level playing field for parties and their counsel in international arbitration. Existing guidelines and rules deal with common areas of concern, including the party representative’s duty to ensure the integrity and fairness of the arbitral proceedings, duty of candour or honesty owed to the arbitral tribunal, the promotion of the good and equal conduct, limitation of the communication with witnesses, the other party and arbitrators. However, it is clear that existing regulations do not provide a solution for all the existing ethical problems, such as contingent fees, third party funders, lawyer-client privilege, and confidentiality of settlement negotiations. Some scholars called for the creation of a Global Code of Ethics, a uniform set of rules applicable to all party representatives at an international level. However, other scholars expressed concerns that the super production of rules and guidelines may bring more harm than the benefit it is supposed to bring and is a threat to one of the biggest advantages of international arbitration which is the procedural flexibility. One of the biggest problems regarding the application of ethical rules to party representatives in international arbitration is the absence of a competent authority who is able to enforce the said rules in case of a breach. The IBA Guidelines as well as the LCIA Rules give arbitral tribunals the power and duty to sanction breaching party representatives. It is understandable knowing that the arbitral tribunals are vested with wide powers and in the best position to supervise and prevent unethical behaviour. An alternative would be to give the power to sanction party representatives to arbitral institutions - as did the AAA in its Standards of Conduct - by recording party representatives that do not conduct themselves in an appropriate manner in the Institute’s black lists. Finally, the Swiss Arbitration Association (ASA) suggested the creation of a Global Arbitration Ethics Council, a transnational body charged with the enforcement of ethical principles. In November 2015, an informal working group was chaired by the ASA in which several known arbitration associations and institutions participated. After reviewing empirical data collected from bar councils all over Europe and the US, the group held a second meeting and reached the conclusion that the “time has not yet come” to form an international body charged with the enforcement of ethical standards. This article suggests that, before calling for radical changes such as the implementation of a Global Code of Ethics or the creation of a transnational body charged with the enforcement of ethical principles, it should be deeply analysed whether arbitral tribunals are able to deal with ethical issues under current regulations.

Uluslararası Ticari Tahkimde Taraf Vekillerine Uygulanan Etik Kurallar ve Uygulamada Karşılaşılan Sorunlar

Berk Hasan

Doğu Tahkiminin İslami Finans Uyuşmazlıklarını İngiliz Mahkemelerinin Elinden Alma Yolundaki Süreci

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İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Milletlerarası Hukuk ve Milletlerarası Münasebetler Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi tarafından 1981 yılından bu yana düzenli olarak çıkarılmakta olan Public and Private International Law Bulletin (PPIL), ulusal ve uluslararası akademik çevreleri hedeflemektedir. Public and Private International Law Bulletin (PPIL)’a gönderilen makaleler çift-kör hakemlik sistemi kullanılarak değerlendirilmektedir. Haziran ve Aralık aylarında olmak üzere yılda iki sayı hâlinde yayınlanan Public and Private International Law Bulletin (PPIL)'da yayımlanması istenen bilimsel çalışmaların Haziran sayısı için en geç 31 Mart tarihine kadar, Aralık sayısı için ise en geç 30 Eylül tarihine kadar gönderilmesi gerekmektedir. Public and Private International Law Bulletin (PPIL)’da, milletlerarası hukuk ve milletlerarası özel hukuk alanlarının farklı boyutlarını, adalet ve hukuk temellerinde ele alan disipliner veya disiplinlerarası özgün çalışmalar ile bu alanlarda yayınlanmış olan kitaplara dair incelemeler ve ilgili yargı kararlarına dair değerlendirmelere yer verilmektedir. Public and Private International Law Bulletin (PPIL), esas olarak (a) milletlerarası hukuk (b) milletlerarası özel hukuka özgülenmiş bir dergidir. Daha detaylı bilgi için amaç ve kapsam sayfamıza bakınız

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İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Milletlerarası Hukuk ve Milletlerarası Münasebetler Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi tarafından 1981 yılından bu yana düzenli olarak çıkarılmakta olan Public and Private International Law Bulletin (PPIL), ulusal ve uluslararası akademik çevreleri hedeflemektedir. Public and Private International Law Bulletin (PPIL)’a gönderilen makaleler çift-kör hakemlik sistemi kullanılarak değerlendirilmektedir. Haziran ve Aralık aylarında olmak üzere yılda iki sayı hâlinde yayınlanan Public and Private International Law Bulletin (PPIL)'da yayımlanması istenen bilimsel çalışmaların Haziran sayısı için en geç 31 Mart tarihine kadar, Aralık sayısı için ise en geç 30 Eylül tarihine kadar gönderilmesi gerekmektedir.Public and Private International Law Bulletin (PPIL)’da, milletlerarası hukuk ve milletlerarası özel hukuk alanlarının farklı boyutlarını adalet ve hukuk temellerinde ele alan disipliner veya disiplinlerarası özgün çalışmalar yayımlanmaktadır. Böylelikle dergimiz milletlerarası hukuk, milletlerarası münasebetler ve milletlerarası özel hukuk konularına giren meseleleri yakından takip ederek ve ilgili çalışmaları yayınlayarak bu konularda faaliyet gösteren kişilere yardımcı olmayı hedeflemektedir.Public and Private International Law Bulletin (PPIL)’da milletlerarası hukuk ve milletlerarası özel hukuk alanlarında yazılmış özgün makalelerin yanı sıra, bu alanlarda yayınlanmış olan kitaplara dair incelemeler ve ilgili yargı kararlarına dair değerlendirmelere de yer verilmektedir.Public and Private International Law Bulletin (PPIL)’da; esas olarak (a) milletlerarası hukukta ve (b) milletlerarası özel hukukta aşağıdaki konulara öncelik tanınmaktadır:(a)    Milletlerarası Hukuk:1. Milletlerarası Hukuk (Tarihçesi, felsefesi, teorileri, kaynakları, kişileri, milli hukukla ilişkileri vs.)2. Milletlerarası Hukuk Kişiliği ve Tanıma (Devletler, Hükümetler)3. Ülkesel Egemenlik ve Devletin Yetkisi4. Milletlerarası Hukukta İşlemler: Tek taraflı işlemler ve Andlaşmalar Hukuku5. Milletlerarası Barış ve Güvenlik Hukuku ve Kuvvet Kullanma Yasağı6. Milletlerarası İnsan Hakları Hukuku7. Milletlerarası Çevre Hukuku8. İnsancıl Hukuk (Silahlı çatışmalar hukuku) 9. Milletlerarası Teşkilatlar Hukuku10. Milletlerarası Deniz Hukuku11. Milletlerarası Ekonomi Hukuku12. Devletin Hukukî Sorumluluğu13. Milletlerarası Ceza Hukuku14. Milletlerarası Mülteci Hukuku15. Milletlerarası Uyuşmazlıkların Barışçıl Yollarla Çözümü (Diplomatik, Yargısal)16. Milletlerarası Hava ve Uzay Hukuku17. Milletlerarası Sınıraşan Sular ve Akifer Hukuku(b)    Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk:1. Milletlerarası Özel Hukukun Genel Prensipleri2. Milletlerarası Usul Hukuku 3. Milletlerarası Adli Yardım4. Kanunlar İhtilafı Kuralları5. Milletlerarası Yatırım Hukuku6. Yabancılar Hukuku (Yabancıların Sosyal Hakları, Mülkiyet Hakkı, Eğitim Hakkı vb.)7. Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku 8. Yerel Mahkemelerin Milletlerarası Yetkisi9. Yabancı Mahkeme ile Yabancı Tahkim Mahkemesi Kararlarının Tanınması ve Tenfizi10. Milletlerarası Aile ve Çocuk Hukuku11. Milletlerarası Özel veya Usul Hukukuna İlişkin Sözleşmeler Hukuku12. Alternatif Uyuşmazlık Çözümleri13. Milletlerarası Ticari Tahkim14. Göç Hukukukonularına dair çalışmalara yer verilmektedir. Bu her iki branşın göç ve mülteci hukuku, yatırım hukuku gibi yer yer iç içe geçen konuları da interdisipliner bakış açısıyla hukuki incelemelere konu olmaktadır.

Amaç ve Kapsam

Web of Science - Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR DizinDOAJERIH PLUSEBSCO Central &amp; Eastern European Academic SourceEBSCO Legal SourceSOBİADGale Cengage<a href="https://about.proquest.com/en/products-services/Ulrichsweb/" target="_blank" style="font-size: 14.6667px;">Ulrichsweb</a>

Dizinler

Dergi yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> Gönderilen makaleler derginin amaç ve kapsamına uygun olmalıdır. Orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmayan, her bir yazar tarafından içeriği ve gönderimi onaylanmış yazılar değerlendirmeye kabul edilir. Makale yayınlanmak üzere Dergiye gönderildikten sonra yazarlardan hiçbirinin ismi, tüm yazarların yazılı izni olmadan yazar listesinden silinemez ve yeni bir isim yazar olarak eklenemez ve yazar sırası değiştirilemez.İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir. Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.İntihal Ön kontrolden geçirilen makaleler, iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal/kendi kendine intihal tespit edilirse yazarlar bilgilendirilir. Editörler, gerekli olması halinde makaleyi değerlendirme ya da üretim sürecinin çeşitli aşamalarında intihal kontrolüne tabi tutabilirler. Yüksek benzerlik oranları, bir makalenin kabul edilmeden önce ve hatta kabul edildikten sonra reddedilmesine neden olabilir. Makalenin türüne bağlı olarak, bunun oranın %15 veya %20'den az olması beklenir.Çift Kör Hakemlikİntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Editör, makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakemlikten geçmesini sağlar ve makale biçimsel esaslara uygun ise, gelen yazıyı yurtiçinden ve /veya yurtdışından en az iki hakemin değerlendirmesine sunar, hakemler gerek gördüğü takdirde yazıda istenen değişiklikler yazarlar tarafından yapıldıktan sonra yayınlanmasına onay verir.

Politikalar

Dergi açık erişimlidir ve derginin tüm içeriği okura ya da okurun dahil olduğu kuruma ücretsiz olarak sunulur. Okurlar, ticari amaç haricinde, yayıncı ya da yazardan izin almadan dergi makalelerinin tam metnini okuyabilir, indirebilir, kopyalayabilir, arayabilir ve link sağlayabilir. Bu <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/translations/turkish-translation" target="_blank">BOAI</a> açık erişim tanımıyla uyumludur. Derginin açık erişimli makaleleri Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır.

Derginin tüm giderleri İstanbul Üniversitesi tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Dergide makale yayını ve makale süreçlerinin yürütülmesi ücrete tabi değildir. Dergiye gönderilen ya da yayın için kabul edilen makaleler için işlemleme ücreti ya da gönderim ücreti alınmaz.

Yazarlar dergide yayınlanan çalışmalarının telif hakkına sahiptirler ve çalışmaları  Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır. CC BY-NC 4.0 lisansı, eserin ticari kullanım dışında her boyut ve formatta paylaşılmasına, kopyalanmasına, çoğaltılmasına ve orijinal esere uygun şekilde atıfta bulunmak kaydıyla yeniden düzenleme, dönüştürme ve eserin üzerine inşa etme dâhil adapte edilmesine izin verir.

Editörler, yayınlanan makalede, bulguları, yorumları ve sonuçları etkilemeyen küçük hatalar tespit edilirse düzeltme yayınlamayı düşünebilirler. Editörler, bulguları ve sonuçları geçersiz kılan büyük hatalar / ihlaller söz konusu olduğunda, makaleyi geri çekmeyi düşünmelidir. Yazarlar tarafından araştırma veya yayını kötüye kullanmaya yönelik olasılık söz konusu ise; bulguların güvenilir olmadığına ve yazarların kurumlarının olayı soruşturmadığına dair kanıtlar var veya olası soruşturma haksız veya sonuçsuz görünüyor ise, editörler endişe ifadesi yayınlamayı düşünmelidir. Düzeltme, geri çekme veya endişe ifadesi ile ilgili olarak <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> ve <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> yönergeleri dikkate alınır.Geri ÇekmeDergi geri çekme durumunda <a href="https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/retraction-guidelines-cope.pdf" target="_blank">COPE Retraction Guidelines</a>’ı izler. Editör, aşağıdaki durumlarda bir makaleyi geri çekme hakkına sahiptir: <ul><li>Büyük bir hata (örn. yanlış hesaplama veya deneysel hata), uydurma öğeler  (örn. veri) veya tahrifat (örn. görüntü manipülasyonu) gibi bulguların güvenilmez olduğu sonucunu çıkarmaya dair açık kanıtlar varsa; </li><li>İçerikte intihal varsa; </li><li>Uygun atıf yapılmadan başka bir yerde yayınlanmışsa;</li><li>Kullanım izni olmayan materyal veya veri içeriyorsa;</li><li>Telif hakkı ihlali veya başka bir ciddi yasal sorun varsa;</li><li>Etik olmayan araştırma içeriyorsa; </li><li>Hakem değerlendirme sürecinin bozulduğuna veya manipüle edildiğine dair kanıt varsa;</li><li>Yazar(lar), editörün görüşüne göre, çalışmanın yorumlanmasını veya editörlerin ve hakemlerin tavsiyelerini önemli derecede etkileyebilecek, kritik bir çıkar çatışmasını açıklamamış ise.</li></ul>Geri çekme durumunda aşağıdaki adımlar izlenir:<ul><li>Makale başlığını da içeren geri çekme bildirimi derginin bir sonraki sayısında yayınlanır. Geri çekme bildirimi  içindekiler tablosunda sayfa nosu verilerek listelenir. </li><li>Elektronik versiyonda geri çekme bildirimi ile orijinal makale arasında link sağlanır. </li><li>Online makaleden önce geri çekme bildirimini içeren sayfa gelir; okuyucu daha sonra makalenin kendisine geçebilir.</li><li>Orijinal makale, her sayfadaki .pdf üzerinde “geri çekildiğini” belirten bir filigran dışında değişmeden kalır.</li></ul>Yasal Nedenlerle Makalenin KaldırılmasıAşağıdaki durumlarda, üst veriler (başlık ve yazarlar) hariç olmak üzere, makale metni kaldırılır ve makalenin yasal nedenlerle kaldırıldığını bildiren bir sayfa makalenin yerini alır. <ul><li>Makalenin karalayıcı içerik ihtiva ettiği veya başkalarının yasal haklarını ihlal ettiği tespit edilir ve geri çekmenin yeterli bir çözüm olmadığı düşünülürse;</li><li>Makale bir mahkeme kararına konu olmuşsa veya olacağına dair makul bir neden varsa;</li><li>Kamu sağlığı açısından önemli bir risk söz konusu ise;  </li></ul>

Dergide yayınlanan tüm yazıların korunmasını ve kalıcı olarak erişilebilir olmasını sağlamak için makaleler, ulusal bir arşiv sitesi olarak hizmet veren ve aynı zamanda LOCKSS'in içeriği toplamasına, korumasına ve sunmasına izin veren Dergipark'ta saklanmaktadır.Ek olarak, yazarların kendilerinin makalelerinin son PDF sürümünü Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>) standartlarına uygun açık elektronik arşivlerde arşivlemeleri önerilir. Yazarlar, yayınladıkları arşiv versiyonundan, İ.Ü. Yayınevinin dergi web sitesinin URL'sine bağlantı sağlamalıdır.

Yapay Zeka konusundaki gelişmeler ve akademik yayıncılıkta görülen uygulamalar dikkate alınarak oluşturulan Yapay Zeka Politikası, yazarların, hakemlerin ve editörlerin bu türden teknolojilerin kullanımında uymaları gereken editöryal ve etik ilkeleri içerir. Yapay Zeka politikasının oluşturulmasında, aşağıdaki kaynaklar dikkate alınmıştır:Committee on Publication Ethics <a href="https://publicationethics.org/guidance/cope-position/authorship-and-ai-tools" target="_blank">(COPE) - Authorship and AI tools</a>; International Committee of Medical Journal Editors <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html#four" target="_blank">(ICMJE) - Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Assisted Technology; World Association of Medical Editors  (WAME) Chatbots, Generative AI, and Scholarly Manuscripts</a><a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html#four"></a>Yapay Zeka destekli teknolojiler (Büyük Dil Modelleri [LLM'ler], sohbet robotları veya görüntü oluşturucular gibi), metin, görüntü, ses ve sentetik veriler dahil olmak üzere çeşitli içerikler geliştirebilmekte ve üretebilmektedir. Bu yetenekleri etik ve güvenli bir şekilde kullanıldığında üretkenliği artırabilir ve yeniliği teşvik edebilir; ancak insan yönlendirmesi olmadan kullanımında doğru olmayan ve taraflı sonuçlar; atıf verme konusunda eksikler ve hatalar; gizlilik ve fikri mülkiyet haklarının korunmasında eksiklikler; yazar ve yayıncıların haklarının potansiyel ihlali gibi riskler taşımaktadır. IUPress, Yapay Zeka kullanımı konusunda söz konusu riskleri bertaraf etmeyi amaçlayan aşağıdaki temel ilkeleri benimser:  <ul><li>İçerik üretiminde kullanılan (metin, şekiller, resimler ve kod dahil ancak bunlarla sınırlı olmamak üzere) her türlü Yapay Zeka ile ilgili ayrıntılar çalışmanın uygun bölümünde (bilgi notu olarak ve/veya metod kısmında) beyan edilmeli ve net biçimde açıklanmalıdır. </li><li>Hiçbir Yapay Zeka aracı hiçbir bilimsel çalışmada yazar olarak listelenemez. </li><li>Yazarlar, herhangi bir şekilde Yapay Zeka kullanımı durumunda da çalışmalarının doğruluğu, bütünlüğü ve özgünlüğünden sorumludur; başkalarının fikirleri, verileri, kelimeleri veya diğer materyallerini doğru referanslama ve atıf ile sunmakla yükümlüdürler. </li><li>Hakemler ve editörler gönderilen çalışmayı tamamen ya da kısmen hiçbir üretken Yapay Zeka uygulamasına yükleyemez. </li></ul>IUPress yayınlarının editöryal süreçlerinde, Yapay Zeka ile üretilmiş içerikleri tespit eden yardımcı araçlar editörlerin kullanımındadır. Öte yandan okunurluğu, dil ve grammeri iyileştirme ve geliştirme konusunda önerilerde bulunan Yapay Zeka araçlarının kullanılması yaygındır ve IUPress  yayınlarında bu türden Yapay Zeka araçları editörlerin ve yazarların gözetiminde kullanılabilir.

Yapay Zeka Politikası

<ul><li>Yazarlar, gönderdikleri çalışmayı oluştururken <a target="_blank">Yapay Zeka destekli teknolojiler (Büyük Dil Modelleri [LLM'ler], sohbet robotları veya görüntü oluşturucular gibi) </a>kullandılarsa, bunu  beyan etmekle yükümlüdür. </li><li>Yazarlar hem ön yazıda hem de sunulan çalışmanın uygun bölümünde (bilgi notu olarak ve/veya metod kısmında), hangi Yapay Zeka aracını ve hangi versiyonunu ne amaçla kullandıklarını açıklamalıdır. </li><li>Yapay Zeka destekli teknolojilerden yararlanılarak oluşturulan içeriğin ve alıntıların doğruluğu, geçerliliği ve uygunluğunun sağlanması, olası hata, tutarsızlık ve taraflı sonuçların giderilmesi yazarların sorumluluğundadır. </li><li>Yazarlar, Yapay Zeka destekli teknolojiler ile üretilmiş metinlerde intihal potansiyeli olduğunu dikkate alarak, olası intihali bertaraf etmek için orijinal kaynakları mutlaka kontrol etmelidir. Kontrol ettiğini ve kaynakların orijnal kaynaklar olduğunu teyid etmelidir.  </li><li>Yapay Zeka destekli araçlar (ChatGPT gibi) yazar olarak listelenemez çünkü çalışmanın doğruluğundan, bütünlüğünden ve orijinalliğinden sorumlu olamazlar ve bu sorumluluklar yazarlık için şarttır. Bu nedenle, Yapay Zeka destekli teknolojilerin kullanımını içeren tüm materyallerden yazarlar sorumludur. Yazarlar, makalede yer alan ve çalışmanın hipotezlerini, yorumlarını, sonuçlarını, sınırlamalarını ve çıkarımlarını bildiren tüm ifadelerin kendi fikirlerini temsil ettiğinden emin olmalıdırlar.  </li><li>Yazarların, Yapay Zeka araçlarını temel araştırmacı ve yazar sorumluluklarının yerini alacak, aşağıdaki şekillerde kullanarak oluşturdukları çalışmalar bilimsel yayıncılık ve yayın etiği ilkelerine aykırıdır ve bu türden çalışmaların yayınlarda yer almasına izin verilmez: <ul><li>Titiz revizyon olmadan metin veya kod oluşturma, </li><li>Sağlam bir metodoloji olmadan eksik verileri ikame etmek için sentetik veri üretimi,  </li><li>Özetler veya ek materyaller de dahil olmak üzere her türlü hatalı, sentetik içerik oluşturulması </li><li>Yapay Zeka kullanımı ile görüntü ve şekillerin (resimler, çizelgeler, veri tabloları, tıbbi görüntüler, görüntü parçacıkları, bilgisayar kodları ve formüller) veya orijinal araştırma verilerinin oluşturulması ve manipüle edilmesi (bir görüntü veya şekil içinde belirli bir özelliğin artırılması, gizlenmesi, taşınması, kaldırılması veya eklenmesi).</li></ul></li></ul>

Hakem sürecinde gizliliğin korunması, değerlendirilen çalışmanın bu süreçte paylaşılmaması veya kullanılmaması esastır.  <a></a><a href="https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/ethical-guidelines-peer-reviewers-cope.pdf" target="_blank">(COPE – Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers</a>) <ul><li>Hakemler, kendilerine değerlendirme için gönderilen bir makaleyi veya herhangi bir bölümünü gözden geçirme, değerlendirme veya karar verme sürecine yardımcı olması için üretken Yapay Zeka araçlarına veya Büyük Dil Modellerine yüklememelidirler; zira hakemlerin bu türden Yapay Zeka araçlarına içerik yüklemesi yazarların gizlilik ve mülkiyet haklarını ihlal eder.  </li><li>Bilimsel bir makalenin incelenmesi, yalnızca insanlara atfedilebilecek sorumluluktur. Hakem değerlendirmesi için gereken eleştirel düşünme ve orijinal değerlendirme bu teknolojinin kapsamı dışındadır ve teknolojinin makale hakkında yanlış, eksik veya önyargılı sonuçlar üretme riski vardır. Hakem raporu ve karar mektupları, hakemlerin ve editörlerin gönderilen içeriğe ilişkin kişisel değerlendirmelerini yansıtmalıdır. Hakem, raporunun içeriğinden sorumludur ve hesap vermekle sorumludur. </li><li>Yapay Zeka araçları, hakem değerlendirmesi ile bağlantılı olarak hakem değerlendirme raporu dilinin kalitesini artırmak için (çeviri veya dil düzenlemesi için) sınırlı bir şekilde kullanılabilir. Böyle bir kullanım olduğunda, hakem raporu iletirken, kullanımı beyan etmelidir. </li><li>Bir başvuruda üretken Yapay Zekanın uygunsuz veya açıklanmamış kullanımından şüphelenen hakemler, endişelerini dergi editörüne bildirmelidir. </li></ul>

Editörler dergiye gönderilen makalelerin değerlendirme sürecinde gizliliğinin korunmasını sağlamakla yükümlüdürler, değerlendirilen çalışmanın bu sürece dahil olan taraflar dışında paylaşılmaması veya kullanılmaması esastır <a href="https://publicationethics.org/files/Code_of_conduct_for_journal_editors_Mar11.pdf" target="_blank">(COPE – Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors)</a>.<ul><li>Editörler, yazarların gizlilik ve mülkiyet haklarını ihlal edebileceğinden, gönderilen bir makaleyi veya herhangi bir bölümünü gözden geçirme, değerlendirilme veya karar verme sürecine yardımcı olması için üretken Yapay Zeka  araçlarına veya Büyük Dil Modelleri'ne yüklememelidir. </li><li>Bilimsel bir makalenin editoryal değerlendirmesini yönetmek, yalnızca insanlara atfedilebilecek sorumluluklar anlamına gelir. Üretken Yapay Zeka veya Yapay Zeka destekli teknolojiler, editörler tarafından bir makalenin değerlendirme veya karar verme sürecine yardımcı olmak için kullanılmamalıdır, çünkü bu iş için gereken eleştirel düşünme ve orijinal değerlendirme bu teknolojinin kapsamı dışındadır ve teknolojinin makale hakkında yanlış, eksik veya önyargılı sonuçlar üretme riski vardır. Editör, editoryal süreçten, nihai karardan ve bunların yazarlara iletilmesinden sorumlu ve mesuldür.</li><li>Editörler, karar mektupları veya yayınlanmamış araştırmaların özetlerini oluşturmak için üretken Yapay Zeka aracı kullanmamalıdır. </li><li>Editörler, uygun hakemleri bulma konusunda yardımcı olması için üretken Yapay Zeka araçlarını kullanabilir.</li><li>Editörler, gönderilen bir makalede veya gönderilen bir hakem raporunda üretken Yapay Zeka kullanıldığından şüphelenirse konuyla ilgili editoryal bir değerlendirme yapmalı ve politikayı göz önünde bulundurmalıdır. </li></ul>

Public and Private International Law Bulletin  yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için adres: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>Gönderilen tüm makaleler orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmamalıdır. Her bir makale editörlerden biri ve en az iki hakem tarafından çift kör değerlendirmeden geçirilir. İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir.Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir. Dergi, şüpheli başvurular, suistimal ve şikayetler ile karşı karşıya kaldığında COPE'nin ilişkili akış şemalarına ve yönergelerine uygun hareket edecektir.

Etik

Dergi araştırma etiğinde en yüksek standartları gözetir ve aşağıda tanımlanan uluslararası araştırma etiği ilkelerini benimser. Makalelerin etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır.- Araştırmanın tasarlanması, tasarımın gözden geçirilmesi ve araştırmanın yürütülmesinde, bütünlük, kalite ve şeffaflık ilkeleri sağlanmalıdır.- Araştırma ekibi ve katılımcılar, araştırmanın amacı, yöntemleri ve öngörülen olası kullanımları; araştırmaya katılımın gerektirdikleri ve varsa riskleri hakkında tam olarak bilgilendirilmelidir.- Araştırma katılımcılarının sağladığı bilgilerin gizliliği ve yanıt verenlerin gizliliği sağlanmalıdır. Araştırma katılımcıların özerkliğini ve saygınlığını koruyacak şekilde tasarlanmalıdır.- Araştırma katılımcıları gönüllü olarak araştırmada yer almalı, herhangi bir zorlama altında olmamalıdırlar.- Katılımcıların zarar görmesinden kaçınılmalıdır. Araştırma, katılımcıları riske sokmayacak şekilde planlanmalıdır.- Araştırma bağımsızlığıyla ilgili açık ve net olunmalı; çıkar çatışması varsa belirtilmelidir.- Deneysel çalışmalarda, araştırmaya katılmaya karar veren katılımcıların yazılı bilgilendirilmiş onayı alınmalıdır. Çocukların ve vesayet altındakilerin veya tasdiklenmiş akıl hastalığı bulunanların yasal vasisinin onayı alınmalıdır.- Çalışma herhangi bir kurum ya da kuruluşta gerçekleştirilecekse bu kurum ya da kuruluştan çalışma yapılacağına dair onay alınmalıdır.- İnsan öğesi bulunan çalışmalarda, “yöntem” bölümünde katılımcılardan “bilgilendirilmiş onam” alındığının ve çalışmanın yapıldığı kurumdan etik kurul onayı alındığı belirtilmesi gerekir.

Makalelerin bilimsel ve etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır. Yazar makalenin orijinal olduğu, daha önce başka bir yerde yayınlanmadığı ve başka bir yerde, başka bir dilde yayınlanmak üzere değerlendirmede olmadığı konusunda teminat sağlamalıdır. Uygulamadaki telif kanunları ve anlaşmaları gözetilmelidir. Telife bağlı materyaller (örneğin tablolar, şekiller veya büyük alıntılar) gerekli izin ve teşekkürle kullanılmalıdır. Başka yazarların, katkıda bulunanların çalışmaları ya da yararlanılan kaynaklar uygun biçimde kullanılmalı ve referanslarda belirtilmelidir.Gönderilen makalede tüm yazarların akademik ve bilimsel olarak doğrudan katkısı olmalıdır, bu bağlamda “yazar” yayınlanan bir araştırmanın kavramsallaştırılmasına ve dizaynına, verilerin elde edilmesine, analizine ya da yorumlanmasına belirgin katkı yapan, yazının yazılması ya da bunun içerik açısından eleştirel biçimde gözden geçirilmesinde görev yapan birisi olarak görülür. Yazar olabilmenin diğer koşulları ise, makaledeki çalışmayı planlamak veya icra etmek ve / veya revize etmektir. Fon sağlanması, veri toplanması ya da araştırma grubunun genel süpervizyonu tek başına yazarlık hakkı kazandırmaz. Yazar olarak gösterilen tüm bireyler sayılan tüm ölçütleri karşılamalıdır ve yukarıdaki ölçütleri karşılayan her birey yazar olarak gösterilebilir. Yazarların isim sıralaması ortak verilen bir karar olmalıdır. Tüm yazarlar yazar sıralamasını <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/03356BB9AEEB4472894184CB71CAAA37" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu'nda</a> imzalı olarak belirtmek zorundadırlar.Yazarlık için yeterli ölçütleri karşılamayan ancak çalışmaya katkısı olan tüm bireyler “teşekkür / bilgiler” kısmında sıralanmalıdır. Bunlara örnek olarak ise sadece teknik destek sağlayan, yazıma yardımcı olan ya da sadece genel bir destek sağlayan, finansal ve materyal desteği sunan kişiler verilebilir.Bütün yazarlar, araştırmanın sonuçlarını ya da bilimsel değerlendirmeyi etkileyebilme potansiyeli olan finansal ilişkiler, çıkar çatışması ve çıkar rekabetini beyan etmelidirler. Bir yazar kendi yayınlanmış yazısında belirgin bir hata ya da yanlışlık tespit ederse, bu yanlışlıklara ilişkin düzeltme ya da geri çekme için editör ile hemen temasa geçme ve işbirliği yapma sorumluluğunu taşır.

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, cinsel yöneliminden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder. Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve Dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemlerin araştırmayla ilgili, yazarlarla ve/veya araştırmanın finansal desekçileriyle çıkar çatışmaları olmamalıdır. Değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme çift taraflı kör hakemlik ile değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.

Hakemlik Hakkında

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirirler. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder. Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır. Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemler, araştırma, yazarlar ve/veya araştırmaya fon sağlayanlarla çıkar çatışması içinde olmamalıdır. Hakemler değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir.Baş Editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemlerin değerlendirmeleri objektif olmalıdır. Hakem süreci sırasında hakemlerin aşağıdaki hususları dikkate alarak değerlendirmelerini yapmaları beklenir.-Makale yeni ve önemli bir bilgi içeriyor mu?-Öz, makalenin içeriğini net ve düzgün bir şekilde tanımlıyor mu?-Yöntem bütünlüklü ve anlaşılır şekilde tanımlanmış mı?-Yapılan yorum ve varılan sonuçlar bulgularla kanıtlanıyor mu?-Alandaki diğer çalışmalara yeterli referans verilmiş mi?-Dil kalitesi yeterli mi?Hakemler, gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir.

DilDerginin yayın dili Türkçe ve İngilizcedir.PPILYazım ve Atıf Kuralları1. Genel Hususlara) Kısaltmalarda nokta kullanılmamalıdır.b) Bir dipnotta birden fazla esere atıf yapılıyorsa, her bir eser noktalı virgül ile ayrılmalıdır.c) Atıflarda supra, infra, ante, id, loc cit, op cit, contra kısaltmaları kullanılmamalıdır.d) İçindekiler kısmına yer verilmemelidir.e) Kısaltmalar cetveline yer verilmemelidir.2. Öz / AbstractMakalelerde 250’şer kelimeden oluşan Türkçe öz ve İngilizce abstract bölümlerine yer verilmelidir.3. Anahtar Kelimeler / Keywordsa) Öz bölümünün altında Türkçe en az 5 en çok 15 anahtar kelime kullanılmalıdır.b) Abstract bölümünün altında İngilizce en az 5 en çok 15 keywords kullanılmalıdır.4. Extended Summaryİngilizce olmayan makaleler için (Örn: Türkçe, Almanca, Fransızca vb. dillerdeki makaleler) makalede yazar tarafından ileri sürülen görüşleri ve varılan sonuçları kapsayacak mahiyette 800-1000 kelime genişletilmiş özet 5. Mevzuata Yapılacak Atıfa) Türk mevzuatına atıf, aşağıdaki örnekte gösterildiği şekilde yapılmalıdır:Örnek  2Nüfus Hizmetleri Kanunu, Kanun Numarası: 5490, Kabul Tarihi: 25.4.2006, RG 29.4.2006/26153b) Yabancı devlet mevzuatına ve AB mevzuatına yapılacak atıflar, OSCOLA’nın 2.4, 2.6.1 ve 2.8.2 numaralı bölümlerinde gösterildiği şekilde yapılmalıdır.6. KitaplarKitaplara yapılan atıflarda kitaba ilişkin bilgiler şöyle sıralanmalıdır:Yazar Adı Soyadı, Kitap Adı (Kaçıncı Bası Olduğu, Yayınevi Yılı) Atıf Yapılan Sayfa.Örnek [Tek yazarlı kitaplar]:3 B Bahadır Erdem, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku (6th edn, Beta 2017) 165.Örnek [Çok yazarlı kitaplar]5Aysel Çelikel and Günseli Öztekin Gelgel, Yabancılar Hukuku (24th edn, Beta 2019) 86ff.8 Cemal Şanlı, Emre Esen and İnci Ataman-Figanmeşe, Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk (6th edn, Vedat 2018) 322.7. Editörlü KitaplarEditörlü kitaplara yapılan atıflarda kitaba ilişkin bilgiler şöyle sıralanmalıdır:Yazar Adı Soyadı, ‘Eser (Bölüm) Adı’ in Editör(ler) Adı (ed), Kitap Adı (Yayınevi Yıl) Atıf Yapılan SayfaÖrnek  9 Rumeysa Partalcı, ‘Türkiye’nin Çocuk Haklarına Dair Sözleşme’ye Koyduğu Çekincelerin   İncelenmesi’ in Günseli Öztekin Gelgel and Faruk Kerem Giray  (eds), Milletlerarası Aile ve     Çocuk Hukukuna İlişkin Seçilmiş Makaleler (Beta 2017) 5. 8. MakalelerMakalelere yapılan atıflarda makaleye ilişkin bilgiler şöyle sıralanmalıdır:Yazar Adı Soyadı, ‘Makale Adı’ (Yıl) Cilt (Sayı) Dergi Adı İlk Sayfa Numarası, Atıf Yapılan SayfaÖrnek 11 Sevin Toluner, ‘Kıbrıs’ın Avrupa Birliği’ne Üyelik Başvurusunun Hukuki Geçerliliği ve Sonuçları’    (2002) 22(2) MHB (Prof. Dr. Ergin Nomer’e Armağan) 857, 860.14 Ayşe Nur Tütüncü, ‘Montreux Convention and Canal Istanbul’ (2017) 37(1) MHB 113, 116.9. Elektronik KaynaklarElektronik kaynaklara yapılan atıflarda esere ilişkin bilgiler şöyle sıralanmalıdır:Yazar Adı Soyadı, ‘Eser Adı’ (Yıl) Cilt(Sayı) Dergi Adı &lt;Linki&gt; Erişim Tarihi.Örnek 17 Graham Greenleaf, ‘The Global Development of Free Access to Legal Information’ (2010) 1(1)     EJLT &lt; <a href="http://ejlt.org/article/view/17" target="_blank">http://ejlt.org//article/view/17 </a>&gt; Erişim Tarihi 27 July 2010.10. Web Siteleri ve BloglarWeb sitelerine ve bloglara yapılan atıflarda esere ilişkin bilgiler şöyle sıralanmalıdır:Yazar Adı Soyadı, ‘Eser Adı’ (Web Sitesinin Adı, Eserin Yayın Tarihi) &lt;Linki&gt; Erişim Tarihi.Örnek 21 Sarah Cole, ‘Virtual Friend Fires Employee’ (Naked Law, 1 May 2009) &lt;www.nakedlaw.    com/2009/05/index.html&gt; Erişim Tarihi 19 November 200911. Aynı Esere Birden Fazla Atıf YapılmasıAynı esere birden fazla atıf yapılması halinde aşağıdaki örneklerde görüldüğü şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır:Örnek  5 Aysel Çelikel and Günseli Öztekin Gelgel, Yabancılar Hukuku (24th edn, Beta 2019) 86.…26 Çelikel and Öztekin Gelgel (n 5) 112.27 ibid 114-115.12. Aynı Yazarın Birden Fazla Eserine AtıfAynı yazarın birden fazla eserine yapılacak atıflarda eser adları uygun şekilde kısaltılmalıdır:Örnek  28 Erdem, Vatandaşlık Hukuku (n 3) 142.31 Erdem, ‘Cinsiyet Farkı’ (n 9) 297.13. Yargı Kararlarına veya Davalara Atıfa) Türk mahkeme kararlarına aşağıda yer alan örneklerde gösterildiği şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır:Örnek  Ankara 3 Sulh Mahkemesi, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Ankara 1 İdare Mahkemesi, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Ankara 3 BAM, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Ankara 3 BİM, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Danıştay 10 D, 2247/5111, 25.11.2011.Yargıtay 2 HD, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Anayasa Mahkemesi, 2014/13044, 11.11.2015.b) Yabancı mahkeme kararlarına OSCOLA’nın 2.1 ilâ 2.3 numaralı bölümlerinde gösterildiği şekilde, ABAD kararlarına ise OSCOLA’nın 2.6.2 bölümünde gösterildiği şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır.c) Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi kararlarına aşağıda yer alan örneklerde gösterildiği şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır:Örnek  Omojudi v UK (2009) 51 EHRR 10.Osman v UK ECHR 1998–VIII 3124.Balogh v Hungary App no 47940/99 (ECHR, 20 July 2004).Simpson v UK (1989) 64 DR 188.14. KaynakçaKaynakçada öncelikle yazarın soyadına daha sonra adının ilk harfine yer verilmelidir. Makalelerin sayfa aralığı gösterilmelidir:Örnek  Erdem BB, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku (6th, Beta 2017) 165.Çelikel A and Öztekin Gelgel G, Yabancılar Hukuku (24th edn, Beta 2019).Şanlı C, Esen E and Ataman-Figanmeşe İ, Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk (6th edn, Beta 2018).Tütüncü AN, ‘Montreux Convention and Canal Istanbul’ (2017) 37(1) MHB 113-123.  Atıf kuralları hakkında ayrıntılı bilgi için bkz. OSCOLA 4th Edition: <a href="https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxlaw/oscola_4th_edn_hart_2012.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxlaw/oscola_4th_edn_hart_2012.pdf</a> Milletlerarası hukuk atıfları için ayrıca bkz. OSCOLA 2006 Citing International Law Sources Section: <a href="https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxlaw/oscola_2006_citing_international_law.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxlaw/oscola_2006_citing_international_law.pdf  </a>

Yazım Kuralları

Makale Gönderme KılavuzuMakaleyi göndermeden önce Yazarlara Bilgi’yi lütfen okuyun ve aşağıdakilerin eksik olmadığından emin olun:Editöre mektup<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makalenin türü</li> <li>Başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu bilgisi</li> <li>Sponsor veya ticari bir firma ile ilişkisi (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Kaynakların OSCOLA 4. Edisyon'a’göre belirtildiği</li> <li>İngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığı</li> <li>Yazarlara Bilgide detaylı olarak anlatılan dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiği</li> </ul> </ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/03356BB9AEEB4472894184CB71CAAA37" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a>Daha önce basılmış material (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/0471E418ECB0445BB865072517A0BB76" target="_blank">Kapak Sayfası</a><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makalenin kategorisi</li> <li>Makale dilinde ve İngilizce başlık</li> <li>Yazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonar şehir ve ülke bilgisi de yer almalıdır), e-posta adresleri</li> <li>Sorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosu</li> <li>Tüm yazarların ORCID’leri</li> </ul> </ul>Makalenin ana metni<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Türkçe ve İngilizce başlık</li> <li>Özetler 200-250 Türkçe ve İngilizce</li> <li>Anahtar Kelimeler: 5-15 adet Türkçe ve İngilizce</li> <li>Makale Türkçe ise, 800-1000 kelime İngilizce genişletilmiş özet (Extended Summary) </li> <li>Finansal Destek (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Çıkar Çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Kaynaklar</li> <li>Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)</li> </ul> </ul>Makale Gönderme <ul type="disc"> <li>Makalenin gönderileceği Dergipark sayfası adresi:  <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ppil" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ppil</a></li> <li>Makale ana metninin dosyasını (Main Document)  yüklerken, çift taraflı kör hakem süreci gereği, bu dosyanın yazar kimliğini deşifre eden hiçbir unsur barındırmadığından emin olun. Makale ana metni dosyası (Main Document) başlık sayfasını (Title Page) içermemeli; yazar adı geçen ya da yazar adlarını ifşa edebilecek bölümler içermemeli (Örneğin: Teşekkür, her sayfada tekrar eden ve yazar adlarını içerebilen başlık).</li> <li>Ayrıca, ek olarak yüklediğiniz Supplemental File for Review türü dosyalarda da yazar kimliğinin ifşa edilmediğinden emin olun. ​</li> </ul>Ayrı Ayrı Yüklemeniz gereken dosyalar<ul type="disc"> <li>Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</li> <li>Resim, Tablo vb başka kaynaktan alındıysa izin belgesi</li> <li>Makale Kapak Sayfası</li> <li>Makale Ana Metni Dosyası  (Bu dosya aşağıdaki unsurları içermelidir)</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Türkçe ve İngilizce başlık</li> <li>Özetler 200-250 kelime Türkçe ve İngilizce</li> <li>Anahtar Kelimeler: 5-15 adet Türkçe ve İngilizce</li> <li>Makale Türkçe ise, 800-1000 kelime İngilizce genişletilmiş özet (Extended Summary) </li> <li>Finansal Destek (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Çıkar Çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Kaynaklar</li> <li>Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)</li> </ul> </ul>

1. Genel Hususlara) Kısaltmalarda nokta kullanılmamalıdır.b) Bir dipnotta birden fazla esere atıf yapılıyorsa, her bir eser noktalı virgül ile ayrılmalıdır.c) Atıflarda supra, infra, ante, id, loc cit, op cit, contra kısaltmaları kullanılmamalıdır.d) İçindekiler kısmına yer verilmemelidir.e) Kısaltmalar cetveline yer verilmemelidir.2. Öz / AbstractMakalelerde 200-250 kelimeden oluşan Türkçe öz ve İngilizce abstract bölümlerine yer verilmelidir.3. Anahtar Kelimeler / Keywordsa) Öz bölümünün altında Türkçe en az 3 en çok 5 anahtar kelime kullanılmalıdır.b) Abstract bölümünün altında İngilizce en az 3 en çok 5 keywords kullanılmalıdır.4. Extended SummaryTürkçe makalelerde, makaleye yabancı yazarlar tarafından atıf yapılmasını sağlayacak ölçüde, makalede yer verilen bilgi ve görüşlerin derlendiği 800-1000 kelimeden oluşacak İngilizce bir extended summary yer almalıdır.5. Mevzuata Yapılacak Atıfa) Türk mevzuatına atıf, aşağıdaki örnekte gösterildiği şekilde yapılmalıdır:Örnek     2Nüfus Hizmetleri Kanunu, Kanun Numarası: 5490, Kabul Tarihi: 25.4.2006, RG 29.4.2006/26153b) Yabancı devlet mevzuatına ve AB mevzuatına yapılacak atıflar, OSCOLA’nın 2.4, 2.6.1 ve 2.8.2 numaralı bölümlerinde gösterildiği şekilde yapılmalıdır.6. KitaplarKitaplara yapılan atıflarda kitaba ilişkin bilgiler şöyle sıralanmalıdır:Yazar Adı Soyadı, Kitap Adı (Kaçıncı Bası Olduğu, Yayınevi Yılı) Atıf Yapılan Sayfa.Örnek [Tek yazarlı kitaplar]:3 B Bahadır Erdem, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku (6th, Beta 2017) 165.Örnek [Çok yazarlı kitaplar]5Aysel Çelikel and Günseli Öztekin Gelgel, Yabancılar Hukuku (24th edn, Beta 2019) 86 ff.8 Cemal Şanlı, Emre Esen and İnci Ataman-Figanmeşe, Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk (6th edn, Beta 2018) 322.7. Editörlü KitaplarEditörlü kitaplara yapılan atıflarda kitaba ilişkin bilgiler şöyle sıralanmalıdır:Yazar Adı Soyadı, ‘Eser (Bölüm) Adı’ in Editör(ler) Adı (ed), Kitap Adı (Yayınevi Yıl) Atıf Yapılan SayfaÖrnek     9 Rumeysa Partalcı, ‘Türkiye’nin Çocuk Haklarına Dair Sözleşme’ye Koyduğu Çekincelerinİncelenmesi’ in Günseli Öztekin Gelgel and Faruk Kerem Giray  (eds), Milletlerarası Aile veÇocuk Hukukuna İlişkin Seçilmiş Makaleler (Beta 2017) 5.8. MakalelerMakalelere yapılan atıflarda makaleye ilişkin bilgiler şöyle sıralanmalıdır:Yazar Adı Soyadı, ‘Makale Adı’ (Yıl) Cilt (Sayı) Dergi Adı İlk Sayfa Numarası, Atıf Yapılan SayfaÖrnek    11 Sevin Toluner, ‘Kıbrıs’ın Avrupa Birliği’ne Üyelik Başvurusunun Hukuki Geçerliliği ve Sonuçları’(2002) 22(2) MHB (Prof. Dr. Ergin Nomer’e Armağan) 857, 860.14 Ayşe Nur Tütüncü, ‘Montreux Convention and Canal Istanbul’ (2017) 37(1) MHB 113, 116.9. Elektronik KaynaklarElektronik kaynaklara yapılan atıflarda esere ilişkin bilgiler şöyle sıralanmalıdır:Yazar Adı Soyadı, ‘Eser Adı’ (Yıl) Cilt(Sayı) Dergi Adı &lt;Linki&gt; Erişim Tarihi.Örnek     17 Graham Greenleaf, ‘The Global Development of Free Access to Legal Information’ (2010) 1(1)EJLT &lt; <a href="http://ejlt.org/article/view/17" target="_blank">http://ejlt.org//article/view/17 </a>&gt; Erişim Tarihi 27 July 2010.10. Web Siteleri ve BloglarWeb sitelerine ve bloglara yapılan atıflarda esere ilişkin bilgiler şöyle sıralanmalıdır:Yazar Adı Soyadı, ‘Eser Adı’ (Web Sitesinin Adı, Eserin Yayın Tarihi) &lt;Linki&gt; Erişim Tarihi.Örnek     21 Sarah Cole, ‘Virtual Friend Fires Employee’ (Naked Law, 1 May 2009) &lt;www.nakedlaw.com/2009/05/index.html&gt; Erişim Tarihi 19 November 200911. Aynı Esere Birden Fazla Atıf YapılmasıAynı esere birden fazla atıf yapılması halinde aşağıdaki örneklerde görüldüğü şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır:Örnek     5 Aysel Çelikel and Günseli Öztekin Gelgel, Yabancılar Hukuku (24th edn, Beta 2019) 86.…26 Çelikel and Öztekin Gelgel (n 5) 112.27 ibid 114-115.12. Aynı Yazarın Birden Fazla Eserine AtıfAynı yazarın birden fazla eserine yapılacak atıflarda eser adları uygun şekilde kısaltılmalıdır:Örnek     28 Erdem, Vatandaşlık Hukuku (n 3) 142.31 Erdem, ‘Cinsiyet Farkı’ (n 9) 297.13. Yargı Kararlarına veya Davalara Atıfa) Türk mahkeme kararlarına aşağıda yer alan örneklerde gösterildiği şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır:Örnek     Ankara 3 Sulh Mahkemesi, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Ankara 1 İdare Mahkemesi, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Ankara 3 BAM, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Ankara 3 BİM, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Danıştay 10 D, 2247/5111, 25.11.2011.Yargıtay 2 HD, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Anayasa Mahkemesi, 2014/13044, 11.11.2015.b) Yabancı mahkeme kararlarına OSCOLA’nın 2.1 ilâ 2.3 numaralı bölümlerinde gösterildiği şekilde, ABAD kararlarına ise OSCOLA’nın 2.6.2 bölümünde gösterildiği şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır.c) Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi kararlarına aşağıda yer alan örneklerde gösterildiği şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır:Örnek     Omojudi v UK (2009) 51 EHRR 10.<ul type="disc"> <li>Osman v UK ECHR 1998–VIII 3124.</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <li>Balogh v Hungary App no 47940/99 (ECHR, 20 July 2004).</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <li>Simpson v UK (1989) 64 DR 188.</li> </ul>14. KaynakçaKaynakçada öncelikle yazarın soyadına daha sonra adının ilk harfine yer verilmelidir. Makalelerin sayfa aralığı gösterilmelidir:Örnek     Erdem BB, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku (6th, Beta 2017) 165.Çelikel A and Öztekin Gelgel G, Yabancılar Hukuku (24th edn, Beta 2019).Şanlı C, Esen E and Ataman-Figanmeşe İ, Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk (6th edn, Beta 2018).Tütüncü AN, ‘Montreux Convention and Canal Istanbul’ (2017) 37(1) MHB 113-123.Atıf kuralları hakkında ayrıntılı bilgi için bkz. OSCOLA 4th Edition: <a href="https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxlaw/oscola_4th_edn_hart_2012.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxlaw/oscola_4th_edn_hart_2012.pdf</a>

Aşağıdaki listede eksik olmadığından emin olun:●    Editöre mektupü    Makalenin türüü    Başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu bilgisiü    Sponsor veya ticari bir firma ile ilişkisi (varsa belirtiniz)ü    İstatistik kontrolünün yapıldığı (araştırma makaleleri için)ü    İngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığıü    Yazarlara Bilgide detaylı olarak anlatılan dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiğiü    Kaynakların OSCOLA 4’e göre belirtildiği●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/03356BB9AEEB4472894184CB71CAAA37" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a>●    Daha önce basılmış ve telife bağlı materyal (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/0471E418ECB0445BB865072517A0BB76" target="_blank">Kapak sayfası</a>ü    Makalenin türüü    Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığıü    Yazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonra şehir ve ülke bilgisi de yer almalıdır), e-posta adresleriü    Sorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosuü    Tüm yazarların ORCID’leri●    Makale ana metniü    Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığıü    Özetler: 200-250 kelime Türkçe ve 200-250 kelime İngilizceü    Anahtar Kelimeler: 3-5 adet Türkçe ve 3-5 adet İngilizceü    Makale Türkçe ise, 800-1000 kelime İngilizce genişletilmiş özet (Extended Abstract)ü    Finansal destek (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Çıkar çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Kaynaklarü    Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)

<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/03356BB9AEEB4472894184CB71CAAA37" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/0471E418ECB0445BB865072517A0BB76" target="_blank">Kapak Sayfası</a>

Sayı Türü	Regular
Editör(ler)	Bahattin Bahadır Erdem, Ayşe Nur Tütüncü
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