Mustafa

Prof.

Future of the Accounting Profession in Turkey

Sabri

The road to prosperity with the Industrial Revolution was now through production and sale to the world through free trade policies and instruments. Until then, the exploitation of precious metals and the accumulation of commercial capital in the world through international trade had continued to increase since the second half of the century. In fact, the growth rate of industrial production and world trade in the following years had been significantly higher than in previous years and periods.Increased trade with the effect of the industrial revolution has led to the need for trade education. Commercial education, which began with the Industrial Revolution in Europe and the United States, is the foundation of today’s major trade schools. In this study, we examined how business education began in Europe and the United States, the steps it took and how it was taught.Economic growth and development are not the same things, although economic growth is a phenomenon that is followed by almost everyone. Economic growth includes the increase in per capita national income. Development involves both economic growth and structural change. Economic development occurs over a long period of time when there is an increase in the economic welfare of individuals in a country. The idea of a link between development and foreign trade in economic theory is based on classical economists. Adam Smith and David Ricardo, J.S., who were the representatives of the liberal view, who produced their works in the second half of the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century. Classical economists like Mill talk about the dynamic effects of markets. Not only one country will benefit from free foreign trade, but international prosperity and exchange will increase prosperity all over the world. Since the second half of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century, there has been strong criticism of the views of the Classical School.The systematic penetration of trade education into the European and American Education Systems, which is the basis of today’s Faculties of Business and Economics, has been with the Industrial Revolution. These schools, which constitute the foundations of today’s highly respected universities, have given great importance to the merchant sector and they have never denied the material and moral support of these schools both during the establishment and development of these schools. Over time, the educational contents changed, were updated and started to use modern educational techniques required by the era. The main reason for the emergence of these schools was the need for qualified manpower required by the trade. Realizing that economic growth cannot be lasting without economic development, the western world has seen and continued to invest in people who are at the heart of economic growth.In fact, in our country, trade education has started to be given in a way that does not fall behind the Western examples. The Greek nation, which was the best nation in the Ottoman Empire, established the Elen Commerce School in Heybeliada (Halki), the first private business school of the country, in 1831 and began to train traders in need of trade. Following the closure of the Elen School of Commerce for various reasons, the Hamidiye School of Commerce was established in 1883 as the first public school of the country. After school, it became Istanbul Academy of Economic and Commercial Sciences, and gave life to Marmara University which is today one of the biggest universities in the country.

Business Education in Europe and in the United States after the Industrial Revolution

Turgay

Assist. Prof.

Audit Quality in Turkey on the Basis of KGK Inspection Reports

Mahmut

Murat

Lecturer

The Future of the Accounting Profession in the Light of Digitalization

Çağrı

Res. Assist.

Share-based payments as shares or share options are common features of employee remuneration. Suppliers, who provide professional services, can also be paid by issuing shares or share options. Share-based payments become an important way of binding employees to a company, where the key asset is staff and aligning the employees’ interests with those of the shareholders. Those kinds of payments became a larger component of employee and executive compensation especially in biotechnology and information technology sectors.&nbsp;A share-based payment is the transaction, in which a company pays for goods or services either by transferring its own equity instruments to the counterparty, or by paying an amount of cash that is based on its own share price. IFRS 2 specifies how companies should account for goods or services received in exchange for share-based payments. In IFRS 2, three types of share-based payment transactions are identified.<ul><li>Equity settled shared-based payment transactions, in which the company pays for goods or services by issuing equity instruments such as shares or share options. </li><li>Cash settled share-based payment transactions, in which the company pays for goods or services in cash, but the amount to be paid is based on the price of the company’s equity instruments (shares or share options). </li><li>Share-based payment transactions with cash alternatives, in which the company receives goods or services and either the company or the supplier of the goods and services has a choice of the entity settling the transaction in cash or by issuing equity instruments.</li></ul>In practice, companies have an interest in using equity settled share-based payments or cash settled share-based payments. This study focuses on the recognition and measurement of equity settled and cash settled share-based payment transactions and investigates their financial effects. How and when the company measures the transactions or whether the company must remeasure the transaction, all depend on whether the transaction is equity settled or cash settled. Equity settled share-based payment transactions require a measurement that reflects the price of the shares or share options at the grant date. The measurement of equity settled share-based payment transactions cannot be updated after the grant date in order to reflect the changes in share price. However, for vesting conditions a company should update the measurement to reflect the changes in its employee number estimates. No adjustments can be made based on market conditions. Share-based payment cost is recognized over the vesting period, with a corresponding entry in equity. This cost can be recognized as an expense or capitalized as an asset if the general asset-recognition criteria are met. Cash settled share-based payment transactions are measured at the fair value of the liability and recognized as an expense or capitalized as an asset if the general assetrecognition criteria are met. The liability to pay cash is measured on a basis that reflects the price of the share or share option. In order to reflect the changes in the price of share or share option, the subsequent measurement should be updated at each reporting period. Changes in the measurement of the liability are reported in profit or loss and remeasurements during the vesting period are only recognized to the extent that services have been received.The choice of share based payments transactions is relevant for economic decisions of the companies and for the assessment of stewardship by management. In this study, recognition and measurement of equity settled and cash settled share-based payment transactions were analyzed and the financial effects of the application of both the equity settled and cash settled share-based payment transactions were examined through two case studies. Five financial ratios were calculated in order to investigate the financial effects of the different share-based payment transactions. The classification of share-based payment transactions (equity settled or cash settled share-based payment) changes the magnitude of the key liquidity and profitability ratios of the companies. Equity settled share-based payment transactions are more suitable for immature companies with low liquidity, which prefer debt financing, whereas cash settled share-based payment transactions are more favorable for the companies which prefer equity financing and cannot benefit from the leverage effect.

Impacts of Equity Settled and Cash Settled Share-based Payments on Financial Performance

Serdan

Burcu

Assoc. Prof.

A Different Perspective of Enterprise Risk Management and Internal Audit in Companies: 5S Implementation

Kevser

Havva

Plagiarism Perception of University Students

Yasemin

Merve

Sheikh

An Assessment on Plagiarism Policies of Journals

Göksel

What is The Annual Result of 2018: Income or Loss? The Case of Turkish Airlines

Duygu

Ceren

Hande

40th Year of Accounting Education Symposium of Turkey

Fatma

Seçil

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

Reha

Supplier financing-terms invoicing operations, which reduce financing costs for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), particularly improve supply chain financing and resilience. The reason why reverse invoicing is known as supplier financing is that the process focuses on supplier firms, thus providing a solution where buyers can offer their suppliers early payments on approved invoices. Suppliers may demand early payment of invoices from banks or other financial institutions, and the acquiring company may send the payment to the financial institution on the date the invoice is issued. In this context, supplier financing practices have increased significantly both worldwide and in Türkiye. However, the bankruptcies of Carillion and Greensill Capital, as well as the impact of the collapse of Credit Suisse in March 2023, are the focal points of the discussions on supplier financing transactions, corporate governance, and agency theory. The changes the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) has published aim to increase the positive impact on business by making supplier financing processes more transparent.This study aims to investigate these adjustments by assessing the motivations behind and goals of these revisions for which auditors and credit rating agencies have pushed. The changes are anticipated to improve the measurement of how supplier financing affects buyer companies’ financial statements, lessen agency issues and information asymmetry, and lessen the manipulative use of supplier finance arrangements, all of which will increase the benefits these transactions have for global trade. This article uses a case study analysis of the collapses of the Carillion and Greensill companies to identify the causes for the changes in International Accounting Standard (IAS) 7 and International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) 7 Financial Tools. Case study analyses have become one of the most widely used strategies for qualitative social research these days. Case study analyses involve the empirical study of a phenomenon in the context of real life. In this context, this study examines in detail within the framework of supplier financing the factors and processes that caused the collapse of the Carillion and Greensill firms. This case analysis explains how the bankruptcies of these firms resulted in the changes to IAS 7 and IFRS 7. This article uses the content analysis method to evaluate and analyze the objectives of the changes to IAS 7 and IFRS 7. The content analysis method can be used qualitatively or quantitatively for the systematic analysis of written, oral, or visual material. In this context, the study analyzes the IASB meeting where the amendments were made to IAS 7 and IFRS 7, as well as the related documents and reports. The article then summaries the results from the content analysis as a hypothetical working example.Supplier financing tools help suppliers create corporate capital from discount rates they cannot obtain on their own. However, the practices of companies such as Carillion and Greensill that have gradually entered the class of creative accounting have undermined investor confidence in these tools and resulted in supplier benefits decreasing over the long term. Furthermore, as a result of the increased use of supplier financing instruments, commercial debt now contains more financial debt, and although these debts have increased their repayment times, they remain unclear, causing difficulties for investors and credit rating agencies when calculating the financial leverage of a company, particularly when determining the need for short-term financing. The disclosure requirements in the amendments aim to improve existing requirements and help users of the financial table understand the impact supplier financing has on a company’s debt, cash flows, and liquidity risk exposure. In this context, the liquidity risk declarations in IFRS 7 include supplier financing regulations as examples of other factors that may be relevant to the declaration. The extent to which a company’s financial liabilities are covered by supplier financing and the impact this situation has on the financial table can both be examined, as can the degree to which the company would be exposed to liquidity risk in the event of the termination of supplier funding as set out in the sample description in Table 1.The Supplier Financing Regulations issued by IASB on May 25, 2023 that will have entered into force on January 1, 2024, are expected to have a positive impact on measuring the impact supplier financing has on the financial statements of purchasing companies by reducing information asymmetry and the manipulative use of these tools, thereby increasing the benefits to trade and supply chain resilience. Discussions will continue as to whether or not these arrangements are adequate. These discussions will particularly focus on the interim changes. This situation also highlights the difficulties purchasing companies have in obtaining the requested information. As a result, the authors believe the regulations relating to supplier financing transactions should not be confined to accounting standards alone in order to lessen agency issues, information asymmetry, and the manipulative use of supplier finance arrangements in practice.&nbsp;

Analysis of the Amendments in IAS 7 and IFRS 7 within the Scope of Supplier Finance Arrangements

Feden

Sevinç

Prof. Dr.

Analysis of Publications on Financial Accounting in Web of Science Database with Vosviewer Mapping Techniques and Bibliometric Analysis Method

Hasan

This study presents a comparative analysis of two financial performance measurement metrics: economic value added (EVA) and earnings before interest, depreciation, and taxes (EBITDA). Both metrics are used to evaluate companies’ financial performance, and while the EBITDA metric focuses on companies’ operational profitability, the EVA metric focuses on overall profitability by including the cost of capital in its calculations. In this respect, the EVA metric tries to determine whether a company is generating more value than it spends to finance its operations. Both of these metrics provide valuable insight into companies’ financial performance and can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of management decisions.&nbsp;The study also includes the historical developments, definitions, formulations, and comparisons of the EBITDA and EVA metrics by explaining the strong and weak aspects of both measures and emphasizing how both measures are widely used in the business world. When examining the two metrics in terms of sectoral application, the EBITDA metric can be seen to be used more frequently in capital-intensive sectors, while the EVA metric is found to be more useful in sectors where intellectual property and other intangible assets play a larger role in creating value. Within the scope of the research, the EBITDA metric is emphasized to have a broader area of application in short-term planning, while the EVA metric can be used for long-term strategic planning. The EBITDA metric can be calculated based on financial statements, while the EVA metric can be calculated by considering additional data beyond financial statement data. In this regard, the EVA metric is found to not have as much applicability as the EBITDA metric due to the need for additional information.The literature review that has been conducted within the scope of the research shows an extremely low number of studies to have compared the EBITDA and EVA metrics together, and on this point, important studies are seen in the international literature. In this context, the current research is one of the rare studies in the literature to have compared EBITDA and EVA values. When examining the literature in Türkiye, different studies are found to have considered EBITDA and EVA values as financial performance criteria, with an extremely low number of studies having compared the EBITDA and EVA metrics and evaluated their advantages and disadvantages.This study examines within its scope the application of these metrics on the case of Turkish Airlines Inc. (THY), which has been considered the most valuable brand in Türkiye consecutively between 2018-2022. Another reason for considering THY within the scope of the research is that ranks first in terms of BIST trading volume. The study uses data that were accessed from the Public Disclosure Platform (KAP) and THY’s official website. The research findings show both the EBITDA and EVA metric values for THY to be positive, thus giving THY the appearance of a value-creating company.In conclusion, this study provides a comprehensive overview of how the EVA and EBITDA metrics can be used to evaluate a company’s financial performance. Each of these metrics has its advantages and disadvantages, and which metric to use depends on the company’s goals and objectives.When examining the study’s obtained findings; future studies and researchers are recommended to conduct research and analyses aimed at a long-term comparison of the EBITDA and EVA metrics. The suggestion is also made to integrate the EBITDA metric, which is based on financial statements, into the generally accepted format of financial statements and to provide stakeholders with additional information on company websites and in the footnotes of financial statements about the EVA metric, especially for companies in the investor relations sector. Having investors and stakeholders include EVA metric values in addition to the EBITDA metric in price determination reports is undeniably important, particularly during public offering periods. In this context, the use of EVA metric data in all calculations for companies that have a negative EVA value but a positive EBITDA metric value underlines the importance of assessing both metrics together.&nbsp;

Metric Conflict in Financial Analysis: A Comparison and Application of EBITDA and EVA

Öğretim Görevlisi

Sevgi

In the Upper Palaeolithic (ca. 40,000-12,000 BC), the ancestors of today’s modern humans knew how to exploit natural conditions and how to make a living by making tools using the knowledge gained from previous generations. In this way, the people of the period took the first steps toward science by passing on to the next generation information about which animal species were suitable for eating, which plants to collect, and the appropriate time and seasons for accessing food sources. The people of the period succeeded in conveying information to the present day with the depictions they made on cave walls regarding their efforts to achieve success in hunting, increasing the number of hunted animals, and finding food.Since prehistoric times, economy and trade have played an active role in the communication between cultures and the emergence of civilizations. According to the science of archaeology, in order for a find to be considered evidence of trade, it must be found outside its commonly known region and must have been produced in the same style as found in its homeland. During the Neolithic Period, an increase occurred not only in the mobility of raw materials but also in the surplus of products obtained through agricultural and animal husbandry activities. With the increased intensity in production and trade activities, the communities of the period are thought to have developed an accounting and records system they could easily understand among themselves. The token system, which the people of the period produced from clay in different geometric shapes of 1-3 cm in size where each geometric shape represents a different product and its quantity, began to be used in agricultural village settlements in Mesopotamia starting in 8,000 BC. Afterwards, tokens continued to be used for about 5,000 years as the recording tools of accounting activities that had spread throughout the Near East.In the Neolithic period, the function of counting and calculating surplus product was initially modest, covering only a few households. Therefore, the tokens were assumed to have been discarded once their function had finished, without any need for archiving.Starting in the middle of the Chalcolithic Age (5,500/5,000-3,000 BCE) in the mid-5th millennium BCE, tokens began being found alongside seals and seal impressions in apparent storage rooms within permanent public buildings. During this period, seals served as status symbols and belonged only to leaders. Toward the end of the period, however, the emergence of new cities as a result of population growth and the loss of face-to-face contact in interregional communication and trade saw public officials begin using seals on behalf of leaders.The end of the Chalcolithic Age in Mesopotamia is defined as the Uruk Period, and the Uruk administration is known to have established colonies in Southeastern Anatolia and Upper Euphrates through the mechanisms of being able to access, produce, and control various raw material resources, such as metals. Evidence of these relationships have also been traced on the bullas, seals, and seal impressions that were the commercial documents of the period.In the Early Bronze Age (3,000-2,000 BC), specialization in various fields of production such as mining and weaving is known to have emerged in Anatolia. In addition, archaeological evidence clearly shows that cultural relations had developed beyond Anatolia with the Balkans, the Aegean islands, the Caucasus, Syria, and Mesopotamia and that imported, and locally imitated products were traded.Trade relations played a major role in Anatolia’s archaeological record and its transition to recorded history. This period has been dated between 2000-1750 BC in Anatolian archaeology and is analyzed as the period of the Assyrian Trade Colonies, during which Assyrian merchants laid the foundation of an organized international trade network between Anatolia and Mesopotamia, accompanied by donkey caravans using land routes from Mesopotamia.&nbsp;This study follows the traces left by women, who had taken an active role in the changing social structure since the Neolithic Age, in production, administration, and trade regarding archaeological finds such as tokens, seals, bullae, and tablets. The geography that forms the source of the study will begin with Mesopotamia, which witnessed the birth of civilizations in prehistoric times, and will be examined in relation to Anatolian lands. The study’s chronological date range will cover the Neolithic Age (10,000- 5,500/5,000 BC) when mankind began production with simple village settlements, the Chalcolithic&nbsp;&nbsp;Age (5,500/5,000- 3.000 BC) when city-states began being established, and the Bronze Age (3,000- 1200 BC) which witnessed the first known empires and international trade networks of the past. The study will present findings revealed by the science of archaeology through examples by taking into account the systematic archaeological excavation reports and artifacts that have been announced to the scientific world through relevant publications and philological studies.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Traces Left by Women in Production, Management and Trade from the Neolithic Age to the End of the Bronze Age

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Journal of Accounting Institute - Muhasebe Enstitüsü Dergisi has been an official publication of Institute of Accounting affiliated to Istanbul University Business School since 1975. It is an open access, peer-reviewed, scientific journal published both in print and electronically, two times a year in January and July.

The aim of the Muhasebe Enstitüsü Dergisi – Journal of Accounting Institute is to contribute to dissemination of scientific knowledge about the field of accounting and business administration both at national and international levels by publishing articles in Turkish and English. In line with this objective the journal seeks to publish high quality scholarly papers.

The journal considers ampirical, theoretical or review articles within the defined scope in below and welcomes interdisciplinary studies as well. The target group of the Journal consists of the academics, researchers, students and related vocational or academic institutions and establishments.

Major subject areas of interest include, but are not restricted to the other fields: Accounting, Financial and non-financial reporting, Finance, Financial analysis, Auditing, Institutional management, risk management and internal control, Accounting history, Interdisciplinary studies which are related to the topics: accounting, auditing and finance.

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

RePEc IDEAS

RePEc EconPapers

EBSCO

DOAJ

Cabells Journalytics

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Journal of Accounting Institute

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Editor in Chief

Deputy Editor in Chief

Editorial Management Member

English Language Editor

Editorial Board Member

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The aim of the Muhasebe Enstitüsü Dergisi – Journal of Accounting Institute is to contribute to dissemination of scientific knowledge about the field of accounting and business administration both at national and international levels by publishing articles in Turkish and English. In line with this objective the journal seeks to publish high quality scholarly papers. All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles. The journal considers ampirical, theoretical or review articles within the defined scope in below and welcomes interdisciplinary studies as well. The target group of the Journal consists of the academics, researchers, students and related vocational or academic institutions and establishments. Major subject areas of interest include, but are not restricted to the fields in below. • Accounting • Financial and non-financial reporting • Finance • Financial analysis • Auditing • Institutional management, risk management and internal control • Accounting education • Accounting history • Interdisciplinary studies which are related to the topics: accounting, auditing and finance

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Indexing and Abstracting

The journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> The subjects covered in the manuscripts submitted to the Journal for publication must be in accordance with the aim and scope of the Journal. Only those manuscripts approved by every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Changing the name of an author (omission, addition or order) in papers submitted to the Journal requires written permission of all declared authors.Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unethical behaviors. All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. Plagiarism Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. If plagiarism/self-plagiarism will be found authors will be informed. Editors may resubmit manuscript for similarity check at any peer-review or production stage if required. High similarity scores may lead to rejection of a manuscript before and even after acceptance. Depending on the type of article and the percentage of similarity score taken from each article, the overall similarity score is generally expected to be less than 15 or 20%. Double Blind Peer-Review After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by the editors-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The editor provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles and hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

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The journal is an open access journal and all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read" target="_blank">BOAI</a> definition of open access.The open access articles in the journal are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) license.

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

Authors publishing with the journal retain the copyright to their work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a> ) and grant the Publisher non-exclusive commercial right to publish the work. CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Editor should consider publishing correction if minor errors that do not effect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper are detected. Editor should consider retraction if major errors and/or misconduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected.Editor should consider issuing an expression of concern if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive. The guidelines of <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> and <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.

To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

<div style="text-align: left;">Journal of Accounting Institute- Muhasebe Enstitüsü Dergisi is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a></div>All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

Ethics

Journal of Accounting Institute- Muhasebe Enstitüsü Dergisi adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.-    Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.-    The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.-    The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.-    Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.-    Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.-    The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.-    In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.-    If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.-    In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/645D9DF58E5C45A4ACF7B7494378C8B4" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>. The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor-in-Chief to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editor evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. Editor provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor is responsible for the content and overall quality of the publication and must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only editor has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the Editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the Editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. Unless the authors and editor permit, the reviews of referees cannot be published or disclosed. The anonymity of the referees is important. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.The editor hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for double-blind peer review evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Peer Review

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.  Editor-in-chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international external referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by editor-in-chief  upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor in chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.-    Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?-    Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?-    Is the problem significant and concisely stated?-    Are the methods described comprehensively?-    Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?-    Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?-    Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

All correspondence will be sent to the first-named author unless otherwise specified. Manuscpript is to be submitted online via <a href="http://dergipark.gov.tr/meder" target="_blank">http://dergipark.gov.tr/meder</a> and it must be accompanied by a cover letter indicating that the manuscript is intended for publication, specifying the article category (i.e. research article, review etc.) and including information about the manuscript (see the Submission Checklist). Manuscripts should be prepared in Microsoft Word 2003 and upper versions. In addition, <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/645D9DF58E5C45A4ACF7B7494378C8B4" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a><a href="http://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/FileHandler2.ashx?f=copyrighttransferformen_litera_636846337884291693.doc"> </a>that has to be signed by all authors must be submitted.1. The manuscripts should be in A4 paper standards: having 2.5 cm margins from right, left, bottom and top, Times New Roman font style in 10 font size and line spacing of 1.5 and “justify align” format. For indented paragraph, tab key should be used. One line spacing should be used for the tables and figures, which are included in the text.2. The name(s) of author(s) should be given just beneath the title of the study aligned to the right. Also the affiliation, title, e-mail and phone of the author(s) must be indicated on the bottom of the page as a footnote marked with an asterisk (*).3. Before the introduction part, there should be an abstract of 180-200 words. Underneath the abstract, 3-5 keywords that inform the reader about the content of the study should be specified.4. The manuscripts should contain mainly these components: title, abstract and keywords; extended abstract, sections, footnotes and references.5. Research article sections are ordered as follows: “Introduction”, “Aim and Methodology”, “Findings”, “Discussion and Conclusion”, “Endnotes” and “References”. For review and commentary articles, the article should start with the “Introduction” section where the purpose and the method is mentioned, go on with the other sections; and it should be finished with “Discussion and Conclusion” section followed by “Endnotes”, “References” and “Tables and Figures”.6. Tables, graphs and figures can be given with a number and a defining title if and only if it is necessary to follow the idea of the article. Otherwise features like demographic characteristics can be given within the text.7. A <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/F93DE3B7EFD64CF8AE10862302286177" target="_blank">title page</a> including author information must be submitted together with the manuscript. The title page is to include fully descriptive title of the manuscript and, affiliation, title, e-mail address, postal address, phone, fax number of the author(s) and ORCIDs of all authors (see The Submission Checklist).8. Authors are responsible for all statements made in their work published in the Journal; Istanbul University Accounting Institute has no responsibility in this regard.9. The author(s) can be asked to make some changes in their articles due to peer reviews.10. The studies that were sent to the journal will not be returned whether they are published or not.

Author Guidelines

Although references to review articles can be an efficient way to guide readers to a body of literature, review articles do not always reflect original work accurately. Readers should therefore be provided with direct references to original research sources whenever possible. On the other hand, extensive lists of references to original work on a topic can use excessive space on the printed page. Small numbers of references to key original papers often serve as well as more exhaustive lists, particularly since references can now be added to the electronic version of published papers, and since electronic literature searching allows readers to retrieve published literature efficiently. Papers accepted but not yet included in the issue are published online in the Early View section and they should be cited as “advance online publication”. Citing a “personal communication” should be avoided unless it provides essential information not available from a public source, in which case the name of the person and date of communication should be cited in parentheses in the text. For scientific articles, written permission and confirmation of accuracy from the source of a personal communication must be obtained.Reference Style and FormatJournal of Accounting Institute - Muhasebe Enstitüsü Dergisi complies with APA (American Psychological Association) style 6th Edition for referencing and quoting. For more information:- American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American PsychologicalAssociation (6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.- http://www.apastyle.orgAccuracy of citation is the author’s responsibility. All references should be cited in text. Reference list must be in alphabetical order. Type references in the style shown below.Citations in the TextCitations must be indicated with the author surname and publication year within the parenthesis.If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;).Samples:More than one citation;(Esin et al., 2002; Karasar, 1995)Citation with one author;(Akyolcu, 2007)Citation with two authors;(Sayıner &amp; Demirci, 2007)Citation with three, four, five authors;First citation in the text: (Ailen, Ciambrune, &amp; Welch, 2000) Subsequent citations in the text: (Ailen et al., 2000)Citations with more than six authors;(Çavdar et al., 2003)Citations in the ReferenceAll the citations done in the text should be listed in the References section in alphabetical order of author surname without numbering. Below given examples should be considered in citing the references.Basic Reference TypesBooka) Turkish BookKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8th ed.) [Preparing research reports]. Ankara, Turkey: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Book Translated into TurkishMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler [Mindsets] (A. Kotil, Trans.). İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim Yayınları.c) Edited BookÖren, T., Üney, T., &amp; Çölkesen, R. (Eds.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi [Turkish Encyclopedia of Informatics]. İstanbul, Turkey: Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Turkish Book with Multiple AuthorsTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y., &amp; Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme [Performance evaluation in Turkish search engines]. Ankara, Turkey: Total Bilişim.e) Book in EnglishKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.f) Chapter in an Edited BookBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.g) Chapter in an Edited Book in TurkishErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi [Organization culture: Its functions, elements and importance in leadership and business management]. In M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi [Organization sociology] (pp. 233–263). Bursa, Turkey: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Book with the same organization as author and publisherAmerican Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American psychological association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Articlea) Turkish ArticleMutlu, B., &amp; Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri [Source and intervention reduction of stress for parents whose children are in intensive care unit after surgery]. Istanbul University Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 15(60), 179–182.b) English Articlede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002c) Journal Article with DOI and More Than Seven AuthorsLal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184d) Journal Article from Web, without DOISidani, S. (2003). Enhancing the evaluation of nursing care effectiveness. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 35(3), 26–38. Retrieved from http://cjnr.mcgill.cae) Journal Article wih DOITurner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910f) Advance Online PublicationSmith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867g) Article in a MagazineHenry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today’s schools. Time, 135, 28–31.Doctoral Dissertation, Master’s Thesis, Presentation, Proceedinga) Dissertation/Thesis from a Commercial DatabaseVan Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9943436)b) Dissertation/Thesis from an Institutional DatabaseYaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portalic) Dissertation/Thesis from WebTonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). Retrieved from http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar /phd/ickapak.htmld) Dissertation/Thesis abstracted in Dissertations Abstracts InternationalAppelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica&#173;tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.e) Symposium ContributionKrinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B., &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.f) Conference Paper Abstract Retrieved OnlineLiu, S. (2005, May). Defending against business crises with the help of intelligent agent based early warning solutions. Paper presented at the Seventh International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Miami, FL. Abstract retrieved from http://www.iceis.org/iceis2005/abstracts_2005.htmg) Conference Paper - In Regularly Published Proceedings and Retrieved OnlineHerculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105h) Proceeding in Book FormParsons, O. A., Pryzwansky, W. B., Weinstein, D. J., &amp; Wiens, A. N. (1995). Taxonomy for psychology. In J. N. Reich, H. Sands, &amp; A. N. Wiens (Eds.), Education and training beyond the doctoral degree: Proceedings of the American Psychological Association National Conference on Postdoctoral Education and Training in Psychology (pp. 45–50). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.i) Paper PresentationNguyen, C. A. (2012, August). Humor and deception in advertising: When laughter may not be the best medicine. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.Other Sourcesa) Newspaper ArticleBrowne, R. (2010, March 21). This brainless patient is no dummy. Sydney Morning Herald, 45.b) Newspaper Article with no AuthorNew drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.c) Web Page/Blog PostBordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/d) Online Encyclopedia/DictionaryIgnition. (1989). In Oxford English online dictionary (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://dictionary.oed. comMarcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.). The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/e) PodcastDunning, B. (Producer). (2011, January 12). inFact: Conspiracy theories [Video podcast]. Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com/f) Single Episode in a Television SeriesEgan, D. (Writer), &amp; Alexander, J. (Director). (2005). Failure to communicate. [Television series episode]. In D. Shore (Executive producer), House; New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting.g) MusicFuchs, G. (2004). Light the menorah. On Eight nights of Hanukkah [CD]. Brick, NJ: Kid Kosher.

<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/645D9DF58E5C45A4ACF7B7494378C8B4" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/F93DE3B7EFD64CF8AE10862302286177" target="_blank">Title page</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/F28E76CD06BB4452BA144BEA7DA202EA" target="_blank">Author Form</a>

Ensure that the following items are present:● Cover letter to the editorThe category of the manuscriptConfirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement.Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are inline with APA 6.<ul><li><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/645D9DF58E5C45A4ACF7B7494378C8B4" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a></li><li><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/9EC6D9709E05466EBC80E889A5A7B6FA" target="_blank">Author Form</a></li><li>Permission of previous published material if used in the present manuscript</li><li><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/F93DE3B7EFD64CF8AE10862302286177" target="_blank">Title page</a></li></ul>The category of the manuscriptThe title of the manuscript All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country),e-mail addressesCorresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax numberORCIDs of all authors.● Main Manuscript DocumentThe title of the manuscript both in Turkish in EnglishAbstract (180-200 words) Key words: 3-5 words Acknowledgement (if exists)ü Acknowledgements, grant supports, conflicts of interest should be indicated ReferencesAll tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)

Issue Type	Regular
Editor(s)	Fatma Lerzan Kavut
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