Research Article


DOI :10.26650/arcp2019-5105   IUP :10.26650/arcp2019-5105    Full Text (PDF)

Lachelier’s Semantics of Predication and the Syllogism

Arman Besler

The main doctrines of the traditional logic of terms (logica termini) are standardly organized according to the formation structure of syllogistic inferences. A syllogistic inference is analyzed into propositions, and propositions, in the last instance, to terms; the logic of terms, in line with this formation structure, is partitioned into the doctrines, respectively, of terms (terminorum), of propositions (propositionum) or judgments (judiciorum), and of immediate and mediate inferences or followings (consequentiarum immediatarum/mediatarum). This structure communicates the idea that a given doctrine could be treated, to a certain extent, independently of the next one to come, so that propositions, for instance, could be examined, at least to a certain extent, independently of syllogistic inferences. Some classical philosophers such as Immanuel Kant have developed approaches that break in part this order of analysis which finds its clearest expression in the Port-Royal logic (Arnauld & Nicole’s Logic or the Art of Thinking). In Kant’s case the order is changed in favor of the doctrine of judgements. This paper examines the French philosopher Jules Lachelier’s (1832-1918) approach which similarly breaks the same doctrinal order, and which, more specifically, refines the typification of propositions according to the roles to be played by propositions in syllogisms. What lies at the core of this approach is the identification of the semantic values of categorical propositions (or, as Lachelier calls them, of propositions of inherence) in terms of modal statuses which are to determine these roles. Lachelier seems to use the set of values he assigns to the categorical forms as a tool for testing logical implication among types of predication, that is, as some sort of semantic theory in the modern sense. Lachelier also discusses the three-figured categorical syllogistic along with a method, effectively used by G. W. Leibniz, of transforming syllogistic moods into each other, and tries to confirm his semantic theory in terms of such syllogistic. This paper explains Lachelier’s analysis of meaning by treating it as a non-formal semantics of predication, and tries to make some modern sense of Lachelier’s general approach to syllogistic.

DOI :10.26650/arcp2019-5105   IUP :10.26650/arcp2019-5105    Full Text (PDF)

Lachelier’nin Yükleme Semantiği ve Tasım

Arman Besler

Geleneksel terim mantığının (logica termini) temel öğretileri, tasımlık çıkarımların oluşum yapısına uygun olarak düzenlenir. Tasımlık bir çıkarım önermelere, önermelerse – son aşamada – terimlere çözümlenir; bu oluşum yapısına uygun olarak da terim mantığı, (i) terimler (termini) öğretisi, (ii) önermeler (propositiones) veya yargılar (judicia) öğretisi ve (iii) dolaylı/dolaysız çıkarımlar veya izlemeler (consequentiae immediatae/mediatae) öğretisi olarak bölümlenir. Bu yapı, bir öğretinin, kendinden sonra gelen öğretiden belli bir dereceye kadar bağımsızca işlenebileceği fikrini doğurabilir, öyleyse, örneğin, önermeler, en azından bir dereceye kadar, tasımlık çıkarımlardan bağımsız olarak incelenebilecektir. Immanuel Kant gibi bazı klasik felsefeciler, en parlak ifadesini, Port-Royal Mantığı’nda (Arnauld & Nicole’ün Mantık veya Düşünme Sanatı’nda) bulan bu öğreti düzenindeki çözümleme sırasını kısmen (Kant örneğinde, yargı öğretisi lehine) bozan yaklaşımlar geliştirmiştir. Bu yazı, Fransız felsefeci Jules Lachelier’nin (1832- 1918) yine aynı öğreti düzenini kısmen bozan, daha özelde, önerme tipleşmesini, önermelerin tasımlarda oynayacakları rollere göre incelten yaklaşımını incelemektedir. Bu yaklaşımın odak noktası, yüklemeli önermelerde (Lachelier’nin terimleriyle, içindelik önermelerinde) anlam değeri tiplerinin, bahsedilen rolleri belirleyen kiplik statüleri üzerinden ayırt edilmesidir. Lachelier, yüklemeli biçimlere atadığı anlam değerlerini, hangi yükleme tiplerinin hangi yükleme tiplerini mantıki olarak içerdiğini denetlemenin bir aracı olarak, yani adeta, modern anlamıyla, bir tür semantik kuram olarak kullanıyor görünmektedir. Lachelier, üç şekilli kategorik tasım kuramını da, G. W. Leibniz’in etkin bir biçimde kullanmış olduğu, tasım kiplerini birbirlerine dönüştürme yöntemiyle birlikte ele alarak, önerdiği anlam kuramının bunun üzerinden bir tür sağlamasını yapmaya çalışmaktadır. Lachelier’nin anlam çözümlemesini, formel olmayan bir yükleme semantiği olarak ele alıp açıklayan bu yazı, Lachelier’nin genel tasım kuramı anlayışını modern terimlerle anlamaya çalışmaktadır.


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APA

Besler, A. (0001). Lachelier’s Semantics of Predication and the Syllogism. Archives of Philosophy, 0(51), 61-77. https://doi.org/10.26650/arcp2019-5105


AMA

Besler A. Lachelier’s Semantics of Predication and the Syllogism. Archives of Philosophy. 0001;0(51):61-77. https://doi.org/10.26650/arcp2019-5105


ABNT

Besler, A. Lachelier’s Semantics of Predication and the Syllogism. Archives of Philosophy, [Publisher Location], v. 0, n. 51, p. 61-77, 0001.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Besler, Arman,. 0001. “Lachelier’s Semantics of Predication and the Syllogism.” Archives of Philosophy 0, no. 51: 61-77. https://doi.org/10.26650/arcp2019-5105


Chicago: Humanities Style

Besler, Arman,. Lachelier’s Semantics of Predication and the Syllogism.” Archives of Philosophy 0, no. 51 (Dec. 2024): 61-77. https://doi.org/10.26650/arcp2019-5105


Harvard: Australian Style

Besler, A 0001, 'Lachelier’s Semantics of Predication and the Syllogism', Archives of Philosophy, vol. 0, no. 51, pp. 61-77, viewed 23 Dec. 2024, https://doi.org/10.26650/arcp2019-5105


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Besler, A. (0001) ‘Lachelier’s Semantics of Predication and the Syllogism’, Archives of Philosophy, 0(51), pp. 61-77. https://doi.org/10.26650/arcp2019-5105 (23 Dec. 2024).


MLA

Besler, Arman,. Lachelier’s Semantics of Predication and the Syllogism.” Archives of Philosophy, vol. 0, no. 51, 0001, pp. 61-77. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/arcp2019-5105


Vancouver

Besler A. Lachelier’s Semantics of Predication and the Syllogism. Archives of Philosophy [Internet]. 23 Dec. 2024 [cited 23 Dec. 2024];0(51):61-77. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/arcp2019-5105 doi: 10.26650/arcp2019-5105


ISNAD

Besler, Arman. Lachelier’s Semantics of Predication and the Syllogism”. Archives of Philosophy 0/51 (Dec. 2024): 61-77. https://doi.org/10.26650/arcp2019-5105



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Submitted10.11.2019
Accepted16.12.2019

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