Cultural Differences: A Study in Trabzon and Şanlıurfa in the Context of Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions
Nuray Türker, Doğan KaradağThere are different subcultures according to ethnicity, religions (or sects) and regions in every society. These ethnic or regional cultural differences may lead to differences in the way employees manage their jobs, relationships with customers, organizational culture and organizational behaviour. The main aim of this study is to determine whether the cultural dimensions of Hofstede varies regionally. To this end, an empirical study was conducted on 373 employees working in the tourism industry in the provinces of Şanlıurfa and Trabzon that represent different regional cultures, using Hofstede’s Values Survey Module (VSM 2013). The values determined in two cities were calculated using the formulas developed by Geert Hofstede and were interpreted comparatively. In addition, the values were compared with Hofstede’s national values. In the research, it was concluded that there were significant differences between the cultural values of the employees of Trabzon and Şanlıurfa in all dimensions, and these differences are very significant in terms of individualism/collectivism and uncertainty avoidance. It was determined that Şanlıurfa’s values are higher than Trabzon in terms of uncertainty avoidance and individualism. Moreover, significant differences were found in the cultural dimensions in Trabzon and Şanlıurfa, depending on the gender, age and educational status of the employees.
Kültürel Farklılıklar: Hofstede’nin Kültürel Boyutları Üzerine Trabzon ve Şanlıurfa İllerinde Bir Uygulama
Nuray Türker, Doğan KaradağHer toplumda sahip olunan üst kültür yanı sıra etnik kökene, ait olunan dini gruplara (mezheplere), yaşanılan yöreye göre farklı alt kültürler de bulunmaktadır. Kültürdeki bu etnik ya da bölgesel farklılıklar işgörenlerin iş yapma biçimlerinde, müşteri ile ilişkilerinde, örgüt kültüründe ve örgütsel davranışta farklılıklara neden olabilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, Hofstede’nin kültürel boyutlarının bölgesel olarak farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığını belirlemektir. Bu amaçla Hofstede’nin değerler anketi kullanılarak (VSM 2013) farklı bölgesel kültürleri temsil eden Şanlıurfa ve Trabzon illerinde faaliyet gösteren turizm işletmelerinde çalışan 373 işgören üzerinde ampirik bir çalışma yapılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler Geert Hofstede tarafından geliştirilen formüller kullanılarak hesaplanmış ve iki ilden elde edilen değerler karşılaştırmalı olarak yorumlanmıştır. Elde edilen değerler ayrıca Hofstede tarafından hesaplanan ulusal (Türkiye) değerlerle de karşılaştırılmıştır. Araştırmada, Trabzon ve Şanlıurfa’daki otel çalışanlarının kültürel değerleri arasında tüm boyutlarda anlamlı farklılıklar olduğu; bu farklılıkların bireysellik / kollektiflik, belirsizlikten kaçınma boyutlarında oldukça belirgin olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Şanlıurfa’nın, Trabzon ile kıyaslandığında daha yüksek belirsizlikten kaçınma ve bireysellik değerlerine sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada ayrıca cinsiyet, yaş ve eğitim durumu değişkenlerine göre Trabzon ve Şanlıurfa’da otel işletmelerinde çalışanların kültürel boyutları arasında da anlamı farklılıklar belirlenmiştir.
One of the most important factors affecting the lives, attitudes and beliefs, and in particular, the working life of the employees, the style of management and the organization of an enterprise of individuals in a community, is the national culture of the given community. Culture is a phenomenon which shows the differences between societies, and also in sub-cultures within a given society.
One of the most important studies in the literature regarding the national culture of societies was undertaken by Hofstede (1980, 1984, 1991, 2001, 2011, 2018). In his studies, Hofstede determined four cultural dimensions: power distance, individualism versus collectivism, masculinity versus femininity and uncertainty avoidance. In latter studies, two new dimensions were added - long term orientation versus short term normative orientation and indulgence versus restraint. Hofstede emphasized that these dimensions effect the organizational culture of an enterprise in a society.
This study aims to determine the differences of subcultures in a given society. To support this, a survey was conducted amongst hospitality industry employees working in Urfa - representing the Eastern Anatolian culture and in Trabzon – showing the typical attibutes of the Black Sea culture, using Hofstede’s original Values Survey 2013 Module (VSM). It is assumed that local culture differentiates depending on the region, the ethnicity, and the beliefs of the residents. Therefore, it can be also assumed that organizational behavior differs according to the local culture of the employees. The results show that there are significant differences between the employees working in Urfa and Trabzon in their values of individualism-collectivism and uncertainty avoidance. However, there are also small differences between two provinces in terms of the power distance, masculinity-femininity, long-term orientation and indulgence-restraint dimensions. It can be concluded from the findings that,
● Tourism employees working in Trabzon have more collectivist values than the employees in Şanlıurfa.
● Tourism employees working in Şanlıurfa have higher uncertainty avoidance values than employees in Trabzon.
● In the study, the national (Turkey) and regional values were also compared and it was found that the power distance scores of both cities were lower than the scores of national culture.
● Employees working in Urfa are more individualistic when compared to national scores.
● The uncertainty avoidance scores of the two cities are also lower than the national score.
● Long term orientation and indulgence scores are similar to the national score.
● When the demographic variables of the tourism employees in both cities were examined, significant differences were found in the cultural dimensions depending on gender, age and educational status.
● It was determined that the male employees in Trabzon are more individualistic than the females. Similarly, the results revealed that masculinity score of female employees is higher than males.
● Tourism employees who are between the ages of 21-29 working in Trabzon are more individualistic than the other age groups. This group also showed differences in terms of masculinity, uncertainty avoidance and long term orentation in that the scores are higher than the other groups.
● It was determined that tourism employees having a 10 year education or less who work in Trabzon are more indulgent than the employees having a 13-16 year education.
● The results showed that employees having an 11-12 year education in Şanlıurfa are more individualistic than the group having a 13-16 year education.
● Correlation analysis showed that there is a moderate and high positive relationship between all dimensions in Trabzon and there is a moderate and low positive relationship between all dimensions in Şanlıurfa.
Considering the sub-cultural values leading the differences in organizational behaviour, the results will be helpful for the managers of tourism enterprises in business practices and managerial processes. In order to achieve a more successful business performance, managers operating in Urfa, representing an individualistic society, should harmonize the interests of employees with the business interests and give incentives and rewards to employees according to their performance.
As both cities have a moderate level of masculinity, managers should create a business atmosphere with good working relationships, cooperation and job security. Managers must create a good work environment where conflicts are resolved by mutual agreement and team work is encouraged. Group relations are of great importance as tourism services are focused on team work. In this context, efforts should be made to ensure a friendly work atmosphere.
This study has some limitations. The most important limitation of the study is that the study was carried out on tourism employees in two provinces considered to be culturally different. More research should be conducted at a regional level in order to determine whether regional cultural values change in different regions and to reach more meaningful and more reliable results. Turkey is a large country hosting different ethnic groups. Conducting research taking the regional cultural differences into account, would provide more detailed information on whether regional differences differ from the national, and would show how these differences affect business life, methods of doing business, organizational culture, and organizational psychology.