Ayşen

Prof.

Nilüfer

Aydemir

Suat

Special Issue Conflicts, Communication & The Media

Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences 62. Sayı Çağrısı

Gülten

Res. Assist.

Şükrü

Although International Working Women’s Day (IWWD) originated from women’s struggle for rights and equality, it is deviating from its actual political origins and is evolving into an occasion of celebration and gift-giving as result of the influence of popular culture. Mass media plays a significant role in this phenomenon by decontextualizing special days, such as international holidays and civil awareness days, through advertisements to initiate a consumption frenzy. For example, the advertising industry has reduced IWWD, which is celebrated every March 8, to a promotional tool similar to any other special event. In particular, many brands approach consumers with advertisements specific to this day. In addition, advertising has experienced several changes in parallel with social transformations, that is, it is reciprocally influenced by social movements. In this regard, the gains achieved by feminist movements in the social sphere provide opportunities to address problems in media representation. The femvertising strategy, which is inspired by the struggle for women’s rights and utilized by major brands in recent years, is frequently employed to address and celebrate the original meaning and importance of this particular day in advertising. Against this background, the study analyzes the use of the femvertising strategy in advertisements published in 2021 under the theme of IWWD. Investigating and analyzing the most recent advertisement samples from 2021 is important for obtaining the most up-to date advertisement texts that employ the femvertising strategy, which is a relatively new phenomenon globally, to elucidate its nature and effects. In addition, focusing on ads themed under IWWD without making sectoral differentiation is preferable. In this&nbsp;manner, the understanding of the emergence point of the strategy in connection with the feminist movement can be enhanced. Moreover, its reflections can be perceived more conveniently in terms of implementation. This study employed the purposive sampling technique and content analysis method. Furthermore, it analyzed the use of elements related to the femvertising strategy in advertisements based on the following categories:• criticizing gender stereotypes or reversing gender stereotypes; • emphasizing women’s employment or seeking equality; • using different skills about being a woman; • using language that supports the natural aspects of women; • supporting woman-empowerment projects/sponsorship; • destroying prejudices; • promoting equal division of labor.Moreover, this study intends to elucidate the manner in which IWWD-themed advertisements utilize the femvertising strategy and to delineate the semantic and formal features of this distinct form of advertisement. Adopting the qualitative research design, this study prioritizes media channels most effectively used by advertising to reach its consumer base in terms of sample selection. In this context and given the results of previous research, advertisements broadcasted on television and those that reach consumers via social media/video-sharing sites, such as YouTube, were included in the sampling. Thus, the study presents the following research questions:1) In their advertisements, how do brands describe being a woman? 2) Do advertising texts subvert the discourse on gender stereotypes? 3) Compared to the results of the previous studies, is there a change in the common understanding of gender roles? 4) Do advertisements promote gender equality? 5) How is the femvertising strategy utilized in advertisements? 6) Which elements of the femvertising strategy are included in the advertisements?The results indicate that the selected advertisements accentuated and highlighted women’s power, female courage, and success, as well as the value given to women and their place in the labor market, employment rates, and objectives (e.g., equality, fair division of labor, destruction of prejudice, and the transformation of traditional gender roles). Furthermore, a significant result of the study is IWWD-themed advertisements position women in the public sphere instead of domestic spaces, as previously practiced. In their working life, women are depicted as successfully performing nearly all types of professions in the sample advertisements. In terms of voice-overs or off-voices used in advertisements, the female voice was used in three-quarters of the sample. This ratio is relatively striking compared with the results of previous studies that focused on the relationship between gender and advertising. Although efforts to prove the existence and worth of women in every field are seemingly blowing the winds of change on advertising texts, the rate of using the female voice for voice-overs is an important parameter for understanding the change and transformation being undertaken by advertising. This study found slogans and hashtags for advertisements adopted supportive language based on values, such as equality; women’s power; criticism of prejudices; and support and empowerment for women. Alternatively, the study observed that several brands commemorate this day with a broad definition, such as “Women’s Day,” which deviates from class inequality and determination instead of the expression “International Working Women’s Day,” which is a day for remembering the labor struggle of working-class women. The study concludes that previous gender stereotypes transmitted and reproduced through advertisements could be subverted and transformed by enhancing the visibility of various problems related to women’s rights and creating awareness for viewers.&nbsp;

A Study on Femvertising Strategy in Advertisements with the  Theme of International Working Women’s Day

Zeynep

Assist. Prof.

Özden

Makbule

The Role of Community-based Health Practice  on the Improvement of Healthcare Students’  Communication, Empathy and Perception  of the Elderly: A Qualitative Study at Izmir  University of Economics

Assoc. Prof.

Miray

Exploring the Effect of Mobbing in Vocational  Secondary Schools on Teacher Performance

Özgül

Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) is a subject referred to with various terminology, bearing names such as “new advertising,” “orchestration,” “360 advertising,” “total branding,” “whole egg,” “seamless communication,” “one spirit,” “one voice,” “relationship marketing,” “synergy,” and “coordination” (Kliatchko, 2005, p.7). Considering the definitions related to IMC in the literature, some authors have agreed that it is a multidimensional construct. This study aims to explore the decision architecture of the IMC concept from the advertising industry perspective. The purpose of this research is to examine the IMC concept in general and to investigate and compare the differing perceptions between 2007 and 2021. In addition to these considerations, the study also endeavors to identify the opinions of advertising industry professionals regarding the applications and planning processes of IMC.Related to the main purpose of this study, the questions listed below constituted the objectives of this exploratory study:• How is the concept of IMC defined by advertising sector professionals? • Do advertising agencies provide IMC services to brands that demand it? • Who do advertising industry professionals consider to be in control of strategy, tactics, coordination, and evaluation processes at IMC stages?&nbsp;• How is the role of different communication disciplines evaluated by advertising sector professionals in IMC practices? • What are the advertising industry predictions and evaluations regarding the future of IMC?The IMC approach applies customer-centered, rather than sales-centered, communication strategies. The communication phenomenon is at the heart of the approach to realizing interaction with consumers in two ways. IMC represents both a process and a concept. It is a process as it requires an approach that will reflect positively on long-term corporate identity and brand image and communication use in a managerial sense. Applications of IMC are considered a necessity for today’s advertising and this study is necessary for providing insights to researchers and advertising industry professionals studying the concept of IMC. The empirical results of the research lead to the conclusion that the use of broader marketing and promotion tools to communicate effectively with the target audience and to create a strong image in the target market is crucial for advertising and other marketing communication mix elements.This study presents exploratory research that was conducted via a survey to investigate the perceptions of advertising agency professionals regarding the concept of IMC. The questionnaire poses 16 questions to measure the opinions and perceptions with the advertising industry regarding the concept of IMC. The permission was received from the owner and developer of the questionnaire via email and ethical committee approval was granted by the Üsküdar University Ethical Committee. The study participants are advertising industry professionals. A snowball sampling technique was employed. The president of the Advertising Creators Association (RYD) and other agency managers and sector professionals who volunteered to support and participate in the survey were contacted, and asked advertising agency employees to voluntarily respond to the questionnaire. A Google Forms program was used to gather data, and 79 questionnaires were answered by the respondents. The data gathered from the survey was analyzed using the SPSS 18 program.The research findings reveal that the contributions of advertising and public relations and other communication disciplines to the IMC program are valued by advertising sector professionals, but they believe that advertising agencies should primarily control the IMC campaign process. Tracing the definition of IMC was another purpose of the research that formed the basis of this study. Another noteworthy result obtained is the inclusion of the benefit of the brand and the need for integration and synergy in the definition of IMC.

The Role and Importance of Integrated Marketing Communications in Advertising: Perceptions  and Evaluations of the Advertising Industry

Murat Erdoğdu

Murat

The Correlation between Social Media Use and Cyber Victimization: A Research on Generation Z in Turkey

Elif

Şadiye

Şükran

This study explores whether the right to be forgotten, which is recognized as a legal right in the member states of the European Union, represents an opportunity to apply ethical journalism in news stories concerning children, given that the concept was enacted via legislation in Turkey in the summer of 2020. Under this right, individuals can control the retention of digital copies of data relating to themselves. Unlike other recent studies in the literature, the present study focuses on an area of research that places journalists’ perspectives on the deletion of news items about children within the context of the right to be forgotten. In this study, in-depth interviews were conducted with 40 journalists, and the data obtained were subjected to a content analysis using NVIVO Pro 12. The research area in which the study was conducted showed that the journalists interviewed looked favorably on the deletion or revision of news items under the right to be forgotten when children were involved. The journalists agreed that news items could be deleted or revised in cases in which the safety of a child might be at risk or in situations that might entail psychological or physical risk, ethical problems and a lack of topicality in terms of the news, and crimes committed at a young age or revoked consent as well as to protect children from digital risk and to enable them to freely shape their own futures. For the journalists, this acceptance of the right to be forgotten was an exceptional situation, similar only to issues surrounding children’s privacy.The journalists also noted drawbacks to the notion of deletion and potential problems that said deletion might create under the right to be forgotten as it related to news regarding children. Their main arguments concerned the risk that historical data might be lost in the effort to protect children and the possibility that the deleted data might concern topics about which the public should be aware. Moreover, the journalists observed the risk that individuals who wished to conceal themselves or their crimes&nbsp;might aim to have certain news items deleted using the presence of children in the item to request deletion or putting pressure on the child or their family to do so. Thus, the journalists recommended that the news item might be deleted in some cases and revised or redacted in others.Therefore, several recommendations for the appropriate applications of the right to be forgotten in news stories involving children are as follows.• In situations where a child might be subject to disproportionate victimization—a safety risk or a risk to psychological or physical health—the option of deleting the news item must be considered. • In situations where the news item might have historical value or is something that the public should know about, redaction or revision should be considered. For example, stories on child abuse in various institutions also constitute important information that relates to law and order in the region in which the abuse occurred. In such cases, rather than deleting the entire news item, there should be a partial deletion or redaction of any content that might cause harm to the child, such as court records on how the child was abused or details of violence. • Considering the first two points, news items concerning a child being forced into crime should be deleted at the request of the child or family. • Even when a news item concerning a child is positive, if the information might lead to the child being marginalized by society or to cyberbullying, etc., it should be removed. • Even if the information and pictures in a news item concerning a child have been taken with the consent of the family, if that consent is later withdrawn by either the child or family, the material should be deleted. • The use of information and pictures that could identify the child is illegal and against the principles of journalism. This content must be deleted upon the request of the child or family. • Even if the child’s name is encrypted and their picture hidden or not used, if pictures have been used that could identify the child’s siblings or peers, these should be removed from the news item. • The principles of the right to be forgotten in relation to children should be stated by journalists and communicated to the public clearly. The right to be forgotten is an essential aspect of journalists’ ethical principles and is important for the press and the freedom of expression.&nbsp;• The right to be forgotten is a relatively new topic in Turkish law. The existing legislation on the protection of personal data does not include specific regulations on children. Thus, journalists should refer to the General Data Protection Regulation when applying the right to be forgotten to children.In conclusion, although the right to be forgotten might not be sufficient in itself to protect children’s personal data or interests, it is an important starting point. Accordingly, legislation should be drawn up to allow children to benefit from the right to be forgotten.&nbsp;

Deleting a Child from the News: “the Right to Be Forgotten” as  an Opportunity for Journalistic Ethics

Tevhide

Burcu

Perceptions of Senior Public Relations  Practitioners Toward Academics and Public  Relations Academics in Turkey

Abdul

Saqib

Inter-Media Agenda Setting between Twitter  and News-Websites: A Case Study of The  Turkish President’s Visit to Pakistan

Fırat

Sedat

Content Structure of University Radio Stations  in Turkey As Part of Their Broadcast Policy

Oshan

İzlem

Politics and communication work cyclically to determine the practices pertaining to political communication in a society. The practices embodied in political communication intermingle through symbols, values, words, and ideological patterns established or reproduced in relation to each individual’s interpretation of the same. Among the different political communication activities, the process of conducting election campaigns has been transformed considerably into one in which symbols, meanings, and signs are established by means of tools such as posters, commercials, and brochures for political candidates and parties. However, the goal of such communication is to reach out to large masses as well as individuals from specific constituencies and influence their ideological and political determinations in the media and society. Today, the political communication practices are largely characterized by technological innovations. Election campaigns are now organized extensively on social media platforms and reinterpreted based on these channels. When social media strategies are implemented as a means to facilitate political communication in addition to traditional mass media practices, the influence of political communication activities typically spreads across larger populations, influencing political turnouts and contributing to the effectiveness of the campaign.The state of humanitarian boundaries and its relevance in international politics turned into a deadlock over the Cyprus Problem, subjecting the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) to a recurrent practice of political communication based on discourse, myth,and signs centered on the Cyprus Problem. Political communication in Northern Cyprus has transformed significantly, facilitating access to larger masses and more groups by means of technology. With the use of political communication language, which is evident in critical political processes, the visibility of political candidates has spiraled, particularly on social media.The number of published studies on the effect of social media on political communication processes is particularly striking. “The Effects of Facebook as a Political Communication Tool on the Voting Decision of the Voters: The Early General Elections of the TRNC 2013 Parliamentary Elections,” published by Arslan &amp; Seçim (2015), revealed that 88.5% of the voters who used social media were influenced by the messages they had come across on Facebook during the voting period. However, Kurban (2014) examined the social media strategies of two parties, namely, the National Unity Party and the Republican Turkish Party-United Powers. In his study “The Use of Social Media in the Process of Election Campaigns and A Look at the TRNC General Elections on July 28, 2013,” Kurban described these parties as having played active roles in the country’s administration. Similarly, in his play “Political Communication in Transforming Media: on October 8, 2017, and January 2018 TRNC Early General Elections in Facebook Media,” Güler (2018) looks at the effect of Facebook on political communication. Based on these aforementioned viewpoints, the critical election processes governing TRNC’s political communication reveal that the social media acts as a catalyst in areas where it is used effectively. The primary objective of these studies is to approach the political communication process through social media platforms and strategies. However, another common denominator characterizing these studies is that they remain limited in terms of analyzing the messages being conveyed these advertisements pertaining to political communication. Therefore, this study aims to emphasize the meaning dimensions, as opposed to the instrumental dimensions, of political communication.Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to analyze the messages being conveyed by the candidate advertisement videos published on social media in the context of the TRNC Presidential elections held in 2020. Such an analysis is considered an important threshold in terms of political communication as well as for the purpose of considering these advertisements as “texts” and interpreting the indicators through discourse analyses. However, the research questions that the study seeks answers pertain to the indicators used in the 2020 Presidential elections; the political advertisement videos published on social media; the connotations and denotations established in the process; and the choice of words used in political advertising videos. The research also questions what interpretations can be drawn through the current language used in the TRNC political communication. This study is analyzed by the semiotic signification order used by Barthes (1977). The semiotic analysis is accompanied by the critical discourse analysis by Van Dijk; which is based on semantic and syntactic analyses.The main findings of this study reveal that the political advertising videos broadcast on social media are based on the Cyprus Problem as a meta-discourse. These political advertising videos are reproduced around the ideological contexts of the candidates by referring to the current political events around phenomena such as future, freedom, democracy, and independence fed by historical narratives from the past. In particular, it is observed that word choices such as “struggle,” “willpower,” “independence,” “freedom,” and “democracy” are used as common concepts independent of the candidate’s right–left ideological determination. Another finding of this study is the predominance of the “us” language in the videos. It is observed that the mentioned word choices are reproduced by a polarizing discourse construction around the language of “us.”&nbsp;

Discourse and Semiotic Analysis of The Political Campaign  Videos Broadcasted on Social Media in The 2020 Presidential Elections Held in The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus

Gül

Hollywood cinema continues to rely on stereotypes that emerged during the Civil War period and largely draws on slavery for the representations of black people, which can be largely attributed to D.W. Griffith’s film, The Birth of a Nation (1915). One of the most remarkable studies on this subject is Stuart Hall’s Spectacle of the Other, where he argues that Tom, Coon, tragic Mulatto, Mammy, and bad Buck are the stereotypes commonly used for representing black people. It is also essential to add Jezebel, Sapphire, and the insensitive Superwoman to the stereotypes listed by Hall. Blaxploitation films, which emerged in the 1970s, first placed mythical and later modern black male characters as the protagonist. On the other hand, black female characters were either overtly sexual or their sensuousness was the only point of interest. Since the 1980s, many black actors have played heroes or leaders in Hollywood films, whereas black actresses still play cookie cutter roles that make it difficult to tell one apart from another. Such representations construct them to either highly sexual or ridiculously unrealistic roles, where their characters lack any glimpses of drama, humor, or even wickedness. Therefore, it is not possible for spectators to witness their complex inner lives, leaving them feeling indifferent about the performance and unable to identify with it. Stereotypical representations of black women in cultural imagery were basically shaped during the Civil War and the period of slavery. As Angela Davis maintains, black women were associated with masculinity as they performed all kinds of heavy tasks, which&nbsp;affected their self-perception immensely. Looking at the 19th century as regards to feminine ideology, it can be argued that black women were considered an anomaly, a perspective that they internalized to appear more congruent with the myth of the “new woman.” Such angry masculine stereotypes about black women render their experiences, as well as their strong and ambitious personalities, invisible, whose effects Bell Hooks reveals on the process of watching films and identification. According to her, black women do not encounter black female characters on the silver screen who they can identify with. Especially in Hollywood films, the female character must be white in order to be deemed worthy of attention and desire, which leaves black female spectators unable to connect with them. Rather than being passive recipients of the film, they should question the images presented to them as entertainment, with a critical perspective. Even a contemporary figure, such as Michelle Obama, still appears in the media in connotations of negative representations that are associated with slavery. Thus, it is of significance that films involve representations of black women that are positioned as historical subjects, to positively affect black women in making themselves subjects of cinema. This study dealt with the films Hidden Figures, Harriet, and The Best of Enemies, which focus on the lives of black women who have shaped history, with a perspective presented by Angela Davis and Bell Hooks, and an approach that Stuart Hall created through the concepts of difference, construction of difference, and stereotyping. Through this, Hall set the framework for fundamentally suggesting that the representations of difference cannot be considered independently of power relations and that they are constructed, not fixed. Difference is created through representation and thus, must be fixed in order for the classification system of culture to continue. Hidden Figures reveals that difference is a result of the power relationship between black women and white men, showing that it is dialogic, not fixed, and can transform. The film has black female characters in the position of subjects, who are portrayed outside of stereotypes, whose inner worlds are accessible and thus, more relatable for the audience. Harriet shows that difference can alter according to the place and conditions in which we live, and that it is not fixed but constructed in the language; however, it repeats the stereotype of the superwoman with masculine features who accomplishes the impossible. It also offers spectators the opportunity to identify with the character who is positioned as a subject with a goal. The Best of Enemies shows that difference is constructed through space and language and that it is not fixed, but dialogic; on the other hand, it confines Ann Atwater to the angry black woman stereotype, robbing the audience of the opportunity to identify with her.&nbsp;

Reading Representations of Black Women in the Films Hidden  Figures, Harriet, and The Best of Enemies, through the Views  of Bell Hooks and Stuart Hall

Öznur

Öğretim Görevlisi

An International Approach to Speechwriting  and Speechwriters: A Qualitative Study

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Onur

Filiz

This study attempts to identify new media’s public sphere characteristics via the opinions of academicians studying communications. The study examines the history and approaches of the public sphere and then discusses the public sphere potential of the internet. The concept of the public sphere has been contemplated since the ancient days, even though it was not named such. Hannah Arendt was the first philosopher who envisioned the public sphere. Jürgen Habermas, influenced by her, profoundly scrutinized this concept and published his ideas in The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere and The Theory of Communicative Action (2001). Habermas pursued historical and denominational states of molding public opinion and the public reasoning process of the clustering subjects who live individually in society and examined communication structures satisfying public sphere model. Seyla Benhabib, another prominent name studying the public sphere in light of Arendt and Habermas, contributed deeply to the subject by classifying public sphere approaches, establishing challenges, and shedding light on the mechanism of deliberative democracy.&nbsp;Several works of research that have used Habermas’ public sphere to question the internet indicate that although new media has the potential, it encompasses too many complications to be a political public sphere at present. These works of research highlight that the internet has the potential to forge and support the public sphere, but it does not assure it. These works highlight that the internet offers global, non-hierarchical, complicated, and demanding interactions. On the other hand, there also are pieces of research that state that the internet is the most impeccable medium for the prospect of global access, freedom of speech, liberal communication, limitless agenda, attending public sphere beyond traditional political theories, and molding public opinion via discussion process. However, all these discourses emphasize that it may not completely satisfy the public sphere requirements.Through Habermas’ public sphere and its related concepts and the views of communication academicians, this study attempts to explain the potential of new media/internet becoming a public sphere. Habermas’ public sphere approach is referred to here because it apprehends the public sphere as an abstract/imaginary and discursive/ communicational/deliberative political space. A healthy public sphere requires egalitarian, non-hierarchical, inclusive, liberal, honest/sincere, and qualified participation, and new media/internet has the potential to fulfill the mentioned requirements, even if not entirely.For this study, 18 academicians from 15 different universities, mostly studying Habermas’ public sphere and new media, are chosen by using the judgment sampling method. Through semi-structured in-depth interviews conducted face-to-face or via phone, open-ended questions were asked to the participants. After the interviews, the topics are grouped under four titles: “Conceptualization of new/social media as a public sphere,” “inclination toward communication,” “technical, political, and commercial obstacles in accessing public sphere,” and “the essence and quality of knowledge in new publicity.”The participants opined that new media has the potential for becoming a public sphere and handling communicative actions, but it cannot realize this potential yet. They think new media has deficiencies because it is not open to everyone due to technical and economic reasons. The medium is under the supervision of political and commercial authorities, the flow of information is unusually fast, it may contain disinformation and misinformation, and the knowledge verification process is long and complicated.&nbsp;The participants iterate that new media has not reached the level idealized by Habermas’ public sphere because of the aforementioned challenges. They emphasize that the medium hardly enables ideal communicative/deliberative actions and that its participation and inclusiveness are inequitable, dishonest, and illiberal. To solve the problems, the participants propose the use of inclusive, egalitarian, local, and global technologies and information policies. Finally, they advise that new media should be unbound from the hegemony of governmental authorities and/or capitalist organizations.&nbsp;

New Media and the Public Sphere: Perspectives of  Communication Academics

Oğuz

İlknur Doğu

COVID-19, Misinformation and  Communication Studies: A Systematic Review  of the Infodemic

Figen

The Mediating Role of Gratitude in the  Relationship Between Self-Efficacy and  Psychological Resilience in Elderly Individuals:  The Case of Malatya

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Ulaş Başar

Our era of surveillance capitalism is characterized by pervasive rather than targeted surveillance. Currently, the big brother is not watching the dissidents but everybody for a tiny probability of disobedience. In the past there were mainly two kinds of surveillance: Physical chase which means undercover agents following the target anti-government figures in person and technical chase which mostly corresponds to phone taps. However nowadays there is no need for physical chase, as technical chase replaced it and expanded the areas and ‘opportunities’ of surveillance through ubiquitous surveillance devices including CCTVs, mobile tracking, net tracking etc.&nbsp;Citizenship education offered in schools that can form the basis of antisurveillance activism is usually from the governments’ perspective. A critical sense of citizenship is rarely promoted in these official contexts. Thus, acquisition of critical citizenship consciousness is usually through peer learning at informal and nonformal settings. In many countries, adults and especially young adults join protests, and usually they acquire citizenship education skills and knowledge in a blended way whereby offline and online political activisms support each other. Thus ICTs usually utilized for entertainment are educationalized to serve the pedagogical interests of the citizens. They learn more on social media about citizenship education than the formal citizenship education courses.&nbsp;We should reflect on informal and non-formal forms of critical citizenship education via ICTs including but not only limited to social media platforms. We propose that in order not to formalize and institutionalize citizens’ actively acquired critical citizenship skills and knowledge, the disconnect between formal non-critical, official forms of citizenship education and informal, non-formal, blended and citizen-based critical citizenship education should continue. Under the funding of governments or corporations, the criticality of citizenship education will be limited. That is why, citizens should support and develop their own citizenship initiatives and resources in both online and offline settings. The citizen and consumer rights movements are the perfect matches for such an endeavor.&nbsp;In the case of activist uses of social media, a remarkable point is the fact that most of the Internet users voluntarily release personal information on the web. They are&nbsp;fulfilling their needs for recognition, reputation, socialization etc. Thus, activist use of social media should be able to identify the motivations behind voluntary release of personal information and be cautious about what to share and not to share on social media. This brings up the notion of social media literacy. However, since social media literacy is not necessarily critical, as it may develop on the basis of conservative reactions to the corruption of traditional society by the influence of computers and internet, this literacy should be critical. Hence we have the term ‘critical social media literacy’ as a better match.&nbsp;Even under ubiquitous surveillance capitalism, either through literacies or by other means, we should still find the ways to resist. Citizen data activism can be about surveilling the corporate surveillers themselves. Data activist citizens can feed a website with corporate surveillance practices that they find unethical. Unlike the government who justifies surveillance on the basis of security, corporations have no excuse for surveilling other than maximizing profits. Under pre-big-data capitalism, a number of initiatives were successful to protect and promote consumer rights. For citizen data activism, those websites need upgrades to surveil the surveillers.&nbsp;&nbsp;Citizen data activism should be in close collaboration with citizen science movements which capitalize on crowdsourcing for scientific purposes. We need to develop alternatives to surveillers by collecting and interpreting our own data –to break ‘the monopoly of interpretation’ as stated previously.&nbsp;We urge data activists and rights movements to unite their forces for mutual benefit. The search on Google Scholar for ‘data activism’ and ‘consumer rights’ bring out almost no results. Same holds for ‘data activism’ and ‘rights movements’, and for ‘data activism’ and ‘social solidarity’, while a higher number of results are listed for ‘data activism’ and ‘human rights’ although the number is far from satisfactory considering the possible links between the two. This picture clearly shows that the links mentioned here are uncharted and understudied.&nbsp;To conclude, the resistance against big data, the new big brother is not in vain and neither hopeless. Instead, there are potentials not even utilized and links not considered. Through this article on data activism, our hope has been to show a way of resistance to be argued, elaborated on and ultimately evaluated in terms of its merits and demerits by the decision makers of the rights movements.

Data Activism: Reviving, Extending and Upgrading Critical Citizenship Education and Consumer Rights Movements

Ebru

Ezgi

Cammaerts (2007, p. 217) defines activism as the ability to create or change history. Digital technologies help to create a new channel for activism. Internet activism or rather, social media activism, is a sub-type of digital activism. According to the literature there are certain types of digital activism such as slacktivism, clicktivism, and hacktivism. Considine (2003, p. 134) refers to two types of digital activism strategies. The first one supports real life activism via digital content, and the second one is content created by activists just for the digital media and the Internet. Celebrities have been important figures in activism for a long time. Celebrity activism can be seen as the celebrity endorsement strategy of non-governmental organisations. Celebrities can be helpful for different issues such as raising awareness, fundraising, etc. However, if the celebrity activism and the celebrity involved in the cause are not sincere then this strategy does not work well. Celebrity activism is associated with role modeling, and McCracken’s meaning transfer model. According to McCracken’s (1989) meaning transfer model, consumers have certain perceptions of celebrities and those perceptions are transfered to the brand through celebrity endorsement. This also works for non-governmental organisations and social causes. Huddart (2005) developed a model for celebrity and civil society engagement. According to his model there are 4 types of celebrities in activism, namely; Patron, Spokesperson, Ambassador/Author, and Visionary Leader. Digital technologies are now serving as a new tool for activism. They are also serving as a new tool for celebrityactivism. Being a celebrity can only be possible through constant interaction with the public, and social media provides a good channel for interaction. Celebrities can join activist movements via their social media accounts by tweeting, using hashtags, etc. or they can start their own. Moreover, celebrities have a chance to reach a wider audience on their social media accounts.This study aims to examine celebrities’ reflections of their activist efforts and their activist celebrity identities on their social media accounts. In line with this objective, Haluk Levent’s (a Turkish singer) official Twitter account was examined using purposive sampling. There are multiple reasons for this choice of celebrity. First of all, Haluk Levent’s popularity has increased through his celebrity activist image. Secondly, it is seen that his number of Twitter followers is increasing steadily. This can be interpreted as his growing ability to reach more people, and to be reached by more people. The analysis was conducted using the content analysis technique. The analysis was limited to the period between October 15, 2018 and December 15, 2018. In total, 513 posts were examined.As a result of the study, it was determined that the majority of the posts belonged to the official Twitter account and 8.1% of the posts were retweets. The majority of the retweets belonged to the non-governmental organization established by Haluk Levent. This can be interpreted as his efforts to focus attention on his organization and the efforts of volunteers. The majority of the tweets had visual content. Visuals are considered as helpful tools to attract followers’ attention. The majority of the tweets were related to ‘Health’ issues, followed by ‘Donations and Scholarships’. When the text tone was examined it was seen that a warm tone was used in both activist content and non-activist content. This can be interpreted as him attempting to establish intimacy with his followers and to encourage them to work cooperatively. Finally, according to the celebrity activism model and his Twitter usage, he can be categorized as a ‘Spokesperson’.As a result, it can be said that the findings of the content analysis are consistent with the literature. First of all, he is known as a person who supports social aid on social media, and this is supported by his tweets. In the literature it is said that being a celebrity relies on the interaction and intimacy between the celebrity persona and the audience. This also applies to celebrity activism. His Twitter usage shows just such an example of establishing intimacy between the celebrity, audience, and activism.

Celebrities in Digital Activism: An Evaluation of  ‘Ahbap Platformu’

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Övünç Meriç

This article focuses on how the influence of online new media ecology has affected disability activism in Turkey. The framework of this article is ‘network society’ (Van Dijk, 2016) and ‘digital activism (Joyce, 2010). Van Dijk (2016) has observed the rise of the network society and according to that, he defines network society as communication networks that shape the most important forms of an organization in a society.&nbsp;New media technologies bring new ways for citizens and movements to mobilize and to organize. Joyce (2010) stated that citizens around the world have become increasingly aware of and interested in the expanding use of digital technologies - mobile phones and internet-enabled devices for example - in campaigns for social and political change. These practices, which we refer to as ‘digital activism’ have been reported by journalists, dissected by bloggers and eagerly studied by scholars. Students’ activities and enthusiast wish to understand and replicate the most effective tactics (Joyce, 2010).&nbsp;The transformation of traditional media into new media has initiated a new userdominated content publishing/broadcasting era. In the rise of the social media era, activists have made less dependent on traditional media like newspapers or televisions. Some researcher claim that new media offers some opportunities for&nbsp;‘non-elite’ actors and marginalized or disadvantaged groups to acquire visibility in the public sphere (Chadwick, 2013). In the west, some research shows that although the growth in digital activism has initiated new strategies for disability protest, its ability to influence traditional news media debates remains pivotal to its effectiveness and power to represent the voice of disabled people (Pearson &amp; Trevisan, 2015).&nbsp;Within the context of the literature reviewed, this article examines six main research questions:1. What are the socio-demographic characteristics of users who produce the digital content related to disability? 2. What are the occupations and interests of users who produce digital content on disability? 3. What is the geographical distribution of digital content produced on disability in Turkey? In which areas is the right to disability advocacy concentrated? 4. What kind of content has been produced by sharing the disabled hashtag in the digital environment? 5. What types of online media distribution in disability-related content produced in Turkey? Which platforms are used mostly to generate content? 6. How and for which purposes do disabled activists use new media?There are a growing number of options open to researchers seeking to capture and analyze online content. Network analysis tools increasingly used – reflecting a shift in the understanding and practice of the Web as a dynamic social context. In this study, open source new media monitoring tool is used. Monitoring tools allow for collecting and analyzing real-time information. In this article, content analysis technique was used to evaluate the data sets and the findings were evaluated through descriptive method. The notion ‘disabled’ as a term is searched through newspapers and online news, TV / Radio, news agencies, blogs, forums, Twitter, Google+, YouTube, EkşiSözlük. Data for the research is collected between 19-26th of January 2019.&nbsp;According to the results of the web content analysis: young adults between 18 and 34 years of age produced more content for disabled people than older adults aged between 55 and 64+. The gender distribution of the content about disability in the online environment, it was found that male users produced more content (61.5%). The percentage of women in content production is 38.5%. According to the&nbsp;conversation map, most active users in Turkey, live in Ankara, İstanbul, İzmir, and Eskişehir (73.2%). The share of media types analyze has shown that the most popular online environment and digital activist tool is Twitter (84.8%).Disabled people produced the content with the same theme (for example, they want to increase disabled quota from the 3 percent to 5 percent than shared a tweet with #disabledquota5percent) in Twitter to spread this content throughout the country and has contributed to creating well-targeted online networks. This analysis has shown how disabled activists have positioned themselves beyond the traditional activism and mainstream media barriers which have using online environments like Twitter and other social network platforms.

Online Outsiders: A Research on Digital Disabled Activism in Turkey

Akan

Mikail

The most obvious benefit of the new media emerging as a result of convergence is that it begins to easily convey all the information, ideas and facts, without any political, social and geographical boundaries. Although this benefit more often enables the transformation and globalization of communication systems, it has also made possible the rise of global protest networks (Ayers &amp; Maccaughey, 2003). Today, the potentials offered by the new media for social collective movements are more likely seen in practices such as co-ordinating activities, meeting and mobilizing new activists, planning protests and publicizing highly strategic information. However, recent studies emphasize that new media should focus not only on cost-effective solutions created in communication techniques, but also on new motivations, creative and tactical potential, propagation speed, participation frequency and power of legitimacy which are added to the collective actions. However, the detailed literature review in this study shows that although the technical and functional relationship between new media and activism is explicit, its effects on activist participation psychology and the capacity to create sustainable solutions are highly controversial. While the studies focusing on the intensity of online participation and&nbsp;the frequency of messages created by the new media in social movements shows an optimistic table, studies focusing on offline participation forms, sustainability and psychological details emphasize pessimistic results.According to techno-supporters who focus on the process of technologysupported cognitive demonstrations and who are optimistic about the relationship between activism and new media, the new media has created an activist approach that forms creative collective identities with the opportunities it offers, calls for transnational support by transcending borders, and organizes demonstrations against political pressures. Thus, the new media is the new intersection point between the social context, the political objective and the actional stance, which create social movements. At this point of intersection, the new media first settles into daily practices with functional benefit and then transforms the practices of creating needs, ideas, and actions with new usage behaviours and transformed media literacy. In other words, as a result of mobility, advanced interface and multimedia supported infrastructure, firstly the practices and media literacy changes, and subsequently the typographic and phonetic signification practices in communication begin to transform. Techno-supporters argue that this transformation process directly supports the idealistic concepts such as multicenterism, liberty, disconnection, cooperation and accessibility in the ideological infrastructure of social movements (Tarrow, 2011). The techno-supporter front, who views the new media as the most important center of media democracy and symbolizes it as ‘media carta’, supports this argument by the emergence of new types of digital activism and by the fact that the actions it carries out can create sensational effects. The optimistic approaches of the techno-supporters have been tried to be conveyed under the umbrella of cyber activism via new activist methods such as clicktivism, netactivism, smartmob, cyberdisobedience, hacktivism, cybervigilantism, netwarism and cyberterrorism.Techno-critics address the new media with the critical theories put forward by the representatives of Marshall McLuhan and the Frankfurt School, and seeing it as a global ideological device, state that it is an area that needs to be carefully managed. In addition, it is emphasized that the level of autonomy that the new media, which is announced as the new instrument of revolution in the events like Arab Spring and seen as the new fourth force, provides for such powerful promises is highly controversial. That is to say, the liberties and the opportunities offered for the production of content provide an asymmetric autonomy for the access and&nbsp;distribution of the created content. For example, it is completely enigmatic when a content spreading through popular monopolized platforms such as Google, Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter will pass through Sandbox-style filter algorithms placed on search consoles, and on which page or how often it will be accessed after being ranked. According to Horkheimer and Adorno (2002), as the sovereignty of this intelligent digital status quo, developed by algorithms, becomes legitimate, the presentations in the media will be seen as the only reality, and this situation, as predicted by techno-supporters, will result in a homology that imposes uniformity under the name of harmony rather than diversity of ideas. From this point of view, some techno-critics consider the analogous mass, called the new subject, as populist intellectuals with low self-consciousness and interpret cyber activism as ‘slacktivism’, i.e. activism of the lazy (Christensen, 2011). Consequently, two basic facts lie in the essence of the techno-critics’ thoughts. First, focusing on the potential benefits of the new media with complex adaptive and SPIN characteristics but ignoring the tyrannies it might legitimize may cause huge fallacies and consequences. The second point of criticism emphasized by the techno-critics is ignoring the fact that the change that the media will initiate in the reading style would cover a large area such as media literacy and have psychological effects. Techno-critics, pointing out to conformist individualization as those rushing to leave a mark behind by Gramsci (1997) emphasize that an activism that develops based on the belief in feeling good and not the belief in making a difference is a conformist approach and the enthusiasm and motivation directed by the media as the subject cannot make the actions sustainable.In conclusion, this study provides a technical and theoretical explanation that focuses on the effect of new media on the social, communicative, psychological and ideological dynamics underlying the collective social movements. Therefore, the perceptions and motives that enable the individual to participate in collective or individualistic networks in contemporary society, the debates between passive digital participation and active participation suggested as the new model of activism, and the important paradoxes in digital collective social movements will be further clarified.

Rich (New) Media Poor Activism Debates on Activism Movements in New Media

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Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences is an open access, peer-reviewed, scholarly and international journal published biannually in June and December since 1992. The manuscripts submitted for publication in the journal must be scientific and original work in Turkish or English.

Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences – focuses on systems, theories, methods and applications in communications. Original articles, reviews, case reports and book reviews on all aspects of communications are published to provide a global platform for scientific knowledge exchange among academic researchers, communication professionals and policy makers. Contributions are welcome from anthropology, philosophy, history, political sciences, psychology and all other fields, which have relevant and insightful comments about communications. The target group of the journal consists of academicians, researchers, professionals, students, related professional and academic bodies and institutions.

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

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Connectist aims to create an international platform opening from Asia to Europe in which academic researchers, communication professionals and policy makers share scientific knowledge. It welcomes theoretical and empirical studies elaborating on the current debates of social sciences and humanities besides the conventional research fields of communication. Connectist is also open to the studies from other disciplines that focus on communication.The target group of the journal consists of academicians, researchers, professionals, students, and related professional organizations.

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Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences is committed to abide by the highest standards of publication ethics. It adopts the ethical publishing principles of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) and the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME). For the principles expressed under the heading of “Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing”, please visit the link below: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publishers) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.All submissions must be compatible with the aim and scope of the journal. Only the manuscripts that are original, not published (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under review of any other publication simultaneously are accepted for evaluation. The manuscripts must also be approved by each author in terms of its content and submission.The name of any author cannot be deleted from the manuscript without the permission of all authors. A new author name cannot be included in the manuscript, and author order cannot be changed without the permission of all authors.Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are accepted as unethical behaviors. All manuscripts that do not comply with the accepted ethical standards are removed from the publication. If a manuscript with illegal and/or unethical features is realized after its publication, it is also removed from the publication.Plagiarism Check Pre-controlled manuscripts are scanned for plagiarism via using iThenticate software. If plagiarism/self-plagiarism is detected, the authors are informed. If necessary, editors might check the manuscript for plagiarism at various stages of the evaluation or production process. High similarity percentages might cause a manuscript to be rejected before or even after it is accepted.For a manuscript to be published the similarity percentage must be less than 15% depending on the category of the manuscript.Double-Blind Peer Review Process <div>After the plagiarism check, the appropriate manuscripts are evaluated by the editor-in-chief in terms of originality, method, importance of the subject and the compatibility with the scope of the journal. The editor-in-chief presents the manuscripts complying with the formal principles to the evaluation of at least two referees from Turkey and / or abroad, and ensures that they pass through a fair double-blind refereeing. The editor-in-chief approves the publication of the manuscript after the necessary changes requested by the referees are done by the author(s).</div>

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Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences is an open access journal which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This principle is compatible with BOAI definition of open access. The articles in Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences are open access articles licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en</a>)

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Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA), and the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publishers) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

Ethics

The journal adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.-    Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.-    The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.-    The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.-    Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.-    Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.-    The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.-    In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.-    If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.-    In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/57A4F95E9D1C4811BB98807DDDE88FDE" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>. The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two referees from abroad or from Turkey. After accomplishing necessary revisions requested by referees, the authors resubmit the manuscript by highlighting the changes made. Publication decisions are made by Editor-in-Chief after authors make necessary revisions requested by referees and the peer-review process is completed.Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing. Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed. Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal. Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective. Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side. A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process. The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Peer Review

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by Editor-in-Chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two referees from abroad or from Turkey. After accomplishing necessary revisions requested by referees, the authors resubmit the manuscript by highlighting the changes made. Publication decisions are made by Editor-in-Chief after authors make necessary revisions requested by referees and the peer-review process is completed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.- Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?- Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?- Is the problem significant and concisely stated?- Are the methods described comprehensively?- Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?- Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?- Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

The language of the journal is both Turkish and English. -    All correspondence will be sent to the first-named author unless otherwise specified. Manuscpript is to be submitted online via http://connectist.istanbul.edu.tr and it must be accompanied by a cover letter indicating that the manuscript is intended for publication, specifying the article category (i.e. research article, review etc.) and including information about the manuscript (see the Submission Checklist). In addition, a Copyright Agreement Form that has to be signed by all authors must be submitted. -    Only one manuscript of each author is published in the same year (excluding special issues). -    Papers accepted but not yet included in the issue are published online in the Early View section. -    Authors are responsible for all statements made in their work submitted to the Journal for publication. -    Studies that are not prepared in accordance with the rules of the journal are directly rejected without the need for peer review. -    The manuscripts should be in A4 paper standards: having 2.5 cm margins from right, left, bottom and top, Times New Roman font style in 12 font size and line spacing of 1.5. -    Word count must be 6500 – 8500 words for “research articles”, 6500 – 8500 words for “review articles” and 2000-4000 words for “short notes”. -    Before the introduction part, there should be an abstract between 180 and 200 words in English and an extended abstract only in English between 600-800 words, summarizing the scope, the purpose, the results of the study and the method used. Underneath the abstracts, 5 keywords that inform the reader about the content of the study should be specified in Turkish and in English. Extended abstract in English is mandatory for all manuscripts. -    The manuscripts should contain mainly these components: title, abstract and keywords; extended abstract in English, sections, end notes and references. -    Tables, graphs and figures can be given with a number and a defining title only if it is necessary to follow the idea of the article. Otherwise features like demographic characteristics can be given within the text. Tables and figures in the studies should be placed within the text. -    Emphasis of the author(s) in the studies should be indicated with single quotes; only book, movie, newspaper names should be written in italics. Quotations exceeding 40 words should be given inside, single spaced and without quotation marks. -    In line with the Editorial Board decision and referee reports, the authors may be asked to make some changes in the text. -    The studies that were sent to the journal will not be returned whether they are published or not. -    The studies -according to their categories- should be prepared in line with the following flow:1. RESEARCH ARTICLES INTRODUCTION -The problem of the research should be defined by making references to the relevant literature. In the last paragraph before moving on to the sub-headings, the importance of the study, its difference from other studies, namely its originality, the purpose and method of the study should be specified and its boundaries should be drawn. Subheading(s) related to the topic AIM AND METHODOLOGY Introductory remarks for the aim and methodology Aim After the major aim of the study is indicated, research (sub)questions and/or hypothesis/hypotheses should be formulated. Method The following elements should be given in this section as content, even if they are not given as a title. •    Research Model •    Universe, Sample / Subjects/ Participants •    Data Collection Tool •    Operation The types of scale, questionnaire, interviews etc. should be clarified, and especially the research including statistical analyses should have reliability and viability coefficients. FINDINGS DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION After restating the aim of the study in short, findings should be summed up very briefly and discussed with reference to the relevant literature. Then the original opinions related to the research findings should be stated by the author as concluding remarks. Before finalizing the study some suggestions should be formulated for future research to contribute to the relevant field. ENDNOTES REFERENCES 2. REVIEW ARTICLES​INTRODUCTION​The problem of the research should be defined by making references to the relevant literature. In the last paragraph before moving on to the sub-headings, the importance of the study, its difference from other studies, namely its originality, the purpose and method of the study should be specified and its boundaries should be drawn.​Subheading(s) related to the topic DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION After restating the aim of the study in short, findings should be summed up very briefly and discussed with reference to the relevant literature. Then the original opinions related to the research findings should be stated by the author as concluding remarks. Before finalizing the study some suggestions should be formulated for future research to contribute to the relevant field. ENDOTES REFERENCES3. SHORT NOTES Within the scope of short notes, a critical evaluation of any subject, audio-visual/written text, an event or phenomenon that concerns the field of communication is presented. Unlike original research articles, short notes do not include field research but may include book criticism, film criticism, or evaluation of other audio/visual/written products or critical evaluations of organized events. Originality of the short notes is expected to be created via new and different perspectives of the experts and veteran scholars. There is no title system that authors must comply with for short notes. Authors may adopt a title system appropriate to their subject.

Author Guidelines

Before beginning the online submission process please read the Information for Authors and make sure you have the followings available:Article Submission <div>•    The article must be sent to https://iupress.istanbul.edu.tr/tr/journal/connectist/home •    While uploading Main Document, make sure that the main document has no information that clarify the author’s identity. Due to double blind peer review, Main Document must not include Title Page, the name of author or any other detail that can disclose the author identity (such as acknowledgements or headers including the author(s) name). •    Additionally, Supplemental File for Review must not include any detail that can disclose author identity as well. Files to be uploaded separately •    Copyright Agreement Form •    Permissions obtained for previously published material if used in the present manuscript •    Title page -    Category of the article -    The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English -    Authors' names, surnames, titles and affiliates (after the university and faculty information, the city and country information should also be included) and e-mail addresses. -    Corresponding author's e-mail address, open correspondence address, business phone, GSM, fax number -    ORCID numbers of the authors •    Main Manuscript Document -    The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English -    Abstracts (180-200 words) both in Turkish and in English -    Keywords: 5 words both in Turkish and in English -    Extended abstract (600-800 words) in English (only for Turkish articles) -    Main article sections -    Financial support (if applicable) -    Conflict of interest (if applicable) -    Acknowledgement (if exists) -    References -    All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</div>

References-    Author(s) are expected to cite primary sources in their studies.-    References to articles published as Early View should be given as &#34;publication in preparation&#34;.-    The author(s) are responsible for the accuracy of the references. All sources should be cited in the text and listed alphabetically.Reference Style and Format -    Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, adopts 7th edition of APA (American Psychological Association) style for in-text citation and references. The rules for this style can be found at the link below:-    https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/-    References should be cited as indicated in the examples below.In-Text CitationSources should be indicated in the text by writing the surnames of the authors and the publication date in parentheses. If more than one source is to be shown, a semicolon (;) should be inserted between the sources. References should be listed alphabetically.Citations in the Text <div>Citations must be indicated with the author surname and publication year and page number within the parenthesis. If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;). References should be listed alphabetically </div><div>Samples: Citation with one author; (Carpentier, 2011) Carpentier (2011) </div><div>Citation with two authors; (Deleuze &amp; Guattari, p. 1992) Deleuze and Guattari (1992) aim to explain schizophrenia in a positive manner (p. 45). </div><div>Citation with three or more authors; (Curran et al., 2009) Citation with abbreviation: First Citation: (World Health Organisation [WHO], 2020) Next Citations: (WHO, 2020) First Citation: World Health Organisation (WHO, 2020) Next Citations: WHO (2020) </div><div>To avoid ambiguity in in-text citations If the same author published more than one study in the same year: (Fiske, 2010a) (Fiske, 2010b) &#8288;If the first authors of multiple references share the same surname but have different initials, include the first authors’ initials in all in-text citations, even if the year of publication differs. (A.    A. Berger, 2010; J. Berger, 2010) If the authors of the same publication have the same surname, there is no need to include the first letters of their names. (Chen &amp; Chen, 2019) </div><div>Direct quotations When citing directly, sentence(s) are enclosed in quotation marks and page numbers are also indicated in in-text quotations. According to Luhmann (1982), “Subjectivity is an abstract term invented by philosophers which does not refer to human beings. The real subject of social action is the social system” (p. 324). If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;). References should be listed alphabetically. (Mulvey, 2012; Ryan &amp; Kellner, 2012, p. 152). </div><div>Citations in the Reference All the citations done in the text should be listed in the References section in alphabetical order of author surname without numbering. Below given examples should be considered in citing the references. </div><div>Book a) Citation with one author; Berger, A. A. (2017). Media analysis techniques. Sage Publications. Kamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. McGraw-Hill Education. </div><div>b) Translated book Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punishment: The birth of the prison. (A. Sheridan, Trans.). Vintage Books. </div><div>c) Book with Multiple Authors Bordwell, D. &amp; Thompson, K. (2010). Film Art: An Introduction. McGraw-Hill. </div><div>ç) Edited book Miller, T., &amp; Stam, R. (Eds.). (2004). A companion to film theory (Vol. 18). John Wiley &amp; Sons. </div><div>d) Chapter in an Edited Book Jenkins, H. (2004). The work of theory in the age of digital transformation. T. Miller &amp; R. Stam (Eds.), A Companion to Film Theory (pp. 234-261). Blackwell. </div><div>e) Chapter in the translation book Schmeder, G. (2015). İşbölümü dinamiğinde kopmalar ve kesintiler. C. Vercellone (Ed.) ve D. Kundakçı (Trans.). Bilişsel kapitalizm. (1st ed., 61-75). Otonom Yayıncılık. </div><div>Piaget, J. (1988). Extracts from Piaget’s theory (G. Gellerier &amp; J. Langer, Trans.). In K. Richardson &amp; S. Sheldon (Eds.) Cognitive development to adolescence: A reader (pp. 3-18). Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum. (Reprinted from Manual of child psychology, pp. 703-732, by P.H. Myssen, Ed., 1970. Wiley) </div><div>f) Book Review Gül Ünlü, D. (2018). Kitap incelemesi [Şeffaflık toplumu: Şeffaf toplumun eleştirisi üzerine bir okuma]. Galatasaray Üniversitesi İletişim Dergisi, 28, 279-290. http://iletisimdergisi.gsu.edu.tr/tr/pub/issue/37677/436058 </div><div>Seo, S. (2016). [Review of the book Journalism and Human Rights: How Demographics Drive Media Coverage by John C. Pollock]. Journal of Communication, 66 (6), E-15-E-17. https://academic.oup.com/joc/article-abstract/66/6/E15/4082402?redirectedFrom=fulltext </div><div>g) Book with Organization as Author American Psychological Association. (2009). Crediting sources: Citing references in text. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed., p. 177). </div><div>Article </div><div>a) Article Seyidov, I. (2020). On conceptual and methodological deficiencies of data journalism-related studies in Turkey. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, 58, 273-289. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2020-0070 </div><div>b) Online article without DOI Grist, L. (2007). Masculinity, violence, resistance: A new psychoanalytic reading of Raging Bull. Atlantis, 29(1), 11-27. Retrieved from https://go.gale.com/ </div><div>c) Popular magazine article Salmon, C. (2016, Oct). Ken Loach is right: British film and TV has become too cosy and conservative. Little White Lies. https://lwlies.com/articles/ken-loach-fake-nostalgia-tv-period-dramas/ </div><div>Thesis, Symposium </div><div>a)    Thesis Kendrick, J. (2005). Screen violence and the new Hollywood [Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation]. Indiana University. https://www.proquest.com/openview/433bbaa0b9973dad53d0aa735d1f941a/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;cbl=18750&amp;diss=y </div><div>b) Symposium contribution Gündüz, U. &amp; Pembecioğlu N. (2021, October, 26-27). Covid-19. H. Adıyaman (Chairs), The health agenda of media in the lights of information ethics and the Covid-19 sentiment analysis of garlic news [Symposium]. 18. International Communication in the Millennium Symposium, Erzurum, Turkey. </div><div>Other Sources </div><div>a) Newspaper Article Lee, E. (2019, February 1). Digital Media: What Went Wrong. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/01/business/media/buzzfeed-digital-media-wrong.html </div><div>b) İnternet sayfası kaynakları Bordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized. http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/ adresinden 15 Eylül 2020 tarihinde alınmıştır. </div><div>c) Official publications and press release Turkish Statistical Institute (2022). Foreign Trade Statistics (Publication number: 45536). https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Foreign-Trade-Statistics-January-2022-45536&amp;dil=2 The White House, Office of the Press Secretary. (2010, August 4). Administration officials continue travel across the country holding “Recovery Summer” events [Press release]. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/realitycheck/the-press-office/administration-officials-continue-travel-across-country-holding-recovery-summer-eve </div><div>ç) Dictionary Oxford University Press. (n.d.). Communication. In Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved January 1, 2022, from https://www.lexico.com/definition/communication </div><div>d) Podcast West, S. (2020, December). On Media pt. 1- Manufacturing Consent (Episode 148) [Audio podcast]. In Philosophize this!. https://open.spotify.com/episode/04YIh1REL6KOxlnaJWlvfh?si=86782f420d744114 </div><div>e) Video/Film Zizek, S. (2008). Violence [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_x0eyNkNpL0 Scorsese, M. (Director). (1976). Taxi Driver [Film]. Columbia Pictures.</div><div> </div><div>f) TV series Chase, D. (Producer). (1999-2007). The Sopranos [TV Series]. HBO. </div><div>g) Social Media Manovich, L. [@manovich]. In the late 1990s South Korea became the leader in Internet connections, and they launched one of the first social networks Cyworld. Next, they used YouTube to create k-pop global popularity. Can they repeat their success in metaverse? [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/manovich/status/1462405978356207626  [Tweet] for Twitter, [Twitter profile] etc., [Facebook status] for Facebook, [Timeline] etc., [Picture] for Instagram, [Highlight] can be used.</div>

Make sure that the information in the list below is complete: * Cover letter to the editor * The category of the manuscript * Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”. * Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement. * Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed. * Confirming that last control for fluent English was done. * Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed. * Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA 7. * Copyright Agreement Form * Permission of previously published copyrighted material if used in the present manuscript * Title page * The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English * All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses * Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax number * ORCIDs of all authors. * Main Manuscript Document * Abstracts (180-200 words) both in Turkish and in English * Extended Abstract (600-800 words) in English * Keywords: 5 words both in Turkish and in English * Financial support (if applicable) * Conflict of interest (if applicable) * Acknowledgement (if applicable) * References * All tables, illustrations (figures) should be placed within the text including their title, description, footnotes.

<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/FCB0E9A7360F4750B5088DDB0ACBF536" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/811D1051F5084CB8B481E976F315C37F" target="_blank">Title Page</a>

Issue Type	Regular
Editor(s)	Ayşen Akkor Gül

Issue Type	Regular
Editor(s)	Ayşen Akkor Gül

Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences

ISSUE 61, 2021

ISSUE 60, 2021

METRICS