Journal of Economy Culture and Society

SUBMITINFORMATION
EnglishTürkçe

Research Article


DOI :10.26650/JECS372449   IUP :10.26650/JECS372449    Full Text (PDF)

Innovative and Technology-Based Women Entrepreneurs in Turkey: Capital and Performance

Mehmet Cansız, Pelin Deniz Tekneci

This study explores the association of social, cultural, and economic capital with the performance of women entrepreneurs established in Turkey’s technoparks. It contributes to the limited set of women’s entrepreneurial studies in developing countries such as Turkey. In addition, it seeks to understand the relative role of different capital factors in women’s success as entrepreneurs. This has two major implications: the first is that the findings will provide empirical evidence supporting the theories suggested in the entrepreneurial literature on the relationship between different capital factors and entrepreneurial performance. The second is that the findings will inform the decision makers who provide entrepreneurial support. We will address these factors within the framework of Bourdieu’s concept of social, cultural, and economic capital classifications. The data in this paper comes from surveys conducted in 2015 on 196 women entrepreneurs operating in 24 technoparks in 13 of Turkey’s provinces. The statistical model employs logistic regression because the outcome variable “being successful” is binary. We defined a successful entrepreneur as one who has either achieved high growth performance within the last three years or who is currently exporting their products or services. The model includes two control variables and twelve independent variables as proxies of cultural, social, and economic capital. The results show that some of the proxies selected for social and cultural capital are statistically associated with successful women entrepreneurs. Having previous work experience, having three or more partners, and the age of the venture are found to be positively associated with success, whereas having a doctorate-level education is negatively related to it. It is interesting to note that previous entrepreneurship experience has no statistically significant association with entrepreneurial success. Furthermore, none of the selected proxies for economic capital has a statistically significant relationship with being a successful entrepreneur. Moreover, operating in ICT and software sectors is found to be negatively associated with successful performance. This study will contribute to closing gaps in the existing literature that analyzes women entrepreneurs in non-western developing countries and non-traditional industries and to providing a better understanding for developing policies to promote successful women entrepreneurs. 

Keywords: Women entrepreneurs, social capital, cultural capital, economic capital, technology-based entrepreneurship
DOI :10.26650/JECS372449   IUP :10.26650/JECS372449    Full Text (PDF)

Türkiye’de Yenilikçi ve Teknoloji Tabanlı Kadın Girişimciler: Sermaye ve Performans

Mehmet Cansız, Pelin Deniz Tekneci

Bu çalışma, sosyal, kültürel ve ekonomik sermaye ile Türkiye’deki teknoparklarda iş yapmakta olan kadın girişimcilerin performansı arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Türkiye gibi kalkınmakta olan ülkelerde gerçekleştirilen kadın girişimciliği çalışmalarına katkı sağlamanın yanı sıra, kadın girişimcilerin girişimcilik başarılarıyla farklı sermaye faktörlerinin ilişkisini anlamak iki temel çıkarımı ortaya koyacaktır: Birincisi, bu konuda mevcut girişimcilik literatüründe yer alan teoriler açısından ampirik bulgular elde etme, ikincisi ise girişimcilik alanında kamu desteği sağlayan karar mercilerinin kararlarına ışık tutmaktır. Söz konusu sermaye faktörleri açısından Borudieu’nun sosyal, kültürel ve ekonomik sermaye sınıflandırması uygulanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında, 13 ilde kurulmuş bulunan 24 teknoparkta işyeri sahibi olan 196 kadın girişimciye anket uygulanmıştır. Çalışmanın bağımlı değişkeni başarılı olmak olarak seçilmiş ve son üç yılda hızlı büyüyen ya da ihracat yapan girişimci kadınlar başarılı olarak tanımlanmıştır. Lojistik regresyon modeline iki adet kontrol değişkeni ile sosyal, kültürel ve ekonomik sermaye kapsamında 12 adet bağımsız değişken dahil edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçları sosyal ve kültürel sermaye kapsamında seçilen değişkenlerden bir kısmının istatistiksel olarak kadın girişimcilerin başarısıyla ilişkisi olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu çerçevede, iş tecrübesine sahip olmak, üç ya da daha fazla ortağa sahip olmak ve firmanın yaşının başarıyla pozitif yönde ilişkisi olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İlginç bir şekilde, daha önce girişimcilik deneyimine sahip olma ile başarı arasında bir ilişki saptanmamıştır. Diğer yandan, doktora derecesine sahip olmanın başarıyla negatif yönde ilişkisi olduğu görülmüştür. Ekonomik sermaye kapsamında seçilen değişkenlerin hiçbirinin, girişimcinin başarısıyla istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde ilişkisi bulunmamıştır. Ayrıca, bilgi iletişim teknolojileri ve yazılım sektöründe iş yapmanın başarıyla ters yönlü ilişkisi olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın gelişmekte olan ülkelerde ve geleneksel olmayan sektörlerde çalışan kadın girişimciler konusunda mevcut literatürdeki eksikliği kapatmaya katkı sağlayacağı ve yüksek teknoloji sektörlerde çalışan kadın girişimcilere yönelik destekleme politikalarının tespitine ışık tutacağı düşünülmektedir. 

Keywords: Kadın girişimci, sosyal sermaye, kültürel sermaye, ekonomik sermaye, teknoloji tabanlı girişimciliği

EXTENDED ABSTRACT


Understanding factors that foster successful entrepreneurs in high-tech sectors is critical to realizing structural changes in an economy. Turkey introduced Technology Development Centers (TEKMER) in 1990, and Technology Development Zones (Technoparks) Law in 2001 in pursuit of promoting knowledge-intensive and high-tech sectors. As of 2017, 65 technoparks have been established in Turkey, of which 53 are active and 12 are in the establishment phase. There are 4,308 firms operating in the technoparks, with 42,015 people employed by them.

On a global scale, the proportion of women entrepreneurs in high-tech sectors is very small and their development prospects are not optimistic. Although the total number of women entrepreneurs doing business in Turkey’s technoparks has not officially been provided, GEM’s 2017 survey reported that among early stage entrepreneurship activity, there are approximately three female entrepreneurs for every ten male entrepreneurs in Turkey. With this ratio, Turkey holds the highest gender gap in terms of entrepreneurship. 

To achieve sustainable social and economic growth, Turkey needs to promote technology-based sectors and diminish the entrepreneurship gender gap. Encouraging more women to open new businesses in high-tech sectors can positively influence both targets. 

Studies about women’s entrepreneurship in Turkey are still in the early stages, similar to what is reported to be the case in several other developing economies. The focus of the available literature is on identifying the characteristics and problems experienced by women entrepreneurs. There is a significant need to perform empirical studies that link the performance of women entrepreneurs with their characteristics and with other elements of the entrepreneurship ecosystem. 

Our motivation in this study is to understand a set of social, cultural, and economic factors that are linked to successful women entrepreneurs who are doing business in Turkey’s technoparks. We use Bourdieu’s concept of social, cultural, and economic capital classification as the framework for our analyses. This study will contribute to closing gaps in the existing literature that analyzes women entrepreneurs in non-western developing countries and non-traditional industries and to providing a better understanding of how to develop policies aimed at promoting successful women entrepreneurs. In addition, studying the relative roles of different capital factors in women’s entrepreneurial success has two major implications: the first is that the findings will provide empirical evidence supporting the theories suggested in the entrepreneurial literature on the relationship between different capital factors and entrepreneurial performance. The second implication is that the findings will inform the decision makers who provide entrepreneurial support, such as the Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology or KOSGEB (Small and Medium Enterprises Development Organization of Turkey).

Within the context of this study, we selected being successful as the dependent variable and defined successful entrepreneurs as those who have either achieved high growth performance within the last three years or who are currently successfully exporting their products or services. 

Since our dependent variable, being successful, is a binary measure, we constructed a logistic regression model. Twelve independent variables and two control variables are included in the logistic regression model as proxies of cultural, social, and economic capital. Parents’ education level, having a successful entrepreneur within the close family, the age of the entrepreneur at the time of start-up, whether or not the entrepreneur had attended a private school, the entrepreneur’s education level, previous work experience, and previous entrepreneurship experience are selected as cultural capital proxies in our model. Number of partners, age of the venture, and whether or not the venture was involved in any joint research and development (R&D) projects with other firms or universities are selected as social capital proxies in the model. Finally, the amount of savings before starting a venture, the scope of financial support received from family, and whether or not the venture received support from the TEKMER program funded by the SME Development Organization are selected as economic capital proxies. Performance scores of the technoparks and the sector that the venture is operating in are the two control variables used in this study.

Data used in this study comes from a larger survey that was conducted in 2015 on 1,112 firm owners who were selected from firms located in 26 active technoparks using simple random sampling with replacement method. To prevent small-scale bias, we included firms from technoparks that host at least 50 firms. Of those involved in the survey, 196 turned out to be women working in 24 technoparks located in 13 different provinces. This study covers data pertaining to these women entrepreneurs. 

Our results indicate that some of the proxies selected for social and cultural capital are statistically associated with successful women entrepreneurs. In this regard, previous work experience, having three or more partners, and the age of the venture are positively associated with success, whereas having a doctorate-level education is negatively related to it. Of interest is the fact that previous entrepreneurship experience does not have any statistically significant association with entrepreneurial success. Moreover, none of the selected proxies for economic capital is found to have a statistically significant relationship with being a successful entrepreneur. In addition, operating in the ICT and software sectors is also found to be negatively associated with successful performance.


PDF View

References

  • Ahl, H. (2003, August). The scientific reproduction of gender inequality: A discourse analysis of research articles on women’s entrepreneurship. Paper presented at Gender and Power in the New Europe, the 5th European Feminist Research Conference, Lund University, Sweden. google scholar
  • Almus, M., & Nerlinger, E. A. (1999). Growth of new technology-based firms: Which factors matter? Small Business Economics, 13(2), 141–154. google scholar
  • Altonji, J., Elder, T., & Taber, C. (2005). Selection on observed and unobserved variables: Assessing the effectiveness of Catholic schools. Journal of Political Economy, 113(1), 151–184. google scholar
  • Anna, A. L., Chandler, G. N., Jansen, E., & Mero, N. P. (2000). Women business owners in traditional and non-traditional industries. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(3), 279–303. google scholar
  • Arenius, P., & DeClercq, D. (2005). A network-based approach on opportunity recognition. Small Business Economics, 24(3), 249–265. google scholar
  • Atalay, Y., & Varol, Ç. (2016). Woman entrepreneurship in high-tech sector: Sectoral and spatial differentiations in Ankara. Planning, 26(3), 181–192. google scholar
  • Audretsch, D. (2012). Entrepreneurship research. Management Decision, 50(5), 755–764. google scholar
  • Beckman, C., Eisenhardt, K., Kotha, S., Meyer, A., & Rajagopalan, N. (2012). The role of the entrepreneur in technology entrepreneurship. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 6(3), 203–206. google scholar
  • Belderbos, R., Carree, M., & Lokshin, B. (2004). Cooperative R&D and firm performance. Research Policy, 33(10), 1477–1492. google scholar
  • Bell, D. (1974). The coming of post-industrial society: A venture in social forecasting. London, UK: Heinemann. google scholar
  • Blake, M. K., & Hanson, S. (2005). Rethinking innovation: Context and gender. Environment and Planning A, 37(4), 681–701. google scholar
  • Bloodgood, J. M., Sapienza, H. J., & Almeida, J. G. (1996). The internationalization of new high-potential U.S. ventures: Antecedents and outcomes. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 20(4), 61–76. google scholar
  • Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In I. Szeman & T. Kaposy (Eds.), Cultural theory: An anthology (pp 81–93). Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell. google scholar
  • Bourdieu, P., & Wacquant, L. J. D. (1992). An invitation to reflexive sociology. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. google scholar
  • Bowen, D. D., & Hisrich, R. D. (1986). The female entrepreneur: A career development perspective. Academy of Management Review, 11(2), 393–407. google scholar
  • Brodsky, M. A. (1993). Successful female corporate managers and entrepreneurs: Similarities and differences. Group and Organization Management, 18(3), 366–378. google scholar
  • Brush, C. G., & Hisrich, R. D. (1991). Antecedent influences on woman-owned business. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 6(2), 9–16. google scholar
  • Buttner, E. H., & Rosen, B. (1989). Funding new business ventures: Are decision makers biased against women entrepreneurs? Journal of Business Venturing, 4(4), 249–261. google scholar
  • Çakıcı, A. (2006). Mersindeki kadin girisimcilerin is yasamini etkileyen faktorler [Factors affecting the business life of female entrepreneurs]. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(4), 54–78. google scholar
  • Can, Y., & Karatas, A. (2007). Yerel ekonomilerde kalkınmanın itici gücü olarak kadın girişimcilerin rolü ve mikro finansman: Muğla ili örneği [Özel Sayı: Yerel Ekonomiler] [The role of female entrepreneurs as the driving force of development in local economies and micro-financing: The case of Muğla]. Selçuk Üniversitesi Karaman İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 251–261. google scholar
  • Canina, L., Enz, C. A., & Harrison, J. S. (2005). Agglomeration effects and strategic orientations: Evidence from the U.S. lodging industry. Academy of Management Journal, 48(4), 565–581. google scholar
  • Cansız, M. (2010). Türkiye organize sanayi bölgeleri politikaları ve uygulamaları [Organized industrial zones policies and applications in Turkey]. Ankara, Turkey: Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı. google scholar
  • Cansız, M. (2014). Innovative entrepreneurship of Turkey; The case of Turkish technoparks. Ankara, Turkey: Ministry of Development. google scholar
  • Cansız, M. (2016). Türkiye’de akademik girişimcilik [Academic entrepreneurship in Turkey]. Ankara, Turkey: Kalkınma Bakanlığı. google scholar
  • Cansız, M. (2017). Türkiye teknoparkları [Technoparks of Turkey]. Ankara, Turkey: Kalkınma Bakanlığı. google scholar
  • Cansız, M., & Ozbaylanlı, B. (2017). Teknoparkların Ar-Ge ve yenilik fikirlerine katkıları [Contribution of technoparks to R&D and innovation ideas]. Verimlilik Dergisi, 3, 125–166. google scholar
  • Cansız, M., & Ulusoy, M. D. (2017). Teknoloji tabanlı girişimcilerin başarısında yapısal, ekonomik, sosyal, kültürel ve beşeri sermayenin etkileri: Türkiye örneği [The effects of structural, economic, social, cultural capitals and human capital on the success of technology based enterpreneurs: The Turkish case]. Sosyoloji Konferansları, 56, 113–149. google scholar
  • Carr, J. C., & Sequeira, J. M. (2007). Prior family business exposure as intergenerational influence and entrepreneurial intent: A theory of planned behavior approach. Journal of Business Research, 60(10), 1090–1098. google scholar
  • Carter, S., & Rosa, P. (1998). The financing of male and female-owned businesses. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 10(3), 225–241. google scholar
  • Carter, S., & Marlow, S. (2006). Female entrepreneurship: Empirical evidence and theoretical perspectives. In N. Carter, C. Henry, B. O’ Cinniede, & K. Johnston (Eds.), Female entrepreneurship: Implications for education, training and policy (pp. 11–36). London, UK: Routledge. google scholar
  • Castells, M. (2005). Ağ toplumunun yükselişi, (Vol. 1, E. Kılıç, trans., ed.) [The rise of network society]. İstanbul, Turkey: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. google scholar
  • Çelik, C., & Özdevecioglu, M. (2001, November). Kadın girişimcilerin demografik özellikleri ve karşılaştıkları sorunlara ilişkin Nevşehir ilinde bir araştırma [A research on the demographic characteristics and problems of women entrepreneurs in Nevşehir]. Paper presented at the 1. Orta Anadolu Kongresi, Nevşehir, Turkey. google scholar
  • Chaganti, R. (1986). Management in women-owned enterprises. Journal of Small Business Management, 24(4), 19–29. google scholar
  • Chamanski, A., & Waagø, S. J. (2001). Organizational performance of technology-based firms-the role of technology and business strategies. Enterprise and Innovation Management Studies, 2(3), 205–223. google scholar
  • Chan, S. Y., & Foster, M. J. (2001). Strategy formulation in small business: The Hong Kong experience. International Small Business Journal, 19(3), 56–71. google scholar
  • Cieślik, J., & Kaciak, E. (2014). The impact of export dynamics on a firm’s growth. Management and Business Administration Central Europe, 126(3), 18–36. google scholar
  • Cincera, M., Kempen, L., von Pottelsberghe de la Potterie, B., Veugelers, R., & Villegas, C. (2003). Productivity growth, R&D and the role of international collaborative agreements: Some evidence from Belgium manufacturing companies. Brussels Economic Review, 46(3), 107–140. google scholar
  • Cliff, J. E. (1998). Does one size fit all? Exploring the relationship between attitudes towards growth, gender and business size. Journal of Business Venturing, 13(6), 523–541. google scholar
  • Coleman, S. (2000). Access to capital and terms of credit: A comparison of men- and women-owned small businesses. Journal of Small Business Management, 38(3), 37–52. google scholar
  • Collinson, S., & Gregson, G. (2003). Knowledge networks for new technology-based firms: An international comparison of local entrepreneurship promotion. R&D Management, 33(2), 189–208. google scholar
  • Crant, J. M. (1996). The proactive personality scale as a predictor of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Small Business Management, 34(3), 42–49. google scholar
  • Cromie, S. (1992). Networking by female business owners in northern Ireland. Journal of Business Venturing, 7(3), 237–251. google scholar
  • Dalborg, C. (2015). The life cycle in women-owned businesses: From a qualitative growth perspective. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 7(2), 126–147. google scholar
  • Davis, A. E., & Shaver, K. G. (2012). Understanding gendered variations in business growth intentions across the life course. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36, 495–512. google scholar
  • De Bruin, A., Brush, C. G., & Welter, F. (2006). Introduction to the special issue: Towards building cumulative knowledge on women’s entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(5), 585–593. google scholar
  • De Vita, L., Mari, M., & Poggesi, S. (2014). Women entrepreneurs in and from developing countries: Evidences from the literature. European Management Journal, 32(3), 451–460. google scholar
  • Delmar, F., & Gunnarsson, J. (2000). How do self-employed parents of nascent entrepreneurs contribute? In Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research. Babson College. Retrieved March 12, 2017 from https://fusionmx.babson.edu/entrep/fer/VI/VIA/VIA.htm google scholar
  • Dunn, T., & Holtz-Eakin, D. (2000). Financial capital, human capital, and the transition to self-employment: Evidence from intergenerational links. Journal of Labor Economics, 18(2), 282–305. google scholar
  • Ferreira, J. J., Ferreira, F. A., Fernandes, C. I., Jalali, M. S., Raposo, M. L. & Marques, C. S. (2016). What do we [not] know about technology entrepreneurship research? International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 12(3), 713–733. google scholar
  • Fischer, E. M., Reuber, A. R., & Dyke, L. S. (1993). A theoretical overview and extension of research on sex, gender, and entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 8(2), 151–168. google scholar
  • Frenette M., & Chan, W. (2015). Academic outcomes of public and private high school students: What lies behind the differences? (Analytical Studies Branch Research Paper Series). Statistics Canada. Retrieved March 12, 2017 from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11f0019m/11f0019m2015367-eng.pdf google scholar
  • Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. (2017). GEM 2016/2017 global report. Retrieved April 3, 2017 from http://gemconsortium.org/report/49812 google scholar
  • Greene, P. G., Brush, C., & Hart, M. M. (1999). The corporate venture champion: A resource-based approach to role and process. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 23(3), 103–122. google scholar
  • Greve, A., & Salaff, J. W. (2003). Social networks and entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(1), 1–22. google scholar
  • Griffiths, W. E., Carter Hill, R., & Pope, P. J. (1987). Small sample properties of Probit model estimators. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 82, 929–93. google scholar
  • Gujarati, D. N. (2005). Temel ekonometri [Basic econometrics]. İstanbul, Turkey: Literatür Yayınları. google scholar
  • Gundry, L., & Welsch, H. (2001). The ambitious entrepreneur: High growth strategies of women owned enterprises. Journal of Business Venturing, 16, 453–470. google scholar
  • Hall, B. H. (1987). The relationship between firm size and firm growth in the U.S. manufacturing sector. Journal of Industrial Economics, 35(4), 583–606. google scholar
  • Hofstede, G. (1993). Cultural constraints in management theories. The Academy of Management Executive, 7(1), 81–94. google scholar
  • Horowitz, J. B., & Spector, L. C. (2005). Is there a difference between private and public education on college performance? Economics of Education Review, 24(2), 189–195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2004.03.007 google scholar
  • Judge, G. G., Griffiths, W. E., Hill, R. C., Lütkepohl, H., & Lee, T. C. (1985). The theory and practice of econometrics. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. google scholar
  • Kalleberg, A. L., & Leicht, K. T. (1991). Gender and organizational performance: Determinants of small business survival and success. Academy of Management Journal, 34(1), 136–161. google scholar
  • Kantor, P. (2005). Determinants of women’s microenterprise success in Ahmedabad, India: Empowerment and economics. Feminist Economics, 11(3), 63–83. google scholar
  • Kautonen, T., Down, S., South, L., (2008). Enterprise support for older entrepreneurs: the case of PRIME in the UK, Emerald Group Publishing Limited. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research Vol. 14 No. 2, s. 85-101. google scholar
  • Koellinger, P., Minniti, M., & Schade, C. (2013). Gender differences in entrepreneurial propensity. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 75(2), 213–234. google scholar
  • Kolvereid, L. (1992). Growth aspirations among Norwegian entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 7(3), 209–222. google scholar
  • Kolvereid, L. (1996). Prediction of employment status choice intentions. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 21(1), 47–58. google scholar
  • Krugman P. (1998). What’s new about the new economic geography? Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 14(2), 7–17. google scholar
  • Kuivalainen, O., Saarenketo, S., & Puumalainen, K. (2012). Start-up patterns of internationalization: A framework and its application in the context of knowledge-intensive SMEs. European Management Journal, 30(4), 372−385. google scholar
  • Lee, C., Lee, K., & Pennings, J. M. (2001). Internal capabilities, external networks, and performance: A study on technology-based ventures. Strategic Management Journal, 22(6-7), 615–640. google scholar
  • Lee-Gosselin, H., & Grise, J. (1990). Are women owner-managers challenging our definitions of entrepreneurship? An in-depth survey. Journal of Business Ethics, 9(4), 423–433. google scholar
  • Lerner, M., Brush, C., & Hisrich, R. (1997). Israeli women entrepreneurs: An examination of factors affecting performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 12(4), 315–339. google scholar
  • Light, I., & Dana, L. P. (2013). Boundaries of social capital in entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(3), 603–624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/etap.12016 google scholar
  • Lööf, H., & Broström, A. (2008). Does knowledge diffusion between university and industry increase innovativeness? The Journal of Technology Transfer, 33(1), 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10961-006-9001-3 google scholar
  • Loscocco, K. A., Robinson, J., Hall, R. H., & Allen, J. K. (1991). Gender and small business success: An inquiry into women’s relative disadvantage. Social Forces, 70(1), 65–85. google scholar
  • Maccoby, E. (1992). The role of parents in the socialization of children: A historical overview. Developmental Psychology, 28(6), 1006–1017. google scholar
  • Marion, T. J., Dunlap, D. R., & Friar, J. H. (2012). The university entrepreneur: A census and survey of attributes and outcomes. R&D Management, 42(5), 401–419. google scholar
  • Marlow, S. (1997). Self-employed women - new opportunities, old challenges? Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 9(3), 199–210. google scholar
  • Ministry of Science Industry and Trade. (2017). Teknoloji geliştirme bölgeleri [Technology development zones]. Retrieved June 1, 2017 from https://teknopark.sanayi.gov.tr/Content/Detay google scholar
  • Morris, M. H., Miyasaki, N. N., Watters, C. E., & Coombes, S. M. (2006). The dilemma of growth: Understanding venture size choices of women entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business Management, 44(2), 221–244. google scholar
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2007). Eurostat-OECD manual on business demography statistics. Paris, France: Author. google scholar
  • Pindyck, R. S., & Rubinfeld, D. L. (1998). Econometric and economic forecast (4th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies. google scholar
  • Poggesi, S., Mari, M., & De Vita, L. (2016). What’s new in female entrepreneurship research? Answers from the literature. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 12(3), 735–764. google scholar
  • Porter, M.E. (1998, November/December). Clusters and the new economics of competition, Harvard Business Review, 76(6), 77–90. google scholar
  • Reed, R., Storrud-Barnes, S., & Jessup, L. (2012). How open innovation affects the drivers of competitive advantage: Trading the benefits of IP creation and ownership for free invention. Management Decision, 50(1), 58–73. google scholar
  • Roper, S., & Scott, J. M. (2009). Perceived financial barriers and the start-up decision: An econometric analysis of gender differences using GEM data. International Small Business Journal, 27(2), 149–171. google scholar
  • Safarik, L., Wolgemuth, J. R., & Kees, N. L. (2003). A feminist critique of articles about women published in the Community College Journal of Research and Practice: 1990-2000. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 27(9–10), 769–786. google scholar
  • Sayın, E. (2011). Kadın girişimcilerin sorunlarının betimleyici analizi [The descriptive analysis of the problems of women enterpreneurs]. Organizasyon ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(1), 23–32. google scholar
  • Singh, V., Kumra, S., & Vinnicombe, S. (2002). Gender and impression management: Playing the promotion game. Journal of Business Ethics, 37(1), 77–89. google scholar
  • Song, M., Podoynitsyna, K., Van Der Bij, H., & Halman, J. I. M. (2008). Success factors in new ventures: A meta-analysis. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 25, 7–27. google scholar
  • Sullivan, D. M., & Marvel, M. R. (2011). Knowledge acquisition, network reliance, and early-stage technology venture outcomes. Journal of Management Studies, 48(6), 1169–1193. google scholar
  • Tan, F. Z. S. (2006). Tarihi akış içinde Kastamonu kadın girişimciliği [Kastamonu female entrepreneurship in historical flow]. 14. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı [Proceedings of the 14th National Management and Organization Congress] (pp. 527–532). Erzurum, Turkey: Atatürk Üniversitesi. google scholar
  • Tan, J. (2008). Breaking the bamboo curtain and the glass ceiling: The experience of women entrepreneurs in high-tech industries in an emerging market. Journal of Business Ethics, 80(3), 547–564. google scholar
  • Tekneci, P. D., & Cansiz, M. (2016). Dünyada ve Turkiye`de girisimci üniversiteler ve akademik girisimciligin gelisimi [In the world and Turkey’s development of entrepreneurial universities and academic entrepreneurship]. In I. S. Akcomak, E. Erdil, T. Pamukcu, & M. Tiryakioglu (Eds.), Bilim, teknoloji ve yenilik: Kavramlar, kuramlar ve politika [Science, technology and innovation: Concepts, theories and policy] (pp. 613–637). Istanbul, Turkey: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. google scholar
  • Terjesen, S., & Elam, A. (2009). Transnational entrepreneurs’ venture internationalization strategies: A practice theory approach. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(5), 1093–1120. google scholar
  • Ufuk, H., & Özgen, O. (2001). Interaction between the business and family lives of women entrepreneurs in Turkey. Journal of Business Ethics, 31(2), 95–106. google scholar
  • Wang, C. K., & Wong, P. K. (2004). Entrepreneurial interest of university students in Singapore. Technovation, 24(2), 163–172. google scholar
  • Welch, C. L., Welch, D. E., & Hewerdine, L. (2008). Gender and export behaviour: Evidence from women-owned enterprises. Journal of Business Ethics, 83(1), 113–126. google scholar
  • West, M. R., & Woessmann, L. (2010). Every Catholic child in a catholic school: Historical resistance to state schooling, contemporary private school competition, and student achievement across countries. Economic Journal, 120(546), F229–F255. google scholar
  • Yetim, N. (2008). Social capital in female entrepreneurship. International Sociology, 23(6), 864–885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268580908095913 google scholar
  • Yordanova, D. I., & Tarrazon, M. A. (2010). Gender differences in entrepreneurial intentions: Evidence from Bulgaria. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 15(03), 245–261. google scholar
  • Zahra, S. A., Ireland, R. D., & Hitt, M. A. (2000). International expansion by new venture firms: International diversity, mode of market entry, technological learning, and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 43(5), 925–950. google scholar
  • Zapalska, A. (1997). A profile of woman entrepreneurs and enterprises in Poland. Journal of Small Business Management, 35(4), 76–82. google scholar

Citations

Copy and paste a formatted citation or use one of the options to export in your chosen format


EXPORT



APA

Cansız, M., & Tekneci, P.D. (0001). Innovative and Technology-Based Women Entrepreneurs in Turkey: Capital and Performance. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, 0(57), 151-183. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS372449


AMA

Cansız M, Tekneci P D. Innovative and Technology-Based Women Entrepreneurs in Turkey: Capital and Performance. Journal of Economy Culture and Society. 0001;0(57):151-183. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS372449


ABNT

Cansız, M.; Tekneci, P.D. Innovative and Technology-Based Women Entrepreneurs in Turkey: Capital and Performance. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, [Publisher Location], v. 0, n. 57, p. 151-183, 0001.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Cansız, Mehmet, and Pelin Deniz Tekneci. 0001. “Innovative and Technology-Based Women Entrepreneurs in Turkey: Capital and Performance.” Journal of Economy Culture and Society 0, no. 57: 151-183. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS372449


Chicago: Humanities Style

Cansız, Mehmet, and Pelin Deniz Tekneci. “Innovative and Technology-Based Women Entrepreneurs in Turkey: Capital and Performance.” Journal of Economy Culture and Society 0, no. 57 (Nov. 2024): 151-183. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS372449


Harvard: Australian Style

Cansız, M & Tekneci, PD 0001, 'Innovative and Technology-Based Women Entrepreneurs in Turkey: Capital and Performance', Journal of Economy Culture and Society, vol. 0, no. 57, pp. 151-183, viewed 24 Nov. 2024, https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS372449


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Cansız, M. and Tekneci, P.D. (0001) ‘Innovative and Technology-Based Women Entrepreneurs in Turkey: Capital and Performance’, Journal of Economy Culture and Society, 0(57), pp. 151-183. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS372449 (24 Nov. 2024).


MLA

Cansız, Mehmet, and Pelin Deniz Tekneci. “Innovative and Technology-Based Women Entrepreneurs in Turkey: Capital and Performance.” Journal of Economy Culture and Society, vol. 0, no. 57, 0001, pp. 151-183. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS372449


Vancouver

Cansız M, Tekneci PD. Innovative and Technology-Based Women Entrepreneurs in Turkey: Capital and Performance. Journal of Economy Culture and Society [Internet]. 24 Nov. 2024 [cited 24 Nov. 2024];0(57):151-183. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS372449 doi: 10.26650/JECS372449


ISNAD

Cansız, Mehmet - Tekneci, PelinDeniz. “Innovative and Technology-Based Women Entrepreneurs in Turkey: Capital and Performance”. Journal of Economy Culture and Society 0/57 (Nov. 2024): 151-183. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS372449



TIMELINE


Submitted22.10.2017
Accepted20.12.2017

LICENCE


Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)

This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge you and be non-commercial, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms.


SHARE




Istanbul University Press aims to contribute to the dissemination of ever growing scientific knowledge through publication of high quality scientific journals and books in accordance with the international publishing standards and ethics. Istanbul University Press follows an open access, non-commercial, scholarly publishing.