Research Article


DOI :10.26650/CONNECTIST2020-0049   IUP :10.26650/CONNECTIST2020-0049    Full Text (PDF)

The Use of Social Networks and the Need for Social Approval of People in the Fields of Law, Medicine, and Academia in Turkey

Sefer KalamanRifat Becerikli

The aim of this study is to determine the level of social approval needs of people working in law, medicine, and academia, which are the most prestigious professions in Turkey, and whether there is a difference in the need for social approval among people who use and do not use social networks. The method used for obtaining data in this study was that of survey method. The universe of the study consists of about 334 thousand people who hold the profession of Judge, Lawyer, Doctor, Professor or Research Assistant in Turkey. The sample represented in this study comes from 1,509 people, who are judges, lawyers, doctors, professors and research assistants and living in 26 cities in Turkey. Kruskal-Wallis test, MannWhitney U test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and Frequency Analysis were used in the analysis of the data. According to the results obtained from the analysis of the data, the social approval needs of the participants are low. In addition, the social approval needs of the participants varies greatly depending on their profession, age and gender. Furthermore, participants who use social networks need more social approval than those who do not.

DOI :10.26650/CONNECTIST2020-0049   IUP :10.26650/CONNECTIST2020-0049    Full Text (PDF)

Türkiye’de Hukuk, Tıp ve Akademi Alanlarındaki Kişilerin Sosyal Paylaşım Ağları Kullanımı ve Sosyal Onay İhtiyacı

Sefer KalamanRifat Becerikli

Çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’deki en itibarlı meslek alanları olan hukuk, tıp ve akademi alanlarında çalışan bireylerin sosyal onaya ne düzeyde ihtiyaç duyduklarını ve sosyal paylaşım ağlarını kullanan ve kullanmayan bireyler arasında sosyal onay ihtiyacı noktasında bir farklılık olup olmadığını ortaya çıkarmaktır. Araştırmada verileri elde etmek için anket yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini, Türkiye’de hakim, avukat, doktor, profesör ve araştırma görevlisi mesleğini icra eden yaklaşık 334 bin kişi oluşturmaktadır. Türkiye’nin 26 şehrinde yaşayan 1509 kişi, hakim, avukat, doktor, profesör ve araştırma görevlisi ise araştırmanın örneklemini temsil etmektedir. Verilerin analizinde Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney U test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test ve Frequency Analysis kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinden elde edilen sonuçlara göre, katılımcıların sosyal onay ihtiyaçları düşük olmaktadır. Bunun yanında katılımcıların meslekleri, yaşları ve cinsiyetleri ile sosyal onay ihtiyacı arasında anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca sosyal paylaşım ağlarını kullanan katılımcılar kullanmayan katılımcılara göre daha fazla sosyal onaya ihtiyaç duymaktadır.


PDF View

References

  • Amichai-Hamburger, Y., & Vinitzky, G. (2010). Social network use and personality. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 1289-1295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.018 google scholar
  • Ballard, R., Crino, M. D., & Rubenfeld, S. (1988). Social desirability response bias and the Marlowe-Crowne social desirability scale. Psychological Reports, 63, 227-237. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1988.63.1.227 google scholar
  • Becker, G., & Dileo, D. (1967). Scores on Rokeach’s dogmatism scale and the response set to present a positive social and personal image. The Journal of Social Psychology, 71, 287-293. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1967.9919791 google scholar
  • Buckhout, R. (1965). Need for social approval and attitude change. The Journal of Psychology, 60, 123-128. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1965.10545270 google scholar
  • Bursztyn, L., & Jensen, R. (2017). Social image and economic behavior in the field: Identifying, understanding, and shaping social pressure. Forthcoming in the Annual Review of Economics, 9, 131-153. https://doi. org/10.1146/annurev-economics-063016-103625 google scholar
  • Chua, T., & Chang, L. (2016). Follow me and like my beautiful selfies: Singapore teenage girls’ engagement in self-presentation and peer comparison on social media. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 190-197. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.09.011 google scholar
  • Consalvi, C. (1972). An item and factor analysis of Danish, Lebanese and United States college students‘ responses to the Marlowe-Crowne social desirability scale. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 3, 361-372. https://doi.org/10.1177/002202217200300405 google scholar
  • Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1964). The approval motive: studies in evaluative dependence. New York, USA: Wiley. google scholar
  • Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24(4), 349-354. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0047358 google scholar
  • Dodou, D., & De Winter F. (2014). Social desirability is the same in offline, online, and paper surveys: A meta-analysis. Computers in Human Behavior, 36, 487-495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.04.005 google scholar
  • Ellingson, J. E., Sackett, P. R., & Hough, L. M. (1999). Social desirability corrections in personality measurement: issues of applicant comparison and construct validity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(2), 155-166. https:// doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.84.2.155 google scholar
  • Evans, R., & Forbach, G. (1982). Intellectual ability correlates of the Marlowe-Crowne social desirability scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 46, 59-62. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4601_10 google scholar
  • Fisher, G. (1967). The performance of male prisoners on the differences as a function of race and crime Marlowe- Crowne social desirability scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 23, 473-475. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097- 4679(196710)23:4<473::AID-JCLP2270230423>3.0.CO;2-B google scholar
  • Fisher, M., & Parsons T. (1962). The performance of male prisoners on the Marlowe-Crowne social desirability scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 18, 140-141. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(196204)18:2<140::AID-JCLP2270180209>3.0.CO;2-4 google scholar
  • Furnham, A. (1986). Response bias, social desirability and dissimulation. Personality and Individual Differences, 7(3), 385-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(86)90014-0 google scholar
  • Ganster, D. C., Hennessey, H. W., & Luthans, F.(1983). Social desirability response effects: three alternative models. The Academy of Management Journal, 26(2), 321-331. https://doi.org/10.5465/255979 google scholar
  • Gelfand, M., Triandis, H., & Chan D. (1996). Individualism versus collectivism or versus authoritarianism? European Journal of Social Psychology, 26, 397-410. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(199605)26:3%3C397::AID-EJSP763%3E3.0.CO;2-J google scholar
  • Hays, R.D., Hayashi, T., & Stewart, A.L. (1989). A five-item measure of socially desirable response set. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 49, 629-636. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001316448904900315 google scholar
  • Herring, S. C., & Kapidzic, S. (2015). Teens, gender, and self-presentation in social media. In J.D. Wright (Ed.), International encyclopedia of social and behavioral sciences (pp. 146-152).Oxford, UK: Elsevier Inc. google scholar
  • Hogan, B. (2010). The presentation of self in the age of social media: distinguishing performances and exhibitions online. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 30, 377-386. https://doi. org/10.1177/0270467610385893 google scholar
  • Holden, R. R., & Fekken, G. C. (1989). Three common social desirability scales: friends, acquaintances, or strangers? Journal of Research in Personality, 23(2), 180-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(89)90022-6 google scholar
  • Holtgraves, T. (2004). Social desirability and self-reports: testing models of socially desirable responding. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 161-172. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203259930 google scholar
  • Johnson, T. P., & Fendrich, M. (2002). A validation of the Crowne-Marlowe social desirability scale. Retrieved from http://www.srl.uic.edu/publist/Conference/crownemarlowe.pdf google scholar
  • Johnson, T. P., & van de Vijver F. J. R. (2002). Social desirability in cross-cultural research. In J. A. Harkness, F.J.R. van de Vijver & P. Mohler (Eds.), Cross-cultural survey methods (pp. 193-209). New Jersey, USA: John Wiley & Sons Inc. google scholar
  • Johnson, T. P., Fendrich, M., & Mackesy-Amiti M. E. (2012). An evaluation of the validity of the Crowne–Marlowe need for approval scale. Quality Quantity, 46(6), 1883–1896. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-011-9563-5 google scholar
  • Johnson, T., Kulesa, P., Cho, Y., & Shavitt, S. (2005). The relation between culture and response styles evidence from 19 countries. Journal Of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 264-277. https://doi. org/10.1177/0022022104272905 google scholar
  • Karaşar, B., & Öğülmüş, S. (2016). Sosyal onay ihtiyacı ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik analizi. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 17(1), 84-104. google scholar
  • Klassen, D., Homstra R., & Anderson P. (1975). Influence of social desirability on symptom and mood reporting in a community survey. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43, 448-452. https://doi.org/10.1037/ h0076863 google scholar
  • Lalwani, A. K., Shavitt, S., & Johnson, T. (2006). What is the relation between cultural orientation and socially desirable responding? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(1), 165-178. https://doi. org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.1.165 google scholar
  • Markus, H., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224-253. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224 google scholar
  • Marlowe, D., & Crowne, D. P. (1961).Social desirability and response to perceived situational demands. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 25(2), 109-115. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0041627 google scholar
  • Martin, H.J., & Greenstein, T. N. (1983). Individual differences in status generalization: effects of need for social approval, anticipated ınterpersonal contact, and instrumental task abilities. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(3), 641-662. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.45.3.641 google scholar
  • Mick, D. G. (1996). Are studies of dark side variables confounded by socially desirable responding? The case of materialism. Journal of Consumer Research, 23(2), 106-119. https://doi.org/10.1086/209470 google scholar
  • Middleton, K., & Jones L. (2000). Socially desirable response sets: the impact of country culture. Psychology & Marketing, 17, 149-163. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6793(200002)17:2<149::AID-MAR6>3.0.CO;2-L google scholar
  • Millham, J. (1974). Two components of need for approval score and their relationship to cheating following. Journal of Research in Personality, 8(4), 378-392. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(74)90028-2 google scholar
  • Moore, K., & McElroy, J. (2012). The influence of personality on Facebook usage, wall postings, and regret. Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 267-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2011.09.009 google scholar
  • Moorman, R. H., & Podsakoff, P. M. (1992). A meta-analytic review and empirical test of the potential confounding effects of social desirability response sets in organizational behaviour research. Journal of OccupationaI and Organizational Psycbology, 65(2),131-149. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1992.tb00490.x google scholar
  • Mwamwenda, T. (1996). Social desirability scores of South African and Canadian students. Psychological Reports, 78, 723-726. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.78.3.723 google scholar
  • Nadkarni, A., & Hofmann, G. (2012). Why do people use Facebook? Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 243- 249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.11.007 Owens, D., Pettijohn, C., & Keillor, B. (2001). A Cross–cultural/cross national study of influencing factors and socially desirable response biases. International Journal of google scholar
  • Market Research, 43, 1-19. https://doi. org/10.1177/147078530104300101 google scholar
  • Paulhus, D. (1984). Two-component models of social desirability responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(3), 598-609. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.46.3.598 google scholar
  • Ramanaiah, N. V., Schill, T., & Leung, L. S (1977). A test of the hypothesis about thetwo-dimensional nature of the Marlowe-Crowne social desirability scale. Journal of Research in Personality, 11(2), 251-259. https://doi. org/10.1016/0092-6566(77)90022-8 google scholar
  • Ronen, S., & Shenkar, O. (1985). Clustering countries on attitudinal dimensions: a review and synthesis. The Academy of Management Review, 10, 435-454. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1985.4278955 google scholar
  • Ross, C. E.,& Mirowsky, J. (1984). Socially-desirable response and acquiescence in a cross-cultural survey of mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 25(2), 189-197. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136668 google scholar
  • Seidman, G. (2013). Self-presentation and belonging on Facebook: How personality influences social media use and motivations. Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 402-407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.10.009 google scholar
  • Shrauger, J. (1972). Performance on the Marlowe-Crowne scale and its perceived purpose. Journal of Personality Assessment, 36, 287-290. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.1972.10119758 google scholar
  • Smith, R. E., & Flenning, F. (1971). Need for approval and susceptibility to unintended social influence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 36(3), 383-385. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0031104 google scholar
  • Steers, M.L. N., Quist, M. C., Bryan, J. L., Foster, D. W., Young, C. M., & Neighbors, C. (2016). I want you to like me: extraversion, need for approval, and time on Facebook as predictors of anxiety. Translational Issues in Psychological Science, 2(3), 283-293. https://doi.org/10.1037/tps0000082 google scholar
  • Strickland, B. R., & Crowne, D. P. (1962). Conformity under conditions of simulated group pressure as a function of the need for social approval. The Journal of Social Psychology, 58, 171-181. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224 545.1962.9712366 google scholar
  • Suh, E., Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Triandis, H. (1998). The shifting basis of life satisfaction judgments across cultures: emotions versus norms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 482-493. https://doi. org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.2.482 google scholar
  • Sunar, L. (2015). Türkiye’de Çalışma Yaşamı ve Mesleklerin İtibarı. Retrieved from https://tyap.net/ mediaf/T%C3%BCrkiye-Mesleki-%C4%B0tibar-Skalas%C4%B1-Sunumu-Son.pdf google scholar
  • Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism & Collectivism. New York, USA: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. google scholar
  • Triandis, H. C. (2001). Individualism-collectivism and personality. Journal of Personality, 69(6), 907-924. https:// doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.696169 google scholar
  • Triandis, H. C. (1993). Collectivism and individualism as cultural syndromes. Cross-Cultural Research, 27, 155-180. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F106939719302700301 google scholar
  • Twenge, J. M., & Im, C. (2007). Changes in the need for social approval, 1958–2001. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(1), 171-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2006.03.006 google scholar
  • Ventimiglia, M., & MacDonald, D. A. (2012). An examination of the factorial dimensionality of the Marlowe- Crowne social desirability scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(4), 487-491. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.11.016 google scholar
  • Vésteinsdóttir, V., Reips, D., Joinson, A., & Thorsdottir, F. (2015). Psychometric properties of measurements obtained with the Marlowe–Crowne Social Desirability Scale in an Icelandic probability based Internet sample. Computers in Human Behavior, 49, 608-614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.03.044 google scholar
  • Wilson, K., Fornasier, S., & White, M. (2010). Psychological predictors of young adults’: Use of social networking sites. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 13, 173-177. https://doi.org/10.1089/ cyber.2009.0094 google scholar
  • Zerbe, W. J., & Paulhus, D. L. (1987). Socially desirable responding in organizational behavior: A reconception. Academy of Management Review, 12(2), 250-264. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1987.4307820 google scholar

Citations

Copy and paste a formatted citation or use one of the options to export in your chosen format


EXPORT



APA

Kalaman, S., & Becerikli, R. (2020). The Use of Social Networks and the Need for Social Approval of People in the Fields of Law, Medicine, and Academia in Turkey. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, 0(59), 219-235. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2020-0049


AMA

Kalaman S, Becerikli R. The Use of Social Networks and the Need for Social Approval of People in the Fields of Law, Medicine, and Academia in Turkey. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences. 2020;0(59):219-235. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2020-0049


ABNT

Kalaman, S.; Becerikli, R. The Use of Social Networks and the Need for Social Approval of People in the Fields of Law, Medicine, and Academia in Turkey. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, [Publisher Location], v. 0, n. 59, p. 219-235, 2020.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Kalaman, Sefer, and Rifat Becerikli. 2020. “The Use of Social Networks and the Need for Social Approval of People in the Fields of Law, Medicine, and Academia in Turkey.” Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences 0, no. 59: 219-235. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2020-0049


Chicago: Humanities Style

Kalaman, Sefer, and Rifat Becerikli. The Use of Social Networks and the Need for Social Approval of People in the Fields of Law, Medicine, and Academia in Turkey.” Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences 0, no. 59 (May. 2024): 219-235. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2020-0049


Harvard: Australian Style

Kalaman, S & Becerikli, R 2020, 'The Use of Social Networks and the Need for Social Approval of People in the Fields of Law, Medicine, and Academia in Turkey', Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, vol. 0, no. 59, pp. 219-235, viewed 17 May. 2024, https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2020-0049


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Kalaman, S. and Becerikli, R. (2020) ‘The Use of Social Networks and the Need for Social Approval of People in the Fields of Law, Medicine, and Academia in Turkey’, Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, 0(59), pp. 219-235. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2020-0049 (17 May. 2024).


MLA

Kalaman, Sefer, and Rifat Becerikli. The Use of Social Networks and the Need for Social Approval of People in the Fields of Law, Medicine, and Academia in Turkey.” Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, vol. 0, no. 59, 2020, pp. 219-235. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2020-0049


Vancouver

Kalaman S, Becerikli R. The Use of Social Networks and the Need for Social Approval of People in the Fields of Law, Medicine, and Academia in Turkey. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences [Internet]. 17 May. 2024 [cited 17 May. 2024];0(59):219-235. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2020-0049 doi: 10.26650/CONNECTIST2020-0049


ISNAD

Kalaman, Sefer - Becerikli, Rifat. The Use of Social Networks and the Need for Social Approval of People in the Fields of Law, Medicine, and Academia in Turkey”. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences 0/59 (May. 2024): 219-235. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2020-0049



TIMELINE


Submitted17.09.2019
Accepted10.02.2020
Published Online30.04.2020

LICENCE


Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)

This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge you and be non-commercial, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms.


SHARE




Istanbul University Press aims to contribute to the dissemination of ever growing scientific knowledge through publication of high quality scientific journals and books in accordance with the international publishing standards and ethics. Istanbul University Press follows an open access, non-commercial, scholarly publishing.