Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences

SUBMITINFORMATION
EnglishTürkçe

Article


DOI :10.17064/iuifd.289373   IUP :10.17064/iuifd.289373    Full Text (PDF)

UNDERSTANDING DIGITAL HATE SPEECH: ANALYSIS OF USER COMMENTS ON BBC WORLD SERVICE FACEBOOK PAGE VIA TEXT MINING IN CONTEXT OF SYRIAN REFUGEE CRISIS CASE

Oğuz Kuş

Refugees are one of the groups who are affected by digital hate speech the most. The civil war in Syria led to mass migration. After the violence level of the conflict increased, many Syrian citizens started to migrate to neighbouring countries such as Turkey, Lebanon, Iraq, Jordan, and Europe. This process was defined by the press organizations and politicians of many countries as a crisis, and an increase was observed in anti-refugee attitudes and hate speech for different reasons. This study monitors digital hate speech on Facebook against Syrian refugees. Within the scope of the study, users’ comments under BBC World Service’s news posts shared on their Facebook page about refugees were collected, sentiment analyses were conducted by means of text mining, and types of hate speech against Syrian refugees can be categorized. As a result of this investigation, it was observed that most of the comments belonged to those who had negative feelings towards refugees, and types of hate speech against Syrian refugees categorized as superiority due to area of residence, security-oriented hate speech, belief-oriented hate speech, economic-oriented hate speech. The study adopted using text mining in methodology section and reached conclusions by conducting large scale text analyses with Rapidminer Studio. The study has innovative characteristics in terms of data analysis and communication studies.

Keywords: Syrian Refugees, Hate Speech, Text Mining
DOI :10.17064/iuifd.289373   IUP :10.17064/iuifd.289373    Full Text (PDF)

DİJİTAL NEFRET SÖYLEMİNİ ANLAMAK: SURİYELİ MÜLTECİ KRİZİ ÖRNEK OLAYI BAĞLAMINDA BBC WORLD SERVICE FACEBOOK SAYFASINA GELEN YORUMLARIN METİN MADENCİLİĞİ TEKNİĞİ İLE ANALİZİ

Oğuz Kuş

Dijital nefret söyleminden en çok etkilenen gruplardan bir tanesi mültecilerdir. Suriye’deki protestoların, sokak çatışmalarına ardından da bir iç savaşa dönüşmesi kitlesel göçlere sebep olmuştur. Çatışmaların şiddetinin artmasının ardından pek çok Suriyeli, Türkiye, Lübnan, Irak, Ürdün gibi komşu ülkelere ve Avrupa’ya mülteci olarak gitmeye başlamışlardır. Bahsi geçen bu durum birçok farklı ülkede medya kuruluşları ve siyasetçiler tarafından kriz olarak tanımlanmış, mülteci karşıtı tutumlarda ve mültecilere karşı geliştirilen nefret söyleminde de farklı sebeplerle artış gözlemlenmiştir. Bu çalışma Suriyeli mültecilere karşı sosyal ağlarda ortaya çıkan dijital nefret söyleminin izini Facebook bağlamında sürmektedir. Çalışma kapsamında BBC World Service’in Facebook’ta paylaşmış olduğu mültecilerle ilgili haberlerin altına gelen kullanıcı yorumları toplanmış, metin madenciliği yöntemi ile duygu analizleri yapılmış ve nefret söyleminin çeşitleri kategorize edilmiştir. Araştırmanın sonucu olarak yorumların çoğunun mültecilere karşı negatif duygu taşıdığı gözlemlenmiş, bireylerin yaşadığı bölge sebebiyle üstünlük hissetmesi, güvenlik yönelimli, inanç yönelimli, ekonomik yönelimli dijital nefret söylemleri geliştirildiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Çalışma, yöntem bölümünde metin madenciliği kullanımını benimsemiş ve Rapidminer Studio ile büyük ölçekli metin analizleri gerçekleştirerek sonuca varmıştır. Bu noktadan bakıldığında çalışma veri analizi konusunda ve iletişim çalışmaları çerçevesinde yenilikçi bir özellik taşımaktadır.

Keywords: Suriyeli Mülteciler, Nefret Söylemi, Metin Madenciliği

PDF View

References

  • Amnesty International. (2015). Syria’s Refugee Crisis in Numbers. Retrieved from https://www. amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/09/syrias-refugee-crisis-in-numbers google scholar
  • Asylum applications (non-EU) in the EU-28 Member States, 2004–14 (¹) (thousands). (2015, May 8). Eurostat. Retrieved from https://goo.gl/szfb8U google scholar
  • Binark, M. (2010). Nefret Söyleminin Yeni Medya Ortamında Dolaşıma Girmesi ve Türetilmesi. In T. Çomu (Ed.), Yeni Medyada Nefret Söylemi (11-53). İstanbul: Kalkedon. google scholar
  • Binark, M. & Çomu, T. (2012, January 20). Sosyal Medyanın Nefret Söylemi için Kullanılması İfade Özgürlüğü değildir! Retrieved from https://yenimedya.wordpress.com/2012/01/20/sosyal-medyanin-nefret-soylemi-icin-kullanilmasi-ifade-ozgurlugu-degildir/ google scholar
  • Countries of origin of (non-EU) asylum seekers in the EU-28 Member States, 2013 and 2014. (2015, May 8). Eurostat. Retrieved from https://goo.gl/UFZqXs google scholar
  • Daniels, J. (2008). Race, Civil Rights, and Hate Speech in Digital Era. In A. Everett (Ed.), Learning Race and Ethnicity: Youth and Digital Media (129-154). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. google scholar
  • Duffy, M. E. (2003). Web of Hate: A Fantasy Theme Analysis of the Rhetorical Vision of Hate Groups Online. Journal of Communication Inquiry 27(3), 291-312. google scholar
  • Gottfried, J. & Shearer, E. (2016). News Use Across Social Media Platforms 2016. Retrieved from www.journalism.org: http://www.journalism.org/2016/05/26/news-use-across-social-mediaplatforms-2016/ google scholar
  • Göregenli, M. (2013). Temel Kavramlar: Önyargılar, Özcü İnançlar ve Ayrımcılık. In M. Çınar (Ed.), Medya ve Nefret Söylemi: Kavramlar Mecralar Tartışmalar (23-37). İstanbul: Hrant Dink Vakfı Yayınları. google scholar
  • Keyling, T. & Jünger, J. (2013). Facepager Version 3.3 [Software]. google scholar
  • Likestillings- og diskrimineringsombudet. (2015). The Equality and Anti-Discrimination Ombud’s Report to the Pre-session of the CEDAW. Oslo, Norway: LDO. google scholar
  • Lippmann, W. (1998). Public Opinion. New York: Macmillian. (Original work published 1922). google scholar
  • Liu, B. & Hu, M. (2004). Opinion Mining, Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Spam Detection [Web log post]. Retrieved from https://www.cs.uic.edu/~liub/FBS/sentiment-analysis.html#lexicon google scholar
  • Mayer-Schönberger, V. & Cukier, K. (2013). Büyük Veri: Yaşama, Çalışma ve Düşünme Şeklimizi Dönüştürecek Bir Devrim. İstanbul: Paloma. google scholar
  • McGovern, S. (2012). Sentiment Analysis in RapidMiner : Part 1 [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.corequant.com/?p=1 google scholar
  • Ozulu, S. (2014). Nefret Söyleminin Engellenmesinde Siyaset Kurumu. Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(7), 15-29. google scholar
  • Parekh, B. (2006). Hate speech: Is there a case for banning? Public Policy Research, 12(4), 213-223. google scholar
  • Pew Research Center. (2016). Smartphone Ownership and Internet Usage Continues to Climb in Emerging Economies. Retrieved from http://www.pewglobal.org/2016/02/22/smartphone-ownership-and-internet-usage-continues-to-climb-in-emerging-economies/ google scholar
  • Radovanović, M. & Ivanović, M. (2008). Text Mining: Approaches and Applications. Novi Sad Journal of Mathematics, 38(3), 227-234. google scholar
  • Rainie, L. & Wellman, B. (2012). Networked: The New Social Operating System. London: The MIT Press. google scholar
  • Sağır, Z. (2014). Suriyeli Mültecilerde Dini Başa Çıkma ve Ruh Sağlığı (Unpublished Master’s thesis). Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey. google scholar
  • Sosyal Değişim Derneği. (2010). Ulusal Basında Nefret Suçları: 10 Yıl, 10 Örnek. İstanbul: Sosyal Değişim Derneği. Syria Regional Refugee Response. (2016). google scholar
  • Syria Regional Refugee Response. Retrieved from data. unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/regional.php google scholar
  • Tunç, A. Ş. (2015). Mülteci Davranışı ve Toplumsal Etkileri: Türkiye’deki Suriyelilere İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme. Tesam Akademi Dergisi 2(2), 29-63. google scholar
  • United Nations. (2016). Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic. United Nations. google scholar
  • Weber, A. (2009). Nefret Söylemi El Kitabı. Strazburg: Avrupa Konseyi Yayınları. google scholar
  • Wimmer, R. D. & Dominick, J. R. (2011). Mass Media Research: An Introduction. Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. google scholar
  • Witten, I. H. (2005). Text Mining. In M. P. Singh (Ed.), Practical Handbook of Internet Computing. Florida: Chapman&Hall/CRC Press. google scholar

Citations

Copy and paste a formatted citation or use one of the options to export in your chosen format


EXPORT



APA

Kuş, O. (2016). UNDERSTANDING DIGITAL HATE SPEECH: ANALYSIS OF USER COMMENTS ON BBC WORLD SERVICE FACEBOOK PAGE VIA TEXT MINING IN CONTEXT OF SYRIAN REFUGEE CRISIS CASE. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, 0(51), 97-121. https://doi.org/10.17064/iuifd.289373


AMA

Kuş O. UNDERSTANDING DIGITAL HATE SPEECH: ANALYSIS OF USER COMMENTS ON BBC WORLD SERVICE FACEBOOK PAGE VIA TEXT MINING IN CONTEXT OF SYRIAN REFUGEE CRISIS CASE. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences. 2016;0(51):97-121. https://doi.org/10.17064/iuifd.289373


ABNT

Kuş, O. UNDERSTANDING DIGITAL HATE SPEECH: ANALYSIS OF USER COMMENTS ON BBC WORLD SERVICE FACEBOOK PAGE VIA TEXT MINING IN CONTEXT OF SYRIAN REFUGEE CRISIS CASE. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, [Publisher Location], v. 0, n. 51, p. 97-121, 2016.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Kuş, Oğuz,. 2016. “UNDERSTANDING DIGITAL HATE SPEECH: ANALYSIS OF USER COMMENTS ON BBC WORLD SERVICE FACEBOOK PAGE VIA TEXT MINING IN CONTEXT OF SYRIAN REFUGEE CRISIS CASE.” Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences 0, no. 51: 97-121. https://doi.org/10.17064/iuifd.289373


Chicago: Humanities Style

Kuş, Oğuz,. “UNDERSTANDING DIGITAL HATE SPEECH: ANALYSIS OF USER COMMENTS ON BBC WORLD SERVICE FACEBOOK PAGE VIA TEXT MINING IN CONTEXT OF SYRIAN REFUGEE CRISIS CASE.” Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences 0, no. 51 (May. 2025): 97-121. https://doi.org/10.17064/iuifd.289373


Harvard: Australian Style

Kuş, O 2016, 'UNDERSTANDING DIGITAL HATE SPEECH: ANALYSIS OF USER COMMENTS ON BBC WORLD SERVICE FACEBOOK PAGE VIA TEXT MINING IN CONTEXT OF SYRIAN REFUGEE CRISIS CASE', Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, vol. 0, no. 51, pp. 97-121, viewed 3 May. 2025, https://doi.org/10.17064/iuifd.289373


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Kuş, O. (2016) ‘UNDERSTANDING DIGITAL HATE SPEECH: ANALYSIS OF USER COMMENTS ON BBC WORLD SERVICE FACEBOOK PAGE VIA TEXT MINING IN CONTEXT OF SYRIAN REFUGEE CRISIS CASE’, Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, 0(51), pp. 97-121. https://doi.org/10.17064/iuifd.289373 (3 May. 2025).


MLA

Kuş, Oğuz,. “UNDERSTANDING DIGITAL HATE SPEECH: ANALYSIS OF USER COMMENTS ON BBC WORLD SERVICE FACEBOOK PAGE VIA TEXT MINING IN CONTEXT OF SYRIAN REFUGEE CRISIS CASE.” Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, vol. 0, no. 51, 2016, pp. 97-121. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.17064/iuifd.289373


Vancouver

Kuş O. UNDERSTANDING DIGITAL HATE SPEECH: ANALYSIS OF USER COMMENTS ON BBC WORLD SERVICE FACEBOOK PAGE VIA TEXT MINING IN CONTEXT OF SYRIAN REFUGEE CRISIS CASE. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences [Internet]. 3 May. 2025 [cited 3 May. 2025];0(51):97-121. Available from: https://doi.org/10.17064/iuifd.289373 doi: 10.17064/iuifd.289373


ISNAD

Kuş, Oğuz. “UNDERSTANDING DIGITAL HATE SPEECH: ANALYSIS OF USER COMMENTS ON BBC WORLD SERVICE FACEBOOK PAGE VIA TEXT MINING IN CONTEXT OF SYRIAN REFUGEE CRISIS CASE”. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences 0/51 (May. 2025): 97-121. https://doi.org/10.17064/iuifd.289373



TIMELINE


Submitted09.05.2016
Accepted16.11.2016
Published Online27.12.2016

SHARE



Istanbul University Press aims to contribute to the dissemination of ever growing scientific knowledge through publication of high quality scientific journals and books in accordance with the international publishing standards and ethics. Istanbul University Press follows an open access, non-commercial, scholarly publishing.