Prof.

Lars

Türk Dillerinde İki Tür "ki" nin Dilbilgiselleşmesi Üzerine

Julian

Ötemiş Hacı’nın Cengiznâme’sinde Tümleç Örüntüleri: Orta Türkçe’de Altasıralamaya Tipolojik Bir Yaklaşım

Peter

Yoksul Bir Kişi Bizans’ta. Eski Uygurca Bir Öykünün Fragmanları

Ergali

Globalization and Turkey’s independent humanitarian approach have replenished and modernized the direction of Turkic studies in Turkey.If we look at the background of this word, which has recently become the subject of various forums and meetings, there are many lexicographical works observedon the Internet. Some large-scale works exhibit the following characteristics of “globalization-the process of universal integration of structures, connections, and relationships in all spheres of social life on earth.” In the encyclopedic definition of the Kazakh language, globalization is “the process of creating a new global political, economic, cultural, and information integrity.” The meaning of the word “humanities,” which entered the Kazakh language from the Russian language, is obvious: the science of social sciences, the indepth study of the culture and history of the people. These three words from the encyclopedic dictionary are the best example of lexicographic works aslexicographyis the “theory and practice of dictionary creation.”Because philology is the broadest field in the humanities, lexicography is historically considered an attractive and fascinating topic. We begin with an article by RG Aganin in the journal “Soviet Turkology,” published by the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, titled “Turkish lexicography in the USSR (1917–1977).” It includes information on when, where, and by whom Russian–Turkish and Turkish–Russian bilingual dictionaries, from Western languages to Turkish and from Turkish to Western languages, were published and includes special dictionaries covering distinctindustry terminology, such asthe textile industry. Analyzing the significant achievements of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union per the rhetoric of that time, the article points out that the proletarian policy had a positive effect on neighboring Turkey. Republic of Turkey 1928 He noted that the transition to the Latin alphabet led to the rapid spelling, orthographic, and spelling principles. Such radical changes became the focus of Turkologists in the Soviet Union.The first Turkish-Russian dictionary, featuring the altered spellings from the adoption of the Latin alphabet, was authored by VA Gordlevsky and published in Moscow in 1930. After its publication, the second Russian-Turkish Dictionary, edited by VA Gordlevsky, was published in Moscow in 1931 with the participation of DA Magazanik, AB Abdurakhmanova, and Levin. As a footnote, this dictionary, published in 1927, consists of 40,000 lexical units and is used from the “İmlâ luğati” İstanbul, 1928, spelling dictionary.The bilateral and multilateral relations between the study of Turkic languages in Central Asia and Turkology studies in Turkey reached a new dimension and a qualitative change whenA Comparative Dictionary of Turkish Dialects, published in Ankara, heralded the new approach. Nearly 30 years later, the Turkestan Declaration was accepted. Our article presents data on historical and applied dictionary studies, the common moral values of Turkic languages. After giving information about Turkish–Russian, Russian–Turkish, Kazakh–Russian, and Russian–Kazakh dictionaries published at the beginning of the 20th century, we suggest the necessity of republishing these dictionaries by completing their deficiencies. In addition, we examine the life and work of Şemsettin Sami and Kazakh, Karakalpak, and the Russian literature that refers to his Kamus-i Türkî dictionary. We focus on the importance of scholars such as Şemsettin Sami, who made invaluable contributions to dictionary and text research in all Turkic languages.Lexicographic works in Turkic languages are diverse and in abundance. There are hundreds and thousands of dictionaries in individualized Turkic languages. In our article we have been able to mention only a few of the people and works that have contributed to the publication of such works. The works of any Turkic language in this direction stand out for their original fulfillment and content-lexical diversity. In the middle of the new century, the study of Turkic languages began to replenish and re-invent itself, relying on the works of such scholars as Mehmet Fuat Köprülü, Talat Tekin, Ahmet Baitursynov, Amir Najib, who set the course and channel of general Turkic studies decades ago. The study of the Turkic languages, by comparing with each other, is gaining momentum. From this point of view, all of us are obliged to make scientific works and publications on the study of Turkic languages an ordinary form of scientific and practical use, regardless of their language, country or publication time.&nbsp;

Türkitanuw Ğılımındağı Leksikografiyalıq Eñbekterdiñ  Ornı men Mañızı

Salih

Assist. Prof.

Tuva Türkçesindeki Farsça Alıntılar Üzerine Notlar

Annette

Biçimbilim-edimbilim Arayüzünde Wh’nin Yoğunlaştırılması:  Lehçe Çeviriler Üzerinden Türkçeye Dolaylı bir Bakış

Mehmet

As a language of civilization and culture, Turkish is one of the languages used in some of the oldest written documents in the world.Turks have established states in vast geographies throughout history and have been in contact with many societies. This contact has resulted in some exchanges in almost every field. One of the most important of these exchanges is undoubtedly the exchange of language. In addition to the vocabulary and grammatical structures, it is seen that foreign alphabets are also borrowed in several occasions. The Turkish language has undergone many alphabet changes from the 7th-8th centuries, which we can follow through written texts. When both the Köktürk alphabet and the alphabets taken from other societies are examined, it is seen that these alphabets are insufficient to meet the needs of the Turkish language and do not reflect its subtleties, especially until the beginning of the 20th century. Today, it is sometimes impossible to determine the historical development and change of some sounds due to the inadequacies of alphabets, especially in phonetics studies. In addition to this, how to transcript the loanwords and grammatical structures is another challenge. Although transcription unity has been achieved to a great extent in Turcology studies, some issues have not been resolved yet or were overlooked. The point we would like to focus on is the labial harmony in Persian noun and reference phrases as well as how to show the sound changes that occur due to this harmony in the translated text. There is no clear consensus concerning the labialization of the unrounded vowel that forms the phrase in Persian noun phrases (āb-u ḥayvān, ḥüsn-ü ẓan, dürr-ü yetḭm etc.) and how to spell the utterance and spelling formed by the delabialization of the connecting preposition in Persian reference phrases (baş ı cān, ṣaġ ı ṣol, ḥaḳḳ ı bāṭıl etc.) in the translation studies. Some researchers try to correct these sound events by attributing them to the ignorance of the authors and copyists, while researchers reflect these issues in their studies, albeit partially. In the studies we have made, it is understood that labial harmony in Persian noun and reference clauses started to be seen at the latest from the 15th century and intensified in the 17th and 18th centuries, when the labial harmony was seen intensely in Turkish. In fact, in our opinion, this situation has affected the general orthography in some dialects and has become common orthography. We think that sounds that should not be rounded or unrounded, such as ḳarż-u ḥasen, Cibrḭl-ü emḭn, selāṭḭn-u cihān, luṭf ı ḳahr,rūz ı şeb, Mecnūn ı Leyla etc, and so on, become rounded and unrounded by the effect of general orthography and by analogy. This situation, which has hundreds of examples from the 14 manuscripts that we have the opportunity to examine in our study, cannot be explained as the ignorance or negligence of the authors or copyists. On the contrary, it turns out that this situation is a normal phonetic event in the historical development process of the Turkish language. This is because it is very difficult to say that the same mistake is repeated in dozens of works and hundreds of examples written by different authors or copyists in different centuries in different geographies. Moreover, in the samples we have identified, the existence of sounds that affect the sound change phonetically, that is, have a rounding or unrounding effect, is also seen.We have identified many examples from the 14 different manuscripts included in the study. However, we did not include all of the examples. We selected the examples repeated the most in the same work. Despite our desire to show the frequency of use by illustrating all examples found, we aimed to reveal the prevalence of labial harmony in Persian noun and reference phrases by taking a selection of different examples in order not to exceed the size of the article. However, when the same example occurs in different works, we try to include it in our study in order to show the frequency of use. As we have stated above, the issue we have mentioned has attracted the attention of some researchers. Since we did not have the opportunity to reach all of the manuscripts tacling this issue, we did not include examples that we could not witness in our work. Therefore, the examples given here present only part of the examples found in the literature. It is certain that the number and variety of examples related to the subject will increase depending on the number of works to be scanned. In this article, the labial harmony occurring in Persian noun and reference phrases will be examined and suggestions will be given about how the orthography, which is formed due to labial harmony, should be shown in the translated text.&nbsp;

Tarihî Türkçe Metinlerde Farsça İzafet ve Atıf  Tamlamalarında Görülen Dudak Uyumu ve Çeviri Yazı  Üzerine Birkaç Öneri

Osman

&nbsp;The Chaghatay Turkic is a historical period of the Turkic written language. This written language, named after the second son of the Mongol Emperor Genghis Khan, Chaghatay, continued from the 15th to the early 20th century. The most important representative of this written language is Alisher Nava’i. Although controversial within the Turcology literature, terms such as “Chaghatay language” and “Chaghatay” (used for the first time by Ármin Vámbéry) are generally accepted. The term Chaghatay, preferred over “Eastern Turkic,” describes the Central Asian written language. In Soviet Turcology, the term “Old Uzbek” was used instead of Chaghatay. However, Alisher Nava’i, named the language he used as “Turkish.” Turkish literature researcher Fuat Köprülü classified the periods of Chaghatay as follows: 1) Early Chaghatay [13–14th centuries], 2) Preclassical Chaghatay [first half of the 15th century], 3) Classical Chaghatay [second half of the 15th century], 4) Maintenance of Classical Chaghatay [16th century], and 5) Downfall [17th–19th centuries]. However, Hungarian Turcologist Janos Eckmann, divided Chaghatay into three periods: 1) Preclassical period, 2) Classical period, and 3) Postclassical period.Chaghatay literary works are found in various libraries globally. A number of these works are printed; however, a majority of them are manuscripts. Manuscripts have the feature of preserving the cultural heritage of a document. Manuscripts preserve the primary source documents of many current disciplines, such as history, literature, medicine, and astronomy. They indicate the transformations in the respective language throughout the historical process. The Kazakhstan National Library contains both rare and manuscript documents. The Kazakhstan National Library was established on December 31, 1910, in the city of Almaty. It was formerly named as Verni, and it was opened to the general public on March 6, 1911. The Presidency of the Central Executive Committee of the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic named the library the Kazakh Public Library (with a regulation) on March 12, 1931. In 1937, on the 100th anniversary of his death, the library was named after the famous Russian writer Alexander Pushkin. On December 9, 1991, the name of the library was changed to the Kazakhstan National Library. The rare books and manuscripts department of the library consists of more than 30,000 documents and works. There are over 1,000 manuscripts in various languages, such as Russian, Arabic, Persian, Ottoman, and Chaghatay. Copies of the works of authors such as Khoja Akhmet Yassawi and Alisher Nava’i are prevalent. The library contains a vast collection of rare printed works. There are approximately 1,500 Kazakh books published in Arabic letters between 1841 and 1932 in the rare books and manuscripts department. The library also contains the first examples of Kazakh periodicals such as Kazakh, Aykap, Sadak; Russian manuscripts about Kazakhstan; rare works in Russian; rare works in Turkic languages (such as Kyrgyz, Tatar, and Uzbek); and microfilms. A catalog of rare Chaghatay and Ottoman Turkic works was previously prepared by Kabadayı and Shadkam in 2021. The project, “Catalogue of Rare Books in Turkic with Arabic Letters in the National Library of Kazakhstan” was supported by the Akhmet Yassawi University Eurasia Research Institute. Manuscripts could not be included in this catalog due to objections from the library management. There is no catalog of the Chaghatay manuscripts in the Kazakhstan National Library. Consequently, this article analyzes the Chaghatay manuscripts within the Kazakhstan National Library. The majority of these manuscripts are from the 18th or 19th centuries.In this article, the catalog information of 30 Chaghatay manuscripts registered in the rare books and manuscripts department of the Kazakhstan National Library is provided. These works will be briefly introduced. Chaghatay manuscripts in the Kazakhstan National Library can be classified as religious and sufistic works, literary works, historical works, and scientific works according to their types. The majority of the manuscripts maintain the linguistic features of the late Chaghatay period. This study intends to guide researchers studying the works of the Chaghatay period in Turkestan.&nbsp;

Kazakistan Millî Kütüphanesindeki Çağatayca El Yazması Eserler

Berker

Res. Assist.

The hendiadyses first appeared in the Orkhon Inscriptions, known as the oldest written texts of the Turkish language. They are typically used in literary texts to strengthen the wording and improve expressions. Hendiadyses were used frequently in the literature of the Old Uyghur Turkish, which were developed due to contact with various religions and cultures. This situation was not limited to the literary works; certain hendiadyses were also used in texts with legal and economic contents. Usually named as the civil or legal document, and besides being the linguistic material for the period, these texts constitute the primary source of the commercial and economic life of the Old Uyghur society. Statements of sanction, testimonies, and information on the assurance that were described in many of them, are among the elements comprising the official and binding qualifications of the documents. Arguably, the documents were drawn up directly by the transacting parties or by clerks. These include contracts with commercial content such as buying and selling, renting, exchange and loan, as well as will, petition, emancipation, receipt and orders. Therefore, one can conclude that these and other similar documents could be issued for all kinds of official transactions. A significant part of the documents consisting of different sections and depending on the content, starts with the date and concludes with witnesses’ statements. It must also be noted that the documents include a source for the names of individuals in the Old Uyghur society, because they include the names of the parties and the witnesses of an agreement. In addition, they also include information about names of places, measurement units, currencies, tax structure, and tax types.In this article, I aim to reveal the hendiadyses from the transcribed texts by evaluating the study prepared for publication based on my Ph.D. thesis, which is entitled Old Uyghur Turkish Legal Documents and Vocabulary. This work brings together more than five hundred documents with the related contents.&nbsp;First, I discuss the subject of hendiadyses and the studies on hendiadyses in Old Uyghur Turkish in general terms, then I give the information on the Old Uyghur legal documents. In the main part of the article, I explain the hendiadyses in alphabetical order and give examples for each of them. While some of the hendiadyses in the documents improve the locution, some of them distinguish themselves by their usage to stand for certain legal expressions and terms. For instance, al- yul- means “to take back” in the sales documents; asıg tüš means “interest” in the loan documents; berim alım means “tax”, birlä algučı tuŋsu is observed only in a few documents and stands for “joint guarantor”, čam čarım and čam kargaša mean “objection, allegation”, čug tamga and nišan tamga stand for “seal, stamp”, kalančı alımčı means “tax collector”, šuulug tamgalıg stands for “stamp, seal”, miŋ tümän and miŋ yıl tümän kün are used as an equivalent of “eternal” to state the expiry date of the transaction; togru tumlıtu is used in the sales documents to state that the sale has been concluded correctly and completely. These are among the hendiadyses with legal contents. In addition, some of the hendiadyses in the literary works are observed in documents with certain religious contents, such as&nbsp;foundation documents. As a result, all these are exemplary for the wealth of expression in the legal documents in particular, and of course, they also help us understand the level of usage of hendiadys in the Old Uyghur works in general.&nbsp;

Eski Uygurca İkilemelere Katkılar

Muhammed

Turgut

Khawarizm Turkish is a language era that includes the continuation period of Kara-Khanid Turkish, the language of a period when Islam was accepted by the Turks with a wide mass of people. It can be argued that the period emerged with a common literary understanding in geography where Oguz and Kipchaks did not differ significantly in terms of language.With the Islamization, it was aimed at conveying the religious and mystical elements, which had a great place in the folk culture, to the masses of the people through literature. Khawarizm Turkish can be regarded as a transition period developed under the influence of Islam. The teachings starting with Kara-Khanid Turkish have expanded in Khawarizm Turkish; Owing to works such as forty hadiths, the translation of the Qur’an, and the lives of the prophets; subjects that will constitute the basis for understanding and living Islam have gained a wide coverage in this period. On this occasion, the period manifested an educated public and an understanding of art and educational purpose.Mu’înü'l Mürîd, one of the works belonging to this period, was written in 1313 by a Central Asian saint who called himself Islam. Although there are many different opinions about its real author, his introduction of himself as “Islam,” the son of “Baba Islam,” has led researchers to this name. In the present study, we conclude that the person named “Islam,” an expression that can be accepted as the real name or pseudonym of the author as well as being a master or a disciple, is the author of Mu'înü'l Murid. This situation is due to both acting cautiously and not ignoring the name expressed by the author in the work.At first glance, although the intense Arabic influence is felt in the work, the fact that most of the words on religion and Sufism are written in Turkish appears to be an undeniable situation. In a period when religious and mystical concepts have spread to the society with Islam for a long time, Turkish words that make up 46% of the work cannot be underestimated. Nevertheless, one of the important points to be added as a language is that the most distinctive feature of this period is the togetherness of Oghuz and Kipchak elements, as stated in the first parts. This further is the most important feature that distinguishes this period from Kara-Khanid Turkish. In this period, the spread of Islamic teachings has a great importance in terms of deriving new concepts because the author has to choose a language that the public can understand with his desire to reach the public while new teachings reveal new concepts. In this way, the period can offer us many new concepts in a language that Oghuz and Kipchaks can understand.&nbsp;In this study, we determined 19 noun affixes in Mu’înü'l Mürîd; Old Turkish, Kara-Khanid Turkish, Khawarizm and Chagatai Turkish, and Turkey Turkish have been reviewed in terms of their functions and usage status. In our study, as presented in a different perspective, some affixes such as negativity that could not be seen as a complete noun affix were not evaluated with the traditional view and were excluded from the study. Among the affixes examined, some affixes such as “+çı,” “+lı&lt;+lıg,” “+lık,” and “+nç,” which is widely accepted as noun affixes, could not make a complete change in the word's structure and meaning. Furthermore, as can be understood from their wide usage that cannot be ignored as an exception, it is a big mistake to separate the suffixes in a hasty and shallow classification under two headings. The use of a suffix, which is not a complete noun affix in this respect by coming up with numbers like “+ar” and which can make permanent names by expanding to meanings such as “birer: rek’ah,” it shows that while drawing the boundaries of the noun affixes and naming them, it would not be a proper name to call it directly “derivational or inflectional suffix.” Finally, when we take as the basis that a work of the Khawarizm period, which consists of 407 quatrains, has presented 19 different noun affixes, we present to the attention of our researchers the importance of the rich language structure of the period in terms of presenting in a different perspective to the literature.&nbsp;

Mu’înü’l Mürîd’de İsimden İsim Yapma Ekleri

Murat

İki Dilli Türk Çocuklarına Türkçe Öğretimi Üzerine  Bir İnceleme

Mustafa

Prof. Dr.

Henryk

Assoc. Prof.

CALL FOR ARTICLES FOR JUNE 2025 SPECIAL ISSUE

CALL FOR PAPERS FOR DECEMBER 2025 SPECIAL ISSUE

TÜRKİYAT MECMUASI ARTICLE AWARD

Ahmet

Assist. Prof. Dr.

The formation of the Mongol Empire in Central Asia brought many innovations. One of them was the source of the new dynastic ideology. After Chinggis laid the foundations of the Mongol Empire at the assembly in 1206, many scattered tribes in Central Asia rallied around Chinggis Khan. Thus, the tribal formations in Inner Asia melted into a centralised was to be a descendant of Chinggis. This was also the case for the Ilkhanate State. However, when the last Ilkhanate ruler Abū Sa‘īd Bahādur Khan died in 1335 without leaving a son, a khanate crisis emerged in the Near East. For about six years, the powerful tribes put their own ruler candidates on the throne. Later, Shaykh Hasan, a member of the Jalayirids, a Mongol tribe, saw that this situation did not prevent the chaos and dismissed the last ruler candidate Jahān Tīmūr and established his own state. However, to be recognised as a legitimate ruler, one had to be a descendant of Chinggis. Therefore, he used his descent from Chinggis Khan through his wives. In addition, he used a mixture of Chinggisid, Persian and Islamic symbolisms to justify his legitimacy. The Chinggis symbolism of Shaykh Hasan of Jalayir was that he was the amīr-i ulūs of the Ilkhanate, belonged to the Mongol tribe of Jalayir, and married the wife of the last Ilkhan Abū Sa‘īd. By marrying Dilshād Khātūn, Shaykh Hasan (r. 1340-1356), in a sense, confirmed his status as an Ilkhanate heir. However, despite all this, he could not use the title of khan until his death. His successor Shaykh Uways (r. 1356-1374) was called khan because he was the son of Dilshād Khātūn. In order to portray Shaykh Uvays as the legitimate khan, the patrons of the Jalayirid dynasty, who wrote historical and literary works during this period, stated in their works that this ruler's lineage goes back to Chinggis Khan. In addition, Shaykh Uways, like his father Shaykh Hasan, tried to use a mixture of Chinggis, Persian and Islamic symbolism. He was also successful in this. Writers and poets of the Shaykh Uways period propagandised the Jalayırid dynasty. In the Timurid period, it is seen from the accounts of Timurid historiographers that they were successful in this propaganda. The image of the Jalayirid dynasty had been state for a while. After Chinggis Khan, the prerequisite for using the title of “khan” in Central Asia and the Near East elaborated by the propagandists of the Shaykh Uvays period. By the XVth century, no one had any doubts about the legitimacy of the Jalayirids. As a matter of fact, the propaganda of the Jalayirid dynastic ideology was reflected in the works of Timurid historians. This is evidenced by the fact that Hāfiz-ı Abrū, who wrote his work in the first quarter of the XVth century, and later Timurid historians narrated the ascension of the Jalayırid ruler Shaykh Uways with a poem by Salmān Sāvajī. This record of Timurid historians shows that Shaykh Uways was recognised as the legitimate khan. After Shaykh Uways, his son Sultan Husayn (r. 1374-1382), who succeeded to the throne, also used the title of khan on the coins minted during his reign. During the reign of Sultan Ahmed (r. 1382-1411), who ruled after Sultan Husayn, the title of khan was also used on coins. In addition, the reign of Sultan Ahmed was a period when the image of the Jalayirid dynasty was fully established. Especially in the eyes of the Mamlūk Empire, Sultan Ahmed represented the Jalayırid dynastic charisma. In fact, the Jalayirid ruler who fled from Timur and took refuge in the Mamlūks was welcomed with respect by the Mamlūk Sultan Berkuk. During the reign of Sultan Ahmed, the image of the Jalayirid dynasty reached the highest level. So much so that in order to be considered a legitimate ruler in Azerbaijan, it was now necessary to be descended from the lineage of Shaykh Uways, more generally from the Jalayirid lineage. The Qarā-Quyūnlū, who became an influential power in the Near East in the XVth century, needed Sultan Ahmed’s charisma to use the title of khan, just as the Jalayirids needed the Ilkhanate origin. When Sultan Ahmed fled from Amir Timur and took refuge with the Mamlūks, Qarā Yūsuf, who had been imprisoned with him in Damascus, had a son, Pir Budaq, whom Sultan Ahmed adopted as his son. Based on this connection, Qarā Yūsuf declared Sultan Ahmed’s adopted son Pir Budaq Khan. Qarā Yūsuf could not use the title of khan even after the death of his son Pir Budaq Khan. He only used the title of Noyan on the coins. Likewise, the AqQoyunluids were able to use the title of khan based on their descent from Oghuz Khan since Uzun Hasan. Thus, by the time of the Aq-Qoyunluids, the Mongol super-identity was replaced by the Oghuz super-identity

Emergence of a New Dynastic Ideology in Near East After the Fall of the Ilkhanate: The Case of the Jalayirids

Emrah

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

Classification of Turkic (and via Turkic) Loanwords in the Polish Vocabulary

Hakan

Language serves as a mechanism reflecting the emotions, thoughts, and accumulated knowledge of societies with diverse ethnic backgrounds through symbols. In this regard, language can be said to fulfill a significant function in understanding the thought patterns and behavioural norms of societies. Therefore, resorting to the oral cultural products in language is necessary for revealing, analysing, and interpreting the thought structure, worldview, and cultural heritage of a society. Lexical assets of language, such as idioms, proverbs, and fixed expressions, vividly reflect the shared history, belief system, and cultural values of societies. Particularly in recent years, there has been a growing interest and curiosity among researchers in examining the cultural dimension of language. As a result, in Modern Linguistics, the reflection of how societies from different cultures perceive and interpret the world through verbal cultural products has been extensively researched within the framework of cultural linguistic methods.&nbsp;&nbsp;Cultural linguistics, which investigates the interaction between language and culture within the framework of cultural linguistic methods, allows us to interpret linguistics data. These interpretations enable us to determine the values, beliefs, and worldview of societies, and to see the perspectives of different societies regarding these concepts. The aim of this study is to uncover and understand the thought patterns of the Turkish and Russian people, which are distinct religious, social, and cultural entities. To achieve this goal, the term “gold” has been selected due to its significant importance and value across various aspects of life, stemming from its inherent qualities since ancient time.In this study, the aim is to reveal and understand the thought patterns of the Turkish and Russian people, two religiously, socially, and culturally distinctive societies. For this purpose, the concept of “gold”, which has been attributed significant importance and value across various aspects of life since ancient times due to its inherent qualities, has been employed. Because “gold”, like in many other societies, serves as a symbolic representation of concepts such as power, dominance, prosperity, and wealth in Turkish and Russian history, providing insights into perspectives on life and humanity. Therefore, it is possible to say that “gold” is one of the cultural symbols that most vividly reflects the thought of the Turkish and Russian people in the oral products of language. In this regard, as a cultural symbol, “gold” acquires certain specific and characteristics in figurative expressions beyond its denotative meaning of ‘precious metal’. Accordingly, using semiotic and linguoculturological approaches, Turkish and Russian set phrases, idioms, and proverbs containing the lexeme “gold” are comparatively analyzed to uncover and describe the Turkic and Slavic folk thought regarding “gold” in both cultures. Thus, the study aims to reveal the perceptions, thoughts, and associations related to “gold” in the Turkish and Russian thought systems from ancient times to present day. In line with this purpose, various electronic and printed Turkish and Russian dictionaries have been utilized to identify and determine idioms, proverbs, and other fixed expressions, which are verbal products of folk culture. During this study, it has been noted that the primary and secondary&nbsp;meanings of the word “gold” as a cultural symbol are limited in the Great Turkish and Russian Dictionaries. Throughout history, Turks and Russians have attached great importance to “gold” and have used it as a motif, image, symbol, and metaphor in various aspects of their lives. The examination and interpretation of Turkish and Russian folk thought reflected in proverbs, idioms, and other fixed expressions related to “gold” have become significantly important for addressing this deficiency in dictionaries. We attempted to eliminate this problem by providing a cultural interpretation of the linguistic assets under examination.&nbsp;&nbsp;As result of the research, it has been understood that the folk thoughts regarding “Gold” vary in Turkish and Russian linguistic assets, indicating both common and different linguistic view of the World in the two languages. In this article, it has been understood that the physical and chemical qualities of “gold”, such as its brightness, durability, mesmerizing nature, scarcity, resistance to tarnishing, corrosion, and abrasion, as a natural mineral, are reinterpreted in the mental worlds of Turkish and Russian people through metaphor, symbol, and analogy. As a result, “gold” has been recognized as a cultural symbol that qualifies objects, actions, and phenomena related to human life.&nbsp;A comparative linguocultural analysis of set expressions containing the lexemes “zoloto” (Russian) and “altın” (Turkish) has revealed both shared and distinctive features of Russian and Turkish cultures.&nbsp;The following common features of the two linguocultures can be highlighted: Both Turkish “altın” and Russian “zoloto” symbolize wealth, material power, and prosperity in both cultures. In both linguocultures, “altın” and “zoloto” are perceived as money and are used metonymically to represent currency. Both cultures view “altın” and “zoloto” as symbols of wealth, abundance, enrichment, and material welfare. Wealthy and affluent individuals are associated with and defined by “altın” and “zoloto” in both linguocultures. Valuable, significant, and important individuals or objects are often identified with “altın” and “zoloto”. Successful individuals, generations, and historical periods are often compared to “altın” and “zoloto”. Both lexemes serve as symbols of external beauty in relation to individuals or objects.Key distinctions between the two linguocultures include the following: Unlike the Russian lexeme “zoloto”, the Turkish term “altın” symbolizes not only external beauty but also human health. In Russian linguoculture, the lexeme “zoloto” is not associated with concepts such as good name, reputation, or prestige. In contrast to Turkish “altın”, Russian “zoloto” is perceived as a symbol of exclusivity and social distinction for a particular group or community. In Turkish linguoculture, the lexeme “altın” is not associated with the concept of deceptive appearances or false impressions.Semiotic and linguoculturological analysis reveals that the concept of “gold” in Turkish and Russian extends beyond its material value, encompassing a rich array of metaphorical and symbolic meanings. This comparative study reveals that the folk beliefs, worldviews, mentalities, and cultural structures of Turks and Russians regarding “gold” are reflected in their linguistic assets and have been passed down through generations.

The Reflection of Turkish and Russian Folk Beliefs in Phraseological Units: A Case Study of the Word Gold

Hürriyet

Çiğdem

Öğretim Görevlisi Dr.

The classification of word classes is a central topic in grammatical research on Modern Turkish. Identifying and clarifying the functions of words within sentences is an essential criterion for determining word types. Semantic, formal, and syntagmatic features are used in the word categorizing process. In the grammar sources of Modern Turkish, researchers typically classifies word types based on various criteria. In addition, to explain the usage of a word in different classes, it is important to explore whether words are confined to specific categories or whether transitions between word classes can occur. To determine a word’s type, its function in the sentence must be considered. A word can shift to a different class without structural changes. This phenomenon is called a "functional shift." In Modern Turkish, such shifts are observed between some nouns, adjectives, and adverbs.The distinction between word types is emphasized in grammatical research. Identifying word types helps to clarify their functions in a sentence. For example, words in the subject position of a sentence must typically be nouns, whereas words that describe or qualify nouns are usually adjectives. Establishing the word type is a critical step in understanding the roles of words within a sentence. At this point, it is useful to define the terms "word" and "word type." A word is a unit comprising one or more sounds that performs a syntactic function and carries meaning within a sentence. Word types are groups of words that share common grammatical features and can function interchangeably within syntax. The semantic, formal, and syntactic features are considered when classifying word types.This study aims to demonstrate functional shifts between word classes. In this context, four pairs of antonyms that can function as nouns, adjectives, and adverbs in Modern Turkish were selected based on their relatively high frequency in the Türkçe Ulusal Derlemi / Turkish National Corpus (TUD/TNC): güzel (beautiful) - çirkin (ugly), yakın (near) - uzak (far), sıcak (hot) - soğuk (cold), yanlış (wrong) - doğru (correct). These words were selected because they can function as nouns, adjectives, and adverbs without any suffixation or changes in form. Sample sentences illustrating the usage of these words as nouns, adjectives, and adverbs were extracted from the TNC.In the first section of the study, the perspectives of researchers who have worked on classifying words in Modern Turkish were examined. In this regard, two main approaches to the classification of word types in Modern Turkish can be identified. The first approach groups words into three categories: nouns, verbs, and prepositional origins. In this classification, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs are categorized as "noun words," verbs form a separate&nbsp;group, and prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections are grouped as "prepositional words." In contrast, the second approach divides word types into eight categories: nouns, adjectives, determiners, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, exclamations, and verbs. Based on this, it can be concluded that there is no consensus on the classification of word types in the literature.The second section of this study focuses on the functional shifts between nouns, adjectives, and adverbs. Based on the opinions and explanations provided in grammatical sources, it is evident that nouns, adjectives, and adverbs classified as nominal in Modern Turkish can undergo class shifts within sentences. These shifts occur without structural changes to the words. For a class shift to occur in a sentence, semantic and syntactic compatibility is required.In the third section, the functional shifts explained in the previous section are demonstrated through a database of sentences. The study sample comprises 120 sentences containing five randomly selected examples in which the specified words are used as nouns, adjectives, and adverbs. The syntagmatic relationships between nouns, adjectives, and adverbs were analyzed within these sentences, and usage patterns were investigated. Each sentence was coded based on the word's function as a noun, adjective, or adverb. The placement of words within sentences and syntactic elements before and after them were also analyzed, and a formula representing word order in the sentences was developed.In the evaluation section, these formulas were classified according to their usage as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. The formulas were then compiled into a single formula and explained in tables.In the conclusion section, based on the analysis of the selected sample sentences, formulas regarding the word order required for a word to function as a noun, adjective, or adverb in a sentence were provided. It was concluded that words classified as nominal in Modern Turkish (nouns, adjectives, and adverbs) can be explained using a syntactic formula and form a pattern. Increasing the number of words and sentences in future research and verifying the accuracy of these formulas will further contribute to the literature.

Functional Shift Between Nouns, Adjectives and Adverbs

İsmail

The Menhubat (Plunder Detection) Commissions Established to Determine the Damages of the Greek Occupation

Leila

The Altai Mountains are a region of profound significance in the history of Early or ProtoTurkic metallurgy. The southwestern Altai hosts some of the world's richest ore belts, which have provided essential raw materials for the advancement of metallurgical practices. These resources include the Kalba-Naryn gold belts, extensive polymetallic ore belts (containing tin, lead, zinc, copper, platinoids, and rare elements) in the northeastern and southeastern areas, and iron ore belts located in the southern Bukhtyrma River region.Until recently, research on the early Iron Age in Eastern Kazakhstan primarily focused on archaeological data from burial grounds associated with the Mayemer Culture. This culture, exemplified by sites such as Mayemer, Solnechniy Belok, Kurtu, Izmailovka, and others, is distinguished by the emergence of horseback riding, the Scythian animal style in art, and absence of iron tools.Today, Akbauyr stands as the only known settlement complex in East Kazakhstan containing the Late Bronze Age monuments, with the setllement neighborhoods dating to the Early Iron Age. The complex encompasses settlement clusters, petroglyphs, mines, workshops, and burial grounds, offering a unique and comprehensive view of the period.Excavations at Akbauyr, directed by Prof. Dr. Zainolla Samashev since 2019, aim to uncover the characteristics of early mining and iron smelting practices in the region. Findings indicate that Akbauyr was not merely a production center but also a sizable settlement, systematically organized into eight distinct residential groups. These areas supported a range of activities, including animal husbandry, agriculture, and craft production, and featured facilities such as ceramic kilns and metallurgical workshops.The Akbauyr I settlement, situated in the northern part of the site, has been the focus of the most extensive excavations. This area contains the primary settlement structures and production facilities, making it a key zone for understanding the site's organization and functionality. A prominent structure in Akbauyr I, believed to be a dwelling, covers approximately 60 m² and is oriented along a northeast-southwest axis. The building's walls exhibit varying lengths, and its architecture suggests a wooden pyramidal lantern roof—an element commonly associated&nbsp;with the vernacular building traditions of the Altai and Siberia. This roof design would have allowed ventilation and light, particularly important in harsh climatic conditions.Beyond Akbauyr I, other residential groups, including Akbauyr II, III, VI, and VII, also exhibit architectural diversity. These groups feature rectangular or oval buildings with rounded corners, often accompanied by adjacent spaces interpreted as outbuildings. These structures likely served multifunctional purposes, combining residential, storage, and workshop activities.Archaeological finds from these areas include hearths, furnaces, and a variety of artifacts such as bronze tools, stone implements, bone objects, and ceramic fragments. These discoveries provide critical insights into the material culture and daily lives of the settlement's inhabitants, as well as their technological capabilities in mining and metallurgy.The site contains a diverse array of furnaces and hearths, varying in size, design, and construction materials, reflecting advanced metallurgical and domestic practices. At Akbauyr I, an oval hearth constructed from stone materials was uncovered at the center of the main dwelling, possibly serving as a focal point for domestic or communal activities. Additionally, a stone furnace with a circular base lined with clay was identified near the main dwelling, indicating its central role in metallurgical production.Across Settlement I, approximately ten circular or oval stone hearths have been uncovered, distributed throughout the area. At Akbauyr III, a domed clay-lined hearth was discovered, adding to the variety of furnace types of present. These hearths likely served multifunctional purposes, ranging from heating and cooking to ore processing, demonstrating the complex integration of domestic and industrial activities within the settlement.Animal remains recovered at the site provide significant insights into the subsistence strategies of Akbauyr's inhabitants. Domesticated animal bones—including cattle, sheep, goats, horses, camels, and dogs—indicate extensive animal husbandry. Meanwhile, the presence of bones from wild species such as wolves, foxes, boars, and deer suggest that hunting also played an important role in their economy, supplementing domesticated livestock resources.Preliminary analysis of artifacts reveals the multifunctional nature of stone tools at Akbauyr. Approximately 60% of the tools are associated with mining and metallurgy, 25% with agricultural activities, and 12% with ceramic production. This distribution underscores the settlement’s primary focus on metal production while supporting a diverse range of supplementary activities.Ceramic analysis indicates that the majority of ceramic artifacts date to the early Iron Age (10th–8th century BC), with only about 1% attributed to the late Bronze Age. These findings further establish Akbauyr as a key early Iron Age settlement and production center in the region.Elemental analysis of four metallurgical slag samples from Settlements I and VI, conducted using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), revealed diverse metallurgical practices at Akbauyr. One sample was identified as copper slag, another as silicate slag with no significant metallic content, and the remaining two as iron slags. The high iron concentrations in the iron slag samples, combined with the absence of copper traces, confirm Akbauyr's role as a significant iron production center at the Altai during the early Iron Age.

The Settlement of Akbauyr: Iron Age Metallurgic Center in Southwestern Altai

Metin

Ottoman historiography is full of rich and diverse sources. The chronicles written about Ottoman history are important tools to illuminate a period’s social, economic, and political aspects. In this context, the 1683 Vienna Campaign has a significant place in Ottoman historiography because this event marks the point where the Ottoman expansion into Western Europe stopped and a period of transformation began. Contemporary and later manuscripts on this event constitute essential sources for understanding the siege and its consequences. Therefore, examining the chronicles written on this expedition has great importance in terms of a versatile evaluation of historical events. In addition, this initiative is valuable in terms of showing how this significant event that affected the fate of the Ottoman Empire was perceived and interpreted in historiography.In 1683, the Ottoman army under the command of Grand Vizier Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha laid siege to Vienna, but the failure to achieve success and defeat led to the end of the Ottoman expansionist policies in Europe. In historical context, the Second Siege of Vienna has an important place in European and Ottoman history in terms of both its military and diplomatic consequences. As a matter of fact, for the Ottoman Empire, the failure of this siege was the beginning of a retreat period, and for the European states, it increased the importance of the Holy Alliance as a result of the coalition formed against the Ottomans.The manuscript titled Târîh-i Sefer-i Beç, which is the subject of the research and has not been seriously examined before, is an important chronicle that confirms and completes the contemporary chronicles describing the process of this campaign. This manuscript, written in 1731 but whose author is unknown, is now in the archives of the National Library of France. This manuscript consists of 27 folios. In addition, the work, translated into French, was dedicated to the Count of Maurepas by a linguist named Latine and presented as a New Year’s gift.&nbsp;It is known that the chronicle titled Târîh-i Sefer-i Beç was first mentioned in the literature in a section written by Joseph von Hammer in a catalog prepared in 1822. Researchers such as German Orientalist Franz Babinger, French Orientalist Edgard Blochet, and Turkish literary historian Agâh Sırrı Levend have briefly touched upon this work, providing limited and repetitive information. Richard F. Kreutel claimed that the manuscript in Paris could be a copy of the&nbsp;“Vekâyi‘-i Beç” a work by the Ceremonial Master, one of the significant eyewitnesses of the campaign. However, subsequent examinations have shown that the Paris manuscript differs in structure and content from its contemporaries to some extent. This chronicle, which contains the campaign process from beginning to end, brings a new perspective to the literature on the 1683 Vienna Campaign by providing occasionally different information about the political and diplomatic background of the campaign, the preparations, the realization of the siege, and its results. The work is also noteworthy in that it reveals the multifaceted effects of historical events and the long-term consequences of these effects on societies.Compared to contemporary manuscripts, this work presents a noteworthy research opportunity to explore its potential contributions to the literature, particularly in terms of its original content, narrative style, and the subjects it addresses. Therefore, while this study aims to evaluate the causes, consequences and historical importance of the siege through the Târîh-i Sefer-i Beç, it also aims to examine what kind of a narrative was established about this period in Ottoman historiography and the place of this narrative in this historiography. In this context, the research questions to be answered are as follows: What were the motivations behind the writing of the work, and how have these motivations impacted its content and style of narration? How has the author explained the failure of the siege? How are the decision-makers during the 1683 Vienna Campaign represented in this specific work, and how can this portrayal relate to the period’s political and social structures? In the study, which primarily focuses on these questions, first of all, information is given about the author of the transcribed work, its introduction, and literature evaluation, and then, in line with the findings, the importance of the work in understanding the 1683 Vienna Campaign and in Ottoman historiography is determined.&nbsp;The findings of this study cover a wide range of topics, from the content and narrative style of the work to the author’s motivations for writing, explanations for the failure of the siege, the representation of decision-makers, and the relationship of this representation with the political and social structures of the period. In explaining the failure of siege and portraying the decisionmakers, the work considers both the deficiencies of war strategies and the complexities of Ottoman domestic politics. The author describes the events that led to the Ottoman defeat and heavily criticizes the faulty decisions of the key figures that were effective in this failure. This approach provides significant clues into the work’s place in Ottoman historiography of the period and how the author viewed this process compared to his predecessors. The simplicity of the language used in the work and the way the events are conveyed have been interpreted as a reflection of the author’s desire to convey these events to a wide readership. However, the fact that Târîh-i Sefer-i Beç was not sufficiently disseminated and used in historiography has shown that this text had a limited impact on social memory. As a result, this work has been demonstrated to be an important historical source that facilitates understanding of the multifaceted impacts of a historical event and the socio-political structure of the period within the context of historiography.&nbsp;

Historiography and Social Memory: A History Construction in the Example of “Târîh-i Sefer-i Beç” Dated 1731

Okan

This study examines the travel memoirs of Ivan Franjo Jukić (1818-1857), a Bosnian intellectual, Franciscan friar, and cultural figure who was exiled from Sarajevo to Istanbul in 1852 on suspicion of involvement in a Pan-Slavic conspiracy. Jukić's journey from the Balkans to the Ottoman capital, passing through important cities such as Sarajevo, Pristina, Skopje, and Thessaloniki, offers important testimonies of the social, economic, and administrative conditions of the Ottoman lands in the mid-19th century. The article begins with a detailed biographical summary highlighting Jukić's multifaceted contributions to Bosnian culture and literature. His role in organizing the region's literary life, distributing important books, and founding the first Bosnian literary journal is highlighted. Jukić's activities as a compiler of folklore, historian, geographer, geographer, statistician, lexicographer, and ethnographer are also noted, emphasizing his importance in the intellectual development of 19th-century Bosnia. The study then explores the historical context of Jukić's exile, examining the complex political landscape of the Ottoman Balkans during the Tanzimat period. It discusses the initial optimism regarding the Tanzimat reforms and Jukić's hopes for improving Christians' situation, followed by his disappointment and eventual arrest. It argues that Jukić's case exemplifies the tension between reform efforts and the realities of Ottoman rule in the provinces.The analysis of Jukić’s travelogue focuses on the following key themes:1. Physical and Psychological Challenges: This study provides a vivid account of Jukić's challenging journey and highlights the physical and psychological challenges he faced. His experiences of poor health, harsh weather conditions and constant uncertainty about his fate significantly shaped his narrative and perceptions. 2. Ethnic and Religious Diversity: Jukić's keen observations of the different ethnic and religious groups he encountered are examined in detail. The article highlights Jukić's special interest in the conditions of the Christian population under Ottoman rule and his notes on linguistic and cultural practices in the regions he traveled.3. Historical Reflections: This study analyzes Jukić's reflections on historical places and events, especially those related to Bosnian history. It argues that these reflections reveal Jukić's Pan-Slavic sympathies and romantic nationalist outlook and place his work in the broader context of 19th-century Balkan intellectual movements. 4. Ottoman Administration: Jukić’s critical observations on Ottoman governance are scrutinized, including his comments on corruption, poor infrastructure, and the perceived ineffectiveness of Tanzimat reforms. The article suggests that these critiques offer valuable insights into the challenges of implementing centralized reforms in the empire’s peripheral regions. 5. Urban centers: This study examines Jukić’s detailed descriptions of the cities and towns he visited, including their populations, economic activities, and administrative structures. 6. Literary and Linguistic Aspects: This article discusses the stylistic and linguistic features of Jukić’s writing, noting his use of Turkish loanwords and dialectal features. It situates his work within the context of emerging Slavic-language travel literature and compares it to other contemporary travelogues.This study emphasizes the importance of Jukić’s travelogue as a historical source that bridges Balkan and Ottoman historiography. This paper argues that such studies can provide nuanced insights into the complex interplay of imperial governance, local realities, and emerging nationalist sentiments in the 19th-century Balkans. This article concludes by reflecting on the potential of translated primary sources like Jukić’s travelogue to foster dialog among different historiographical traditions. It suggests that making such works accessible to Turkish-speaking scholars and students can contribute to a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the Ottoman Empire’s final century, particularly from the perspective of its non-Muslim subjects. Finally, the study includes a full Turkish translation of Jukić’s travelogue and a map of his journey, making this important primary source available to Turkish researchers for the first time. This translation is presented as a significant contribution to the field, opening new avenues for comparative and cross-cultural research on the 19th-century Balkans.

A Story of Exile: A Bosnian Franciscan Friar’s Journey From Sarajevo To Istanbul

The aim of this study is to discuss the relationship between language and technology in various dimensions and then to analyze the status of Turkish as a language of technology with its historical background, current situation and future predictions.&nbsp;Thought, which is the source of technology, can be produced using the possibilities offered by language. In this regard, the productive power of language directly affects technological development. On the other hand, it is stated that technology as a discourse is a changingtransformative influence factor for the structure of thought, language and social order. In the same way, science and technology have contributed to the modernization of language and the change in forms of communication. Today, the relationship between language and technology is mostly considered in the context of the interaction between digital technology and language.&nbsp;Owing to its structural and functional features, language can be considered a technological tool because it is a common form of production and development, solves people’s problems in daily life, is adaptable to every new situation and cultural context, and has the feature of “natural collective technology”. Meanwhile, technology changes communication styles and preferences in the digital environment. Society’s self-expression in digital environments is called “digital discourse” and linguistics is conducting important research in this field. With the development of technology, “human language technology” has also developed, which enables computers to understand human language and produce using language mechanisms.&nbsp;In this study, in which a basic qualitative research method was used, document analysis was preferred as a data collection tool. By considering relevant studies in the literature, an inductive data analysis was used to draw a framework for the issue of Turkish as a language of science.Human language allows us to express and categorize all concepts, whether concrete or abstract, and to reason within the framework of these concepts. Therefore, the results of thought production such as science and technology are expressed and developed through language. Researchers establish a direct relationship between language and thought. From the relationship between language and thought, it can be seen that much of our conceptual system is metaphorical, i.e., the development of a technology requires the use of existing conceptual networks. Thus, technological developments are directly related to language as they require&nbsp;‘metaphorical thinking’, ‘abstraction’, ‘communication’ and ‘synthesis’ skills in the conceptual dimension and sufficient level of ‘vocabulary’.&nbsp;Technological developments change language, and the way people think because technological tools affect the forms and capacities of communication. Today, because of the impact of internet technology on communication, there has been a great change in the textual and verbal dimensions of language. When we divide human history into oral and written paradigms in terms of communication, it is stated that the second oral paradigm emerged in language with the internet.Another effect of technology on language is that new technologies encourage the derivation of new concepts and words. Therefore, while technology is explained using the existing vocabulary when it first emerges, new terms suitable for this technology are developed over time.&nbsp;Studies on the effects of technology, especially internet-based digital technologies, on language generally focus on the breakthrough of the internet in communication and the phenomenon of globalization. Therefore, when we examine the effect of technology on Turkish, we can focus on issues such as the introduction of new words and concepts into the language, foreign word borrowings, foreign grammatical borrowings, and foreign language spelling features.&nbsp;The effects of technology on Turkish today are generally characterized as negative. However, Turkish has also made significant contributions to science and technology throughout history. With the Industrial Revolution, it was observed that Turks lagged in the field of science and technology, but after the establishment of the Turkish Republic, Turkey started to make intensive efforts toward scientific and technological production. Today, Turkish production is carried out in many technological fields, and efforts are being made to Turkify the term.&nbsp;In fact, the issue of Turkish as a language of technology should be addressed in terms of its characteristics as a language of science. Because scientific production turns into technologies used in daily life at the next stage. Differences in development between Turkey and developed countries producing technology, the current status of Turkish education, and, of course, Turkish language’s competence are the sub-headings that need to be addressed in terms of Turkish being a language of science and technology. From this perspective, it is appropriate to discuss the possibilities of Turkish becoming a language of technology from four dimensions.First, it is stated that for a language to become a language of science and then a language of technology, it must first be a ‘language of education’. Since the Ottoman Empire, Turkish has been used as the language of education, and studies have been conducted since the Tanzimat Period to Turkify terms. The second important feature of the language is that it is ‘prone to abstract thinking and has words that evoke rich associations in penetrating existence’. It is emphasized that simplification studies have damaged the richness of thinking in the past, but currently, Turkey has a sufficient vocabulary, can express thoughts in detail, and can successfully create technological terms. The third feature is ‘the language being suitable for the human mind to think and not having difficulty expressing thought’. The suitability of the language structure for development and its power of derivation makes Turkish competent in technology production. The Turkifying of terms by the Turkish Language Association (TDK) ensures that technological production is compatible with the Turkish mindset. The fourth important feature of being a language of science and technology is its suitability for development and enrichment and its ability to produce equivalents for innovations in the fields of science and technology.&nbsp;

Turkish as a Technology Language

Özgür

The Primary Sources of Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar’s Fictional World, or Was Hüseyin Rahmi Able to Embrace Naturalism?

Saidbek

Muhakamat al-Lughatayn is a significant work by Navayî. However, not as many copies of Navayî’s other works have survived to date. This may also be due to the fact that the work is not purely literary. Nevertheless, with printed editions of Muhakamat al-Lughatayn in cities like Paris (1841), Crimea (1842), Istanbul (1897), and Kokand (1916), the work gained widespread recognition, leading to scholarly investigations into it in academia.In contemporary times, seven complete copies and one incomplete copy, totaling eight manuscripts of Muhakamat al-Lughatayn, are known to exist. Topkapı, Fatih, Paris, Budapest, Hyderabad, Tabriz, and Ankara manuscripts are complete copies, whereas the Konya copy is incomplete. This article was prepared based on the Ankara manuscript.The Ankara copy of Muhakamat al-Lughatayn is predominantly written in black ink; however, words such as rubai, bayt, qit’a and some section headings are written in red ink. Throughout the text, in both the poetry and prose sections, red ink is frequently noted. Like other copies of this work, the Ankara copy generally lacks the vowel marks in the text. However, one of the remarkable orthographic features of this copy is that in some places the vowel marks of words with important differences in meaning are shown: &nbsp;levnleri الری ونْ ْ لََ) 5 b/4), birer varaq راریب (5b/7), ‘alemdür .(11b/2 (رد .The copyist copied the text almost too carefully. However, despite some spelling mistakes and occasional omissions in the copy, either due to the copy the copyist used as a source or due to his/her own mistakes, these are not very frequent. In the Ankara copy, the word etlikni (12b/6) was written instead of öleŋni, the word örtege (20b/3) was written instead of öterge, and the word o kūy was written instead of ol kūy. It is possible to see that some words, word groups, and sentences were written incompletely in the Ankara copy. Sometimes, one or a few words are missing within a sentence; while in rare instances, entire sentences may be omitted. Sometimes the copyist may have intervened in the original text.The Ankara copy is highly compatibile with other copies of the work. However, it is also noteworthy that in some places, different words are used compared to other copies. Although all copies contain the phrase mes̠̠nevīde bir jemā’at xūb ta’rīfide mundaq deyilipdür kim, in the Ankara copy, bitilipdür ki is written instead of deyilipdür kim. In the section where different forms of drinking are shown, information is given about the verb tamşımaq, while the following sentence is included in the copies: tamşımaḳ ki ġāyet ẕevḳdın bat içme, leẕẕet tapa&nbsp;tapa az az içer. However, in the Ankara copy, bāde içmesi was written instead of bat içme, and the copyist believed that the sentence was complete. The copyist must have understood the meaning of the sentence as “Tamşımaq - drinking wine with great pleasure”.Although there are some spelling mistakes and missing or incomplete writings in the Ankara copy, there are also successful aspects of the text. These aspects help to understand Muhakamat al-Lughatayn correctly and completely. Because it is known that there are issues regarding the work that have not yet been fully resolved. Newly found copies may be helpful in resolving such issues. One of such situations can be seen in the section where the poet talks about the Fevayidü’l-Kiber. In other copies, there is a sentence like this: …anda uluġlarġa fāyideler zülālın yėtkürüp-mėn ve heveleri şu’leiġa naṣāyiḥ zülālıdın u urup-mėn. Navayî seems to use the word zülāl twice in one sentence. This is a situation that is outside the integrity of the relevant part of the work. In the Ankara copy, delāyilin (21b/4) appears instead of the word zülālın, and this is more suitable for the parallelism and meaning in the sentence.While giving information about causation in verbs in the Turkish language, Navayî states that the verb is formed by increasing one letter. While in other copies there is the sentence alar lafẓġa bir ḥarf artturġan bile muŋa oxşaş bir żamīrni arturupdurlar, in the Ankara copy it is clearly shown which letter is the letter being talked about: alar lafẓġa “t” ḥarfi arturġan bile muŋa oḫşaş bir żamīrni arturupdurlar (16b/6). This corresponds to the examples in the text and must be the correct format. As a result, while information about word derivation is given with suffixes in the later parts of the work, the poet always indicates with the name of the letter which letter comes to the word: çīm ḥarfi vaṣl ḳılınur; kāf ve re ḥarfi… ilḥāq qılurlar; lām ilḥāq qılurlar; ḳāf ilḥāq qılıp etc.&nbsp;Although the copy is a work in Chagatai Turkish, it is sometimes possible to come across Oghuz features, unlike other copies. It is noteworthy that in the manuscript, instead of the Chagatai preposition bile/birle, the preposition ile or its suffixed form +lA is preferred in four examples, which is a characteristic of Oghuz language. The preposition üçün is written as "içün" (17b/4) in one example, in another example the copyist wrote the ablative suffix as +dAn rather than +dIn (başdan ayaġıġa 29b/3). So the copyist probably used the form in his own dialect. Such Oghuz features are not seen in other copies of Muhakamat al-Lughatayn.It can be said that the Ankara copy of Muhakamat al-Lughatayn was created in 1873 in the Western Turkic (Oghuz) area, most likely in the territory of the Ottoman Empire. Because the Oghuz elements in the copy that cannot be seen in other copies probably reflect the language of the copyist. Tanzimat intellectuals may have had an influence on the creation of this copy, which was copied in the last periods of Tanzimat. Although the Ankara copy of the work does not differ significantly from the others in terms of text, it also makes some contributions to obtaining the most accurate and closest text to the author’s copy.

Ankara Copy of Muhakamat al-Lughatayn

Samet

Which is the Oldest Manuscript of Rabghūzī’s Qisas alAnbiyā?

Savaş

The linguistic relationship between Turkish and Mongolian dates back to ancient times. These two languages, which are in the same language group, have been heavily influenced by each other throughout history. This interaction, which occurred in different periods and regions, caused the exchange of words between these two languages. Therefore, Turkish words took place in Mongolian and Mongolian words took place in Turkish. Many studies have been done on this subject; In these studies, either Turkish elements in Mongolian or Mongolian elements in Turkish were discussed. However, the similarities, differences, parallelism, etc. between the two languages. There are also studies on topics such as.According to some scientists, there are no words of Mongolian origin in Old Turkish. If there is a common word for Turkish and Mongolian languages and the word is detected in Old Turkic texts dating back to the 13th century, the word in question is most likely of Turkic origin and should be examined as a loanword in Mongolian languages. On the other hand, there are scientists who argue that there are Mongolian words in Old Turkish.It is seen that Mongolian has an influence on Iraqi Turkmen Turkish as well as on other contemporary Turkish dialects and it is the case that the words borrowed from the language in question live on. While some of these words are used by the Iraqi Turkmens in general, some of them seem to survive in one or more regions of Iraq. An article entitled “Mongolian Words Used in the Iraqi Turkmen Turkish Language” was prepared that deals with the Mongolian elements in the Iraqi Turkmen Turkish language. This article belongs to Hamdi Lateef Khairullah and was published in the scientific journal Majallat Jamiat Kirkuk lid-Dirasâtu'l-İnsâniyye in 2020. In this study, the author identified and examined 14 words of Mongolian origin used in Iraqi Turkmen Turkish. The words identified are: aġa 'village owner, feudal lord; title given to some noble families; a form of address for grandfather or father', babanaḫla- 'to hum', dalda 'a place to take shelter from the sun's heat, rain, storm, shelter', daldala- ~ dalda ėtmeğ 'to protect something or someone from being seen or from sunlight, cover etc. to cover with', daldalan- 'to cover', em 'a kind of local medicine', küreken 'groom', maral 'female deer', nuḫta 'halter', sileken 'saliva leaking from the mouth', solaḳay 'left-handed', sona 'duck', şülen 'aşure, wheat soup', yėkke 'big, big, huge'. It has come to our attention that there are other words of Mongolian origin used in Iraqi Turkmen Turkish that are not discussed in this article. This study was needed to draw attention to words of Mongolian origin that were not included in the analysis and to contribute to the article in question.In this study, 33 words transferred from Mongolian to Iraqi Turkmen Turkish were identified and examined. 30 of these words are nouns (ceyran ‘gazelle’, cidav ‘deep-seated wound usually seen in horses and donkeys’, cik ‘flat side of lamb's foot bone (play tool)’, çandavıllığ ‘getting too involved; wander around too much’, çigin ‘shoulder’, çöl ‘1. desert, 2. secluded place’, dasalat ‘ability’, dümüg ‘busy’, ḥeneg ‘joke’, ḳaban ‘wild boar’, ḳabırġa ‘rib’, ḳadaġa ‘prohibited, state of being forbidden’, ḳanḳâvır ⁓ ḳanḳâvur ‘bell, rattle’, ḳanşar ‘front’, ḳantarma ‘bridge connecting the roofs of two houses, bridge connecting the roofs of old houses, vaulted ceiling’, ḳavra ‘file’, ḳeççi ‘scissors’, keḥkül ‘bangs’, ḳoraḳay ‘termite’, ḳubur ‘gun’, ḳuda ‘the father-in-law or mother-in-law of one's child’, salt ‘alone’, savġat ‘gift’, savḫa ‘clothing taken off the dead’, sērin ‘cool, chilly’, şavır ⁓ çavır ‘whistle; flute’, tebene ‘big needle’, teşpi ‘saucer’, toġay ⁓ tugay ‘low places by the river’, ussu ‘water’) and 3 are verbs (araçla- ‘separating two things from each other; 'separating people fighting', ḳadan- ‘get stuck’, tapta- ‘1. a lot eating, 2. beating’). ‘çöl, ḳaban, ḳantar-, ḳada-, ḳuda’ while words such as are used as in Mongolian (without any phonetic changes), it is observed that vowel and consonant sound changes occur in others. ‘dasalat+sız, ḥeneg+siz, serin+le-, keḥkül+lü’ new words were derived from words such as (by adding Turkish suffixes) and compound verbs were formed from some nouns (‘ol-, et-, sıyır-, çal-’ with auxiliary verbs such as). ‘toġay⁓tuġay, ḳanḳavır⁓ḳanḳavur, ḳabırġa⁓ḳabirġ, ḳeççi⁓ḳėçi, dasalat⁓dastalat, teşpi⁓tepşi, şavır⁓çavır, keckil⁓keḥkül⁓keḥkil, araçla-⁓araçala-’ it has been determined that words such as have double/triple usage. It has been determined that two forms of the word 'savġad' (savġat, savḫa) are used and each of them is used in a different sense. It is noteworthy that the words 'savġad, çöl' are also used in Iraqi Arabic. Words such as 'dasalat, ḥeneg, ḳoraḳay, şavır ⁓ çavır' (with these forms and meanings) are not found in other Turkish dialects; It is possible that these words were quoted during the Ilkhanid State (1256-1337). Finally, together with the words examined by Hamdi Lateef Khairullah (14 words), a total of 47 words (excluding controversial and overlooked words (if any) were identified in Iraqi Turkmen Turkish.

Mongolian Loanedwords In Iraqi Turkmen Turkish

Selda

One of the most significant features of the modern era is its acceleration and facilitation of travel and transportation for both men and women. It is undeniable that the global power struggles and influence competitions of the new imperial era were important factors behind this. In the 19th century, when the Industrial Revolution expanded new imperial ambitions geographically, it is known that, along with scientific curiosity, meeting different cultures also shaped the travel motivations of Western people. In fact, there was a relationship between scientific research and travel during this century. The desire of explorers to understand and record the experiences and cultures of the nations they always encountered motivated their next expedition.Apart from scientists, diplomats, writers, and journalists, the travels of Western women and their motivations for venturing out of their comfort zones and the travel notes they left are also important. This study addresses the interest, travels, and observations of Lady Hester Stanhope, a famous name of English aristocracy, regarding the Levant. Observing the heterogeneous cultural and societal characteristics of the Eastern Mediterranean and settling permanently there, Lady Hester would never return to England. The adventure of a woman from an aristocratic family who left the English way of life to establish a new life in the Levant is remarkable. However, her aristocratic background provided her with wealth, fame, and reputation in England. However, the price of all these opportunities was to behave according to status and etiquette specific to the stagnant, noble class and to live within a suffocating household regime. It was the gloom of this life that caused Virginia Woolf to write A Room of One’s Own (1929), almost a hundred years after Lady Hester. The gloom surrounding this life inspired Lady Hester to go to the Levant to build her own room. Why had she chosen the old East over the New World, for example, America, where English immigrants had established a new and glittering order? The spirit of the Enlightenment, -Voltaire’s Candide had almost traveled around the whole world-, Napoleon’s landing in Egypt in 1798, the spread of sympathy for Ancient Greece in European capitals, and the increase in transportation opportunities and travel culture among the upper classes provide an explanation. Likewise, the fact that almost all men, such as Byron, Chateaubriand, Lamartine, Gabriel Charles, Melchior de Vogué, Hellespont, Chevron, and Edouard Blanc, went to the Levant shows that it became a fashion. This is precisely a form of traveling that continued from the end of the 18th century until the middle of the 19th century, a movement we call “Grand Tour”. Indeed, some of these famous&nbsp;figures met Lady Hester in Istanbul, Damascus, and sometimes in Joun. In short, the East in the early 19th century was a place of adventure and enterprise, compared to the standard life of the modern West; it was dangerous but unrestricted. For adventurous people, there are exciting aspects that await discovery.The main texts on which this study is based were written by Hester’s close friend and doctor, Charles Lewis Meryon (1783-1877). Meryon had witnessed a significant part of Lady Hester’s life as her doctor and friend. Dr. Meryon published a 6-volume work that saved her from oblivion in 1845 and 1846. Hester's Memoirs was first published in three volumes in 1845. The following year, he published her Travels in another three volumes. This extensive collection, written by Dr. Meryon based on his observations while accompanying Lady Hester and using her letters, diaries, and other notes, complements each other. Memoirs and Travels not only recount the personal adventures of Lady Hester, who conducted archeological excavations, dressed like a man, learned Arabic, and incited the Druze to rebel against Mehmed Ali Pasha, but they also provide detailed information about the lifestyles, customs, and cultural habits of the people living in what is now Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine. Therefore, it is important to present the life story of the person at the center of all these adventures.Lady Hester began her Levant journey in 1810 at the age of 35 and first came to Malta. While traveling to the Near East, she dressed like a man. The location of ancient monuments is an important part of her travels. She even determined her route from the Great Pyramids to Palmira based on ancient sites. However, in 1821, she settled in Joun, Lebanon and lived there until her death. Lady Hester hosted European and local guests at her mansion in Joun. Through these contacts, she acquired information about both the region and the state of post-Napoleon Europe. She also employed spies to collect intelligence on the region. The newspapers of that period showed interest and support for her adventures in the Levant. She was bestowed with titles such as “Queen of the Desert”, “modern Zenobia”, and “uncrowned queen of Lebanon”. The period in which she lived witnessed the strengthening of the authority of Mehmed Ali and his son Ibrahim Pasha in Egypt and Bilad al-Sham against the Sultan. Although her aristocratic background did not prevent her from admiring Napoleon, she had no sympathy for Mehmed Ali Pasha and his son Ibrahim and supported the Ottoman Sultanate.From her Memoirs, we also understand that Lady Hester adopted a mission for herself. The fact that she aimed to “civilize” this Ottoman region, not just as a woman seeking adventure and respected for her adventures in the Levant but also as a British missionary of civilization, shows that she became a product of 19th-century orientalism. Initially, she pursued a sense of mission typical of 19th-century Orientalism, the sentiment that could be summarized as bringing Western light to the East. However, over time, she herself transformed, adopted the mystic customs of the Near East. The same person who disciplined Arab servants with a whip in her mansion in Joun was also the one who opened her home to the poor, beggars, and nobles pursuing Ibrahim Pasha at the cost of increasing her debts. Choosing to die in poverty in Joun instead of spending her last years in London shows that she maintained her aristocratic values.

Lady Hester Stanhope and Her Levant Adventure (1810-1839)

Sercan

Sûrnames, a genre specific to Turkish literature, are texts based on the narration of circumcision or marriage ceremonies organized by the will of the Ottoman sultans. The work we are subject to this study can change common chronological information about the surname genre. While Nâfî’s Peyâm-ı Sûr, written in 1858 and whose translated text was examined by Mehmed Arslan, is accepted as the last example of surnâme, the work we examined was prepared in 1882-1883.Sûrnâme was, preserved at the University of Leipzig, Cod. Turc. 67 was, prepared by the author entirely in rik’a calligraphy, with varying numbers of lines, and without a ruler. The work, consisting of 6 sheets, is available individually in a volume covered with black cloth.Lutfî Efendi Sûrnâme comprises of three parts. The chapters are arranged with titles written by the author. In the introduction section, there is information and evaluations about what happened during the preparation phase of the sûr, thoughts about the previous sûrs, and general opinions and information about the prepared sûr. In the second chapter called, Tafsîl-i Sûrnâme, details of the 3-day sûr-ı hümâyûn are given. Although the events are given daily under subheadings, the conversations are summarized or conveyed directly. Lutfî EFfendi stated that he wanted to end the sûrnâme with historical verse, as is the customary. For this purpose, he completed the sûrnâme by writing a ten-couplet history in stanza verse form.Sûrnâme contains 1 couplet in Turkish, 2 stanzas and historical verse, and one couplet in Persian. All of the mentioned poems have the features of eulogy. The first verse piece, the couplet, contains the poet’s feelings when the sultan came to the area where the wall was built in the “Tafsîl-i Suver-i Eyyâm-ı Sûriyye” section. Lutfî EFfendi manages to integrate the sentences with expressions in the prose section with the expressions in the couplets, both in meaning and form. The second poem is a stanza of two couplets. The author states that after narrating the third day of the Imperial Wall, he wrote a stanza to inform the reader that story has been completed. The last verse of Sûrnâme is a ten-couplet history in stanza form in the poem in which Abdülhamid’s praise is discussed, the sultan’s devotion to the rules of religion is emphasized.&nbsp;The three-day sûr-ı hıtân, which was organized for the circumcision of Abdülhamid’s princes Mehmed Seyfeddîn, Abdulmecîd, Mehmed Şevket and Mehmed Selîm, was depicted by Ahmed Lutfî EFfendi, who was commissioned by the sultan. In the first part of the work, after the preparations for the circumcision ceremony and the intermediate section in which&nbsp;the author evaluates the activities carried out in the old walls from a critical perspective, the activities carried out from Monday to Wednesday are explained.The preparations for the sur-ı hıtan, which began with the will of the Sultan, were postponed for a while due to financial difficulties. Considering that the amount of expenditure, which was more than one hundred fifty thousand gold coins, was reduced to sixty thousand by complying with the saving measures, it was decided to build the imperial walls at the end of Filice, 1300, and the necessary preparations for the circumcision of 6000 children were ordered to be completed one week before the determined date.While Ahmed Lutfî Efendi provided information about the health status of children who were circumcised due to the sûr-ı hıtân, which is the subject of his work, he also included his negative criticisms, highlighting the shortcomings of the old sûr-ı hıtân in an intermediate section not separated by a title. The author evaluated the negative effects caused by the old walls on health, economy, and social life. The author also describes the tents set up in the areas where old palace weddings were held and the entertainment elements in these places from a critical perspective.Sûr-ı Hümâyûn started on the twenty-first Monday of Filice, 1300. The circumcision procedures of the princes were completed in four. Ulema, sheikhs, and directors were invited to dinner held at 11 in the Mabeyn-i Humayun. After the meal, evening prayers were performed, followed by a “peace lesson” as is customary. The Sultan came to the place where the guests were to give a thank you speech.On the second day, representatives of non-Muslim subjects; A banquet was held for the patriarchs and the chief rabbi. The Greek Patriarch prayed to the sultan on behalf of the patriarch and the non-Muslim subjects. In the evening, after a banquet organized for military representatives, consisting of two tables for 82 and 151 people, Grand Vizier Said Pasha delivered a speech of thanks and congratulations. On the occasion of Sur, it was decided to release 72 prisoners whose sentences were to be terminated.On Wednesday evening, a banquet was held for the ambassador, chief translators and bank managers. The circumcision procedures of the six thousand children stated in the introduction continued for a few days after Wednesday, when the Imperial Sura was completed.The 1300-1301 sûr-ı hıtân, the subject of Lutfî EFfendi’s work, is one of the first examples of the change that palace weddings in the Ottoman Empire experienced in terms of performance and function. This circumcision ceremony is an indication that the entertainment and festivity that had become traditional in palace weddings had ended and social service/social state understanding had been brought to the fore.Although Sûrname is small in volume, it is important because it contains information about late Ottoman culture, history, life, and the economy. Lutfî EFfendi’s views reflected in the work; It is noteworthy because it includes a change in the approach of the Ottoman intellectuals of the Tanzimat Period, who were raised in institutions providing traditional education, to obsolete institutions and practices.In the sûrnâme that was examined and the text of which was presented, the first of the palace weddings held during the reign of II. Abdülhamid is discussed. This work, which is a prose surname prepared by the order of the Sultan, is considered to be the last example of sûrnâmes, one of the important genres of divan literature whose, date and author are known.&nbsp;

Unknown Work of Chronicler Ahmed Lutfî Efendi: Sûrnâme

Coşkun

Yücel

From Lausanne to Montreux: Türkiye's Diplomatic Struggle for the Reconsideration of the Straits Regime

Zaynabidin

The National Idea of Turkestani Jadids: Developing and Implementing

Elif

On a Life-Giving and Cultural Resource: A Review on Nagihan Baysal's Work entitled Water in Turkish Folk Culture

Vasil

Review of “The Turkish Morphological-Lexical Elements in the Macedonian Toponymy” by Zoran Spasovski

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Translation, though concerning quite many scientific disciplines such as medicine, pharmacy, mathematics, physics, philosophy, history, linguistics etc., and many other areas concerning practical lives like politics, trade, literature; for the most part, deals with interlinguistic connections.&nbsp;The interactions between Arabic and Turkish started to flourish after the Turks’ adoption of Islam. The translations from Arabic to Turkish stemmed mainly from the need to learn about the religion of Islam. Oghuz Turkish, in its formation process as a written language, was also fulfilling such a demand. Hence, the texts with religious content seriously predominated the ones that were produced in the early periods.&nbsp;The expansion of Oghuz Turks into larger lands under the Seljuk dominion, and their adoption of a new religion as large masses, took place in periods that are quite close to each other. Whereas the need for written correspondence in the state hierarchy was being fulfilled via Persian, it is obvious that Arabic or Persian would fall short of such a proper function in the case of spreading religious knowledge. For this reason, a small number of literate Turks went into the effort of producing texts in Turkish, which was the common spoken language among Oghuzs and other clans. One may argue that the endeavour to write in Turkish gradually spread towards the west, beginning in the Horasan region. The adoption of Islam by the Oghuzs, and the formation of a large state organization in a simultaneous way, both came into play in the flourishment of the Oghuz language in the written form. Though the need for an official language was met by correspondences that were being written in Persian, it was not sufficient for the learning of the new religion, and in corresponding the demand for knowledge, which came forward in various strata of society in differing proportions. The fact that Arabic was the language of the main religious source, and the official language being Persian was leading to a shortage of communication for the larges masses of Oghuzs, with both the state and religion. Though the official language, being Persian, did not constitute a serious problem for the people who did not have grave concerns about the state mechanism, their disconnection with religion was quite of an inconvenience.Firstly expanding to the Horasan region, and up to the inlands of Anatolia afterwards, Oghuz settlements necessitated their meeting with the new religion, and re-organizing their lives in accordance with the two motives, along with adapting to a new geography. Except&nbsp;for the migrant settler masses, religious knowledge had become a necessity for the Oghuzs, who adopted a sedentary life in their daily practices. The fact that it was religious motives behind the transmission of knowledge from Arabic to Turkish aggravated the responsibility of the translators who shouldered it. Any mistake that was to be made in the translation of a literary text would at worst vitiate the aesthetic flavour of the text. However, the translation of a religious text obviously requires much more sensitivity. Hence, one should admit that it requires a very special effort in the translation of such issues as the faith and the attributions of Allah, which also shape one’s conception of God. The Quranic translations that were produced with such a sensitivity as much served for the formation of the written Turkish as for the comprehension and teaching of the religion.&nbsp;The young Turkish scholars, who did not know any other written sources other the Arabic ones, must have used Arabic as a guide during their translations. We should admit that the translation of Arabic expressions to a language that had been used in written form before, must have been very difficult. Especially, the translation of some peculiar Arabic phrases to Turkish correctly, required the utmost prudence, so as to understand the source of religion in the most correct way.The underline translation method which was commonly used in the early periods, despite being a poor method for the phrases, was successful in producing comprehensible Turkish written texts. In the course of these translations, there were some peculiar elements in Arabic, such as ism-i fail (present participle), sıfat-ı müşebbehe and the exaggerative present participle, which were alien to Turkish to a great extent. Building the conception of God in accordance with the understanding of oneness (and unity), the Quran presents the idea of God as almighty andbenevolent, by often making use of the aforementioned peculiar expressions. It also uses those word structures in order to explain the condition of men in the face of orders and prohibitions to which it appeals in regulating human life. The suffix -IcI in Oghuz Turkish virtually seems to have taken on a very special task, so as to meet the peculiar expressions of Arabic in question. The suffix IcI, which did not usually come forward in the early years in Old Turkish and the Anatolian region, is now one of the most common elements, and it is one of the indicators of verb performers.We know that the suffixes -GlI and -GAn were being used for certain verb performers of Arabic in the Karakhanid and Khorezmian regions. Such a differentiation indicates the rising sensitivity in the Anatolian geography with regard to the translations of these aforementioned structures. It also shows that the written language in Anatolia developed quite separately from the Turkistan region. Although the Quranic translations that were written in Karakhanid and Khorezmian Turkish contain some occasional instances of the suffix -IcI (=ĠUçI), it seems to have been used far less in proportion to the Anatolian region.Besides the historical dialects such as Karakhanid and Khorezmian, there are some examples that it was from time to time corresponded by the suffixes -IcI (küçi and Kuçi) in Afghanistan Uzbek Turkish and Kazan Tatar Turkish.

The Place of Suffix -IcI in The Formation of Turkish as a Written Language

Gülten

Onur

The Place of Woman in Siberian Realm Turkish Legends and the Perception of Ancient Turks in This Regard

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Latif

Fatma

While, in the first reading phase, reading as a language skill appears in the form of learning how the systematics of reading functions by making sense of certain writing symbols, it turns out to be the most fundamental means of acquiring knowledge and developing language in the later stages. Texts stand out as the most essential instrument used in the acquisition of four basic language skills in foreign language education. The reading passages used in both native language education and teaching Turkish as a foreign language are primarily regarded as teaching aids and materials. In Turkish teaching process, all texts ranging from the low-level texts such as warning and instruction signs on undergrounds and buses to the literary texts that involve deep meanings like poems have their own area of use in language education. For instance, in teaching Turkish to foreigners, a dialogue between a ticket officer and a passenger in the stage of buying a ticket for the underground or a column in a newspaper assumes a textual quality. Similarly, a poetry text containing figurative language and literary phrases or a text conveying information about a topic related to Turkish culture in a course book involves a textual characteristic with respect to a specific language skill. In other words, each meaning element that can be read, listened, written or spoken has a textual feature in terms of language teaching.&nbsp;Reading basically has the aim of communication and certain types of factors are present in the process of reading. These factors include the author, the text, the reader and the feedbacks. The most significant of all these during the process are the reading texts. In this respect, texts occupy a highly important place in teaching Turkish as a foreign language. The texts are not only involved in reading skill but also frequently used in the development stages of other language skills. When the sets designed to teach Turkish as a foreign language are closely examined, it is observed that the majority of the texts available in course books is made up of reading passages. As for the activities related to other language skills, a great majority of them is associated with the reading texts and their formation is based on the texts in question. To cite an example, in an activity aimed at the development of writing or reading skill, a dialogue or story text is given to the students to be read and they are asked to continue the text by speaking or writing.&nbsp;When texts are analyzed in terms of their types, it is seen that no association is present among the researchers with regard to the classifications of text types and that the categorizations have been achieved by the researchers in quite different ways. Despite the fact that each text classification is consistent and meaningful in itself, a variety of text type classification has come up due to the differences between the researchers’ points of view. Concerning language teaching, however, the concepts of texts and text types differ from the related classifications in some aspects. The reason for this is that the text to be used in the teaching of language involves a material quality. In this way, it is possible to regard every teaching material which can achieve the objectives and acquirements as a text.&nbsp;When the studies conducted upon text classifications are examined, it is observed that the related categorizations contain certain defects in terms of the field of language teaching. This being the case, a text type classification that can be used in language teaching has been performed in this study. In accordance with this classification, texts are divided into two as texts based on the aim of formation and those based on their functions. The former is also separated into two groups as fictional texts aimed directly at language teaching and original texts intended for the daily use of native language speakers and used indirectly in foreign language teaching. The texts formed on the basis of their functions, on the other hand, have been analyzed in terms of writing purpose and language use and gathered under two main titles as texts with utility function and literary texts. The original texts involved in the texts classified in accordance with their aim of formation are also divided into two in themselves as daily texts and literary texts. The daily texts contain such passages like menus, tickets, posters, warranty certificates and graffiti that are prepared with no aesthetic concern and that assign native language readers as their target group. As for the literary texts, they include novels, stories, tales, legends, etc that are put down on paper with an aesthetic concern and with native language readers being their target group. With respect to the texts based on their functions, the texts with utility function refer to all reading materials that can be readily experienced in daily life and that neither involve literary value in terms of the aim of writing or use of language nor aesthetic concern. The texts with utility function have been gathered within themselves under three titles as formal, instructive and communicative texts. The literary texts are those that are formed with an aesthetic concern in relation to the aim of writing and language use. These texts are also titled in three ways within themselves as instructive texts, texts based on expression/demonstration and poetry.&nbsp;Apart from the classification of text types, this study involves, as well, the analysis and comparison of the reading texts available in Yedi İklim Turkish Teaching Set and İstanbul Turkish Teaching Set for Foreigners along with recommendations related to which text type might be used in which language level.

The Classification of Text Types and The Evaluation of Reading Passages Available in Course Books in Teaching Turkish as A Foreign Language

Home economics appeared as an independent field of research in the nineteenth century and began to be included in the curriculum of girls’ schools in many countries through the second half of the century. As a scientific field, home economics defines systematic, modern and pedagogical standards for housework with a particular focus on household chores being part of the daily routine and aims to increase productivity and professionalism at home. Standardization, discipline, order, rationality, pragmatism, and hygiene appeared as the main principles of home economics. These principles defined the reform programs of many states, which were initiating a modernization process in the realms of political, economic and sociocultural areas in the nineteenth century. These principles are also among the main criteria of Norbert Elias’s definition of the civilizing process, which he defined by focusing on the change and transformation of the standards of correct and proper behavior in Europe from the thirteenth to the nineteenth centuries. Therefore, the rational and scientific approach to house related issues and the introduction of home economics as a course to the curriculum of girls’ schools appear closely related to the modernization and civilizing attempts of the states.&nbsp;In the pre-modern Ottoman world, home administration (ilm-i tedbîr-i menzil), which was considered as a subject of ethics and included as a chapter in ethics books, began to be taken as an independent field as home economics (idâre-i beytiye) in books and periodicals after the second half of the nineteenth century as well as being taught as a course in girls’ schools through the last quarter of the century. Ottoman authors examined the decoration and physical conditions of the house, house-cleaning, health issues, heating, dressing, raising of children, eating and food, table manners, etiquette and all kinds of issues that may be related to the house under the title of home economics. The target of writing on home economics was the disciplining and rationalization of the Ottoman house life with definite standards. This literature criticized the traditional Ottoman house life as being scattered, irregular, and haphazard and proposed a new model of house management based on scientific, rational and pedagogical data, dominated by discipline, order, and hygiene.The opening of new schools for girls at different levels from primary schools to teachers’ schools was an important development for the participation of Ottoman women in the formal education process. Furthermore, the discussions to define the object and content of girls’ curriculum reveals that Ottoman authorities considered the education of women within&nbsp;the perspective of the traditional role and status of Ottoman women as housewife, wife, and mothers despite Ottoman women beginning to benefit from the possibilities of formal education and public life. It seems that the number and the weight of courses related to home economics increased in the curriculum of girls’ schools of the time and attempts were made to fill the girls’ curriculum with those sciences regarded as necessary and useful to femininity, housewifery, and motherhood. The language used in the Ottoman textbooks of home economics shows that the traditional female discourse continued in many aspects. It seems that this literature on home economics aims to reorganize the living space of the family, which is the nucleus of the society according to the scientific, rational, technological and pedagogical standards and approaches of the age.With the introduction of the home economics courses to the curriculum of Ottoman girls’ schools in different levels and the definition of women’s status as home managers, domestic life became a public issue and also a political matter on which state and public authorities developed policies. Because these books are textbooks for girls’ schools and each textbook is published with the permission of the Ministry of Education, it can be said that the woman’s discourse emerging from these books not only represents the idea of authors but also the policy of Ottoman political authorities. However, the introduction of home economics to the curriculum of girls’ schools both in the Ottoman and western world was not a result of an agenda to question or improve women status, rather it seems like a consequence of a process initiated by the state authorities to modernize all segments of life. In this context, the involvement of the course in the curriculums seems primarily related to the modernization and civilization process in almost every realm of Ottoman life from the second half of the nineteenth century, and the Ottoman house which was an area that needed to be reorganized in line with modern standards to serve and contribute to this change and transformation process.

Teaching Scientific Home Economics in Late Ottoman Girls’ Schools: Curriculum and Textbooks

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Türkiyat Mecmuası - Journal of Turkology is the publication of Istanbul University Research Institute of Turkology, which was founded in 1924 by (Ord. Prof. Dr.) Köprülüzade Mehmed Fuad on the instructions of Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk).

Türkiyat Mecmuası, one of the first academic journals of the Republic of Turkey in the field of social sciences, has been continuing its publication life since 1925. Türkiyat Mecmuası, which publishes original scientific studies on Turkish Language, Turkish Literature, Contemporary Turkish Dialects and Literatures, Turkish History, Turkish Art, Turkish Culture and Turkology in general, is an open access, refereed, national and international scientific journal. It is published twice a year in June and December.

It is published in Turkish, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan Turkish, Tatar and Gagauz Turkish, French, Russian, German and English.

There are no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles. All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University.

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<div>Türkiyat Mecmuası - Journal of Turkology is the publication of Istanbul University Research Institute of Turkology. It is an open-access, peer-reviewed, scientific journal published biannually in June and December. Established in 1925. It is published in Turkish, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan Turkish, Tatar and Gagauz Turkish, French, Russian, German and English.Türkiyat Mecmuası is a well-established journal targeting both national and international academic communities. Its editorial board includes experts from both national and international fields. The journal aims to increase contributions from international authors.​Türkiyat Mecmuası, which publishes original scientific studies on Turkish Language, Turkish Literature, Contemporary Turkish Dialects and Literatures, Turkish History, Turkish Art, Turkish Culture and Turkology in general.Türkiyat Mecmuası- Journal of Turkology aims to contribute to the dissemination of scientific knowledge and to contribute to the scientific community in the field of Turkology by publishing high quality articles in accordance with international publication standards. </div>

Aim & Scope

<ul><li>SCOPUS</li><li>TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR Index</li><li>DOAJ</li><li>MLA International Bibliography</li><li>EBSCO (Academic Search Complete)</li><li>SOBIAD</li><li>Gale Cengage</li></ul>

Indexing and Abstracting

The journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> Submitted articles should be appropriate to the purpose and scope of the journal. Original, fully or partially unpublished articles that are not in the process of evaluation in another journal, with high academic research and impact value, based mainly on primary sources, and whose content and submission have been approved by each author are accepted for evaluation.Articles derived from dissertations/thesis and related to the author's thesis topic are not accepted for evaluation.Articles derived from or extended from proceedings, or orally presented articles-even if they have not been published- are not accepted for evaluation.Changing the name of an author (omission, addition or order) in papers submitted to the Journal requires written permission of all declared authors..Plagiarism, duplication, false authorship/ denied authorship, research/data fabrication, article slicing, sliced publication, copyright infringement and concealment of conflict of interest are considered unethical behavior. All articles that do not comply with accepted ethical standards are removed from publication. This includes articles containing possible irregularities or non-compliances detected after publication.Editorial Review, Plagiarism Scanning and Double Blinded Peer ReviewArticles are evaluated by the editor in terms of originality, methodology, subject matter and format in accordance with the scope of the journal. Pre-checked articles are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. Authors are informed if plagiarism/self-plagiarism is detected. If necessary, editors may subject the article to plagiarism check at various stages of the evaluation or production process. Articles in which plagiarism or self-plagiarism is detected will not be published. The similarity rate should be less than 15%.The editor-in-chief ensures that articles undergo fair double-blinded peer review and the article is submitted to at least two referees from Turkey and/or abroad. If the referees deem necessary, the Editor-in-Chief approves the publication of the article after the requested changes are made by the authors.Authors who have an article in the process cannot submit an article again before the completion of the process. The Editor-in-Chief, Editorial Management Board or Editorial Board may decide to have the articles returned or revised if deemed necessary at any stage of the evaluation process. The researcher has a period of at least 4 issues / 2 years after the publication of his article to submit a new article.

Policies

<div>The journal is an open access journal and all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read" target="_blank">BOAI</a> definition of open access.The open access articles in the journal are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) license. </div>

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

Authors publishing with the journal retain the copyright to their work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a> ) and grant the Publisher non-exclusive commercial right to publish the work. CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

<div>Editor should consider publishing correction if minor errors that do not effect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper are detected. Editor should consider retraction if major errors and/or misconduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected.Editor should consider issuing an expression of concern if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive. The guidelines of <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> and <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.RetractionJournal follows <a href="https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/retraction-guidelines-cope.pdf" target="_blank">COPE’s Retraction Guidelines</a> in case of retraction. The editor has the right to retract an article if: <ul><li style="text-align: justify;">There is clear evidence that the findings are unreliable; either as a result of a major error (e.g. miscalculation or experimental error), or as a result of fabrication (e.g. of data) or falsification (e.g. image manipulation).</li><li style="text-align: justify;">It contains plagiarised content. </li><li style="text-align: justify;">It has been published elsewhere without proper attribution. </li><li style="text-align: justify;">It contains material or data without authorisation for use.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">There is copyright infringement or there is some other serious legal issue.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">It reports unethical research. </li><li style="text-align: justify;">There is evidence that the peer-review process is compromised or manipulated.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">The author(s) failed to disclose a significant competing interest (also known as a conflict of interest) that, in the opinion of the editor, would have unduly influenced the interpretation of the work or the recommendations of the editors and peer reviewers.</li></ul>In case of retraction the following steps are followed:<ul><li style="text-align: justify;">Retraction notice including article title is published in a subsequent issue of the journal. The retraction notice is paginated and listed in the table of contents. </li><li style="text-align: justify;">A link is provided between the retraction notice and the original article in the electronic version. </li><li style="text-align: justify;">The online article is preceded by a page containing the retraction notice; the reader can then proceed to the article itself.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">The original article remains unchanged, except for a watermark on the .pdf on each page stating that it has been &#34;retracted”.</li></ul>Article Removal for Legal ReasonsIn the following circumstances, except the metadata (title and authors), the text of the article is removed and a page informing that the article has been removed for legal reasons replaces the article. <ul><li style="text-align: justify;">The article is found to be defamatory or to infringe the legal rights of others, and retraction is not deemed to be an adequate solution.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">The article has been, or is reasonably likely to be the subject of a court order.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">There is a significant risk to public health. </li></ul></div>

To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

<div>Journal of Turkology - Türkiyat Mecmuası is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, to access the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publishers) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.</div>

Ethics

Journal of Turkology - Türkiyat Mecmuası adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.<ul><li style="text-align: justify;">Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.</li></ul>

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/B48C35DD6FCA4C2FB91F51863B30BBDB" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form.</a> The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.&#65279;

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender,  citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation. Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.The editor hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for double-blind peer review evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Peer Review

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender,  citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.&#65279;

Articles that have not been previously published or are not currently under review for publication in another journal and are approved by each author are accepted for consideration. Submitted articles that pass the preliminary check are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After the plagiarism check, eligible articles are evaluated by the editor-in-chief in terms of originality, methodology, importance of the topic covered and compatibility with the scope of the journal.Articles deemed appropriate by the editor-in-chief in terms of the journal's publication policy are sent to at least two national/international external referees for evaluation in accordance with the double blind review system. The decision to publish is made by the editor-in-chief after the edits made by the authors as a result of the referees' evaluations and the referee process.The editor-in-chief does not allow any conflict of interest between authors, editors and referees. He/she has full authority to appoint referees and is responsible for making the final decision on the articles to be published in the journal.Reviewers' evaluations should be objective. During the review process, reviewers are expected to consider the following points.-Does the article contribute to the field?-Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the article?-Is the structure of the article and the research method defined in a coherent and comprehensible manner?-Are the interpretations and conclusions substantiated by the findings?-Are adequate references given to other studies in the field?- Is the quality of language and expression adequate??Reviewers should ensure that all information about submitted articles remains confidential until the article is published and should report to the editor if they notice any copyright infringement or plagiarism on the part of the author.If the referee does not feel qualified to review the article or is unlikely to be able to provide timely feedback, he/she should inform the editor and ask him/her not to involve him/her in the review process.During the review process, the editor should make it clear to reviewers that articles submitted for review are the private property of the authors and that this is a privileged communication. Reviewers and editorial board members may not discuss articles with other individuals.

It is published in Turkish, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan Turkish, Tatar and Gagauz Turkish, French, Russian, German and English.All correspondence regarding the submitted articles will be made with the responsible author. All responsibility of the studies sent to our journal for publication within the rules belongs to the author / authors.Article submission should be made online via <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/journal/989/submission/step/manuscript/new">http://dergipark.gov.tr/login</a>, which is accessed from Turkiyat Mecmuası &gt;&gt; Home Page. The articles should be submitted in three separate files when uploading to the Dergipark system.<ul><li>Articles derived from undergraduate theses, master's theses, or doctoral dissertations will not be considered for evaluation.</li></ul><ul><li>Articles derived from or expanded upon conference proceedings, including those orally presented, will not be evaluated, even if the proceedings have not been published.</li></ul><ul><li>Researchers may submit a new article only after at least four issues (2 years) have passed since the publication of their previous article.                                                                                                                                                                                          </li><li>The article title should be uploaded to the system in the language in which the article is written as the primary language. </li></ul><ul><li>Articles are listed in the journal alphabetically by the authors' last names.</li></ul><ul><li>Excluding abstracts, footnotes, and references, articles must be at least 5,000 words in length.</li></ul><ul><li>The main text file of the article must not include any information identifying the author. Articles that do not comply with this rule will be returned without entering the evaluation process.</li></ul><ul><li>Draft articles submitted to the journal must adhere to the journal's submission guidelines. Articles that do not comply with the submission guidelines will be directly rejected or returned.</li></ul><ul><li>Submitted works, whether published or not, will not be returned to the authors.</li></ul><ul><li>Once an article is submitted for publication, no author's name may be removed from the author list, no new author may be added, and the order of authors may not be changed without the written consent of all authors.</li></ul><ul><li>Authors with ongoing submissions cannot submit new articles until the process is completed. The editorial board reserves the right to return or request revisions for articles at any stage of the evaluation process.</li></ul><ul><li>Türkiyat Mecmuası communicates with authors and other relevant parties exclusively via email or the messaging module within the journal's automation system. Messages sent to any email address other than turkology@istanbul.edu.tr will not be considered.</li></ul>MANUSCRIPT SUBMISSION GUIDE1. Article Full Text File** Microsoft Word 2003 and above versions must be used. Articles should be prepared using the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/C158422B1FB64697839C4368061BC23F" target="">Article Template.</a> The text of the article should not include the identity information of the author(s) due to the double-blinded peer review process. (Important note: The main headings in the article template only show how the content of the article should be formed. Authors are not obliged to use these headings.)* The article must consist of at least 5000 words, excluding the abstract, footnotes, and references.2. Cover Page** <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/journal-file/15417">The cover page</a> should include the type of article, article title (article language / English) title and institutional affiliation of the author or authors, current address and telephone numbers, ORCID information and e-mail addresses.* The financial support, conflict of interest and acknowledgment sections should be stated separately in both the language of the article and in English.* In the initial submission file of the manuscript, statements such as acknowledgments will not be included; these matters will only be specified on the cover page. 3. Copyright Agreement Form** Must be signed by all authors with a wet signature. <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/journal-file/15420">The Copyright Agreement Form</a> requires wet signatures in three different sections.*The sections on financial support, conflict of interest, and acknowledgments must be stated in both the language of the article and in English.TITLE: If each study has a different language for Turkish, English, and the article language, the title should be provided in that language. The title of the study should clearly reflect ıts content and be comprehensive.* MAIN TITLES: All words should be written in all capital letters and bold. They must not exceed 15 words.* Subheadings: All words should be written in bold, with only the first letters of each word capitalized. A line break should follow the title.* Lower-Level Subheadings: All words should be bold, with only the first letter of the first word capitalized and the first letters of subsequent words in lowercase. A colon (:) should be placed at the end of the title, and the text should continue on the same line.ABSTRACT: The abstract should include the purpose, methodology, and scope of the study and should be placed after the title but before the introduction section in the article. The Turkish abstract should be between 180-200 words, and the English abstract should be between 180-250 words. Beneath the abstracts, there should be up to five keywords that represent the content of the study.EXTENDED ABSTRACT: The extended abstract should include the purpose, methodology, scope, and results of the study and should be placed after the Turkish and English abstracts in the article. The extended abstract in English should be between 700-800 words.* In Turkish articles, there should be two abstracts, one in Turkish and English, and extended abstract in English. English articles should include two abstracts, one in English and one in Turkish. There should be no extended abstract. For articles written in other languages / dialects, there should be three abstracts (in the language of the article - English- Turkish) and an extended abstract in English.* The title of the article should be given in the order of the number of abstracts and the language of the article. See example <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/F985C0668F824D99BF77B994BF747B8C">article.</a>TABLES, FIGURES, ILLUSTRATIONS AND GRAPHS: Figures, pictures, tables and graphs in the text should be numbered as 1, 2, 3. Photographs, plans, maps, etc. used in the text should be attached to the documents to be submitted with the extension &#34;.jpg / .tiff&#34;. Care should be taken to ensure that such documents have a resolution suitable for the printing technique (at least 300 dpi) and a size that does not exceed the page area, and if there is more than one, they should be numbered and titled (Picture 1; Map 1; Table, Figure 1, etc.). Images can be cited in the text, but if they are cited in the text with parentheses as (Annex 1), the images should be added as an appendix at the end of the article. The source of the cited images should be indicated both under the image and in the bibliography.

Author Guidelines

Research Article: As research articles, manuscripts presenting original scientific results on topics appropriate to the scope of the journal are considered. Research articles consist of abstract, keywords, introduction, method, findings, discussion, conclusions, references, tables, graphs and figures.Review: Manuscripts prepared by experts who have a great depth of knowledge in the field and whose expertise is reflected in the international literature in terms of publications and impact are evaluated. The review article should consist of title, abstract and keywords, main text sections and referencesTranslation: These are translated articles. Translations of articles written by experts in the field with a high impact value are evaluated.* In translated text publications, &#34;permission has been obtained from the original author and publisher&#34; and &#34;citation details of the original text&#34; must be specified in the full-text file. See <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/3057174">example article.</a>Book Review: Brief or detailed reviews of books published in the last 5 years are evaluated. Book reviews are a type of writing that evaluates issues such as the book's formal and substantive features, the way it deals with the subject(s), its suitability for the purpose for which it was written and its success in realizing this, what is needed to eliminate its deficiencies and shortcomings and make it better. Book reviews should be written according to the book review template. Brief reviews written in a language other than the language in which the book was published are given priority. (For example, a book review written in Kazakh about a book published in Turkish.)Points to consider for book reviews- The introduction should have an &#34;independent original title&#34; specific to the book- The cover photo of the book being reviewed should be included in the text (on the first page, under the title, and aligned to the left).- The bibliographic information of the introduced book should be provided in full in the References section.- 5 keywords, both in Turkish and English, should be added.

FORMS<a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/journal-file/15420" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"></a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/B48C35DD6FCA4C2FB91F51863B30BBDB" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/5C46AD279E4242B68D3D82EABAEEBF71" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">Author Form</a> <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/journal-file/15417" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">Title Page</a> TEMPLATES<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/4DCAECFD87F04B9281421C9EC4F92F69" target="_blank">Article Template</a><a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/journal-file/31257" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">Book Review Template</a>

<a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/journal-file/15420" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a><a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/journal-file/22325" target="_blank">Author Form</a><a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/journal-file/15417" target="_blank">Cover Page</a>Templates:<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/6FB79A0A58F74FCFA4BC31315924C3E9" target="">Article Template</a><a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/journal-file/31257" target="_blank">Book Review Template</a>FINAL CHECKLISTEnsure that none of the following is missing:-        The type of the article is clearly stated.-        The article has not been submitted to another journal.-        If there is a relationship with a sponsor or a commercial firm, it is indicated.-        The article has been checked for English language accuracy.-        References are formatted according to the Chicago Manual of Style, 18th Edition.-        The journal policies, detailed in the Writing Guidelines section, have been reviewed.* Copyright Agreement Form* Author Form* Permission Document (if previously published material, such as text, images, or tables, is used).* Cover Page:<ul><li>Article category,</li></ul><ul><li>Title in the article's original language and in English,</li></ul><ul><li>Authors’ full names, academic titles, affiliated institutions (including university and faculty information, followed by the city and country), and email addresses,</li></ul><ul><li>Corresponding author’s email address, full mailing address, work phone number, mobile phone number, and fax number,</li></ul><ul><li>ORCID IDs for all authors.</li></ul>* Article Main Text;-        Important: The main text must not include any identifying information about the author(s).-        Titles in both the article's original language and in English,-        Abstracts: 180–200 words in the original language, 180-200 words in English, and an extended abstract of 700–800 words in English,-        Keywords: 5 in the original language and 5 in English,-        Sections of the main text,-        Financial support (if any, specify),-        Conflict of interest (if any, specify),-        Acknowledgments (if any, specify),-        References,-        Tables, Images, Figures (with titles, descriptions, and captions).

Issue Type	Special
Editor(s)	Mustafa Balcı, Henryk Jankowski, Mehmet Uzman
Cover (PDF)
Full Text (PDF)
Front Pages (PDF)

Journal of Turkology

VOLUME 31, ISSUE 1, 2021

Türk Dillerinde İki Tür "ki" nin Dilbilgiselleşmesi Üzerine

Ötemiş Hacı’nın Cengiznâme’sinde Tümleç Örüntüleri: Orta Türkçe’de Altasıralamaya Tipolojik Bir Yaklaşım

Yoksul Bir Kişi Bizans’ta. Eski Uygurca Bir Öykünün Fragmanları

Türkitanuw Ğılımındağı Leksikografiyalıq Eñbekterdiñ Ornı men Mañızı

Tuva Türkçesindeki Farsça Alıntılar Üzerine Notlar

Biçimbilim-edimbilim Arayüzünde Wh’nin Yoğunlaştırılması: Lehçe Çeviriler Üzerinden Türkçeye Dolaylı bir Bakış

Tarihî Türkçe Metinlerde Farsça İzafet ve Atıf Tamlamalarında Görülen Dudak Uyumu ve Çeviri Yazı Üzerine Birkaç Öneri

Kazakistan Millî Kütüphanesindeki Çağatayca El Yazması Eserler

Eski Uygurca İkilemelere Katkılar

Mu’înü’l Mürîd’de İsimden İsim Yapma Ekleri

İki Dilli Türk Çocuklarına Türkçe Öğretimi Üzerine Bir İnceleme

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