Sema

Assist. Prof.

Osman

Disputes over the meaning of democracy make it difficult to find a clearly definable use for the term, which could be identified as correct. People’s definitions of democracy vary because factors including historical baggage, and gender, ethnic, and religious identity shape what people understand from democracy. Dalton, et al. (2007) suggest that definitions of democracy focus on one of three things: institutions and procedures; rights and freedoms; and social benefits. While some scholars focus on elections in their definitions of democracy (Huntington, 1991; Schumpeter, 1943), others suggest that non-electoral features of a democracy, such as the rule of law, deserve equal consideration (Diamond, 1999). Both approaches are criticized by those who argue that definitions focusing only on procedures and institutions or freedoms and liberties tend to neglect the significance of social and economic outcomes of democracy. Huber, et al. (1997), for example, argue that a democracy solely based on institutions and guarantees of freedoms does not always produce social and economic equality. The vast diversity of definitions of democracy—among citizens of the same nation as well as among different nations—should be recognized. Indeed, the scarce literature on citizens’ views on democracy (Ferrin &amp; Kriesi, 2016) demonstrates that people conceptualize democracy in various ways (Baviskar &amp; Malone, 2004; Bratton &amp; Mattes, 2001; Canache, 2012; Carlin &amp; Singer, 2011; Dalton, et al., 2007; Miller, et al., 1997; Shin &amp; Cho, 2010). Depending on their experiences, people prioritize some components of democracy over the others (Bratton &amp; Mattes, 2001), which in turn shapes their attitudes toward it. For example, while more than 40 percent of people in established democracies of the West define democracy with reference to rights and freedoms (Dalton, et al., 2007), many people in other parts of the world equate democracy with more access to health and education, less poverty, and more equality (Baviskar &amp; Malone, 2004). In some African countries, people include economic components such as jobs for everyone, quality education, and a smaller income gap in their definitions of democracy (Bratton &amp; Mattes, 2001). Similarly, the majority of citizens of Algeria and Lebanon consider characteristics such as low economic inequality and basic necessities for all as more essential to democracy than political characteristics (Tessler, et al., 2012).&nbsp;Drawing on this literature, we investigate how different groups in Turkey, a country that is predominantly Muslim and highly polarized across sectarian and ethnic lines, define democracy. We study whether there are differences between men and women, Kurds and Turks, Alevis and Sunnis in terms of (1) their definitions of democracy and a democratic state and (2) their expectations of a democratic state.&nbsp;We conducted 60 in-depth interviews in five cities in Turkey between April 2014 and July 2014. Participants were selected through purposive sampling for the sample to represent different gender, ethnic, sectarian, and socioeconomic groups in Turkey, enabling us to compare various groups’ views on democracy. We asked participants the following questions: (1) What is democracy? (2) What are the most essential features of democracy? (3) What does a democratic state mean to you? (4) What is the role of the state in a democratic society? All interviews were recorded and transcribed. During the analysis of the interviews, we coded for patterns and emerging themes by using grounded theory (Glaser &amp; Strauss, 1967).&nbsp;&nbsp;Our analysis reveals that gender, ethnic, and religious identities and their histories of relations with the state have a decisive impact on which of these features is chosen by individuals when defining democracy and formulating their expectations of a democratic state. Members of groups that have a problematic history with the state (i.e., women, Kurds, and Alevis) are more likely to emphasize rights and freedoms. For example, the majority of women in our sample define democracy as a regime in which women’s rights and freedoms are protected and gender equality is achieved. Similarly, both Kurds and Alevis formulate their expectations of a democratic state in terms of being equal to Turks and Sunnis, respectively. Members of groups that do not have a problematic history with the state (i.e., male Sunni Turks) are more likely to emphasize economic welfare in their definitions of democracy. Even when they include the provision of equality among their expectations of a democratic state, most argue that a democratic state should achieve economic equality to a certain extent. This finding suggests that rather than imposing a single definition of democracy on people, there is a need to study individuals’ understanding of democracy, as well as their expectations of a democratic state, by situating their views in a historical and political context.

Perceptions of Democracy in Turkey: Gender, Ethnic, and Religious Dynamics

Elif

Cemal

Prof.

Mahmut

Res. Assist.

This study of positive organizational behavior, rooted in positive psychology, focuses on understanding the effects of servant leadership style on certain positive organizational outcomes, such as gratitude, empowerment and innovativeness. Moreover, it is assumed that positive relationships emerging from these traits will have a significant effect on performance. According to the positive organizational behavior approach, there should be a balance between positivity and negativity. It is believed that when individuals are in a positive mood they have an inner potential to develop their positive psychological strengths. In this context, an empowering leadership style may be imperative to help people develop and attain their ultimate goals.&nbsp;According to the positive organizational behavior mindset, perceived organizational support stemming from leadership style encourages innovative behavior. In the related literature, innovation researchers assume that when organizations create ideal working conditions with the right kind of leadership, managerial methods and organizational culture, employees will realize their own potential and generate new knowledge easily. When leaders encourage their subordinates, the latter feel sufficiently empowered to engage in innovative activities, resulting in a fruitful atmosphere of innovativeness. Servant leadership makes followers feel more empowered, which contributes to higher levels of self-confidence, satisfaction, and encouragement to try out new working methods and create new products. This style is regarded as an important determinant of innovative behavior and performance due to the fact that servant leaders prepare the necessary environment for followers’ growth and development, and they ensure trust, further motivating followers by encouraging participation in challenging situations at work. A servant leader’s focused attitude, altruistic behavior, and tendency to give priority to their followers, affects the perceptions of the latter. By being exposed to servant leadership, followers feel encouraged and will thus be more effective in taking on initiatives in their jobs, creating a feeling of security in making their own decisions. Followers realize that they are free to make their own decisions and know that they&nbsp;are responsible for their behavior. The encouragement to cultivate innovative behavior allows followers to be potential innovators.&nbsp;Another important concept discussed in this study is gratitude, which is experienced by followers in positive work environments. Conceptually, gratitude is described as a general disposition to respond with grateful emotions and give positive reactions to the benevolent attitudes and actions of others. It nurtures social relationships and increases the probability of returning favors. In this study it is assumed that under such empowering leadership, followers will feel a sense of gratitude towards their leaders and organizations and will thus repay them with a positive attitude by working harder and engaging in higher levels of innovative activities, leading to greater organizational performance.The research model of this study hypothesizes that a path analysis exists in which servant leadership affects gratitude and empowerment and that this, in turn, affects innovative and organizational performance. Research is applied to the production and service sectors using 645 usable surveys. The results obtained show that servant leadership has a positive effect on empowerment and the gratitude felt by followers, which then affect innovativeness and organizational performance.

Effects of Servant Leadership on Gratitude, Empowerment, Innovativeness and Performance: Turkey Example

Temmuz

As a consequence of neoliberal economy politics, the states began to retreat from providing health services and health systems began to be a part of free markets. This resulted in a community health focus on individual and societal assets and resources instead of on structural reforms which could improve health. As a result, academic interest in the relationship between social capital and health increased. This study is a critical review article that will examine, summarize, and evaluate the empirical studies about the relationship between social capital and health from a critical sociological perspective. Due to the lack of empirical studies on this subject in Turkey, this study also aims to provide a framework for anticipated empirical research in Turkey.&nbsp;The empirical studies which examine the relationship between social capital and health generally examine the dimensions and forms of social capital rather than studying the concept as a whole. The results of these studies show that different dimensions and forms of social capital have the potential to partially reduce health inequalities and improve individual and societal health. Individual social capital may affect health by creating social support, social influence, social control, social participation, and material resources. These outputs may have both positive and negative consequences on people’s behaviors, skills, and habits. Collective social capital creates material&nbsp;resources, trust, and collective action that may increase health by influencing norms, environments, and health information. Cognitive social capital (the perceived trust and reciprocity of people) and structural social capital (civil participation patterns) are found to be related to perceived physical pain and depression. Vertical and horizontal social capital is found to be related to oral and mental health. There are two forms of vertical social capital: bonding (depending on ties based on similarities) and bridging social capital (depending on ties that intersect similarities); these are also found to be related to depression and perceived health status. In addition, some studies emphasize cultural capital as a means to access social capital. Deriving from cultural capital, the concepts of health related cultural capital and cultural health capital are developed. Cultural health capital consists of cultural skills, competence, behaviors, attitudes, and interaction styles of patients and physicians. It helps patients use strategies to protect themselves from discrimination in the health seeking process. Cultural health capital is also important because it provides concrete examples for interaction among different forms of capital.&nbsp;Although these results are quite valuable, there are a number of points that require criticism. First, splitting social capital into its dimensions and forms helps research make more decisive measurements. However, it weakens the contextual and whole comprehension of social capital in general. In addition, some quantitative empirical studies use different variables in order to measure the same concepts. From a social science perspective, this may not constitute a ground for criticism; however, most of this research is from health sciences, which has a positivist root. These studies may be expected either to adopt a wider perspective of science, which would advocate for qualitative research to complete their results, or to strictly follow the quantitative methodological rules for comparison and reliability. While Putnam provides a facilitating framework for operationalization as seen in these studies, Bourdieu provides a framework for linking different forms of capital, which is extremely important for health related studies. Another point is the danger of focusing on the relationship between social capital and health. First, as seen in the literature, there are some adverse effects of social capital on health. Therefore, emphasizing the positive results of social capital and implementing politics that rely on these notions may have unexpected and undesirable consequences. Second, the increasing interest in social capital and health relationship is a consequence of changing health politics on a global scale. This change mainly involves the downsizing of the State and abstains from making structural interventions to improve health at a societal level. The relationship between social capital and health is absolutely important, but it is also important not to use it in order to legitimize the neoliberal health discourse, which leaves people deprived of State support.&nbsp;

The Relation Between Social Capital and Health: What do Empirical Studies Show?

Laura

David

The industrial scenario has witnessed a radical change over the past two decades with globalisation, changing market conditions, customer expectations and emerging technologies. This context sets companies in a very perilous situation since they must operate in a very reactive manner and seek more effective operations at all levels of the supply chain (Achanga, Shehab, Roy, &amp; Nelder, 2006; Doolen &amp; Hacker, 2005).In order to sustain growth in this competitive scenario, organisations have started the reorientation of their competencies by the adoption and implementation of new approaches (Vinodh &amp; Joy, 2012). The Lean Production practices initially developed by Taiichi Ohno at Toyota in the 1990s has contrasted with the western traditional ‘mass production’ methods which have influenced production as well as logistics and supply chain activities all around the world (Bhasin &amp; Burcher, 2006; Nasab, Bioki, &amp; Zare 2012; Olivella, Cuatrecasas, &amp; Gavilan, 2008). Lean is described as a revolutionary process. Primarily it was developed in the automobile sector, but the concept of Lean production is making inroads in other manufacturing industries and even service industries such as insurance companies, hospitals, government agencies with the same objectives (Black, 2007; Corbett, 2007; Doolen &amp; Hacker, 2005; Hines, Holweg, &amp; Rich, 2004; Karlsson &amp; Åhlström, 1996; Losonci, Demeter, &amp; Jenei, 2011; Mehri, 2006; Seppälä &amp; Klemola, 2004; Warnecke &amp; Hiiser, 1995; Wickramasinghe &amp; Wickramasinghe, 2011). Lean’s target is to improve the organisation’s performance by eliminating unnecessary activities, by reducing the wasteful usage of resources, and by aiming to adopt a comprehensive approach with employees, suppliers and customers (Maleyeff, Arnheiter, &amp; Venkateswaran, 2012; Pavnaskar, Gershenson, &amp; Jambekar, 2003).&nbsp;&nbsp;According to Wickramasinghe and Wickramasinghe (2011) and Vidal (2007), employee involvement does not inevitably imply job satisfaction. Similarly, the fundamental advancements of successful Lean organisations such as lower inventory and quicker lead times should be balanced with human-related performance obstacles (Brown &amp; Mitchell, 1991).The literature relates both positive and negative aspects of Lean on workers’ well-being and social climate (Eswaramoorthi, Kathiresan, Prasad, &amp; Mohanram, 2011; Seppälä &amp; Klemola, 2004). For Seppälä and Klemola (2004), the extent to which negative or positive outcomes are perceived by employees is related to the management of change within the company and its consequences on employment, job security and relationships at the workplace. The literature has identified that one of the main barriers in adopting Lean practices is the lack of awareness of the techniques or methods to use and how to employ them in the workplace (Achanga et al., 2006; Olivella et al., 2008). Indeed, misapplication of some practices may imply supplement of resources, money and time (Eswaramoorthi et al., 2011).&nbsp;The objective of this research is to investigate and analyse the implementation of Lean philosophy in two production plants SMEs –one in Britain and one in France- both belonging to the same global American printing solutions and technology services organısation. The main aim of the study is to analyse the impact of lean practices on employees and on the organisation itself as well as the critical factors for a successful implementation. The novelty of this study stems from the exploration of workers’ points of view in relation to Lean practices, their implementation and their value in the work environment. Although the investigation undertaken in this research is based on only two SMEs with different backgrounds, this study would recommend how SMEs can develop and improve their Lean practices in the working place.Using a case study approach, the collection of primary data for this dissertation consisted of semistructured face-to-face interviews – seven in Britain and five in France - as well as observations in both SMEs during the visits on-site.&nbsp;The evaluation of Lean practices in both companies revealed significant similarities concerning the principal Lean practices implemented and a general agreement about the importance of Lean in the current work place. Both organisational cultures are involved in CI projects or Kaizen projects with cross-functional teams and leaders associated with the projects. Similar to the “quality circles” mentioned in the literature, these CI projects are mostly year-long projects and gather two or three employees at some point along the project. Standardisation was not the strong point of Lean practices in either of the two companies. In terms of housekeeping and cleanliness of the work environment, the 5S or 6S program is established or about to be established in the companies.On the other hand, the study indicated differences in term of cultural issues and internal barriers for a successful Lean adoption. In terms of cultural difference, the most striking result to emerge from the data is that the English language is an essential determinant of people involvement in Lean. This difference also reflects the fact that English employees are more familiar with the concept of&nbsp;Lean and its purpose of eliminating waste across the whole company and not from an individual point of view. Apart from the issue of language, the UK Company seems more invested in Lean as 5S audits, standards, suggestions and rewards systems are already in place whereas they are still only in progress for the French company.

Evaluation and Comparison of Lean Manufacturing Practices in Britain and France: A Case Study of a Printing Solutions Organisation

Mehmet

Assoc. Prof.

Pelin

Understanding factors that foster successful entrepreneurs in high-tech sectors is critical to realizing structural changes in an economy. Turkey introduced Technology Development Centers (TEKMER) in 1990, and Technology Development Zones (Technoparks) Law in 2001 in pursuit of promoting knowledge-intensive and high-tech sectors. As of 2017, 65 technoparks have been established in Turkey, of which 53 are active and 12 are in the establishment phase. There are 4,308 firms operating in the technoparks, with 42,015 people employed by them.On a global scale, the proportion of women entrepreneurs in high-tech sectors is very small and their development prospects are not optimistic. Although the total number of women entrepreneurs doing business in Turkey’s technoparks has not officially been provided, GEM’s 2017 survey reported that among early stage entrepreneurship activity, there are approximately three female entrepreneurs for every ten male entrepreneurs in Turkey. With this ratio, Turkey holds the highest gender gap in terms of entrepreneurship.&nbsp;To achieve sustainable social and economic growth, Turkey needs to promote technology-based sectors and diminish the entrepreneurship gender gap. Encouraging more women to open new businesses in high-tech sectors can positively influence both targets.&nbsp;Studies about women’s entrepreneurship in Turkey are still in the early stages, similar to what is reported to be the case in several other developing economies. The focus of the available literature is on identifying the characteristics and problems experienced by women entrepreneurs. There is a significant need to perform empirical studies that link the performance of women entrepreneurs with their characteristics and with other elements of the entrepreneurship ecosystem.&nbsp;Our motivation in this study is to understand a set of social, cultural, and economic factors that are linked to successful women entrepreneurs who are doing business in Turkey’s technoparks. We use Bourdieu’s concept of social, cultural, and economic capital classification as the framework for our analyses. This study will contribute to closing gaps in the existing literature that analyzes women entrepreneurs in non-western developing countries and non-traditional industries and to providing a better understanding of how to develop policies aimed at promoting successful women entrepreneurs. In addition, studying the relative roles of different capital factors in women’s entrepreneurial success has two major implications: the first is that the findings will provide empirical evidence supporting the theories suggested in the entrepreneurial literature on the relationship between different capital factors and entrepreneurial performance. The second implication is that the findings will inform the decision makers who provide entrepreneurial support, such as the Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology or KOSGEB (Small and Medium Enterprises Development Organization of Turkey).Within the context of this study, we selected being successful as the dependent variable and defined successful entrepreneurs as those who have either achieved high growth performance within the last three years or who are currently successfully exporting their products or services.&nbsp;Since our dependent variable, being successful, is a binary measure, we constructed a logistic regression model. Twelve independent variables and two control variables are included in the logistic regression model as proxies of cultural, social, and economic capital. Parents’ education level, having a successful entrepreneur within the close family, the age of the entrepreneur at the time of start-up, whether or not the entrepreneur had attended a private school, the entrepreneur’s education level, previous work experience, and previous entrepreneurship experience are selected as cultural capital proxies in our model. Number of partners, age of the venture, and whether or not the venture was involved in any joint research and development (R&amp;D) projects with other firms or universities are selected as social capital proxies in the model. Finally, the amount of savings before starting a venture, the scope of financial support received from family, and whether or not the venture received support from the TEKMER program funded by the SME Development Organization are selected as economic capital proxies. Performance scores of the technoparks and the sector that the venture is operating in are the two control variables used in this study.Data used in this study comes from a larger survey that was conducted in 2015 on 1,112 firm owners who were selected from firms located in 26 active technoparks using simple random sampling with replacement method. To prevent small-scale bias, we included firms from technoparks that host at least 50 firms. Of those involved in the survey, 196 turned out to be women working in 24 technoparks located in 13 different provinces. This study covers data pertaining to these women entrepreneurs.&nbsp;Our results indicate that some of the proxies selected for social and cultural capital are statistically associated with successful women entrepreneurs. In this regard, previous work experience, having three or more partners, and the age of the venture are positively associated with success, whereas having a doctorate-level education is negatively related to it. Of interest is the fact that previous entrepreneurship experience does not have any statistically significant association with entrepreneurial success. Moreover, none of the selected proxies for economic capital is found to have a statistically significant relationship with being a successful entrepreneur. In addition, operating in the ICT and software sectors is also found to be negatively associated with successful performance.

Innovative and Technology-Based Women Entrepreneurs in Turkey: Capital and Performance

Hüseyin

This article discusses labor migration between 1564 and 1611 in the Ottoman state, based on Muhimme Books Registries. The study consists of an abstract, introduction, purpose, method, archives and literature research, conceptual framework, findings, evaluation, conclusion and bibliography.&nbsp;PurposeAnswers to the following questions are sought in this study: - Did incidents of labor migration take place in the Ottoman land in the 16th century? - What caused them? - What were their directions and effects? - What was the quality and quantity of the workforce?&nbsp;Method&nbsp;Muhimme’s decrees of 1564-1611 were used as the main resource. Because the issue was evaluated in only one article, a limited number of archived documents were used, but the research was supported by secondary resources.&nbsp;Written in Ottoman Divani calligraphy, some of the Muhimme decrees are discussed in the text, while others are evaluated in terms of their content and their resources. The summaries of some decrees were written in current Turkish and their main themes were provided. In appropriate places, the decrees were simplified in order to make them easier to understand.&nbsp;&nbsp;The following order was used while referring to the Muhimme Notebooks: Muhimme Book Registry number, decree number, hijri date of the decree and its Gregorian equivalent (For example: Muhimme;6,206-207,445.26 Ra.972/1.11.1564).Archives and Literature Search Muhimme Book Registries of the Ottoman Archives form the backbone of this study. It is possible to make a scientific contribution to better understand how the structure and the quality of the population was influenced by labor migration and to improve social development by finding solutions to social, cultural, administrative and economic problems that this workforce and population were exposed to by making use of this original resource.Evaluation and Conclusion&nbsp;The findings obtained as a result of the research are as follows: labor migration of farmers broke the rule of on-site production; many migrated in order to find jobs; labor migration was caused by insufficient availability of agricultural land; and labor migration was caused by the people who settled in villages afterwards. It was determined in findings that those who formed the labor force in the agricultural sector as a side effect of the on-site production rule migrated because they did not sow the public land allocated to them. The farmers who left their land started to work in various branches of crafts, which can be regarded as the sectors of industry during that century. In a sense, there was a shift from agricultural economy to small industrial economy. The imposition of the on-site production rule may have been to address the following issues: production and increase in production, tax collection, prevention of the elimination and reduction of their income as enforced by the cavalrymen to maintain the number of the soldiers for the army. It is also useful to note that this rule does not apply to private property.&nbsp;Regarding those who migrated in search of jobs, it is understood that skilled labor force migration took place from Thessaly to Rodoscuk. It has also been determined that labor force migration took place from the Aegean islands to Manisa. It is understood from related documents that miners were sent from Rumeli to Shirvan, which is located in today’s Azerbaijan. The state evidently transferred qualified labor forces from the west to Shirvan in the east. It is possible to say that qualified labor force migration took place during this period from Albania, Rumeli, Thrace, Tekirdag-Rodoscuk, and the Aegean islands to Anatolia, Manisa, Foça and Shirvan. Another cause of labor migration is the land’s insufficiency for people living in certain places. For instance, Sirem Sancak was over-populated at that time and there was not enough land for agriculture, planting, and raising livestock. The document states that the people of Sirem would be settled on the abandoned land in Sirem and the villagers would be sent to DorMushi and other ruined villages to settle and to engage in agriculture, farming, raising livestock, and other production fields in order to prevent them from migrating to other towns or to foreign land. It has also been determined that 65 people from various groups within the tribe of Aydınbeglüyörük in Ankara moved to other places. It is striking that the state and its officials were active in finding fair solutions to prevent labor migration. Today, it is possible to make investments that contribute to happiness, peace, society, security, and welfare for people living in areas where labor migration is common, and to determine production and employment opportunities on the spot. It is possible to form a synergy of employment, welfare, and development by determining the expectations, needs, abilities, capacities, and local and national needs and targets for various businesses and sectors while creating power and energy within this framework.

Labor Migration Between 1564 and 1611 in the Ottoman State and Its Causes

Fuat

The last 250–300 years of the world’s social history have witnessed unique changes that have completely transformed the society, introducing countless social problems. These problems were central to the founding fathers of social theory in the 19th century. They tried to understand the main reasons for those changes and possible solutions to those problems. Some theorists such as Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber have developed effective theoretical explanations to interpret the world in which they live.Nonetheless, the capitalist development or capitalist mode of production has entered a new phase in the 20th century. Post-World War II developments have triggered new debates that asserted a new type of society—the post-industrial society. These debates have been going on for more than 50 years under various labels. According to these debates, we are no longer living in an industrial society, and thus, we need new concepts to redefine the conditions in which we live. One of the most influential theorists to try to understand the time is sociologist Zygmunt Bauman. Although our time is quite different from that around the founding fathers of social theory, the main problems in both the times, such as unemployment, working class conditions, and social inequality, are the same. This paper focuses on Bauman’s corpus and takes a fresh look at labor relations in our time using concepts from his corpus such as liquid modernity, heavy modernity, labor relations such as “marriage” and “living together,” collateral damage, tourist-vagabond categories, work ethics, and community.The question then is what does it mean to do this? Or what is the practical benefit of doing this? This paper suggests that examining labor relations through Bauman’s lens or concepts makes it easier to understand working life because Bauman has a unique genre that gives the feeling of reading a literary text. However, this does not mean that Bauman’s corpus is scientifically unimportant; rather, his corpus gives readers a chance to easily understand the complicated situations around them, which is a reason why this paper uses Bauman’s concepts.If we look at these concepts, first, we need to focus on liquid modernity because that is a key concept for almost the entire corpus of Bauman, which will be presented to understand other concepts. As stated above, after the Golden Age of Capitalism, social theorists presented various labels to name society and modes of production such as post-industrial, post-Fordist, postmodern, reflexive modernity, network society, etc. Bauman preferred to use the term “liquid modernity”because the concept is functional for his general narrative. Bauman defines the concept by comparing it with solid modernity. Very briefly, the former represents the early phases of modernity and industrialization and the latter represents the changing nature of contemporary society. In other words, solid modernity means long-terms, stability, predictability, long employment relations, and engagement in employment relations, whereas liquid modernity represents the opposite, i.e., short periods, instability, job insecurity, temporary employment, and disengagement in employment relations.Bauman compares employment relations in heavy/solid modernity and liquid modernity in that context and uses the following metaphor for the comparison: employment relation as a marriage relationship or living together. He likens employment relations in the heavy modern era to a marriage. Just like a marriage, employee–employer relations in that era were dependent on long-term relations, and engagement between the two sides was strong. On the other hand, employment relations in the liquid modern era are like living together. There is no formal bond such as a marriage certificate that officially keeps both the sides together. As a result, either side (in our case, the sides are always capital or employers) can easily leave the other side (employees). The structure has been transformed into one that is based on flexibility. This paper presents empirical figures that support this analogyThe next section in the paper discusses two concepts: collateral damage of liquid modernity and tourist-vagabond categories. The first concept implies that when capitalism works, it produces unintended injuries; however, at the same time, if it wants to be successful, these injuries are inevitable. Thus, a world with liquid modernity produces massive collateral damage and also a duality of winners and losers. This duality is also about global conditions: the winners are tourists and the losers are vagabonds. All these categories imply a world in which inequalities are deepened. There are many up-to-date reports presenting the inequality of income distribution on global and national scales. This paper also presents some of these reports.The last section of the paper discusses the concepts of work ethics and company as a community. This section likens the modern company to a community by using Bauman’s views of work ethics and community. Bauman considers the concept of work ethics a labor control tool, and thus, management tries to align the company’s interests with the employees. In other words, it attempts to make the company a community. These concepts are useful for conducting a mesoscale analysis. Finally, in the concluding section, I explain the necessities and benefits of Bauman’s concepts for Turkey and Turkish literature on social sciences.

Looking at Labour Relations Through the Lens of Zygmunt Bauman

Kemal

This article attempts to present Weber’s theory of inequality and social stratification and partly compares with Marx’s view. In today’s late capitalist societies, the vision of inequality and stratification written by Weber a century ago can be considered outdated in the classic sociology books of the past, but Weber’s theory of inequality and stratification maintains its validity in terms of recognizing the work done today.Marx and Weber’s primary interests and the questions that occupied them were not about social stratification, nor did they present a systematic stratification theory in this regard. The main problem both sociologists were interested in was the development of capitalism, not stratification. However, the sociologists who followed them systematized the stratification area and, expanding on their thoughts, made it one of the most important fields of sociology.The first part of this study deals with a probability-based multi-dimensional causality method that Weber applied on stratification and the importance he attached to subjective factors. In the second part, the multi-class processes in the modern world are discussed, and the concepts of class, status, and party are summarized in relation to each other. In the third part, “open and closed relationships” (social closure)—another concept that was introduced by Weber to stratification literature—is examined. In the fourth section, the concepts of power, sovereignty, rationality, and bureaucracy, which are other dimensions of stratification, are examined. In the last part, democracy and socialism, for which Weber made predictions in the context of inequality and stratification, are discussed.&nbsp;Weber’s contributions to inequality and stratification are still considered important because the multi-dimensional factors strongly influence people’s lives. Weber’s inequality and stratification theory, which has been analyzed in this article, continues to provide a flexible foundation since it defines the complex realities of modern societies and addresses all aspects of interrelated processes.&nbsp;Weber’s main argument regarding this topic is that social inequality and stratification have a complex nature based on multi-dimensional causality. The forms of Marx and Weber’s thoughts continue to be sources of reference today. Although Weber’s view of inequality is considered as opposite to Marx, they have common ideas about the nature of inequality and the importance of classes that play crucial role in inequality. Weber included a middle class that was neither proletarian nor bourgeois after Marx’s two-polar class analysis of proletarian and bourgeois, expanding Marx’s analyses and developing a three-dimensional stratification perspective of class, status, and party.Both thinkers agree that struggle and conflict are the most important factors in inequality. However, according to Marx, struggle and conflict are not natural consequences of human nature and social life. Exploitation and the class system force people into conflict, preventing cooperation and collaboration inherent in human nature. According to Weber, even if there is no class-based exploitation order, power struggle and conflict will continue in other areas. While the revolution Marx predicted did not happen, the prediction that the accumulation of capital by a small minority, now a huge problem in the world, seems to have been confirmed.Class buildings, social closure, power and status inconsistency theories developed in recent years are based on the renewal of Weberian view of social inequality. An important part of the inequality and stratification theories developed in recent years (class building, social closure, power theories, status inconsistency, etc.) belong to the neo-Weberians.Postmodernist researchers argue that class has lost its importance and left its place to fragmented identities, lifestyles, and consumption, but these debates are, in a way, based on updating Weber’s status concept. However, Weber’s multi-dimensional class, status, and party formula has lost its actuality in recent years. Instead, Weber’s social closure (closed relationships) analyses have gained importance in stratification studies.

Max Weber’s Theory of Inequality and Social Stratification

Tuba

“Ne Ders Olsa Veri̇ri̇z”: Akademi̇syeni̇n Vasifsiz İşçi̇ye Dönüşümü

Ceyda

Çalışma Psikolojisi

Mikail

Mutluluk Ekonomisi -Kamu ekonomisi açısından bir analiz

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Nuran

Explanation of Behavioral Intentions to Mitigate Climate Change with Protection Motivation Theory

Mustafa

Ebubekir

Reasons Behind the Migration of Highly Qualified Employees from Turkiye: The Case of Software Developers and Engineers

Gülbeyaz

A Political-Theological Issue: Is Kemalism a Civil Religion or a Political Religion?

Gökçen

Zeynep

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

The Effects of Information Communication Technologies on Human Capital: A Panel Data Analysis

Patrice

Bakhtiyar

Özlem

Muhammed

Dynamics of Herding Behavior in Cryptocurrency Markets Amid Market Crashes

Faruk

Post-Socialist Ethnic Symbolism, Suppression of Yugoslav Social Memory, and Radical Populism Psychology

@JOURNAL_BOX_CURRENT

Gökhan

Şenay

Sibel

Is COVID-19 an Advantage to Disadvantaged Groups? Evidence from Administrative Data on Working Hours in Turkey

Leyla

Dynamics of Fulfillment: A Comparative Exploration of Life Satisfaction in European Muslim and Christian Communities

Matjaz

Hayri

Artificial Intelligence Bias and the Amplification of Inequalities in the Labor Market

@JOURNAL_BOX_EARLYVIEW

Philip L.

President Trump and Migration Policy

Filiz

For various migrant groups, Turkey has been a transit country for many years. However, due to the ongoing civil war in Syria, Turkey has become the number one destination for Syrian refugees, and now hosts the largest refugee group in the world. This transformation has attracted the attention of different academic disciplines such as law, social policy, social work, psychology and sociology, and especially in politics and media, it has emerged as one of the most debated subjects in recent years. As a result, scholarly researches in increasing numbers have attempted to examine the phenomenon of forced migration from different dimensions, such as security, policy, education, health and gender. However, when considering studies examining forced migration from a gender perspective, it is seen that the studies mostly focus on women because they are more exposed to problems. This situation, which is added to the negative representation of refugee men in the host societies, causes the experience of male refugees to be invisible, and the social aid practices directed towards refugees are less susceptible to the problems of men. Based on this point, this study aims to analyze the problems of male refugees that cannot be seen because of their negative representations, and to discuss them based on social work and aid policies. In line with this purpose, the study was designed as a qualitative research. The working sample of the study consists of 17 male refugees from various nationalities residing in Eskişehir and five specialists who are working in the field of humanitarian aid. Data were collected by semi-structured interviews. The findings of the study indicate that some refugee men are exposed to many social problems, like women, such as discrimination and violence with reference to their gender. Male refugees are experiencing tensions because of their responsibility to support the family. At the same time, they are excluded from migration regulations and social aids aimed at solving these tensions. According to the findings, most of the participants have difficulties in accessing basic needs, such as employment and housing, because of the misrepresentation of masculinity of the male refugees. Although providing for the family is accepted as a male responsibility especially in economic terms, tensions arise because male refugees cannot fulfill this responsibility alone. This situation increases the problems of male refugees in the asylum process, while imposing a passive role at home for refugee women. In addition to difficult situations male refugees experience only because of their gender, their exclusion from migration regulations and social benefits makes their asylum process even more difficult. As a result, it can be concluded that social aid policies and the above-mentioned researches consider the masculinity of male refugees as a typical category in the form of constant hegemonic power against femininity. For this reason, it should primarily be accepted that there is no universal masculin ity that is always advantageous over femininity. The masculinity is also shaped and harmed by patriarchy. For masculinity is not a universal category, it is a dynamic gender identity shaped by historical and cultural conditions, just like femininity. In this respect, it is necessary to think of masculinity as a heterogeneous structure. Indeed, males with different conditions, just like women, may also be in exploited positions. Forced migration is one of these conditions. The forced migration process can make men and women suffer. Of course, it is wrong to say that in the process of forced migration, all male refugees could be in disadvantaged positions. However, social aid policies and researches seeing the masculinity as a universal category rather than a culturally constructed phenomenon, miss an important point: not all males can be equally advantageous in the patriarchal order. In other words, the idea that gender perceptions may have negative effects on men as much as they have on women should be a starting point for gaining further insights into the matter. Scholarly inquiries in this context should be aimed at a better understanding of the multiple structures of masculinity during the course of forced migration, and the inclusion of male refugees in social aid practices as visible actors.

The Invisible Actors of Forced Migration: Male Refugees in The Context of Representation and Gender

@JOURNAL_BOX_FEATURED

Halil

Semanur

Although there has been an environment in which global neo-mercantilist protectionist policies have increased in recent times and the countries have further tightened immigration policies, the increase in bilateral trade and migration among the countries remains the two most important results of globalization. Some authors who address the relationship between these two outcomes of globalization have developed a theory that a country’s migration affects trade activities between the host country and the emigrant source country. Gould (1991) stated that this relationship could be realized through two mechanisms. The first is the increase in the import of the host country from the source country as a result of migrants carrying their consumption habits to the host country. The other mechanism is that transaction costs incurred in the process of acquiring information and establishing a trade relationship will be reduced due to immigrants. This is the reason why immigrants’ native language is frequently used and known in the host country and that migrants carry information about their consumption preferences in their own countries to the host country. It is stated that bilateral trade between countries will increase by means of these interaction mechanisms.In the literature, a large number of empirical studies were encountered, which examined the relationship between international trade and international migration for different countries. In these studies, the bilateral trade relations between the immigrant-receiving country, which is a center of attraction, and the emigrant countries were analyzed. From this point of view, this study aims to examine the relationship between international trade and migration for Germany, which is the center of attraction of Europe. Germany is the country with the highest number of immigrants among the European Union countries and the share of Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries is very high among the emigrant countries in Europe. In view of this situation, in the study, it was aimed to examine whether the migration of Germany from the mentioned countries was effective in the foreign trade activities with these countries.CEE countries, based on the definition of the OECD have been determined as Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. In the study covering the data set from 2000 to 2016, a panel gravity model was used.In the study the dependent variables are export and import while the independent variables are the number of immigrants, GDP and per capita GDP of the emigrant countries, the distance between the host country and emigrant countries, and the dummy variable which represents the Customs Union memberships of the countries.In the study, which was modeled for both export and import, findings showed that there was not any significant relationship between the migration and foreign trade of Germany. In the study, which was modeled for both export and import, findings showed that there was not any significant relationship between the migration to Germany and the foreign trade of Germany with CEE countries. On the other hand, GDP, per capita GDP, distance and dummy variables were found to be significant in the model in which export is the dependent variable. According to this, a positive relationship was found&nbsp;between the GDP level of CEE countries and Germany’s exports in accordance with theoretical expectation. On the other hand, there is a negative relationship between GDP per capita in CEE countries and Germany’s exports, contrary to theoretical expectation. Accordingly, per capita income, which represents the level of welfare in CEE countries, reduces imports from Germany. This situation, which is contrary to theoretical expectation, is thought to be related to the fact that these countries are former Soviet Union countries. The distance variable has a negative effect on the export, in line with the expectation. The dummy variable added to determine the impact of the Customs Union membership of the CEE countries revealed a statistically significant and positive relationship. In other words, countries’ membership to the Customs Union positively affects the export of Germany. In the import model, only the Customs Union dummy variable was significant. Accordingly, the membership of the CEE countries to the Customs Union has an increasing impact on Germany’s imports.In summary, it can be stated that Germany did not see an increase in exports from migration. On the other hand, it can be stated that both sides of the relationship are benefiting from regional integration through Customs Union membership.

Analysis of Gravity Model on the Relationship Between Foreign Trade and Immigration: The Case of Germany

Reyhan

Introduction The aim of this study was to reveal the effects of internal migration on poverty in Turkey. In other words, in addition to the many factors that affect poverty, determining how and on what level interregional migration affects poverty is one of the main purposes of the study. The focus of the study were 12 regions in Level 1 and qualitative and quantitative methods were applied together using secondary data. The main purpose of the study is to reveal how migration that took place in the recent past and the differentiation between the regions had an effect on poverty and thus, to guide the policymakers and relevant actors. The aim of the study was to suggest opinions about which regions the individuals, who were forced to migrate due to socio-economic reasons, should incline towards and thus, to reveal alternative migration routes. Another aim of this study is to reveal the final outcomes of migration for the individuals who were living in relatively behind regions and whose poverty had become chronic in creating added value. Thus, it might be possible to determine the impact on individual wealth for those who migrate or those who choose an alternative to migration and to suggest policies.&nbsp;Literature Summary The following studies, which analyze the relationship between poverty and migration, were used as a reference in this study: Bustillo and Anton (2009), Chapman and Bernstein (2003), Güneş (2009), Martin and Taylor (2003), Raphael and Smolensky (2008), Tümtaş (2009), Suro et al. (2011), Tümtaş and Ergun (2014), and to Yıldız and Alaeddinoğlu (2011). In all of this research, it was emphasized that poverty changes with migration and most of the studies drew attention to the effect of migration from rural areas.&nbsp;Econometric Analysis The aim of this study was to reveal the effects of migration in 12 regions in Level 1 segregation of TSI on national and regional poverty. Accordingly, the necessary data set was obtained by determining indicators in accordance with the studies conducted on the relationship between poverty and migration. The used data is from 2008-2014 and was obtained from TSI on Level 1. Subsequently, the created model was estimated with panel data analysis. The econometric problems that were encountered during the analysis were corrected with necessary operations and thus, efficient estimators were obtained.InNumberOfPoorPeopleit= α + β1 lnDependencyit+ β2 lnMigrationit+ β3 lnAgricultural_Empit + β4 lnGNPPCit+ β5 lnAgricultural_Migrationit+ eit InNumberOfPoorPeopleit Number of poor individuals lnDependencyit Total age dependency ratio lnMigrationit The migration that the region receives lnAgricultural_Empit Agricultural employment lnGNPPCit Gross national product per capita (dollar) lnAgricultural_Migrationit Migration from the regions in which the agricultural sector has 6% or more share in the regional GDP (regions in which agricultural employment and production have become relatively prominent) to other regions. i Region t Date (Year)Findings and Evaluation The obtained results reveal that the relationship between the dependency ratio, migration and GNPPC are not statistically significant. However, it was observed that agriculture-based migration decreases the total number of poor people. In other words, an increase in agricultural migration by 100%, decreases the number of poor people in the country by approximately 49%. This result proves that a good number of individuals who migrate from rural to urban areas do not bring their poverty with them by finding new job opportunities. That is, by leaving the agriculture sector, the migration into regions where industry and services are prominent significantly decreases the number of poor people in the country. As a result of the analysis, it can be stated that the autonomous poverty in the discussed regions which can’t be explained with independent variables are different from each other. In other words, the effect of independent variables, such as rural migration, differs in regions in the reduction of poverty with the TR1-Istanbul region ranking first in terms of the magnitude of this effect. According to this ranking which is followed by the TR-3 Aegean and TR6-Mediterranean Regions, it can be stated that other factors which were not included in the model affected the poverty of these regions. This study in which the relationship between poverty and migration was discussed indicates that rural-based migration has a significant effect on poverty. At this point, it should not be overlooked that the knowledge-skill levels of migrated individuals would change the magnitude and direction of this effect. In other words, since agricultural-based migration is effective in the reduction of the number of poor people, this effect can be positively increased by educating the migrating population.

The Effect of Internal Migration on Regional Poverty in Turkey: The Determining Role of the Agricultural Sector

@JOURNAL_BOX_MOSTREAD

Journal of Economy, Culture and Society is an open access and peer-reviewed scholarly journal published biannually in June and December. It has been the official publication of the Methodology and Sociology Research Center at the Istanbul University Faculty of Economics since 1960. Starting from the 57th issue, published in 2018, the journal changed its name from “The Istanbul Journal of Sociological Studies / Sosyoloji Konferansları” to Journal of Economy, Culture and Society.
 
As of 2022 the publication language of the journal is only English and the print version has been stopped; the journal continues as an electronic only journal. The manuscripts submitted for publication in the journal must be scientific work in English.

Journal of Economy, Culture and Society is dedicated to the unlimited circulation of high quality academic contributions relevant to the field of Sociology, with an international focus. The journal provides a forum for exploring issues mainly in Sociology, but also welcomes manuscripts from other disciplines that are suitable for international and interdisciplinary audiences. The target group of the journal comprises academicians, researchers, professionals, students, related professionals and academic bodies and institutions.

Veysel

RePEc IDEAS

ProQuest

RePEc EconPapers

Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)

EBSCO

ERIH PLUS

TR Dizin

DOAJ

SOBIAD

@METRIC_VOLUMES

@METRIC_ISSUES

@METRIC_ARTICLES

@METRIC_OPENACCESS

Journal of Economy Culture and Society

@INFO_TAB_ABOUT

Editor in Chief

Co Editor in Chief

Editorial Management Board Member

Section Editor

Language Editor

Editorial Assistant

Editorial Board Member

Advisory Board Member

@INFO_TAB_BOARDS

Journal of Economy, Culture and Society is an open access and peer-reviewed scholarly journal published biannually in June and December. It has been the official publication of the Methodology and Sociology Research Center at the Istanbul University Faculty of Economics since 1960. Starting from the 57th issue, published in 2018, the journal changed its name from “The Istanbul Journal of Sociological Studies / Sosyoloji Konferansları” to Journal of Economy, Culture and Society. Journal of Economy, Culture and Society aims to provide a forum for exploring social, economic and cultural issues with an international focus. Because of the interdisciplinary and international character of the journal, manuscripts that are not suitable for an interdisciplinary and international audience should be submitted to more appropriate venues.  As of 2022, the publication language of the journal is only English. Therefore, the manuscripts submitted for publication must be scientific and original work in English. Preference will be given to manuscripts that make clear empirical contributions and/or comprise methodological and theoretical innovations.

Aim and Scope

<ul><li>Web of Science - Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)</li><li>TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR Dizin</li><li>DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals)</li><li>ProQuest Central   </li><li>ProQuest Turkey Database    </li><li>ProQuest Social Sciences Database     </li><li>ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection​</li><li>EBSCO Central &amp; Eastern European Academic Source</li><li>EBSCO Sociology Source Ultimate</li><li>RePEc IDEAS</li><li>RePEc EconPapers</li><li>Erih Plus</li><li>SOBİAD</li></ul>

Indexing and Abstracting

The journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> The subjects covered in the manuscripts submitted to the Journal for publication must be in accordance with the aim and scope of the Journal. Only those manuscripts approved by every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Changing the name of an author (omission, addition or order) in papers submitted to the Journal requires written permission of all declared authors.Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unethical behaviors. All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. Plagiarism Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. If plagiarism/self-plagiarism will be found authors will be informed. Editors may resubmit manuscript for similarity check at any peer-review or production stage if required. High similarity scores may lead to rejection of a manuscript before and even after acceptance. Depending on the type of article and the percentage of similarity score taken from each article, the overall similarity score is generally expected to be less than 15 or 20%. Double Blind Peer-Review After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by the editors-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The editor provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles and hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Policies

The journal is an open access journal and all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read" target="_blank">BOAI</a> definition of open access.The open access articles in the journal are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) license.

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

Authors publishing with the journal retain the copyright to their work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a> ) and grant the Publisher non-exclusive commercial right to publish the work. CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Editor should consider publishing correction if minor errors that do not effect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper are detected. Editor should consider retraction if major errors and/or misconduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected.Editor should consider issuing an expression of concern if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive. The guidelines of <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> and <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.

To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

Journal of Economy Culture and Society is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publishers) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

Ethics

The journal adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.-    Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.-    The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.-    The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.-    Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.-    Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.-    The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.-    In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.-    If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.-    In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/58A51CDB5B23462FBD0E47E0A50DCDF2" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>. The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.The editor hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for double-blind peer review evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Peer Review

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by Editor-in-Chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. Editor-inChief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international external referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by Editor-in-Chief upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.- Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?- Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?- Is the problem significant and concisely stated? - Are the methods described comprehensively? - Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?- Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?- Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

LanguageThe language of the journal is American English.Manuscript Organization and SubmissionAll correspondence will be sent to the first-named author unless otherwise specified. Manuscpript is to be submitted online via <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jecs" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jecs</a> and it must be accompanied by a cover letter indicating that the manuscript is intended for publication, specifying the article category (i.e. research article, review etc.) and including information about the manuscript (see the Submission Checklist). Manuscripts should be prepared in Microsoft Word 2003 and upper versions. In addition, <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/58A51CDB5B23462FBD0E47E0A50DCDF2" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a> that has to be signed by all authors must be submitted.1. The manuscripts should be in A4 paper standards: having 2.5 cm margins from right, left, bottom and top, Times New Roman font style in 12 font size and line spacing of 1.5.2. The manuscripts should contain between 4500 and 8500 words and the page numbers must be at the bottom and in the middle.3.  The name(s) of author(s) should be given just beneath the title of the study aligned to the right. Also the affiliation, title, e-mail and phone of the author(s) must be indicated on the bottom of the page as a footnote marked with an asterisk (*).4.  Submitted manuscripts must have an abstract between 180 and 200 words, before the introduction, summarizing the scope, the purpose, the results of the study and the methodology used. Underneath the abstracts, 3 to 5 keywords that inform the reader about the content of the study should be specified.5. The manuscripts should contain mainly these components: title, abstract and keywords; body text with sections, footnotes and references.6. Research article sections are ordered as follows: “INTRODUCTION”, “AIM AND METHODOLOGY”, “FINDINGS”, “DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION”, “ENDNOTES”, “REFERENCES” and “TABLES AND FIGURES”.7. Introduction section at the beginning of the manuscript must be indicated as “1. INTRODUCTION”. All sections and sub-sections where the research question is described and importance of the study is explained must be numbered. The numbering format must be as 1,2,3, 4 for the main sections, and 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2 and 1.1.1, 1.2.1, 1.2.2 for the sub-sections.8. The 6th version of the APA (American Psychological Association) reference style should be used for in-text citation and references list. For information and samples on the APA 6 style please refer to http://istanbul.edu.tr:8080/en/journal/jecs/information/author-guideline and/or REFERENCES section in the Information for Authors.9. Tables, graphs and figures can be given with a number and a defining title if and only if it is necessary to follow the idea of the article. the article. The title of table should be placed above the table; caption of figure should be placed beneath the figure. Features like demographic characteristics that can be given within the text should not be indicated as tables separately.10. A title page including author information must be submitted together with the manuscript. The <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/C61BA5F19B814CA8830C10C055284DD8" target="_blank">title page</a> is to include fully descriptive title of the manuscript and, affiliation, title, e-mail address, postal address, phone and fax number of the author(s) (see The Submission Checklist).11. Authors are responsible for all statements made in their work submitted to the Journal for publication.12. The author(s) can be asked to make some changes in their articles due to peer reviews.13. A copy of the journal will be sent to each author of the accepted articles upon their request.14. The manuscripts that were submitted to the journal will not be returned whether they are published or not.

Author Guidelines

Manuscript Submission GuideBefore beginning the online submission process please read the Information for Authors and make sure you have the followings available:fCover letter to the editor <ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.</li> <li>Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement.</li> <li>Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.</li> <li>Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA 6.</li> </ul> </ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/58A51CDB5B23462FBD0E47E0A50DCDF2" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>Permission of previous published material if used in the present manuscriptTitle page<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>The title of the manuscript</li> <li>All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses</li> <li>Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax number</li> <li>ORCIDs of all authors.</li> </ul> </ul>Main Manuscript Document<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The title of the manuscript</li> <li>Abstracts (180-200 words) </li> <li>Key words: 3 to 5 words</li> <li>Main article sections</li> <li>Grant support (if exists)</li> <li>Conflict of interest (if exists)</li> <li>Acknowledgement (if exists)</li> <li>References</li> <li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li> </ul> </ul>Manuscript Submission<ul type="disc"> <li style="text-align: left;">DergiPark manuscript submission site of the journal is: <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/2249/submission/step/manuscript/new" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/2249/submission/step/manuscript/new</a> </li> <li style="text-align: left;">The manuscript must be submitted through the account of the corresponding author. The account of authors other than the corresponding author or someone else who is not included as an author in the work must not be used for submission. All correspondence regarding the submission is made with the corresponding author through e-mail via the DergiPark system.</li> <li style="text-align: left;">While uploading Main Document, make sure that the main document has no information that clarify the author’s identity. Due to double blind peer review, Main Document must not include Title Page, the name of author or any other detail that can disclose the author identity. </li> </ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>Files to be uploaded separately<ul type="disc"> <li>Copyright Agreement Form</li> <li>Permissions obtained for previously published material if used in the present manuscript</li> <li>Title page</li> <li>Main Manuscript Document</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The title of the manuscript </li> <li>Abstracts (180-200 words) </li> <li>Key words: 3 to 5 words</li> <li>Main article sections</li> <li>Grant support (if exists)</li> <li>Conflict of interest (if exists)</li> <li>Acknowledgement (if exists)</li> <li>References</li> <li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li></ul></ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>

Although references to review articles can be an efficient way to guide readers to a body of literature, review articles do not always reflect original work accurately. Readers should therefore be provided with direct references to original research sources whenever possible. On the other hand, extensive lists of references to original work on a topic can use excessive space on the printed page. Small numbers of references to key original papers often serve as well as more exhaustive lists, particularly since references can now be added to the electronic version of published papers, and since electronic literature searching allows readers to retrieve published literature efficiently. Papers accepted but not yet included in the issue are published online in the Early View section and they should be cited as “advance online publication”. Citing a “personal communication” should be avoided unless it provides essential information not available from a public source, in which case the name of the person and date of communication should be cited in parentheses in the text. For scientific articles, written permission and confirmation of accuracy from the source of a personal communication must be obtained.Reference Style and FormatJournal of Economy Culture and Society complies with APA (American Psychological Association) style 6th Edition for referencing and quoting. For more information:-    American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.-    <a href="http://www.apastyle.org" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org</a>Citations in the TextCitations must be indicated with the author surname and publication year within the parenthesis.If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;).Samples:More than one citation;(Esin, et al., 2002; Karasar, 1995)Citation with one author;(Akyolcu, 2007)Citation with two authors;(Sayıner &amp; Demirci, 2007)Citation with three, four, five authors;First citation in the text: (Ailen, Ciambrune, &amp; Welch, 2000) Subsequent citations in the text: (Ailen, et al., 2000)Citations with more than six authors;(Çavdar, et al., 2003)Citations in the ReferenceAll the citations done in the text should be listed in the References section in alphabetical order of author surname without numbering. Below given examples should be considered in citing the references.Basic Reference TypesBooka) Turkish BookKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8th ed.) [Preparing research reports]. Ankara, Turkey: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Book Translated into TurkishMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler [Mindsets] (A. Kotil, Trans.). İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim Yayınları.c) Edited BookÖren, T., Üney, T., &amp; Çölkesen, R. (Eds.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi [Turkish Encyclopedia of Informatics]. İstanbul, Turkey: Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Turkish Book with Multiple AuthorsTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y., &amp; Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme [Performance evaluation in Turkish search engines]. Ankara, Turkey: Total Bilişim.e) Book in EnglishKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.f) Chapter in an Edited BookBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.g) Chapter in an Edited Book in TurkishErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi [Organization culture: Its functions, elements and importance in leadership and business management]. In M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi [Organization sociology] (pp. 233–263). Bursa, Turkey: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Book with the same organization as author and publisherAmerican Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American psychological association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Articlea) Turkish ArticleMutlu, B., &amp; Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri [Source and intervention reduction of stress for parents whose children are in intensive care unit after surgery]. Istanbul University Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 15(60), 179–182.b) English Articlede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002c) Journal Article with DOI and More Than Seven AuthorsLal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184d) Journal Article from Web, without DOISidani, S. (2003). Enhancing the evaluation of nursing care effectiveness. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 35(3), 26–38. Retrieved from http://cjnr.mcgill.cae) Journal Article wih DOITurner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910f) Advance Online PublicationSmith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867g) Article in a MagazineHenry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today’s schools. Time, 135, 28–31.Doctoral Dissertation, Master’s Thesis, Presentation, Proceedinga) Dissertation/Thesis from a Commercial DatabaseVan Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9943436)b) Dissertation/Thesis from an Institutional DatabaseYaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Retrieved from: http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portalic) Dissertation/Thesis from WebTonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). Retrieved from http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar /phd/ickapak.htmld) Dissertation/Thesis abstracted in Dissertations Abstracts InternationalAppelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica&#173;tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.e) Symposium ContributionKrinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B., &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.f) Conference Paper Abstract Retrieved OnlineLiu, S. (2005, May). Defending against business crises with the help of intelligent agent based early warning solutions. Paper presented at the Seventh International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Miami, FL. Abstract retrieved from http://www.iceis.org/iceis2005/abstracts_2005.htmg) Conference Paper - In Regularly Published Proceedings and Retrieved OnlineHerculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105h) Proceeding in Book FormParsons, O. A., Pryzwansky, W. B., Weinstein, D. J., &amp; Wiens, A. N. (1995). Taxonomy for psychology. In J. N. Reich, H. Sands, &amp; A. N. Wiens (Eds.), Education and training beyond the doctoral degree: Proceedings of the American Psychological Association National Conference on Postdoctoral Education and Training in Psychology (pp. 45–50). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.i) Paper PresentationNguyen, C. A. (2012, August). Humor and deception in advertising: When laughter may not be the best medicine. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.Other Sourcesa) Newspaper ArticleBrowne, R. (2010, March 21). This brainless patient is no dummy. Sydney Morning Herald, 45.b) Newspaper Article with no AuthorNew drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.c) Web Page/Blog PostBordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/d) Online Encyclopedia/DictionaryIgnition. (1989). In Oxford English online dictionary (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://dictionary.oed.comMarcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.). The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/e) PodcastDunning, B. (Producer). (2011, January 12). in Fact: Conspiracy theories [Video podcast]. Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com/f) Single Episode in a Television SeriesEgan, D. (Writer), &amp; Alexander, J. (Director). (2005). Failure to communicate. [Television series episode]. In D. Shore (Executive producer), House; New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting.g) MusicFuchs, G. (2004). Light the menorah. On Eight nights of Hanukkah [CD]. Brick, NJ: Kid Kosher.

<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/58A51CDB5B23462FBD0E47E0A50DCDF2" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/B0CDC112EC994891B39C43D4117F7DDD" target="_blank">Title page</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/8AA0D406EF1440A283EF753F11677E15" target="_blank">Author Form</a>

Ensure that the following items are present:●    Cover letter to the editorü    The category of the manuscriptü    Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.ü    Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement.ü    Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed.ü    Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.ü    Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.ü    Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA 6.●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/58A51CDB5B23462FBD0E47E0A50DCDF2" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>●    Permission of previously published copyrighted material if used in the present manuscript●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/4CF3D066F2D841EAA202550103DA014C" target="_blank">Title page</a>ü    The category of the manuscriptü    The title of the manuscriptü    All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addressesü    Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax numberü    ORCIDs of all authors.●    Main Manuscript Documentü    The title of the manuscriptü    Abstract (180-200 words)ü    Key words: 3 to 5 wordsü    Main article sectionsü    Grant support (if exists)ü    Conflict of interest (if exists)ü    Acknowledgement (if exists)ü    Referencesü    All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)

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