Ayşen

Prof.

Nilüfer

Aydemir

Suat

Special Issue Conflicts, Communication & The Media

Onur

Filiz

Assoc. Prof.

This study attempts to identify new media’s public sphere characteristics via the opinions of academicians studying communications. The study examines the history and approaches of the public sphere and then discusses the public sphere potential of the internet. The concept of the public sphere has been contemplated since the ancient days, even though it was not named such. Hannah Arendt was the first philosopher who envisioned the public sphere. Jürgen Habermas, influenced by her, profoundly scrutinized this concept and published his ideas in The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere and The Theory of Communicative Action (2001). Habermas pursued historical and denominational states of molding public opinion and the public reasoning process of the clustering subjects who live individually in society and examined communication structures satisfying public sphere model. Seyla Benhabib, another prominent name studying the public sphere in light of Arendt and Habermas, contributed deeply to the subject by classifying public sphere approaches, establishing challenges, and shedding light on the mechanism of deliberative democracy.&nbsp;Several works of research that have used Habermas’ public sphere to question the internet indicate that although new media has the potential, it encompasses too many complications to be a political public sphere at present. These works of research highlight that the internet has the potential to forge and support the public sphere, but it does not assure it. These works highlight that the internet offers global, non-hierarchical, complicated, and demanding interactions. On the other hand, there also are pieces of research that state that the internet is the most impeccable medium for the prospect of global access, freedom of speech, liberal communication, limitless agenda, attending public sphere beyond traditional political theories, and molding public opinion via discussion process. However, all these discourses emphasize that it may not completely satisfy the public sphere requirements.Through Habermas’ public sphere and its related concepts and the views of communication academicians, this study attempts to explain the potential of new media/internet becoming a public sphere. Habermas’ public sphere approach is referred to here because it apprehends the public sphere as an abstract/imaginary and discursive/ communicational/deliberative political space. A healthy public sphere requires egalitarian, non-hierarchical, inclusive, liberal, honest/sincere, and qualified participation, and new media/internet has the potential to fulfill the mentioned requirements, even if not entirely.For this study, 18 academicians from 15 different universities, mostly studying Habermas’ public sphere and new media, are chosen by using the judgment sampling method. Through semi-structured in-depth interviews conducted face-to-face or via phone, open-ended questions were asked to the participants. After the interviews, the topics are grouped under four titles: “Conceptualization of new/social media as a public sphere,” “inclination toward communication,” “technical, political, and commercial obstacles in accessing public sphere,” and “the essence and quality of knowledge in new publicity.”The participants opined that new media has the potential for becoming a public sphere and handling communicative actions, but it cannot realize this potential yet. They think new media has deficiencies because it is not open to everyone due to technical and economic reasons. The medium is under the supervision of political and commercial authorities, the flow of information is unusually fast, it may contain disinformation and misinformation, and the knowledge verification process is long and complicated.&nbsp;The participants iterate that new media has not reached the level idealized by Habermas’ public sphere because of the aforementioned challenges. They emphasize that the medium hardly enables ideal communicative/deliberative actions and that its participation and inclusiveness are inequitable, dishonest, and illiberal. To solve the problems, the participants propose the use of inclusive, egalitarian, local, and global technologies and information policies. Finally, they advise that new media should be unbound from the hegemony of governmental authorities and/or capitalist organizations.&nbsp;

New Media and the Public Sphere: Perspectives of  Communication Academics

Sezer

Res. Assist.

One aim of the state’s administration, which controls its citizens’ attitudes by regulating economic, political, cultural, and ideological structures, is to ensure that citizens have a common memory, cultural perception, sense of belonging, and historical imagination. Production of common sense assumptions is indispensable for social acceptance of political and ideological transformations conducted by principal founding powers in state administration. Within this historical phenomenon, founding cadres also used contemporary communication tools and systems to spread to the social base visions of the state, society, and the individual that they had adopted.Until digitalization spread toward the end of the twentieth century, the post has been a basic tool of public communication in Turkey. Moreover, stamps, used since the reign of Sultan Abdülaziz, have been a crucial tool in the post’s symbolic production. As a material with financial value, stamps, used by both institutions and citizens, with illustrations of conjunctural or historical thematic references, have also played an essential role in conferring certain messages to all the state and society’s components through the motivation for their adoption.Stamps’ situation during the Early Republican Period —when radical paradigmatic innovations were experienced, and some ruptures and continuities were witnessed in this context— presented meanings that would inspire political and social history studies and even become the object of such studies. This study is based on the assumption that postage stamps were designed and circulated to introduce the Early Republican Period’s administrative, political, ideological, and economic transformations to both Turkish society and the world. Thus, stamps’ symbolic representations of power have been focused from this perspective. While the study was being designed, stamps of the founding period —known in the literature as the Early Republican Period, which began with the proclamation of the Republic and ended with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’s death and in which radical reforms were implemented— were determined as the study’s scope. In addition, stamps printed and/or used by the Grand National Assembly’s government during the national liberation struggle, which began in 1919 and prepared for the foundation period, was also included in analysis. Therefore, the entire study sample included the stamps’ representations of symbols of power in circulation from 1920-1938.Since these representations provide the opportunity to read the time’s historical conflicts for political and economic power through symbols, this study relies on Pierre Bourdieu’s understanding of symbolic power. Developing his understanding of symbolic power over Max Weber’s definitions of charisma and legitimacy and underlining that power’s use therefore requires legitimacy, Bourdieu frames the state as defining principles of physical and symbolic violence with its physical and symbolic power over public order. Therefore, he sees public order not only as a monopoly on physical violence in the Weberian sense but also emphasizes consent and argues that the state monopolizes use of symbolic force.Indeed, Bourdieu focuses on some symbolic representations while revealing power monopolies’ logical functioning. Arguing that time was built with mental structures, he posits that one of these representations appears as memory. For this reason, this defense, which parallels Bourdieu’s views underlining that nothing is a given in the social and political sphere, offers a significant framework for examining the Early Republican Period’s symbolic power. Because this framework provides the opportunity to examine relations among surrounding actors who have unequal distribution of power, it also reminds us of the relationship’s constructive possibilities, for example, domination, absolutization, and nihilation.The founding cadre’s reforms implemented during the Early Republican Period reveal the necessity of symbolic power. As this study’s object, stamps also have meaning that represents strife within the context. Strengthening and realizing the claim of such representations may become possible by preparing citizenry for the situation.&nbsp;Accordingly, through content analysis, the sample has been triple classified thematically, and symbolic power’s functioning has been critiqued on the following representations of: (i) the nation as an arranged structure, (ii) the founding leader who embodies sensations and insights required by symbolic power, and (iii) national development and construction of the central state. As a result, representations on the sample’s stamps are argued as being informational for both the national and international communities. Therefore, these representations are considered prominent both as descriptive missions and commanding functions.&nbsp;

Examination of Symbolic Power during Turkey’s Early  Republican Period from Bourdieu’s Perspective: A Case of  Postage Stamps

Oğuz

İlknur Doğu

COVID-19, Misinformation and  Communication Studies: A Systematic Review  of the Infodemic

Begüm

Güven

Assist. Prof.

Translation and Localization of Video Games:  An Analysis of Uncharted 4 in Turkish

Murat

Figen

The Mediating Role of Gratitude in the  Relationship Between Self-Efficacy and  Psychological Resilience in Elderly Individuals:  The Case of Malatya

Tuğba

Burcu

Oğuzhan

Disasters, crises, and human suffering are key issues that receive global media attention. Lacking physical proximity, viewers can witness the pain of distant people only through media representations. Since the 1990s the international literature on this topic has concentrated on how the media has offered audiences a narrative of pain, particularly visually. These studies have treated the media as a narrative space that governs the visibility of distant people’s suffering and provides the audience with resources to imagine and understand that suffering. Famine is a serious problem that causes millions of people to suffer globally. During the 20th century, over 70 million people died due to famine while millions more had to endure the adverse conditions created by it. It is predicted that the COVID-19 pandemic will trigger a new wave of famine, affecting 130 million people globally. The discourse on famine articulated by the media is thus crucially important. Experience of various global campaigns has confirmed that a meaningful public response materializes only if famine is effectively covered by the media, paving the way for government intervention. What is essential is not only whether famine is covered as a global issue by the media but also how famine is depicted. Existing research on this topic in Turkey consists mostly of translations of various scholarly texts. No original research has been undertaken on the visual representation of global famine in the Turkish media, a gap that the analysis offered here seeks to correct. Furthermore, this paper reflects on the relevance and limitations of the theoretical and conceptual frameworks adopted in the existing international literature.&nbsp;&nbsp;This study sought to analyze how often global famine becomes part of the media agenda; the aspects of famine that are represented photographically; and whether famine is framed as a phenomenon requiring action or as something that need not concern the audience. With respect to methodology, content and semiotic analysis was applied in conjunction to observe and study these visual texts. A total of 517 news stories containing 659 photographs were obtained by searching the online editions of 30 Turkish newspapers published between April 20, 2020, and August 30, 2021. Contrasting previous approaches, this project also has unique methodological value in its use of mixed methods, that is, simultaneous content and semiotic analysis. It thus aims to set a benchmark for further research and to provide valid and reliable data for future scholars in this field.&nbsp;Of 659 photographs analyzed, 450 contained representations of distant suffering, 240 included children only, and 59 were photographs of women with their children. This “feminized” and “infantilized” representation of distant suffering due to famine is consistent with descriptions in the international literature, which criticizes the reproduction of these stereotypes. Moreover, body parts and bodies in pain were also frequently used in the photographs, with this subject matter being controversial due to its “biopolitical” nature. In all the photographs where people suffering could be identified, they were overwhelmingly represented as either “bodies to be governed” or as passive victims in urgent need of care. Strikingly, the place of their suffering could not be identified in the majority of the photographs. Thus, not only the sufferers themselves but also their connection with their locality was dehumanized. In contrast with those presented as “victims,” people depicted as “care givers” were overwhelmingly male and active.This research confirms that the representation of distant suffering in Turkish news photographs of famine continues to reproduce stereotypes that are much criticized in the literature on humanitarian communication. Arguably, this preferred visual regime for representing distant suffering continues to position us as global citizens who empathetically monitor the global crisis of famine as it occurs across the world. As the literature also suggests, however, this is inadequate to promote collective responsibility for further action.&nbsp;

Reporting Distant Suffering: Photographic Representation of  Famine in Turkish Newspapers

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Ulaş Başar

Our era of surveillance capitalism is characterized by pervasive rather than targeted surveillance. Currently, the big brother is not watching the dissidents but everybody for a tiny probability of disobedience. In the past there were mainly two kinds of surveillance: Physical chase which means undercover agents following the target anti-government figures in person and technical chase which mostly corresponds to phone taps. However nowadays there is no need for physical chase, as technical chase replaced it and expanded the areas and ‘opportunities’ of surveillance through ubiquitous surveillance devices including CCTVs, mobile tracking, net tracking etc.&nbsp;Citizenship education offered in schools that can form the basis of antisurveillance activism is usually from the governments’ perspective. A critical sense of citizenship is rarely promoted in these official contexts. Thus, acquisition of critical citizenship consciousness is usually through peer learning at informal and nonformal settings. In many countries, adults and especially young adults join protests, and usually they acquire citizenship education skills and knowledge in a blended way whereby offline and online political activisms support each other. Thus ICTs usually utilized for entertainment are educationalized to serve the pedagogical interests of the citizens. They learn more on social media about citizenship education than the formal citizenship education courses.&nbsp;We should reflect on informal and non-formal forms of critical citizenship education via ICTs including but not only limited to social media platforms. We propose that in order not to formalize and institutionalize citizens’ actively acquired critical citizenship skills and knowledge, the disconnect between formal non-critical, official forms of citizenship education and informal, non-formal, blended and citizen-based critical citizenship education should continue. Under the funding of governments or corporations, the criticality of citizenship education will be limited. That is why, citizens should support and develop their own citizenship initiatives and resources in both online and offline settings. The citizen and consumer rights movements are the perfect matches for such an endeavor.&nbsp;In the case of activist uses of social media, a remarkable point is the fact that most of the Internet users voluntarily release personal information on the web. They are&nbsp;fulfilling their needs for recognition, reputation, socialization etc. Thus, activist use of social media should be able to identify the motivations behind voluntary release of personal information and be cautious about what to share and not to share on social media. This brings up the notion of social media literacy. However, since social media literacy is not necessarily critical, as it may develop on the basis of conservative reactions to the corruption of traditional society by the influence of computers and internet, this literacy should be critical. Hence we have the term ‘critical social media literacy’ as a better match.&nbsp;Even under ubiquitous surveillance capitalism, either through literacies or by other means, we should still find the ways to resist. Citizen data activism can be about surveilling the corporate surveillers themselves. Data activist citizens can feed a website with corporate surveillance practices that they find unethical. Unlike the government who justifies surveillance on the basis of security, corporations have no excuse for surveilling other than maximizing profits. Under pre-big-data capitalism, a number of initiatives were successful to protect and promote consumer rights. For citizen data activism, those websites need upgrades to surveil the surveillers.&nbsp;&nbsp;Citizen data activism should be in close collaboration with citizen science movements which capitalize on crowdsourcing for scientific purposes. We need to develop alternatives to surveillers by collecting and interpreting our own data –to break ‘the monopoly of interpretation’ as stated previously.&nbsp;We urge data activists and rights movements to unite their forces for mutual benefit. The search on Google Scholar for ‘data activism’ and ‘consumer rights’ bring out almost no results. Same holds for ‘data activism’ and ‘rights movements’, and for ‘data activism’ and ‘social solidarity’, while a higher number of results are listed for ‘data activism’ and ‘human rights’ although the number is far from satisfactory considering the possible links between the two. This picture clearly shows that the links mentioned here are uncharted and understudied.&nbsp;To conclude, the resistance against big data, the new big brother is not in vain and neither hopeless. Instead, there are potentials not even utilized and links not considered. Through this article on data activism, our hope has been to show a way of resistance to be argued, elaborated on and ultimately evaluated in terms of its merits and demerits by the decision makers of the rights movements.

Data Activism: Reviving, Extending and Upgrading Critical Citizenship Education and Consumer Rights Movements

Ebru

Ezgi

Cammaerts (2007, p. 217) defines activism as the ability to create or change history. Digital technologies help to create a new channel for activism. Internet activism or rather, social media activism, is a sub-type of digital activism. According to the literature there are certain types of digital activism such as slacktivism, clicktivism, and hacktivism. Considine (2003, p. 134) refers to two types of digital activism strategies. The first one supports real life activism via digital content, and the second one is content created by activists just for the digital media and the Internet. Celebrities have been important figures in activism for a long time. Celebrity activism can be seen as the celebrity endorsement strategy of non-governmental organisations. Celebrities can be helpful for different issues such as raising awareness, fundraising, etc. However, if the celebrity activism and the celebrity involved in the cause are not sincere then this strategy does not work well. Celebrity activism is associated with role modeling, and McCracken’s meaning transfer model. According to McCracken’s (1989) meaning transfer model, consumers have certain perceptions of celebrities and those perceptions are transfered to the brand through celebrity endorsement. This also works for non-governmental organisations and social causes. Huddart (2005) developed a model for celebrity and civil society engagement. According to his model there are 4 types of celebrities in activism, namely; Patron, Spokesperson, Ambassador/Author, and Visionary Leader. Digital technologies are now serving as a new tool for activism. They are also serving as a new tool for celebrityactivism. Being a celebrity can only be possible through constant interaction with the public, and social media provides a good channel for interaction. Celebrities can join activist movements via their social media accounts by tweeting, using hashtags, etc. or they can start their own. Moreover, celebrities have a chance to reach a wider audience on their social media accounts.This study aims to examine celebrities’ reflections of their activist efforts and their activist celebrity identities on their social media accounts. In line with this objective, Haluk Levent’s (a Turkish singer) official Twitter account was examined using purposive sampling. There are multiple reasons for this choice of celebrity. First of all, Haluk Levent’s popularity has increased through his celebrity activist image. Secondly, it is seen that his number of Twitter followers is increasing steadily. This can be interpreted as his growing ability to reach more people, and to be reached by more people. The analysis was conducted using the content analysis technique. The analysis was limited to the period between October 15, 2018 and December 15, 2018. In total, 513 posts were examined.As a result of the study, it was determined that the majority of the posts belonged to the official Twitter account and 8.1% of the posts were retweets. The majority of the retweets belonged to the non-governmental organization established by Haluk Levent. This can be interpreted as his efforts to focus attention on his organization and the efforts of volunteers. The majority of the tweets had visual content. Visuals are considered as helpful tools to attract followers’ attention. The majority of the tweets were related to ‘Health’ issues, followed by ‘Donations and Scholarships’. When the text tone was examined it was seen that a warm tone was used in both activist content and non-activist content. This can be interpreted as him attempting to establish intimacy with his followers and to encourage them to work cooperatively. Finally, according to the celebrity activism model and his Twitter usage, he can be categorized as a ‘Spokesperson’.As a result, it can be said that the findings of the content analysis are consistent with the literature. First of all, he is known as a person who supports social aid on social media, and this is supported by his tweets. In the literature it is said that being a celebrity relies on the interaction and intimacy between the celebrity persona and the audience. This also applies to celebrity activism. His Twitter usage shows just such an example of establishing intimacy between the celebrity, audience, and activism.

Celebrities in Digital Activism: An Evaluation of  ‘Ahbap Platformu’

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Övünç Meriç

This article focuses on how the influence of online new media ecology has affected disability activism in Turkey. The framework of this article is ‘network society’ (Van Dijk, 2016) and ‘digital activism (Joyce, 2010). Van Dijk (2016) has observed the rise of the network society and according to that, he defines network society as communication networks that shape the most important forms of an organization in a society.&nbsp;New media technologies bring new ways for citizens and movements to mobilize and to organize. Joyce (2010) stated that citizens around the world have become increasingly aware of and interested in the expanding use of digital technologies - mobile phones and internet-enabled devices for example - in campaigns for social and political change. These practices, which we refer to as ‘digital activism’ have been reported by journalists, dissected by bloggers and eagerly studied by scholars. Students’ activities and enthusiast wish to understand and replicate the most effective tactics (Joyce, 2010).&nbsp;The transformation of traditional media into new media has initiated a new userdominated content publishing/broadcasting era. In the rise of the social media era, activists have made less dependent on traditional media like newspapers or televisions. Some researcher claim that new media offers some opportunities for&nbsp;‘non-elite’ actors and marginalized or disadvantaged groups to acquire visibility in the public sphere (Chadwick, 2013). In the west, some research shows that although the growth in digital activism has initiated new strategies for disability protest, its ability to influence traditional news media debates remains pivotal to its effectiveness and power to represent the voice of disabled people (Pearson &amp; Trevisan, 2015).&nbsp;Within the context of the literature reviewed, this article examines six main research questions:1. What are the socio-demographic characteristics of users who produce the digital content related to disability? 2. What are the occupations and interests of users who produce digital content on disability? 3. What is the geographical distribution of digital content produced on disability in Turkey? In which areas is the right to disability advocacy concentrated? 4. What kind of content has been produced by sharing the disabled hashtag in the digital environment? 5. What types of online media distribution in disability-related content produced in Turkey? Which platforms are used mostly to generate content? 6. How and for which purposes do disabled activists use new media?There are a growing number of options open to researchers seeking to capture and analyze online content. Network analysis tools increasingly used – reflecting a shift in the understanding and practice of the Web as a dynamic social context. In this study, open source new media monitoring tool is used. Monitoring tools allow for collecting and analyzing real-time information. In this article, content analysis technique was used to evaluate the data sets and the findings were evaluated through descriptive method. The notion ‘disabled’ as a term is searched through newspapers and online news, TV / Radio, news agencies, blogs, forums, Twitter, Google+, YouTube, EkşiSözlük. Data for the research is collected between 19-26th of January 2019.&nbsp;According to the results of the web content analysis: young adults between 18 and 34 years of age produced more content for disabled people than older adults aged between 55 and 64+. The gender distribution of the content about disability in the online environment, it was found that male users produced more content (61.5%). The percentage of women in content production is 38.5%. According to the&nbsp;conversation map, most active users in Turkey, live in Ankara, İstanbul, İzmir, and Eskişehir (73.2%). The share of media types analyze has shown that the most popular online environment and digital activist tool is Twitter (84.8%).Disabled people produced the content with the same theme (for example, they want to increase disabled quota from the 3 percent to 5 percent than shared a tweet with #disabledquota5percent) in Twitter to spread this content throughout the country and has contributed to creating well-targeted online networks. This analysis has shown how disabled activists have positioned themselves beyond the traditional activism and mainstream media barriers which have using online environments like Twitter and other social network platforms.

Online Outsiders: A Research on Digital Disabled Activism in Turkey

Akan

Mikail

The most obvious benefit of the new media emerging as a result of convergence is that it begins to easily convey all the information, ideas and facts, without any political, social and geographical boundaries. Although this benefit more often enables the transformation and globalization of communication systems, it has also made possible the rise of global protest networks (Ayers &amp; Maccaughey, 2003). Today, the potentials offered by the new media for social collective movements are more likely seen in practices such as co-ordinating activities, meeting and mobilizing new activists, planning protests and publicizing highly strategic information. However, recent studies emphasize that new media should focus not only on cost-effective solutions created in communication techniques, but also on new motivations, creative and tactical potential, propagation speed, participation frequency and power of legitimacy which are added to the collective actions. However, the detailed literature review in this study shows that although the technical and functional relationship between new media and activism is explicit, its effects on activist participation psychology and the capacity to create sustainable solutions are highly controversial. While the studies focusing on the intensity of online participation and&nbsp;the frequency of messages created by the new media in social movements shows an optimistic table, studies focusing on offline participation forms, sustainability and psychological details emphasize pessimistic results.According to techno-supporters who focus on the process of technologysupported cognitive demonstrations and who are optimistic about the relationship between activism and new media, the new media has created an activist approach that forms creative collective identities with the opportunities it offers, calls for transnational support by transcending borders, and organizes demonstrations against political pressures. Thus, the new media is the new intersection point between the social context, the political objective and the actional stance, which create social movements. At this point of intersection, the new media first settles into daily practices with functional benefit and then transforms the practices of creating needs, ideas, and actions with new usage behaviours and transformed media literacy. In other words, as a result of mobility, advanced interface and multimedia supported infrastructure, firstly the practices and media literacy changes, and subsequently the typographic and phonetic signification practices in communication begin to transform. Techno-supporters argue that this transformation process directly supports the idealistic concepts such as multicenterism, liberty, disconnection, cooperation and accessibility in the ideological infrastructure of social movements (Tarrow, 2011). The techno-supporter front, who views the new media as the most important center of media democracy and symbolizes it as ‘media carta’, supports this argument by the emergence of new types of digital activism and by the fact that the actions it carries out can create sensational effects. The optimistic approaches of the techno-supporters have been tried to be conveyed under the umbrella of cyber activism via new activist methods such as clicktivism, netactivism, smartmob, cyberdisobedience, hacktivism, cybervigilantism, netwarism and cyberterrorism.Techno-critics address the new media with the critical theories put forward by the representatives of Marshall McLuhan and the Frankfurt School, and seeing it as a global ideological device, state that it is an area that needs to be carefully managed. In addition, it is emphasized that the level of autonomy that the new media, which is announced as the new instrument of revolution in the events like Arab Spring and seen as the new fourth force, provides for such powerful promises is highly controversial. That is to say, the liberties and the opportunities offered for the production of content provide an asymmetric autonomy for the access and&nbsp;distribution of the created content. For example, it is completely enigmatic when a content spreading through popular monopolized platforms such as Google, Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter will pass through Sandbox-style filter algorithms placed on search consoles, and on which page or how often it will be accessed after being ranked. According to Horkheimer and Adorno (2002), as the sovereignty of this intelligent digital status quo, developed by algorithms, becomes legitimate, the presentations in the media will be seen as the only reality, and this situation, as predicted by techno-supporters, will result in a homology that imposes uniformity under the name of harmony rather than diversity of ideas. From this point of view, some techno-critics consider the analogous mass, called the new subject, as populist intellectuals with low self-consciousness and interpret cyber activism as ‘slacktivism’, i.e. activism of the lazy (Christensen, 2011). Consequently, two basic facts lie in the essence of the techno-critics’ thoughts. First, focusing on the potential benefits of the new media with complex adaptive and SPIN characteristics but ignoring the tyrannies it might legitimize may cause huge fallacies and consequences. The second point of criticism emphasized by the techno-critics is ignoring the fact that the change that the media will initiate in the reading style would cover a large area such as media literacy and have psychological effects. Techno-critics, pointing out to conformist individualization as those rushing to leave a mark behind by Gramsci (1997) emphasize that an activism that develops based on the belief in feeling good and not the belief in making a difference is a conformist approach and the enthusiasm and motivation directed by the media as the subject cannot make the actions sustainable.In conclusion, this study provides a technical and theoretical explanation that focuses on the effect of new media on the social, communicative, psychological and ideological dynamics underlying the collective social movements. Therefore, the perceptions and motives that enable the individual to participate in collective or individualistic networks in contemporary society, the debates between passive digital participation and active participation suggested as the new model of activism, and the important paradoxes in digital collective social movements will be further clarified.

Rich (New) Media Poor Activism Debates on Activism Movements in New Media

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Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences is an open access, peer-reviewed, scholarly and international journal published biannually in June and December since 1992. The manuscripts submitted for publication in the journal must be scientific and original work in Turkish or English.

Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences – focuses on systems, theories, methods and applications in communications. Original articles, reviews, case reports and book reviews on all aspects of communications are published to provide a global platform for scientific knowledge exchange among academic researchers, communication professionals and policy makers. Contributions are welcome from anthropology, philosophy, history, political sciences, psychology and all other fields, which have relevant and insightful comments about communications. The target group of the journal consists of academicians, researchers, professionals, students, related professional and academic bodies and institutions.

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

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Connectist aims to create an international platform opening from Asia to Europe in which academic researchers, communication professionals and policy makers share scientific knowledge. It welcomes theoretical and empirical studies elaborating on the current debates of social sciences and humanities besides the conventional research fields of communication. Connectist is also open to the studies from other disciplines that focus on communication.The target group of the journal consists of academicians, researchers, professionals, students, and related professional organizations.

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Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences is committed to abide by the highest standards of publication ethics. It adopts the ethical publishing principles of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) and the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME). For the principles expressed under the heading of “Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing”, please visit the link below: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publishers) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.All submissions must be compatible with the aim and scope of the journal. Only the manuscripts that are original, not published (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under review of any other publication simultaneously are accepted for evaluation. The manuscripts must also be approved by each author in terms of its content and submission.The name of any author cannot be deleted from the manuscript without the permission of all authors. A new author name cannot be included in the manuscript, and author order cannot be changed without the permission of all authors.Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are accepted as unethical behaviors. All manuscripts that do not comply with the accepted ethical standards are removed from the publication. If a manuscript with illegal and/or unethical features is realized after its publication, it is also removed from the publication.Plagiarism Check Pre-controlled manuscripts are scanned for plagiarism via using iThenticate software. If plagiarism/self-plagiarism is detected, the authors are informed. If necessary, editors might check the manuscript for plagiarism at various stages of the evaluation or production process. High similarity percentages might cause a manuscript to be rejected before or even after it is accepted.For a manuscript to be published the similarity percentage must be less than 15% depending on the category of the manuscript.Double-Blind Peer Review Process <div>After the plagiarism check, the appropriate manuscripts are evaluated by the editor-in-chief in terms of originality, method, importance of the subject and the compatibility with the scope of the journal. The editor-in-chief presents the manuscripts complying with the formal principles to the evaluation of at least two referees from Turkey and / or abroad, and ensures that they pass through a fair double-blind refereeing. The editor-in-chief approves the publication of the manuscript after the necessary changes requested by the referees are done by the author(s).</div>

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Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences is an open access journal which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This principle is compatible with BOAI definition of open access. The articles in Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences are open access articles licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en</a>)

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

Authors publishing with the journal retain the copyright to their work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC 4.0) (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a>) and grant the Publisher non-exclusive commercial right to publish the work. CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Editor should consider publishing correction if minor errors that do not effect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper are detected. Editor should consider retraction if major errors and/or misconduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected.Editor should consider issuing an expression of concern if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive. The guidelines of COPE and ICJME are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.

To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA), and the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publishers) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

Ethics

The journal adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.-    Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.-    The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.-    The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.-    Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.-    Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.-    The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.-    In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.-    If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.-    In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/57A4F95E9D1C4811BB98807DDDE88FDE" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>. The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two referees from abroad or from Turkey. After accomplishing necessary revisions requested by referees, the authors resubmit the manuscript by highlighting the changes made. Publication decisions are made by Editor-in-Chief after authors make necessary revisions requested by referees and the peer-review process is completed.Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing. Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed. Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal. Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective. Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side. A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process. The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Peer Review

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by Editor-in-Chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two referees from abroad or from Turkey. After accomplishing necessary revisions requested by referees, the authors resubmit the manuscript by highlighting the changes made. Publication decisions are made by Editor-in-Chief after authors make necessary revisions requested by referees and the peer-review process is completed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.- Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?- Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?- Is the problem significant and concisely stated?- Are the methods described comprehensively?- Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?- Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?- Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

The language of the journal is both Turkish and English. -    All correspondence will be sent to the first-named author unless otherwise specified. Manuscpript is to be submitted online via http://connectist.istanbul.edu.tr and it must be accompanied by a cover letter indicating that the manuscript is intended for publication, specifying the article category (i.e. research article, review etc.) and including information about the manuscript (see the Submission Checklist). In addition, a Copyright Agreement Form that has to be signed by all authors must be submitted. -    Only one manuscript of each author is published in the same year (excluding special issues). -    Papers accepted but not yet included in the issue are published online in the Early View section. -    Authors are responsible for all statements made in their work submitted to the Journal for publication. -    Studies that are not prepared in accordance with the rules of the journal are directly rejected without the need for peer review. -    The manuscripts should be in A4 paper standards: having 2.5 cm margins from right, left, bottom and top, Times New Roman font style in 12 font size and line spacing of 1.5. -    Word count must be 6500 – 8500 words for “research articles”, 6500 – 8500 words for “review articles” and 2000-4000 words for “short notes”. -    Before the introduction part, there should be an abstract between 180 and 200 words in English and an extended abstract only in English between 600-800 words, summarizing the scope, the purpose, the results of the study and the method used. Underneath the abstracts, 5 keywords that inform the reader about the content of the study should be specified in Turkish and in English. Extended abstract in English is mandatory for all manuscripts. -    The manuscripts should contain mainly these components: title, abstract and keywords; extended abstract in English, sections, end notes and references. -    Tables, graphs and figures can be given with a number and a defining title only if it is necessary to follow the idea of the article. Otherwise features like demographic characteristics can be given within the text. Tables and figures in the studies should be placed within the text. -    Emphasis of the author(s) in the studies should be indicated with single quotes; only book, movie, newspaper names should be written in italics. Quotations exceeding 40 words should be given inside, single spaced and without quotation marks. -    In line with the Editorial Board decision and referee reports, the authors may be asked to make some changes in the text. -    The studies that were sent to the journal will not be returned whether they are published or not. -    The studies -according to their categories- should be prepared in line with the following flow:1. RESEARCH ARTICLES INTRODUCTION -The problem of the research should be defined by making references to the relevant literature. In the last paragraph before moving on to the sub-headings, the importance of the study, its difference from other studies, namely its originality, the purpose and method of the study should be specified and its boundaries should be drawn. Subheading(s) related to the topic AIM AND METHODOLOGY Introductory remarks for the aim and methodology Aim After the major aim of the study is indicated, research (sub)questions and/or hypothesis/hypotheses should be formulated. Method The following elements should be given in this section as content, even if they are not given as a title. •    Research Model •    Universe, Sample / Subjects/ Participants •    Data Collection Tool •    Operation The types of scale, questionnaire, interviews etc. should be clarified, and especially the research including statistical analyses should have reliability and viability coefficients. FINDINGS DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION After restating the aim of the study in short, findings should be summed up very briefly and discussed with reference to the relevant literature. Then the original opinions related to the research findings should be stated by the author as concluding remarks. Before finalizing the study some suggestions should be formulated for future research to contribute to the relevant field. ENDNOTES REFERENCES 2. REVIEW ARTICLES​INTRODUCTION​The problem of the research should be defined by making references to the relevant literature. In the last paragraph before moving on to the sub-headings, the importance of the study, its difference from other studies, namely its originality, the purpose and method of the study should be specified and its boundaries should be drawn.​Subheading(s) related to the topic DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION After restating the aim of the study in short, findings should be summed up very briefly and discussed with reference to the relevant literature. Then the original opinions related to the research findings should be stated by the author as concluding remarks. Before finalizing the study some suggestions should be formulated for future research to contribute to the relevant field. ENDOTES REFERENCES3. SHORT NOTES Within the scope of short notes, a critical evaluation of any subject, audio-visual/written text, an event or phenomenon that concerns the field of communication is presented. Unlike original research articles, short notes do not include field research but may include book criticism, film criticism, or evaluation of other audio/visual/written products or critical evaluations of organized events. Originality of the short notes is expected to be created via new and different perspectives of the experts and veteran scholars. There is no title system that authors must comply with for short notes. Authors may adopt a title system appropriate to their subject.

Author Guidelines

Before beginning the online submission process please read the Information for Authors and make sure you have the followings available:Article Submission <div>•    The article must be sent to https://iupress.istanbul.edu.tr/tr/journal/connectist/home •    While uploading Main Document, make sure that the main document has no information that clarify the author’s identity. Due to double blind peer review, Main Document must not include Title Page, the name of author or any other detail that can disclose the author identity (such as acknowledgements or headers including the author(s) name). •    Additionally, Supplemental File for Review must not include any detail that can disclose author identity as well. Files to be uploaded separately •    Copyright Agreement Form •    Permissions obtained for previously published material if used in the present manuscript •    Title page -    Category of the article -    The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English -    Authors' names, surnames, titles and affiliates (after the university and faculty information, the city and country information should also be included) and e-mail addresses. -    Corresponding author's e-mail address, open correspondence address, business phone, GSM, fax number -    ORCID numbers of the authors •    Main Manuscript Document -    The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English -    Abstracts (180-200 words) both in Turkish and in English -    Keywords: 5 words both in Turkish and in English -    Extended abstract (600-800 words) in English (only for Turkish articles) -    Main article sections -    Financial support (if applicable) -    Conflict of interest (if applicable) -    Acknowledgement (if exists) -    References -    All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</div>

References-    Author(s) are expected to cite primary sources in their studies.-    References to articles published as Early View should be given as &#34;publication in preparation&#34;.-    The author(s) are responsible for the accuracy of the references. All sources should be cited in the text and listed alphabetically.Reference Style and Format -    Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, adopts 7th edition of APA (American Psychological Association) style for in-text citation and references. The rules for this style can be found at the link below:-    https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/-    References should be cited as indicated in the examples below.In-Text CitationSources should be indicated in the text by writing the surnames of the authors and the publication date in parentheses. If more than one source is to be shown, a semicolon (;) should be inserted between the sources. References should be listed alphabetically.Citations in the Text <div>Citations must be indicated with the author surname and publication year and page number within the parenthesis. If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;). References should be listed alphabetically </div><div>Samples: Citation with one author; (Carpentier, 2011) Carpentier (2011) </div><div>Citation with two authors; (Deleuze &amp; Guattari, p. 1992) Deleuze and Guattari (1992) aim to explain schizophrenia in a positive manner (p. 45). </div><div>Citation with three or more authors; (Curran et al., 2009) Citation with abbreviation: First Citation: (World Health Organisation [WHO], 2020) Next Citations: (WHO, 2020) First Citation: World Health Organisation (WHO, 2020) Next Citations: WHO (2020) </div><div>To avoid ambiguity in in-text citations If the same author published more than one study in the same year: (Fiske, 2010a) (Fiske, 2010b) &#8288;If the first authors of multiple references share the same surname but have different initials, include the first authors’ initials in all in-text citations, even if the year of publication differs. (A.    A. Berger, 2010; J. Berger, 2010) If the authors of the same publication have the same surname, there is no need to include the first letters of their names. (Chen &amp; Chen, 2019) </div><div>Direct quotations When citing directly, sentence(s) are enclosed in quotation marks and page numbers are also indicated in in-text quotations. According to Luhmann (1982), “Subjectivity is an abstract term invented by philosophers which does not refer to human beings. The real subject of social action is the social system” (p. 324). If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;). References should be listed alphabetically. (Mulvey, 2012; Ryan &amp; Kellner, 2012, p. 152). </div><div>Citations in the Reference All the citations done in the text should be listed in the References section in alphabetical order of author surname without numbering. Below given examples should be considered in citing the references. </div><div>Book a) Citation with one author; Berger, A. A. (2017). Media analysis techniques. Sage Publications. Kamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. McGraw-Hill Education. </div><div>b) Translated book Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punishment: The birth of the prison. (A. Sheridan, Trans.). Vintage Books. </div><div>c) Book with Multiple Authors Bordwell, D. &amp; Thompson, K. (2010). Film Art: An Introduction. McGraw-Hill. </div><div>ç) Edited book Miller, T., &amp; Stam, R. (Eds.). (2004). A companion to film theory (Vol. 18). John Wiley &amp; Sons. </div><div>d) Chapter in an Edited Book Jenkins, H. (2004). The work of theory in the age of digital transformation. T. Miller &amp; R. Stam (Eds.), A Companion to Film Theory (pp. 234-261). Blackwell. </div><div>e) Chapter in the translation book Schmeder, G. (2015). İşbölümü dinamiğinde kopmalar ve kesintiler. C. Vercellone (Ed.) ve D. Kundakçı (Trans.). Bilişsel kapitalizm. (1st ed., 61-75). Otonom Yayıncılık. </div><div>Piaget, J. (1988). Extracts from Piaget’s theory (G. Gellerier &amp; J. Langer, Trans.). In K. Richardson &amp; S. Sheldon (Eds.) Cognitive development to adolescence: A reader (pp. 3-18). Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum. (Reprinted from Manual of child psychology, pp. 703-732, by P.H. Myssen, Ed., 1970. Wiley) </div><div>f) Book Review Gül Ünlü, D. (2018). Kitap incelemesi [Şeffaflık toplumu: Şeffaf toplumun eleştirisi üzerine bir okuma]. Galatasaray Üniversitesi İletişim Dergisi, 28, 279-290. http://iletisimdergisi.gsu.edu.tr/tr/pub/issue/37677/436058 </div><div>Seo, S. (2016). [Review of the book Journalism and Human Rights: How Demographics Drive Media Coverage by John C. Pollock]. Journal of Communication, 66 (6), E-15-E-17. https://academic.oup.com/joc/article-abstract/66/6/E15/4082402?redirectedFrom=fulltext </div><div>g) Book with Organization as Author American Psychological Association. (2009). Crediting sources: Citing references in text. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed., p. 177). </div><div>Article </div><div>a) Article Seyidov, I. (2020). On conceptual and methodological deficiencies of data journalism-related studies in Turkey. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, 58, 273-289. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2020-0070 </div><div>b) Online article without DOI Grist, L. (2007). Masculinity, violence, resistance: A new psychoanalytic reading of Raging Bull. Atlantis, 29(1), 11-27. Retrieved from https://go.gale.com/ </div><div>c) Popular magazine article Salmon, C. (2016, Oct). Ken Loach is right: British film and TV has become too cosy and conservative. Little White Lies. https://lwlies.com/articles/ken-loach-fake-nostalgia-tv-period-dramas/ </div><div>Thesis, Symposium </div><div>a)    Thesis Kendrick, J. (2005). Screen violence and the new Hollywood [Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation]. Indiana University. https://www.proquest.com/openview/433bbaa0b9973dad53d0aa735d1f941a/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;cbl=18750&amp;diss=y </div><div>b) Symposium contribution Gündüz, U. &amp; Pembecioğlu N. (2021, October, 26-27). Covid-19. H. Adıyaman (Chairs), The health agenda of media in the lights of information ethics and the Covid-19 sentiment analysis of garlic news [Symposium]. 18. International Communication in the Millennium Symposium, Erzurum, Turkey. </div><div>Other Sources </div><div>a) Newspaper Article Lee, E. (2019, February 1). Digital Media: What Went Wrong. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/01/business/media/buzzfeed-digital-media-wrong.html </div><div>b) İnternet sayfası kaynakları Bordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized. http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/ adresinden 15 Eylül 2020 tarihinde alınmıştır. </div><div>c) Official publications and press release Turkish Statistical Institute (2022). Foreign Trade Statistics (Publication number: 45536). https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Foreign-Trade-Statistics-January-2022-45536&amp;dil=2 The White House, Office of the Press Secretary. (2010, August 4). Administration officials continue travel across the country holding “Recovery Summer” events [Press release]. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/realitycheck/the-press-office/administration-officials-continue-travel-across-country-holding-recovery-summer-eve </div><div>ç) Dictionary Oxford University Press. (n.d.). Communication. In Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved January 1, 2022, from https://www.lexico.com/definition/communication </div><div>d) Podcast West, S. (2020, December). On Media pt. 1- Manufacturing Consent (Episode 148) [Audio podcast]. In Philosophize this!. https://open.spotify.com/episode/04YIh1REL6KOxlnaJWlvfh?si=86782f420d744114 </div><div>e) Video/Film Zizek, S. (2008). Violence [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_x0eyNkNpL0 Scorsese, M. (Director). (1976). Taxi Driver [Film]. Columbia Pictures.</div><div> </div><div>f) TV series Chase, D. (Producer). (1999-2007). The Sopranos [TV Series]. HBO. </div><div>g) Social Media Manovich, L. [@manovich]. In the late 1990s South Korea became the leader in Internet connections, and they launched one of the first social networks Cyworld. Next, they used YouTube to create k-pop global popularity. Can they repeat their success in metaverse? [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/manovich/status/1462405978356207626  [Tweet] for Twitter, [Twitter profile] etc., [Facebook status] for Facebook, [Timeline] etc., [Picture] for Instagram, [Highlight] can be used.</div>

Make sure that the information in the list below is complete: * Cover letter to the editor * The category of the manuscript * Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”. * Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement. * Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed. * Confirming that last control for fluent English was done. * Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed. * Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA 7. * Copyright Agreement Form * Permission of previously published copyrighted material if used in the present manuscript * Title page * The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English * All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses * Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax number * ORCIDs of all authors. * Main Manuscript Document * Abstracts (180-200 words) both in Turkish and in English * Extended Abstract (600-800 words) in English * Keywords: 5 words both in Turkish and in English * Financial support (if applicable) * Conflict of interest (if applicable) * Acknowledgement (if applicable) * References * All tables, illustrations (figures) should be placed within the text including their title, description, footnotes.

<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/FCB0E9A7360F4750B5088DDB0ACBF536" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/811D1051F5084CB8B481E976F315C37F" target="_blank">Title Page</a>

Issue Type	Regular
Editor(s)	Ayşen Akkor Gül

Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences

ISSUE 62, 2022

METRICS