Quach

Nguyen

Truong

Probiotic Properties of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Intensive Whiteleg Shrimp Cultivation Ponds in Bac Lieu Province, Vietnam

Khairah

Priyesh

Devendrasinh

Identification of Karanjin’s Molecular Targets for Colorectal Cancer Treatment Using Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking

Olga

Mikhail

Galina

Antonina

Willam

Ribonuclease A-Mineral Carrier Complex as a Potential  Antitumor Preparation

Bilge

Dilek

Özge

Uzman

Feriha

Ömercan

Seren

Fatma

Göksel

Protective Effects of Cuscuta sp. against Cardiorenal Injury in Bile Duct-Ligated Rats

Alev

Zeynep

Sefa

Ayşen

Sevim

Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Analyses of Pazopanib with VEGF Receptors

Ismahan

Zohra

Ascospores Germination of Tirmania pinoyi (Maire) Malençon and In Vitro Mycorrhization of Helianthemum lippii (L.) Pers. with Tirmania pinoyi Mycelial Isolate in Axenic Conditions

David

Anderson

Antimycotic Potency of Lantana camara, Alchornea cordifolia, and Tabernaemontana pachysiphon against the Anthracnose Pathogen Colletotrichum destructivum

Damla

Gunel

Aysu

Tarlan

Enhancing Recombinant Protein Production by Optimising  Nutrient Replenishment, Light, and Humidity in a Nicotiana  benthamiana Bioreactor

Yachna

Somya

Anjali

Kanika

Jasmeet

Sainsh

Jayant

Kapila

The Myriad Role of Human Endogenous Retroviruses in the Pathogenesis of Diseases

Erratum to: Sideritis perfoliata Ethanolic Extract Mitigates Acetic Acid-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Rats

Zubair

Haseeb

Pseudoblaps nuristanica Kaszab, 1960: New Record for Pakistan (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

@JOURNAL_BOX_EARLYVIEW

Aysun

Esin

Membrane Damaging and Protective Effects of Gypsophila bicolor’s Grossh. (Caryophyllaceae) Root Extract on H1299, A549, and A431 Cells

Optimization of Extraction Parameters of Phenolic Compounds from Cau Banana (Musa paradisiaca) Peel and Evaluation for Antioxidant and Antibacterial Potential

Azadeh

Elaheh

Saeed

Effect of the Ethanolic Extract of Eryngium billardieri on the Viability of the Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Line (MDA-MB-231) and CDKN2A, MDM2, and HER2 Expression

Gizem

Upregulated Acute Systemic Inflammation-Related Genes based on Endotoxin Exposure Provide “Survival Benefit” or Create “High Risk of Death” in Leukaemia and Colon Cancer

Hoang

Phung

Tran

Using Chloroplast Regions accD, matK, rbcL, and ycf-1 for Phylogeny Construction in Polyspora huongiana Orel, Curry & Luu

Biodegradation of Chlorpyrifos in Paddy Rice Soil in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

Belmina

Anesa

Berina

Adaleta

Jasna

Kasim

Elma

Mirza

Faruk

Lejla

Crude Extracts of Three Iris Species as Sources of MRSA Antimicrobial Compounds

Nurcan

Hicret

Selami

Anatomical and Histological Structures of the Female Reproductive System of the Adult Lucerne Leaf Beetle Gonioctena fornicata (Brüggemann, 1873) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Ngoc

Duyen

Evaluation of Protective effects of Fermented Ficus racemosa Fruit Extract against Oxidative Stress and Hyperglycemia

Soukaina

Zahira

Ghita

Elif

Etoposide Treatment of Cancer Cell Lines Results in Nuclear Localisation of Cleaved Gasdermin D

Asiye

İdris

Notch and Hedgehog Signalling Axis Drive Senescence in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Resistant to Trastuzumab

Naziye

Ayşe

Deniz

Meral

Leyla

Ahmet

Aslı

Sideritis perfoliata Ethanolic Extract Mitigates Acetic Acid-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Rats

Özlem

Evren

The Molecular Landscape of Glioblastoma: Implications for Diagnosis and Therapy

Chudamani

Overexpression of Pepper Capsaicinoid Pathway Genes in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Ilgın

Effect of Dose-Dependent Application of Fungicides Propineb and  Mancozeb on H2O2, Lipid Peroxidation, and Photosynthetic Pigment in  Tomato Leaves

@JOURNAL_BOX_CURRENT

Fikriye

Melis

Hasan

Taner

Sinan

Tolga

İnci

Genetic Diversity of Gazelles (Gazella marica and Gazella gazella) in Southeast Turkey: A Special Emphasis on Ongoing Conservation Studies of Gazella marica in Turkey

Emel

Nilüfer

Hatice

Mahmut

Amaç

Buket

Berna

Investigation of Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm, and Cytotoxic Effects of Straight-Chained Sulfanyl Members of Arylamino-1,4-naphthoquinones as Potential Antimicrobial Agents

@JOURNAL_BOX_FEATURED

Sehkar

Ebru

Ülkü

Determination of Oxidative Stress Parameters and Tissue Factor Activity in the Saliva of Patients with Periodontitis

Nihal

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Filiz

Karrikinolide Promotes Seed Germination but Has no Effect on Leaf Segment Senescence in Triticum aestivum L.

@JOURNAL_BOX_MOSTREAD

European Journal of Biology (Eur J Biol) is an international, scientific, open access periodical published in accordance with independent, unbiased, and double-blinded peer-review principles. The journal is the official publication of Faculty of Science in Istanbul University and it is published biannually on June and December. The publication language of the journal is English. European Journal of Biology has been previously published as IUFS Journal of Biology. It has been published in continuous publication since 1940.

Füsun

Prof. Dr.

CABI

Scopus

EBSCO

Zoological Record

TR Dizin

CAS Source Index

CAB Abstracts

DOAJ

SOBIAD

Cabells Journalytics

Gale Cengage

@METRIC_VOLUMES

@METRIC_ISSUES

@METRIC_ARTICLES

@METRIC_OPENACCESS

European Journal of Biology

@INFO_TAB_ABOUT

Editor in Chief

Co Editor in Chief

Editorial Management Board Member

Section Editor

Language Editor

Statistics Editor

Ethics Editor

Publicity Manager

Editorial Assistant

Editorial Board Member

@INFO_TAB_BOARDS

European Journal of Biology aims to contribute to the literature by publishing manuscripts at the highest scientific level on all fields of biology. The journal publishes original research and review articles, and short communications that are prepared in accordance with the ethical guidelines in all fields of biology and life sciences.The scope of the journal includes but not limited to; animal  biology and systematics,  plant biology and systematics, hydrobiology, ecology and environmental biology, microbiology, cell and molecular biology, biochemistry, biotechnology and genetics, physiology, toxicology, cancer biology, developmental biology, stem cell biology.

Aim & Scope

Zoological Record - Clarivate AnalyticsCAB Abstracts CABI- AgBiotechNet Database - Animalscience Database- VetMed Resource - Environmental Impact Database - Horticultural Science Database - Nutrition and Food Sciences Database .Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) ULAKBIM TR IndexScopusDOAJEBSCO Central &amp; Eastern European Academic Source SOBİADCabells Journalytics <a href="https://go.gale.com/ps/dispAdvSearch.do?userGroupName=anon~84c5a0c7&amp;prodId=AONE" target="_blank">Gale Cengage</a>

Indexing and Abstracting

The journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the<a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank"> Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA</a>), and the <a href="http://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> The subjects covered in the manuscripts submitted to the Journal for publication must be in accordance with the aim and scope of the Journal. Only those manuscripts approved by every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Changing the name of an author (omission, addition or order) in papers submitted to the Journal requires written permission of all declared authors.Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unethical behaviors. All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. Plagiarism Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. If plagiarism/self-plagiarism will be found authors will be informed. Editors may resubmit manuscript for similarity check at any peer-review or production stage if required. High similarity scores may lead to rejection of a manuscript before and even after acceptance. Depending on the type of article and the percentage of similarity score taken from each article, the overall similarity score is generally expected to be less than 15 or 20%. Double Blind Peer-Review After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by the editors-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The editor provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles and hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Policies

The journal is an open access journal and all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read" target="_blank">BOAI</a> definition of open access.The open access articles in the journal are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) license.

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

Authors publishing with the journal retain the copyright to their work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a> ) and grant the Publisher non-exclusive commercial right to publish the work. CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Editor should consider publishing correction if minor errors that do not effect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper are detected. Editor should consider retraction if major errors and/or misconduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected.Editor should consider issuing an expression of concern if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive. The guidelines of <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> and <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME </a>are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.RetractionJournal follows <a href="https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/retraction-guidelines-cope.pdf" target="_blank">COPE’s Retraction Guidelines</a> in case of retraction. The editor has the right to retract an article if: <ul><li>There is clear evidence that the findings are unreliable; either as a result of a major error (e.g. miscalculation or experimental error), or as a result of fabrication (e.g. of data) or falsification (e.g. image manipulation).</li><li>It contains plagiarised content. </li><li>It has been published elsewhere without proper attribution. </li><li>It contains material or data without authorisation for use.</li><li>There is copyright infringement or there is some other serious legal issue.</li><li>It reports unethical research. </li><li>There is evidence that the peer-review process is compromised or manipulated.</li><li>The author(s) failed to disclose a significant competing interest (also known as a conflict of interest) that, in the opinion of the editor, would have unduly influenced the interpretation of the work or the recommendations of the editors and peer reviewers.</li></ul>In case of retraction the following steps are followed:<ul><li>Retraction notice including article title is published in a subsequent issue of the journal. The retraction notice is paginated and listed in the table of contents. </li><li>A link is provided between the retraction notice and the original article in the electronic version. </li><li>The online article is preceded by a page containing the retraction notice; the reader can then proceed to the article itself.</li><li>The original article remains unchanged, except for a watermark on the .pdf on each page stating that it has been &#34;retracted”.</li></ul>Article Removal for Legal ReasonsIn the following circumstances, except the metadata (title and authors), the text of the article is removed and a page informing that the article has been removed for legal reasons replaces the article. <ul><li>The article is found to be defamatory or to infringe the legal rights of others, and retraction is not deemed to be an adequate solution.</li><li>The article has been, or is reasonably likely to be the subject of a court order.</li><li>There is a significant risk to public health. </li></ul>

To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

The Artificial Intelligence Policy, prepared in light of developments in artificial intelligence (AI) and practices in scholarly publishing, sets out the editorial and ethical principles that authors, reviewers, and editors should follow when using such technologies. The following sources have been considered in the preparation of the AI policy:Committee on Publication Ethics <a href="https://publicationethics.org/guidance/cope-position/authorship-and-ai-tools" target="_blank">(COPE) - Authorship and AI tools</a>; International Committee of Medical Journal Editors <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html#four" target="_blank">(ICMJE) - Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Assisted Technology; World Association of Medical Editors  (WAME) Chatbots, Generative AI, and Scholarly Manuscripts</a><a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html#four"></a>AI-assisted technologies (such as large language models [LLMs], chatbots, or image generators) can develop and produce a wide variety of content, including text, images, audio, and synthetic data. When used ethically and safely, these capabilities can increase productivity and foster innovation, but when used without human guidance, they pose risks such as inaccurate and biased results, omissions and errors in citations, deficiencies in protecting privacy and intellectual property rights, and potential violations of authors' and publishers' rights. IUPress adopts the following core principles to avoid these risks in the use of AI:  <ul><li>Details of any AI used in the production of content (including but not limited to text, figures, images, and code) must be declared and clearly explained in the appropriate section of the paper (as an acknowledgement and/or in the methods section). </li><li>No AI tool may be listed as an author in any scientific paper. </li><li>Authors are responsible for the accuracy, completeness, and originality of their work, even if AI is used in any way; they are responsible for the proper referencing and attribution of others' ideas, data, words, or other materials. </li><li>Reviewers and editors must not upload submitted work, in whole or in part, to any generative AI application.</li></ul>In the editorial processes of IUPress publications, tools are available to assist editors in identifying AI-generated content. On the other hand, it is common to use AI tools that provide suggestions for improving and enhancing readability, language, and grammar, and such AI tools can be used in IUPress publications under the supervision of editors and authors.

Artificial Intelligence Policy

<ul><li>Authors are required to declare if they have used AI-assisted technologies (such as large language models [LLMs], chatbots, or image generators) in the creation of their submitted work. </li><li>Authors should explain, both in the cover letter and in the appropriate section of the submitted paper (as a footnote and/or in the methods section), which AI tool and which version of it they have used and for what purpose. </li><li>Authors should also indicate how they used the AI tool and how they assessed the validity of the results obtained using this technology, and what aspects of the paper, manuscript content, data or supporting files were influenced by the use of the AI tool or were generated by AI.</li><li>It is the authors' responsibility to ensure the accuracy, validity and appropriateness of content and citations generated by AI-assisted technologies and to eliminate potential errors, inconsistencies and biased results. </li><li>Authors should always check the original sources to eliminate possible plagiarism, recognising that there is a potential for plagiarism in texts produced with AI-assisted technologies. They should confirm that they have checked and that the sources are original.  </li><li>AI-assisted tools (such as ChatGPT) cannot be listed as authors because they cannot be responsible for the accuracy, integrity, and originality of the work, and these responsibilities are essential to authorship. Therefore, authors are responsible for all material involving the use of AI-assisted technologies. Authors should ensure that all statements in the article that state the hypotheses, interpretations, conclusions, limitations, and implications of the study represent their own opinions.  </li><li>Studies created by authors using AI tools in the following ways, which substitute for the basic researcher's and author's responsibilities, violate the principles of scientific publishing and publication ethics, and such studies are not eligible for inclusion in publications: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Generation of text or code without rigorous review, </li><li>Generation of synthetic data to replace missing data without a robust methodology, </li><li>Creation of any inaccurate, synthetic content, including abstracts or supplementary materials, </li><li>Creation and manipulation of images and figures (pictures, graphs, data tables, medical images, image snippets, computer codes and formulae) or original research data (enhancing, hiding, moving, removing or adding a particular feature within an image or figure) using AI.</li></ul></ul>

It is essential to maintain confidentiality in the peer review process and not to share or use the reviewed work in this process. <a href="https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/ethical-guidelines-peer-reviewers-cope.pdf" target="_blank">(COPE – Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers</a>)<ul><li>Reviewers should not upload a manuscript or part of a manuscript submitted to them for review to generative AI tools or large language models to assist in the review, evaluation or decision-making process, as uploading content to such AI tools by reviewers violates the authors' privacy and property rights.  </li><li>Reviewing a scientific paper is a responsibility that can only be undertaken by human beings. The critical thinking and original evaluation required for peer review is beyond the scope of this technology, and there is a risk that the technology will produce inaccurate, incomplete or biased conclusions about the paper. The peer review report and decision letters should reflect the personal assessment of the reviewers and editors of the submitted content. The reviewer is responsible and accountable for the content of his/her report. </li><li>AI tools may be used in a limited way to improve the quality of the language of the peer review report (for translation or language editing) in the context of peer review. If such use is made, the reviewer must declare the use when submitting the report. </li><li>Reviewers who suspect inappropriate or undisclosed use of generative AI in a submission should report their concerns to the editor.</li></ul>

Editors are obliged to ensure that the confidentiality of the manuscripts submitted to the journal is maintained during the evaluation process, and it is essential that the peer-reviewed work is not shared or used outside the parties involved in that process. (COPE - Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors) <a href="https://publicationethics.org/files/Code_of_conduct_for_journal_editors_Mar11.pdf" target="_blank">(COPE – Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors)</a>.<ul><li>Editors should not upload a submitted article, or any part of it, to generative Artificial Intelligence tools or Big Language Models to assist in the review, evaluation or decision-making process, as this may violate authors' privacy and property rights. </li><li>Managing the editorial review of a scientific article implies responsibilities that can only be attributed to humans. Generative AI or AI-assisted technologies should not be used by editors to assist in the evaluation or decision-making process of an article, as the critical thinking and original evaluation required for this task is beyond the scope of this technology and there is a risk that the technology will produce inaccurate, incomplete or biased conclusions about the article. The editor is responsible and accountable for the editorial process, the final decision and its communication to the authors.</li><li>Editors should not use generative AI tools to compose decision letters or abstracts of unpublished research. </li><li>Editors may use generative AI tools to help find appropriate reviewers.</li><li>If editors suspect the use of generative AI in a submitted manuscript or a submitted referee report, they should conduct an editorial review of the matter and consider the policy.</li></ul>

European Journal of Biology is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="http://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing </a>All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publishers) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

Ethics

The journal adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.-    Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.-    The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.-    The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.-    Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.-    Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.-    The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.-    In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.-    If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.-    In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.

The Journal takes as principle to comply with the ethical standards of <a href="https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-helsinki-ethical-principles-for-medical-research-involving-human-subjects/" target="_blank">World Medical Association (WMA) Declaration of Helsinki – Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects</a>,  <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/1CA4A5057BC44E33A01111CDB6531BAC" target="_blank">Basel Declaration</a> and <a href="https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-statement-on-animal-use-in-biomedical-research/" target="_blank">WMA Statement on Animal Use in Biomedical Research</a>. An approval of research protocols by the Ethics Committee in accordance with international standards mentioned above is required for experimental, clinical, and drug studies and for some case reports. If required, ethics committee reports or an equivalent official document will be requested from the authors. For manuscripts concerning experimental research on humans, a statement should be included that shows that written informed consent of patients and volunteers was obtained following a detailed explanation of the procedures that they may undergo. Information on patient consent, the name of the ethics committee, and the ethics committee approval number should also be stated in the Materials and Methods section of the manuscript. It is the authors’ responsibility to carefully protect the patients’ anonymity. For photographs that may reveal the identity of the patients, signed releases of the patient or of their legal representative should be enclosed.The journal requires experimental research studies on vertebrates or any regulated invertebrates to comply with relevant institutional, national and/or international guidelines, and authors are advised to clearly state their compliance with relevant guidelines.For studies involving animals, it is required to obtain approval of research protocols from an ethics committee. The committee reviews protocols to ensure compliance with applicable regulations and guidelines, including the <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK54050/" target="_blank">Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (8th Edition, 2011)</a>, <a href="http://iclas.org/" target="_blank">International Council for Laboratory Animal Science (ICLAS)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.aaalac.org/resources/resources-list/" target="_blank">International Guiding Principles for Biomedical Research Involving Animals (2012)</a>. These guidelines offer comprehensive instructions on how to carry out animal research ethically and humanely and are widely acknowledged as the benchmark for such research.Authors should provide detailed explanation of the ethical treatment of animals in their manuscripts, including measures taken to avoid pain and distress. This is crucial to ensure the humane conduct of the study and enable verification that it conforms to the relevant ethical criteria. The <a href="https://arriveguidelines.org/" target="_blank">ARRIVE</a> checklist is a useful tool authors can use to present this information clearly and thoroughly.

The journal requires the authors and all individuals taking part in the evaluation process to disclose any existing or potential conflict of interest (such as financial ties, academic commitments, personal relationships, institutional affiliations) that could unduly influence one’s responsibilities.  To disclose potential conflicts of interest, the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/94506272CF4A4E4196880083BF0A0C0F" target="_blank">ICMJE Potential Conflict of Interest Disclosure Form</a> should be filled in and submitted by authors as explained in the Author Form of the journal. Cases of a potential conflict of interest are resolved  within the scope of <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE Conflict of Interest Flowcharts </a>and<a href="https://www.icmje.org/about-icmje/faqs/conflict-of-interest-disclosure-forms/" target="_blank"> ICMJE Conflict of Interest guidelines</a>Besides conflict of interest, all financial support received to carry out research must be declared while submitting the paper.

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/186C140D668949F1B99FA496B08D8610" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>. The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.The editor hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for double-blind peer review evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Peer Review

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. Editor-in-Chief provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by Editor-in-Chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.​ The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international external referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by Editor-in-Chief upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims. Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal. Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.- Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?- Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?- Is the problem significant and concisely stated?- Are the methods described comprehensively?- Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?- Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?- Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

The manuscripts should be prepared in accordance with <a href="http://www.icmje.org/icmje-recommendations.pdf" target="_blank">ICMJE-Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals</a>  Author(s) are required to prepare manuscripts in accordance with the <a href="http://www.consort-statement.org/" target="_blank">CONSORT</a> guidelines for randomized research studies, <a href="https://www.strobe-statement.org/" target="_blank">STROBE</a> guidelines for observational original research studies, <a href="https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/stard/" target="_blank">STARD</a> guidelines for studies on diagnostic accuracy, <a href="http://www.prisma-statement.org/" target="_blank">PRISMA</a> guidelines for systematic reviews and meta-analysis, <a href="https://arriveguidelines.org/" target="_blank">ARRIVE</a> guidelines for experimental animal studies, and <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/trendstatement/index.html" target="_blank">TREND</a> guidelines for non-randomized public behavior.An approval of research protocols by the Ethics Committee in accordance with international agreements (World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki “Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects,” amended in October 2013, www.wma.net) is required for experimental, clinical, and drug studies. If required, ethics committee reports or an equivalent official document will be requested from the authors.For manuscripts concerning experimental research on humans, a statement should be included that shows the written informed consent of patients and volunteers was obtained following a detailed explanation of the procedures that they may undergo. Information on patient consent, the name of the ethics committee, and the ethics committee approval number should also be stated in the Materials and Methods section of the manuscript. It is the authors’responsibility to carefully protect the patients’anonymity. For photographs that may reveal the identity of the patients, signed releases of the patient or of their legal representative should be enclosed.European Journal of Biology requires experimental research studies on vertebrates or any regulated invertebrates to comply with relevant institutional, national and/or international guidelines. The journal supports the principles of Basel Declaration (baseldeclaration.org) and the guidelines published by International Council for Laboratory Animal Science (ICLAS) (iclas.org). Authors are advised to clearly state their compliance with relevant guideline.European Journal of Biology advises authors to comply with <a href="https://www.iucn.org/resources/commission-statement/iucn-commission-statement-research-involving-species-risk-extinction" target="_blank">IUCN Policy Statement on Research Involving Species at Risk of Extinction</a> and the <a href="https://cites.org/eng/disc/text.php" target="_blank">Convention on the Trade in Endangered Species of Wild IUCN Policy Statement on Research Involving Species at Risk of Extinction and the Convention on the Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.</a>All submissions are screened by a similarity detection software (<a href="http://www.ithenticate.com/" target="_blank">iThenticate</a> by <a href="https://www.crossref.org/services/similarity-check/" target="_blank">CrossCheck</a>).In the event of alleged or suspected research misconduct, e.g., plagiarism, citation manipulation, and data falsification/fabrication, the Editorial Board will follow and act in accordance with <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">COPE</a> guidelines.Each individual listed as an author should fulfil the authorship criteria recommended by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors(<a href="http://www.icmje.org/" target="_blank">ICMJE</a> - <a href="http://www.icmje.org/" target="_blank">www.icmje.org</a>). The <a href="http://www.icmje.org/" target="_blank">ICMJE</a> recommends that authorship be based on the following 4 criteria:1. Substantial contributions to the conception or design  of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; AND2. Drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; AND3. Final approval of the version to be published; AND4. Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.In addition to being accountable for the parts of the work he/she has done, an author should be able to identify which co-authors are responsible for specific other parts of the work. In addition, authors should have confidence in the integrity of the contributions of their co-authors.All those designated as authors should meet all four criteria for authorship, and all who meet the four criteria should be identified as authors. Those who do not meet all four criteria should be acknowledged in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/B9D755DE5CEF46C3B711FFB57A9CB47A" target="_blank">title page</a> of the manuscript.European Journal of Biology requires corresponding authors to submit a signed and scanned version of the authorship contribution form (available for download through the journal’s web page) during the initial submission process in order to act appropriately on authorship rights and to prevent ghost or honorary authorship. If the editorial board suspects a case of“gift authorship,” the submission will be rejected without further review. As part of the submission of the manuscript, the corresponding author should also send a short statement declaring that he/she accepts to undertake all the responsibility for authorship during the submission and review stages of the manuscript.European Journal of Biology requires and encourages the authors and the individuals involved in the evaluation process of submitted manuscripts to disclose any existing or potential conflicts of interests, including financial, consultant, and institutional, that might lead to potential bias or a conflict of interest. Any financial grants or other supports received for a submitted study from individuals or institutions should be disclosed to the Editorial Board. To disclose a potential conflict of interest, the <a href="http://www.icmje.org/" target="_blank">ICMJE</a> Potential Conflict of Interest Disclosure Form should be filled and submitted by all contributing authors. Cases of a potential conflict of interest of the editors, authors, or reviewers are resolved by the journal’s Editorial Board within the scope of <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">COPE</a> and <a href="http://www.icmje.org/" target="_blank">ICMJE</a> guidelines.The Editorial Board of the journal handles all appeal and complaint cases within the scope of <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">COPE</a> guidelines. In such cases, authors should get in direct contact with the editorial office regarding their appeals and complaints. When needed, an ombudsperson may be assigned to resolve cases that cannot be resolved internally. The Editor in Chief is the final authority in the decision making process for all appeals and complaints.When submitting a manuscript to European Journal of Biology, authors accept to assign the copyright of their manuscript to İstanbul University Faculty of Science. If rejected for publication, the copyright of the manuscript will be assigned back to the authors. European Journal of Biology requires each submission to be accompanied by a <a href="http://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/FileHandler2.ashx?f=eurjbiol_copyrightagreementform.doc" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a> (available for download at the journal’s web page). When using previously published content, including figures, tables, or any other material in both print and electronic formats, authors must obtain permission from the copyright holder. Legal, financial and criminal liabilities in this regard belong to the author(s).Statements or opinions expressed in the manuscripts published in European Journal of Biology reflect the views of the author(s) and not the opinions of the editors, the editorial board, or the publisher; the editors, the editorial board, and the publisher disclaim any responsibility or liability for such materials. The final responsibility in regard to the published content rests with the authors.Manuscript Preparation European Journal of Biology endorses <a href="http://www.icmje.org/" target="_blank">ICMJE</a>-Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals (updated in December 2017 - <a href="http://www.icmje.org/" target="_blank">http:// www.icmje.org/icmje-recommendations.pdf</a> ). Authors are required to prepare manuscripts in accordance with the <a href="http://www.consort-statement.org/" target="_blank">CONSORT</a> guidelines for randomized research studies, <a href="https://www.strobe-statement.org/index.php?id=strobe-home" target="_blank">STROBE</a> guidelines for observational original research studies, <a href="http://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/stard/" target="_blank">STARD</a> guidelines for studies on diagnostic accuracy, <a href="http://www.prisma-statement.org/" target="_blank">PRISMA </a>guidelines for systematic reviews and metaanalysis, ARRIVE guidelines for experimental animal studies, <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/trendstatement/" target="_blank">TREND</a> guidelines for non-randomized public behaviour, and COREQ guidelines for qualitative research.Manuscripts can only be submitted through the journal’s online manuscript submission and evaluation system, available at the journal’s web page. Manuscripts submitted via any other medium will not be evaluated.Manuscripts submitted to the journal will first go through a technical evaluation process where the editorial office staff will ensure that the manuscript has been prepared and submitted  in accordance with the journal’s guidelines. Submissions that  do not conform to the journal’s guidelines will be returned to the submitting author with technical correction requests.During the initial submission, authors are required to submit the following:• <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/186C140D668949F1B99FA496B08D8610" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>,• Author Contributions Form, and <a href="http://www.icmje.org/" target="_blank">ICMJE</a> Potential Conflict of Interest Disclosure Form (should be filled in by all contributing authors). These forms are available for download at the journal’s web page.Preparation of the Manuscript<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/B9D755DE5CEF46C3B711FFB57A9CB47A" target="_blank">Title page</a>: A separate title page should be submitted with all submissions and this page should include:• The full title of the manuscript as well as a short title (running head) of no more than 50 characters,• Name(s), affiliations, and highest academic degree(s) of the author(s),• Grant information and detailed information on the other sources of support,• Name, address, telephone (including the mobile phone number) and fax numbers, and email address of the corresponding author,• Acknowledgment of the individuals who contributed to the preparation of the manuscript but who do not fulfil the authorship criteria.Abstract: An English abstract should be submitted with all submissions except for Letters to the Editor. Please check Table 1 below for word count specifications (250 words).Keywords: Each submission must be accompanied by a minimum of three to a maximum of six keywords for subject indexing at the end of the abstract. The keywords should be listed in full without abbreviations.

Author Guidelines

<div>Before beginning the online submission process please make sure you have the followings available:Cover letter to the editor<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.</li> <li>Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement.</li> <li>Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.</li> <li>Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with AMA.</li> </ul> </ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/186C140D668949F1B99FA496B08D8610" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>Permission of previous published material if used in the present manuscript<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/B9D755DE5CEF46C3B711FFB57A9CB47A" target="_blank">Title page</a><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>The title of the manuscript in English</li> <li>All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses</li> <li>Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax number</li> <li>ORCIDs of all authors.</li> </ul> </ul>Main Manuscript Document<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The title of the manuscript in English</li> <li>Abstract (250 words) in English</li> <li>Key words: 3-6 words in English</li> <li>Main article sections</li> <li>Grant support (if exists)</li> <li>Conflict of interest (if exists)</li> <li>Acknowledgement (if exits)</li> <li>References</li> <li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li> </ul> </ul></div><div>Manuscript Submission<ul type="disc"> <li style="text-align: justify;">Dergipark manuscript submission site of the journal is: <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iufsjb" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iufsjb</a></li><li style="text-align: justify;">While uploading Main Document, make sure that the main document has no information that clarify the author’s identity. Due to double blind peer review, Main Document must not include Title Page, the name of author or any other detail that can disclose the author identity. </li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Additionaly, Supplemental File for Review must not include any detail that can disclose author identity as well.</li></ul><ul type="disc"><ul type="circle"> </ul> </ul></div>Files to be uploaded separately<ul type="disc" class="ng-scope" style="font-size: 12px;"><li>Copyright Agreement Form</li><li>Permissions obtained for previously published material if used in the present manuscript</li><li>Title page</li><li>Main Manuscript Document</li></ul><ul type="disc" class="ng-scope" style="font-size: 12px;"><ul type="circle"><li>The title of the manuscript in English</li><li>Abstract (250 words) in English</li><li>Key words: 3-6 words in English</li><li>Main article sections</li><li>Grant Support (if exists)</li><li>Conflict of Interest (if exists)</li><li>Acknowledgement (if exists)</li><li>References</li><li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li></ul></ul>

Original Articles: This is the most important type of article since it provides new information based on original research. The main text of original articles should be structured with Introduction, Material and Methods, Results, and Discussion subheadings. Statistical analysis to support conclusions is usually necessary. Statistical analyses must be conducted in accordance with international statistical reporting standards. Information on statistical analyses should be provided with a separate subheading under the Materials and Methods section and the statistical software that was used during the process must be specified.Units should be prepared in accordance with the International System of Units (SI).Short Communications: Short communication is for a concise, but independent report representing a significant contribution to Biology. Short communication is not intended to publish preliminary results. But if these results are of exceptional interest and are particularly topical and relevant will be considered for publication.Short Communications should include an abstract and should be structed with the following subheadings: “Introduction”, “Material and Methods”, “Results and Discussion”.Editorial Comments: Editorial comments aim to provide a brief critical commentary by reviewers with expertise or with high reputation in the topic of te research article published in the journal. Authors are selected and invited by the journal to provide such comments. Abstract, Keywords, and Tables, Figures, Images, and other media are not included.Review Articles: Reviews prepared by authors who have extensive knowledge on a particular field and whose scientific background has been translated into a high volume of publications with a high citation potential are welcomed. These authors may even be invited by the journal. Reviews should describe, discuss, and evaluate the current level of knowledge of a topic in clinical practice and should guide future studies. The main text should contain Introduction, Experimental and Clinical Research Consequences, and Conclusion sections. Letters to the Editor: This type of manuscript discusses important parts, overlooked aspects, or lacking parts of a previously published article. Articles on subjects within the scope of the journal that might attract the readers’ attention, particularly educative cases, may also be submitted in the form of a“Letter to the Editor.”Readers can also present their comments on the published manuscripts in the form of a “Letter to the Editor.” Abstract, Keywords, and Tables, Figures, Images, and other media should not be included. The text should be unstructured. The manuscript that is being commented on must be properly cited within this manuscript.