The Molecular Landscape of Glioblastoma: Implications for Diagnosis and Therapy
Özlem Yıldırım, Evren Önay UçarGlioblastoma, classified as grade IV astrocytoma by the World Health Organisation, is the most common and malignant primary brain tumour in adults, with a high mortality rate. It accounts for 14.5% of central nervous system tumours and 45.6% of primary malignant brain tumours, with an annual incidence of 3.19 per 100,000 people. Despite advances in our understanding of its molecular biology, patient outcomes remain poor, with a median survival of approximately 1 year. Glioblastoma is categorised into four subtypes: IDH wild-type, IDH mutant, not otherwise specified (NOS), and not elsewhere classified (NEC), each affecting prognosis and treatment. Key molecular alterations include IDH1/2, ATRX, TERT, TP53, B-RAF, EGFR, MGMT, and PTEN mutations, which contribute to tumour behaviour and therapeutic targets. Current diagnostic methods, including magnetic resonance imaging and advanced molecular imaging, aid in accurate diagnosis and treatment planning. Although existing therapies offer limited survival benefits, novel treatments like immunotherapy, oncolytic viral therapy, and targeted molecular therapies, are currently being investigated. These emerging therapies overcome challenges such as the blood-brain barrier and tumour heterogeneity, providing hope for improved outcomes. Future perspectives emphasise the importance of integrating molecular biomarkers, optimising treatment strategies, and enhancing clinical trial designs to develop more effective therapies for patients with glioblastoma.This review aims to delve into the intricate facets of glioblastoma, including its classification, histopathology, interactions with the microenvironment, molecular pathogenesis, diagnostic imaging techniques, clinical progression, current therapeutic approaches, challenges in treatment, identifiable risk factors, and exploration of emerging therapies and prospects in glioblastoma management.
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APA
Yıldırım, Ö., & Uçar, E.Ö. (2024). The Molecular Landscape of Glioblastoma: Implications for Diagnosis and Therapy. European Journal of Biology, 0(0), -. https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2024.1508396
AMA
Yıldırım Ö, Uçar E Ö. The Molecular Landscape of Glioblastoma: Implications for Diagnosis and Therapy. European Journal of Biology. 2024;0(0):-. https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2024.1508396
ABNT
Yıldırım, Ö.; Uçar, E.Ö. The Molecular Landscape of Glioblastoma: Implications for Diagnosis and Therapy. European Journal of Biology, [Publisher Location], v. 0, n. 0, p. -, 2024.
Chicago: Author-Date Style
Yıldırım, Özlem, and Evren Önay Uçar. 2024. “The Molecular Landscape of Glioblastoma: Implications for Diagnosis and Therapy.” European Journal of Biology 0, no. 0: -. https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2024.1508396
Chicago: Humanities Style
Yıldırım, Özlem, and Evren Önay Uçar. “The Molecular Landscape of Glioblastoma: Implications for Diagnosis and Therapy.” European Journal of Biology 0, no. 0 (Nov. 2024): -. https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2024.1508396
Harvard: Australian Style
Yıldırım, Ö & Uçar, EÖ 2024, 'The Molecular Landscape of Glioblastoma: Implications for Diagnosis and Therapy', European Journal of Biology, vol. 0, no. 0, pp. -, viewed 25 Nov. 2024, https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2024.1508396
Harvard: Author-Date Style
Yıldırım, Ö. and Uçar, E.Ö. (2024) ‘The Molecular Landscape of Glioblastoma: Implications for Diagnosis and Therapy’, European Journal of Biology, 0(0), pp. -. https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2024.1508396 (25 Nov. 2024).
MLA
Yıldırım, Özlem, and Evren Önay Uçar. “The Molecular Landscape of Glioblastoma: Implications for Diagnosis and Therapy.” European Journal of Biology, vol. 0, no. 0, 2024, pp. -. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2024.1508396
Vancouver
Yıldırım Ö, Uçar EÖ. The Molecular Landscape of Glioblastoma: Implications for Diagnosis and Therapy. European Journal of Biology [Internet]. 25 Nov. 2024 [cited 25 Nov. 2024];0(0):-. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2024.1508396 doi: 10.26650/EurJBiol.2024.1508396
ISNAD
Yıldırım, Özlem - Uçar, EvrenÖnay. “The Molecular Landscape of Glioblastoma: Implications for Diagnosis and Therapy”. European Journal of Biology 0/0 (Nov. 2024): -. https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2024.1508396