Journal of Geography

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DOI :10.26650/JGEOG2023-1180818   IUP :10.26650/JGEOG2023-1180818    Full Text (PDF)

Temporal Change in The Ecological Risk Level of The Havran Lagoon (Balıkesir)

Dilek Aykır, Şakir Fural, Serkan Kükrer, Yunus Emre Mutlu

The Havran Lagoon is formed at the mouth of the Havran Stream in the Havran district of Balıkesir, located on the Aegean Sea coast. This study aimed to investigate the ecological effects of element pollution on the lagoon caused by rapidly increasing anthropogenic activities in the region. In this context, 34 cm-long core was taken from the Havran Lagoon, and then to determine their role in the transport processes of the elements, chlorophyll degradation products and total organic carbon analysis were performed. Element concentration analyzes were performed with ICP-MS at the Bureau Veritas Analytical Laboratory (Canada). Element sources were identified with the help of the enrichment factor and geo-accumulation index. The toxic risk index, ecological risk index, and potential ecological risk index were used for ecological risk assessment. According to the findings obtained from enrichment factor, Mo, Ti, Mn and Cd were found to be moderately enriched, while As was significantly enriched in different parts of the core. Hence, it was confirmed that the mentioned elements were affected by anthropogenic activities. According to the results of the principal component analysis, Mo, Cu, Mn, Cd, Zn, Ni, and Hg and Cu, Pb, and As appear to have common sources. The toxic risk reached a moderate level due to high As contamination in the lower parts of the core, but decreased to a low level at the surface. Hg and As produced a moderate ecological risk, while Cd was associated with a moderate to significant ecological risk. There is a moderate potential ecological risk in the lagoon. The increasing concentration of organic carbon and chlorophyll degradation products in recent years indicates organic pollution. The dominant anthropogenic activities were identified to be agriculture, industry, and settlement during the resource definition of the elements. 

Keywords: Coastal Ecosystem, Ecological Risk, Element Contamination
DOI :10.26650/JGEOG2023-1180818   IUP :10.26650/JGEOG2023-1180818    Full Text (PDF)

Havran Lagünü’nde (Balıkesir) Ekolojik Risk Seviyesinin Zamansal Değişimi

Dilek Aykır, Şakir Fural, Serkan Kükrer, Yunus Emre Mutlu

Havran Lagünü; Balıkesir’in Havran ilçesinde, Ege Denizi kıyısında, Havran Çayı’nın ağız kısmında oluşan bir sulak alandır. Bu çalışmanın amacı; yörede hızla artan antropojenik aktivitelerden kaynaklanan element kirliliğinin lagün üzerindeki ekolojik etkilerini araştırmaktır. Bu kapsamda; Havran Lagünü’nden 34 cm uzunluğunda bir sediment karotu alınmıştır. Elementlerin taşınım süreçlerindeki rollerini belirlemek için klorofil bozunma ürünleri ve toplam organik karbon analizi yapılmıştır. Çoklu element analizleri ICP-MS ile Bureau Veritas Analytical Laboratuvarı’nda (Kanada) gerçekleştirilmiştir. Zenginleşme faktörü ve jeoakümülasyon indeksi ile element kaynakları belirlenmiştir. Ekolojik risk değerlendirmesi için toksik risk indeksi, ekolojik ve potansiyel ekolojik risk indeksi kullanılmıştır. Zenginleşme faktörü sonuçlarına göre karotun farklı bölümlerinde Mo, Ti, Mn ve Cd orta düzeyde, As önemli düzeyde zenginleşmiştir. Bu durum, bahsi geçen elementlerin antropojenik aktivitelerden etkilendiğini göstermektedir. Temel Bileşen Analizi sonuçlarına göre; Mo, Cu, Mn, Cd, Zn, Ni, Hg ve Cu, Pb, As ortak kaynaklı görünmektedir. Toksik risk karotun alt bölümlerinde yüksek As kontaminasyonuna bağlı olarak orta dereceye ulaşmış ancak yüzeyde düşük seviyeye inmiştir. Hg ve As orta derecede, Cd orta – önemli derecede ekolojik risk oluşturmaktadır. Lagünde orta derecede potansiyel ekolojik risk bulunmaktadır. Karot yüzeyinde artan organik karbon ve klorofil bozunma ürünleri konsantrasyonu organik kirliliğin bir göstergesidir. Elementlerin kaynak tanımlamalarında tarım, endüstri, yerleşme baskın antropojenik faaliyetler olarak belirlenmiştir. 

Keywords: Kıyı ekosistemi, Ekolojik risk, Element kontaminasyonu

EXTENDED ABSTRACT


The Havran Lagoon, an ecologically valuable wetland covering an area of approximately 1 km2, is located at the mouth of the Havran Stream, the Havran district of Balıkesir, on the Aegean Sea coast. The lagoon is open to the anthropogenic effects of the Havran Stream basin and the coastal region. The Edremit–Havran region is characterized by intensive agriculture, industry, and settlement activities. There are agricultural areas dedicated to olive, citrus, and pulse production, as well as factories processing olive products, solvent factories, and mines around the lagoon and in the Havran Stream basin. Summer residences, which have increased rapidly in recent years, have surrounded the lagoon. This study hypothesized that increased anthropogenic activities in the region would cause ecological risk by increasing the metal accumulation in the lagoon sediments.

The study aimed to investigate the ecological effects of heavy metal pollution in the lagoon sediments as a result of the rapidly expanding agriculture, tourism, settlement, mining, and other industrial activities in the region. In this context, a 34 cm-long core was obtained and divided into 2 cm slices. Then, chlorophyll degradation products (CDP) and total organic carbon (TOC) analysis were performed to determine their role in the transport processes of the elements. Elemental analyzes were performed with ICP-MS at the Bureau Veritas Analytical Laboratory, Canada. The natural/anthropogenic sources of the elements were determined using the enrichment factor (EF) and geo-accumulation index (Igeo). The toxic risk index (TRI), ecological (mER), and potential ecological risk (mPER) indices were used for ecological risk assessment. Elemental sources were identified by multivariate statistical analyzes and GIS-supported land use maps.

The average concentrations of the elements (ppm) were as follows: Fe (25700) > Al (15000) > Mn (980) > Ti (500) > Zn (60) > Cu (33) > Pb (32) > Cr (31) > As (27) > Ni (22) > Mo (2) > Cd (0,18) > Hg (0,05). According to mean values, the enrichment factor for the elements is in a decreasing order of: As (2.31) > Cd (1.92) > Ti (1.58) > Mn (1.57) > Mo (1.53) > Fe (1.16) > Hg (1.09) > Cr (1.03) > Pb (0.99) > Zn (0.96) > Ni (0.95) > Cu (0.92) > Al (0.90). Based on mean data, As shows moderate enrichment. However, the minimum and maximum values reveal that Mo, Ti, Mn, and Cd were moderately enriched and As was significantly enriched in different parts of the core, suggesting that these specific elements were affected by anthropogenic activities.

The toxic risk index data was shown to be at a moderate level due to high As contamination in the deep part of core. The toxic risk index values also decreased due to the decreasing As concentration on the surface of the core. According to the mean data, the toxic risk in the lagoon was low. As was identified to be responsible for 51.33% of the toxic risk in the lagoon, while Ni explained 12.35% of the toxic risk.

The following values were obtained based on mean values of ecological risk analysis (mER) data: Cd (57.48) > Hg (43.79) > As (23.08) > Cu (7.66) > Pb (4.58) > Ni (4.81) > Cr (2.06) > Mn (1.02) > Zn (0.99). According to these data, Hg and Cd account for a moderate ecological risk, while the other elements did not. According to the potential ecological risk index data, there was a moderate ecological risk hazard in the lagoon. The agricultural lands make up an important area in the river basin. The increases in mER values are thought to be related to the fertilizers used in agricultural areas.

Findings of the research indicated that Havran Lagoon has experienced ecological problems in terms of Mo, As, Tiand Hg due to discharges in the past years. Today, Mn and Cd produce moderate enrichment and continue to pose an ecological threat. Cd especially causes a moderateto-significant ecological risk in the lagoon due to its high toxic effect. In addition, the rapidly increasing CDP and TOC concentration in recent years indicate organic pollution. In order to eliminate this risk, discharge of organic pollutants into the lagoon ecosystem should be prevented.

Increasing primary production indicators towards the surface of the core indicate that domestic waste inputs are increasing. Preventive measures should be taken to prevent the input of domestic waste. It is recommended to take the necessary measures to control the increase in elements associated with agricultural activities carried out in the region.


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APA

Aykır, D., Fural, Ş., Kükrer, S., & Mutlu, Y.E. (2023). Temporal Change in The Ecological Risk Level of The Havran Lagoon (Balıkesir). Journal of Geography, 0(46), 123-135. https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2023-1180818


AMA

Aykır D, Fural Ş, Kükrer S, Mutlu Y E. Temporal Change in The Ecological Risk Level of The Havran Lagoon (Balıkesir). Journal of Geography. 2023;0(46):123-135. https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2023-1180818


ABNT

Aykır, D.; Fural, Ş.; Kükrer, S.; Mutlu, Y.E. Temporal Change in The Ecological Risk Level of The Havran Lagoon (Balıkesir). Journal of Geography, [Publisher Location], v. 0, n. 46, p. 123-135, 2023.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Aykır, Dilek, and Şakir Fural and Serkan Kükrer and Yunus Emre Mutlu. 2023. “Temporal Change in The Ecological Risk Level of The Havran Lagoon (Balıkesir).” Journal of Geography 0, no. 46: 123-135. https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2023-1180818


Chicago: Humanities Style

Aykır, Dilek, and Şakir Fural and Serkan Kükrer and Yunus Emre Mutlu. “Temporal Change in The Ecological Risk Level of The Havran Lagoon (Balıkesir).” Journal of Geography 0, no. 46 (Jun. 2025): 123-135. https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2023-1180818


Harvard: Australian Style

Aykır, D & Fural, Ş & Kükrer, S & Mutlu, YE 2023, 'Temporal Change in The Ecological Risk Level of The Havran Lagoon (Balıkesir)', Journal of Geography, vol. 0, no. 46, pp. 123-135, viewed 6 Jun. 2025, https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2023-1180818


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Aykır, D. and Fural, Ş. and Kükrer, S. and Mutlu, Y.E. (2023) ‘Temporal Change in The Ecological Risk Level of The Havran Lagoon (Balıkesir)’, Journal of Geography, 0(46), pp. 123-135. https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2023-1180818 (6 Jun. 2025).


MLA

Aykır, Dilek, and Şakir Fural and Serkan Kükrer and Yunus Emre Mutlu. “Temporal Change in The Ecological Risk Level of The Havran Lagoon (Balıkesir).” Journal of Geography, vol. 0, no. 46, 2023, pp. 123-135. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2023-1180818


Vancouver

Aykır D, Fural Ş, Kükrer S, Mutlu YE. Temporal Change in The Ecological Risk Level of The Havran Lagoon (Balıkesir). Journal of Geography [Internet]. 6 Jun. 2025 [cited 6 Jun. 2025];0(46):123-135. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2023-1180818 doi: 10.26650/JGEOG2023-1180818


ISNAD

Aykır, Dilek - Fural, Şakir - Kükrer, Serkan - Mutlu, YunusEmre. “Temporal Change in The Ecological Risk Level of The Havran Lagoon (Balıkesir)”. Journal of Geography 0/46 (Jun. 2025): 123-135. https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2023-1180818



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Submitted27.09.2022
Accepted01.12.2022
Published Online24.07.2023

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