Research Article


DOI :10.26650/arcp.1570889   IUP :10.26650/arcp.1570889    Full Text (PDF)

Tekil Yükleme ve Kıyas

Arman Besler

Aristoteles’in kategorik kıyas kuramı (veya kıyâsiyâtı), biçimsel bilimler tarihindeki ilk biçimsel türetim sistemidir. Sistemin birçok kısmı veya öğesi modern (birinci seviye) matematiksel mantık tarafından da geçerlilenir, ama sistemin kapsamı çok dardır, çünkü bir çift a-e-i-o öncülüyle yine a-e-i-o tipinde bir sonuç önermesinden oluşan ve bünyesinde, her biri, farklı bir çift önermeye ortak olan üç tane ‘orta dereceden’ tümel terim – yani, ne bir en yüksek cinsi ne de bir en aşağı türü ifade eden üç terim – barındıran ‘şekil kıyasları’ dışındaki çıkarımları çözümlemeye kabiliyetli değildir. İzleyen çağların mantıkçıları bu sınırlı sisteme çeşitli yeni mantıksal biçimlerin eklenmesiyle ilgili çeşitli sorunları tartışmışlardır ki bunlardan bir tanesi de tekil yüklemeler, yani öznesi tekil terim olan kategorik önermeler sorunudur. En yaygın kabul gören tercih de tekil yüklemeleri tümel yüklemeler olarak yorumlamak olmuştur. Bu çalışma, kategorik kıyaslar sistemine katı bir tarzda biçimci (formalist) bir açıdan bakmaya çalışmakta ve tekil yüklemeler için çok daha yalın ve oldukça verimli bir tercüme planını ayrıntılı olarak savunmaktadır. Planın anahtarı, karşıolumdaki tekil yüklemelerin arasında bulunduğu kabul edilen çıkarımsal bağıntının, yani çelişkinin muhafazasıdır. Tercümenin sonucu olarak elde edilen ve birinci seviye mantık tarafından da (a-e-i-o yüklemelerinin ve tekil yüklemelerin standart karşılıklarını kabul edersek) geçerli kılınan tekilleştirilmiş kıyas kipleri de tercümenin dayandığı tavrın kendisini teşvik etmektedir, çünkü tekilleştirilmiş kıyaslar, Aristoteles’in kayıtsız kaldığı ama biçimsel olarak orada duran dört altıklamalı kipten ikisinin kullanılmasını gerektirmektedir.

DOI :10.26650/arcp.1570889   IUP :10.26650/arcp.1570889    Full Text (PDF)

Singular Predication and the Syllogism

Arman Besler

Aristotle’s categorical syllogistic is the first formal deductive system in the history of formal sciences. Most parts or elements of the system are validated by modern (first-order) mathematical logic, but the system is quite limited in scope, as it is incapable of analyzing inferences other than the ‘figure syllogisms’ consisting of a couple of a-e-i-o premises and an a-e-i-o conclusion, containing three ‘moderately’ universal terms – terms that express neither a highest genus nor a lowest species – each of which is common to a different couple of propositions out of the three. Logicians in the following ages dealt with various questions concerning the addition of various (novel) logical forms into this limited system, among which are singular predications, i.e. categorical propositions with a singular term as subject, and the most common choice has been interpreting singular predications as universal predications. This paper tries to take a strictly formal perspective on the system of categorical syllogisms, and argues in detail for a much simpler and fairly effective assimilation or translation scheme for singular predications. The key to the proposed scheme is the preservation of the supposed inferential relation between opposite singular predications, namely contradiction. It is argued that the resulting singularized syllogistic moods, which are also validated by first-order logic (under its standard renderings of a-e-i-o and singular predications), promote in turn the mentioned type of treatment, since they call for the employment of two of the four subaltern moods of the system, disregarded by Aristotle, which are formally there.


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References

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APA

Besler, A. (2024). Tekil Yükleme ve Kıyas. Archives of Philosophy, 0(61), 84-90. https://doi.org/10.26650/arcp.1570889


AMA

Besler A. Tekil Yükleme ve Kıyas. Archives of Philosophy. 2024;0(61):84-90. https://doi.org/10.26650/arcp.1570889


ABNT

Besler, A. Tekil Yükleme ve Kıyas. Archives of Philosophy, [Publisher Location], v. 0, n. 61, p. 84-90, 2024.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Besler, Arman,. 2024. “Tekil Yükleme ve Kıyas.” Archives of Philosophy 0, no. 61: 84-90. https://doi.org/10.26650/arcp.1570889


Chicago: Humanities Style

Besler, Arman,. Tekil Yükleme ve Kıyas.” Archives of Philosophy 0, no. 61 (Feb. 2025): 84-90. https://doi.org/10.26650/arcp.1570889


Harvard: Australian Style

Besler, A 2024, 'Tekil Yükleme ve Kıyas', Archives of Philosophy, vol. 0, no. 61, pp. 84-90, viewed 5 Feb. 2025, https://doi.org/10.26650/arcp.1570889


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Besler, A. (2024) ‘Tekil Yükleme ve Kıyas’, Archives of Philosophy, 0(61), pp. 84-90. https://doi.org/10.26650/arcp.1570889 (5 Feb. 2025).


MLA

Besler, Arman,. Tekil Yükleme ve Kıyas.” Archives of Philosophy, vol. 0, no. 61, 2024, pp. 84-90. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/arcp.1570889


Vancouver

Besler A. Tekil Yükleme ve Kıyas. Archives of Philosophy [Internet]. 5 Feb. 2025 [cited 5 Feb. 2025];0(61):84-90. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/arcp.1570889 doi: 10.26650/arcp.1570889


ISNAD

Besler, Arman. Tekil Yükleme ve Kıyas”. Archives of Philosophy 0/61 (Feb. 2025): 84-90. https://doi.org/10.26650/arcp.1570889



TIMELINE


Submitted20.10.2024
Accepted26.12.2024
Published Online31.12.2024

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