Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences

SUBMITINFORMATION
EnglishTürkçe

Research Article


DOI :10.26650/CONNECTIST2024-1422945   IUP :10.26650/CONNECTIST2024-1422945    Full Text (PDF)

Use of free labour in the media within the scope of citizen journalism: A case study of the main news bulletin on Show TV

Sertaç Kaya

Citizens’ ability to interact with content and participate in its production has enabled shifts in journalism techniques. Citizens’ ability to record experiences, thanks to digital technologies and internet usage, has offered new perspectives on the news and helped place certain events on the agenda. Media organisations are now using user-generated content derived from images submitted by the public to report news that their reporters do not have access to. This research addresses the process by which media organisations exploit free labour by incorporating images captured by citizens into their broadcasts. To this end, news coverage on Show TV from May 9 to 15, 2022 and May 9 to 15, 2023 was analysed, with content analysis conducted to determine the proportion of non-professional images in the broadcasts. An in-depth interview was also conducted with the person in charge of Show TV’s WhatsApp Notification Line, which allows citizens to contribute to news production and gain insight into the operational processes of this structure. The findings that while the use of citizen-generated content varies from newscast to newscast, such images are present in every broadcast and enable the exploitation of free labour and the creation of value.

Keywords: Citizen journalism, user-generated content, crowdsourcing, prosumer, free labour
DOI :10.26650/CONNECTIST2024-1422945   IUP :10.26650/CONNECTIST2024-1422945    Full Text (PDF)

Yurttaş gazeteciliği kapsamında medyada ücretsiz emek kullanımı: Show TV ana haber bülteni üzerine bir örnek olay incelemesi

Sertaç Kaya

Vatandaşların içerikle etkileşime girebilme ve üretime katılabilme yeteneği, gazetecilik pratiklerinde değişimlere olanak sağladı. Dijital teknolojiler ve internet kullanımı sayesinde vatandaşların deneyimlerini kayıt altına alabilmesi, haberlere yeni bakış açıları kazandırmış ve bazı olayların gündeme gelmesine yardımcı olmuştur. Medya kuruluşları artık kendi muhabirlerinin erişemeyebileceği haberleri bildirmek için kullanıcı tarafından oluşturulan içeriklerden elde edilen görselleri kullanıyor. Bu araştırma, vatandaşların çektiği görsellerin yayınlarına dahil edilmesi yoluyla medya kuruluşlarının ücretsiz emekten yararlanma sürecini ele almaktadır. Bu amaçla 9-15 Mayıs 2022 ve 9-15 Mayıs 2023 tarihlerinde Show TV’de yayınlanan haberler incelenerek yayınlarda profesyonel olmayan görsellerin oranının belirlenmesi amacıyla içerik analizi yapıldı. Vatandaşların haber üretimine katkıda bulunmasına olanak sağlayan Show TV’nin WhatsApp Bildirim Hattı sorumlusu ile de bu yapının operasyonel süreçleri hakkında bilgi sahibi olmak amacıyla derinlemesine görüşme gerçekleştirildi. Bulgular, vatandaşların ürettiği içeriğin kullanımının haber programından haber programına farklılık gösterse de, bu tür görüntülerin her yayında mevcut olduğunu, ücretsiz emeğin sömürülmesine ve değer yaratılmasına olanak sağladığını ortaya koymaktadır.

Keywords: Yurttaş gazeteciliği, kullanıcı tarafından oluşturulan içerik, kitle kaynak kullanımı, üretüketici, ücretsiz emek

PDF View

References

  • Allan, S. (2013). Citizen witnessing: Revisioning journalism in times of crisis. Cambridge: Polity Press. google scholar
  • Allan, S., Sonwalkar, P., & Carter, C. (2007). Bearing witness: Citizen journalism and human rights issues. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 5(3), 373-389. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767720701662139 google scholar
  • Alpagu, H. (2015). Değer kavramı, paylaşmak ve bilgi teknolojisi çağında yaşam. Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 51, 22-31. google scholar
  • Anderson, P. (2007). What is Web 2.0?: Ideas, technologies and implications for education. Bristol: JISC. google scholar
  • Andrejevic, M. (2012). Estranged free labor. In Digital labor (pp. 149-164). Routledge. google scholar
  • Ardevol-Abreu, A., Hooker, C. M., & Gil de Zuniga, H. (2018). Online news creation, trust in the media, and political participation: Direct and moderating effects over time. Journalism, 19(5), 611-631. https://doi. org/10.1177/1464884917700447 google scholar
  • Atton, C. (2008). Citizen journalism. The International Encyclopedia of Communication, 1-5. google scholar
  • Atton, C. (2009). Alternative and citizen journalism. K. Wahl-Jorgensen & T. Hanitzsch (Eds.), The handbook of journalism studies (pp. 285-298). Routledge. google scholar
  • Bardoel, J. & Deuze, M. (2001). Network journalism: Converging competencies of old and new media professionals. Australian Journalism Review, 23(2), 91-103. google scholar
  • Baruch, F. (2021). Transnational fandom: Creating alternative values and new ıdentities through digital labor. Television & New Media, 22(6), 687-702. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476419898553 google scholar
  • Blaagaard, B. B. (2013). Situated, embodied and political expressions of citizen journalism. Journalism Studies, 14(2), 187-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2012.718547 google scholar
  • Brabham, D. C. (2013). Crowdsourcing. Cambridge: The MIT Press. google scholar
  • Bruns, A. & Highfield, T. (2012). Blogs, Twitter, and breaking news: The produsage of citizen journalism. R. A. Lind (Ed.), Produsing theory in a digital world: The intersection of audiences and production in contemporary theory (pp. 15-32). New York: Peter Lang. google scholar
  • Buckingham, D. (2009). Speaking back? In search of the citizen journalist. D. Buckingham & R. Willett (Ed.), Video cultures: Media technology and everyday creativity (pp. 93-114). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. google scholar
  • Cevizci, A. (1999). Felsefe sözlüğü. İstanbul: Paradigma. google scholar
  • Choudhury, N. (2014). World Wide Web and ıts journey from Web 1.0 to Web 4.0. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, 5(6), 8096-8100. google scholar
  • Chung, D. S., Nah, S., & Yamamoto, M. (2018). Conceptualizing citizen journalism: US news editors’ views. Journalism, 19(12), 1694-1712. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884916686596 google scholar
  • Cohen, N. S. (2013). Commodifying free labor online: Social media, audiences, and advertising. In The Routledge companion to advertising and promotional culture (pp. 177-191). Routledge. google scholar
  • Darwish, A., & Lakhtaria, K. I. (2011). The impact of the new Web 2.0 technologies in communication, development, and revolutions of societies. Journal of Advances in Information Technology, 2(4), 204-216. https://doi.org/10.4304/jait.2.4.204-216 google scholar
  • Deuze, M., Bruns, A. & Neuberger, C. (2007). Preparing for an age of participatory news. Journalism Practice, 1(3), 322-338. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512780701504864 google scholar
  • Dyer-Witheford, N. (2015). Cyber-Proletariat: Global labour in the digital vortex. London: Pluto Press. google scholar
  • Estelles-Arolas, E. & Gonzalez-Ladron-de-Guevara, F. (2012). Towards an ıntegrated crowdsourcing definition. Journal of Information Science, 38(2), 189-200. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551512437638 google scholar
  • Fast, K., Örnebring, H., & Karlsson, M. (2016). Metaphors of free labor: A typology of unpaid work in the media sector. Media, Culture & Society, 38(7), 963-978. https://doi.org/10.1177/016344371663586 google scholar
  • Fraysse, O. & O’Neil, M. (2015). Introduction: Hacked in the USA: Prosumption and digital labour. O. Fraysse & M. google scholar
  • O’Neil (Ed.), Digital Labour and Prosumer Capitalism (pp. 1-20). Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. google scholar
  • Fuchs, C. (2014a). Social media: A critical introduction. London: Sage. google scholar
  • Fuchs, C. (2014b). Digital labor and Karl Marx. New York: Routledge. google scholar
  • Goode, L. (2009). Social news, citizen journalism and democracy. New media & society, 11(8), 1287-1305. https:// doi.org/10.1177/1461444809341393 google scholar
  • Graeff, E. (2019). Monitorial citizenship. The international encyclopedia of media literacy, 1-15. https://doi. org/10.1002/9781118978238.ieml0169 google scholar
  • Hadland A., Borges-Rey, E. & Cameron J. (2019). Mobile phones and the news: How UK mainstream news broadcasting is stalling the video revolution. Convergence, 25(3), 428-448. https://doi. org/10.1177/1354856517703964 google scholar
  • Harcup, T. (2013). Alternative journalism, alternative voices. Oxon: Routledge. google scholar
  • Harvey, D. (2018). A companion to Marx’s capital. London: Verso Books. google scholar
  • Hermida, A. (2012). Social journalism: Exploring how social media is shaping journalism. E. Siapera & A. Veglis (Ed.), The handbook of global online journalism (pp. 309-329). Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. google scholar
  • Hermida, A. & Thurman, N. (2008). A clash of cultures: The integration of user-generated content within professional journalistic frameworks at british newspaper websites. Journalism Practice, 2(3), 343-356. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512780802054538 google scholar
  • Holton, A. E., Coddington, M. & Gil de Zuniga, H. (2013). Whose news? Whose values?: Citizen journalism and journalistic values through the lens of content creators and consumers. Journalism Practice, 7(6), 720-737. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2013.766062 google scholar
  • Huws, U. (2014). Labor in the global digital economy: The cybertariat comes of age. NYU Press. google scholar
  • Kaplan, A. M. & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media. Business Horizons, 53, 59-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003 google scholar
  • Karaman, M., & Önder, M. (2017). Yurttaş gazeteciliğinin ana akım medyaya etkisi: WhatsApp ihbar hatları örneği. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 5(2), 164-180. google scholar
  • Ledford, J. L. (2008). Search engine optimization bible. Indianapolis: Wiley Publishing. google scholar
  • Lewis, S. C., Kaufhold, K. & Lasorsa, D. L. (2010). Thinking about citizen journalism: The philosophical and practical challenges of user-generated content for community newspapers. Journalism Practice, 4(2), 163-179. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700903156919 google scholar
  • Lievrouw, L. A. (2011). Alternative and activist new media. Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. google scholar
  • Manfredi Sanchez, J. L., Rojas-Torrijos, J. L. & Herranz de la Casa, J. M. (2015). Entrepreneurial journalism: Sports journalism in Spain. Revista Latina de Comunicacion Social, 70, 69-90. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2015-1035EN google scholar
  • Manosevitch, I. & Tenenboim, O. (2017). The multifaceted role of user-generated content in news websites: An analytical framework. Digital Journalism, 5(6), 731-752. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2016.1189840 google scholar
  • Martens, M. (2011). Transmedia teens: Affect, immaterial labor, and user-generated content. Convergence, 17(1), 49-68. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856510383363 google scholar
  • Marx, K. (1968). Theories of surplus-value. Part II. Progress Publisher. google scholar
  • Marx, K. (1982). Capital: A critique of political economy. Volume one. Penguin Books. google scholar
  • Medya Faresi (2022a, May 8). 7 mayıs 2022 cumartesi reyting sonuçları. Retrieved 21 June 2024. https://www. medyafaresi.com/haber/son-dakika-7-mayis-2022-cumartesi-reyting-sonuclarikardeslerim-survivor-fox-haber-guldur-guldur-show/988369 google scholar
  • Medya Faresi (2022b, May 9). 8 mayıs 2022 cumartesi reyting sonuçları. Retrieved 21 June 2024. https://www. medyafaresi.com/haber/son-dakika-8-mayis-2022-pazar-reyting-sonuclari-yargi-survivor-all-star-teskilat-fox-ana-haber/988452 google scholar
  • Nah, S., Namkoong, K., Record, R., & Van Stee, S. K. (2017). Citizen journalism practice increases civic participation. Newspaper Research Journal, 38(1), 62-78. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739532917698444 google scholar
  • Negri, A. (1989). The politics of subversion: A manifesto for the twenty-first century. Polity Press. google scholar
  • Negroponte, N. (1995). Being digital. London: Hodder and Stoughton. google scholar
  • Noor, R. (2017). Citizen journalism vs. mainstream journalism: A study on challenges posed by amateurs. Athens Journal of Mass Media and Communications, 3(1), 55-76. https://doi.org/10.30958/ajmmc.3.1.4 google scholar
  • Palmer, L. (2013). “iReporting” an uprising: CNN and citizen journalism in network culture. Television & New Media, 14(5), 367-385. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476412446487 google scholar
  • Pantti, M. (2013). Getting closer? Encounters of the national media with global images. Journalism Studies, 14(2), 201-218. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2012.718551 google scholar
  • Pavlik, J. V. (2001). Journalism and new media. New York: Columbia University Press. google scholar
  • Petersen, S. M. (2008). Loser generated content: From participation to exploitation. First Monday, 13(3). http:// firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/ index.php/fm/article/viewArticle/2141/1948 google scholar
  • Prodnik, Jernej (2012). A note on the ongoing processes of commodification: From the audience commodity to the social factory. TripleC, 10(2), 274-301. https://doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v10i2.409 google scholar
  • Quandt, T. (2011). Understanding a new phenomenon: The significance of participatory journalism. A. B. Singer, A. Hermida, D. Domingo, et al. (Eds.), Participatory journalism: Guarding open gates at online newspapers (pp. 155-176). Wiley-Blackwell. google scholar
  • Ritzer, G. & Jurgenson, N. (2010). Production, consumption, prosumption: The nature of capitalism in the age of the digital ‘prosumer’. Journal of Consumer Culture, 10(1), 13-36. https://doi.org/10.1177/1469540509354673 google scholar
  • Roberts, J. (2019). The erosion of ethics: From citizen journalism to social media. Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society, 17(4), 409-421. https://doi.org/10.1108/JICES-01-2019-0014 google scholar
  • Robinson, S. & Deshano, C. (2011). Citizen journalists and their third places: What makes people exchange information online (or not)? Journalism Studies, 12(5), 642-657. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2011.557559 google scholar
  • Schudson, M. (1998). The good citizen: A history of American civic life. New York: Martin Kessler Books. google scholar
  • Singer J, Hermida A, Domingo D, et al. (2011). (Eds.) Participatory journalism: Guarding open gates at online newspapers. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 155-176. google scholar
  • Smythe, Dallas W. 1981. On the audience commodity and its work. In Dependency road: Communications, capitalism, consciousness, and Canada, (pp. 22-51). Norwood, NJ: Ablex. google scholar
  • Terranova, T. (2000). Free labor: producing culture for the digital economy. Social Text, 18(2_63), 33-58. https:// doi.org/10.1215/01642472-18-2_63-33 google scholar
  • Toffler, A. (1981). The third wave: The classic study of tomorrow. Bantam. google scholar
  • Tronti, M. (2019). Workers and capital. Verso Books. google scholar
  • Van der Haak, B., Parks M. & Castells, M. (2012). The future of journalism: Networked journalism. International Journal of Communication, 6, 2923-2938. google scholar
  • Van der Wurff, R. (2001). The impact of the internet on media content. L, Küng, R. Picard & R. Towse (Ed.), The internet and the mass media (pp. 65-86). London: Sage. google scholar
  • Van Dijck, J. (2009). Users like you? Theorizing agency in user-generated content. Media, Culture & Society, 31(1), 41-58. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443708098245 google scholar
  • Vultee, F., Scott Burgess, G., Frazier, D. & Mesmer, K. (2020). Here’s what to know about clickbait: Effects of ımage, headline and editing on audience attitudes. Journalism Practice, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.20 20.1793379 google scholar
  • Wall, M. (2015). Citizen journalism: A retrospective on what we know, an agenda for what we don’t. Digital Journalism, 3(6), 797-813. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.1002513 google scholar
  • Wittel, A. (2012). Digital Marx: Toward a political economy of distributed media. TripleC, 10(2), 313-333. https:// doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v10i2.379 google scholar
  • Yazdanipoor, F., Faramarzi, H. & Bicharanlou, A. (2022). Digital Labour and the generation of surplus value on Instagram. tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society, 20(2), 179-194. https://doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v20i2.1304 google scholar

Citations

Copy and paste a formatted citation or use one of the options to export in your chosen format


EXPORT



APA

Kaya, S. (2024). Use of free labour in the media within the scope of citizen journalism: A case study of the main news bulletin on Show TV. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, 0(66), 67-92. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2024-1422945


AMA

Kaya S. Use of free labour in the media within the scope of citizen journalism: A case study of the main news bulletin on Show TV. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences. 2024;0(66):67-92. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2024-1422945


ABNT

Kaya, S. Use of free labour in the media within the scope of citizen journalism: A case study of the main news bulletin on Show TV. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, [Publisher Location], v. 0, n. 66, p. 67-92, 2024.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Kaya, Sertaç,. 2024. “Use of free labour in the media within the scope of citizen journalism: A case study of the main news bulletin on Show TV.” Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences 0, no. 66: 67-92. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2024-1422945


Chicago: Humanities Style

Kaya, Sertaç,. “Use of free labour in the media within the scope of citizen journalism: A case study of the main news bulletin on Show TV.” Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences 0, no. 66 (Nov. 2024): 67-92. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2024-1422945


Harvard: Australian Style

Kaya, S 2024, 'Use of free labour in the media within the scope of citizen journalism: A case study of the main news bulletin on Show TV', Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, vol. 0, no. 66, pp. 67-92, viewed 14 Nov. 2024, https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2024-1422945


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Kaya, S. (2024) ‘Use of free labour in the media within the scope of citizen journalism: A case study of the main news bulletin on Show TV’, Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, 0(66), pp. 67-92. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2024-1422945 (14 Nov. 2024).


MLA

Kaya, Sertaç,. “Use of free labour in the media within the scope of citizen journalism: A case study of the main news bulletin on Show TV.” Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, vol. 0, no. 66, 2024, pp. 67-92. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2024-1422945


Vancouver

Kaya S. Use of free labour in the media within the scope of citizen journalism: A case study of the main news bulletin on Show TV. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences [Internet]. 14 Nov. 2024 [cited 14 Nov. 2024];0(66):67-92. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2024-1422945 doi: 10.26650/CONNECTIST2024-1422945


ISNAD

Kaya, Sertaç. “Use of free labour in the media within the scope of citizen journalism: A case study of the main news bulletin on Show TV”. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences 0/66 (Nov. 2024): 67-92. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2024-1422945



TIMELINE


Submitted20.01.2024
Accepted30.06.2024
Published Online12.07.2024

LICENCE


Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)

This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge you and be non-commercial, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms.


SHARE




Istanbul University Press aims to contribute to the dissemination of ever growing scientific knowledge through publication of high quality scientific journals and books in accordance with the international publishing standards and ethics. Istanbul University Press follows an open access, non-commercial, scholarly publishing.