Mete

Prof.

Doğan

Before employing institutional theory when analyzing e-government, one must be cautious about its key concepts, measures, and methods, since some argue that the theory itself is not yet standardized. Nonetheless, the theory is a useful tool for analyzing e-government development because it explains the reasons behind organizations being similar. Widespread use of information and technologies makes organizations more similar by enforcing service provision standards, such as setting up formal organizational web sites and/or official social media pages. Therefore, homogenization in structure or behavior regarding Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in government can be understood by using the institutional theory.&nbsp;Organizational structure is an adaptive vehicle, continually changing and growing with the times. Institutionalization refers to organizational evolution, symbolism, and adaptation. Government organizations are a good example of the phenomenon of symbolic action. ICT use by government organizations has many symbolic meanings. Using ICT to electronically deliver government information and services to various parties (citizens, businesses, and other government agencies) symbolizes a variety of concepts like decentralization, democratic participation, informed citizenry, public information networks, and so on, which are also considered potential solutions to the crises of legitimacy of and trust in representative democracies. One may argue that the establishment of an online presence by public organizations somewhat relates to the symbols, such as being ahead of the game by using cutting-edge technology, that ICTs use within the government.&nbsp;Institutional theory suggests that formal organizations have symbolic as well as action-generating properties. Arguably, the social evolution of organizations and their survival rests on the observations of formalized structure. Therefore, it is possible that government organizations use ICT in their operations and management due to the pressures of symbolic meanings (social legitimacy), and pressures to conform to commonly adopted action-orienting properties (efficiency and productivity). This thought process sheds light on the rationale of some government ICT projects that are kept alive for legitimacy reasons, even if they are not financially feasible in the shortterm. In short, from an institutional theory perspective, government organizations go online for legitimization and resulting isomorphic pressures. There are three main types of isomorphic processes: coercive, mimetic, and normative.&nbsp;Coercive isomorphism suggests that government organizations use ICT either as the result of mandates and/or informal pressures of other similar government and private organizations already successfully using ICT. The political decision-makers and directors of government organizations may decide to use ICT in their agencies and/or programs for enhanced legitimacy, perceived efficiency gains, and citizen demand—and thus, perceived legitimacy. Federal mandates on government organizations to establish a web presence or have certain characteristics on their web sites is a representation of this process.&nbsp;Mimetic isomorphism suggests that government organizations model themselves after similar organizations they perceive as more legitimate and successful. Imitating organizations that are successfully using ICT enhances their legitimacy by demonstrating that they are at least trying to improve the conditions of their service and/or information provision. Mimetic isomorphism is observed in network settings when network members turn to other members for information and new ideas.Normative isomorphism suggests that government organizations use ICT due to newly emerging professional norms of public service, such as online interactivity, virtual service, and transparency and accountability. For example, in an environment where online transaction capabilities via websites are a norm, all government agencies would try to have that kind of capability.&nbsp;Institutional pressures can be divided into objective and subjective. Subjective institutional pressures exist only when the manager perceives pressure on the organization. On the other hand, objective pressures occur when a higher-level government organization or an administrative/financial authority (e.g., the EU, the UN, and the World Bank) mandates or imposes a certain program or method on lower level organizations. This is the assumption of coercive isomorphism.&nbsp;Normative isomorphic pressures, such as emerging professional practices requiring compliance from the members of a professional group, are only absolute if public managers recognize them. Therefore, it is the public managers’ subjective judgments that decide whether those institutional pressures exist. This duality has implications for the research design of the following study, which is designed in such a way that can recognize, grasp, and examine both subjective and objective elements of institutional pressures.Finally, a note of caution is warranted: the institutional theory perspective is a very useful analytical tool for examining organizations’ abilities to provide electronic government information and services, however, implicit within the theory is the assumption that organizations are the passive recipients of institutional pressure. Still, it is argued that organizations will show a range of responses to institutional pressures such as conformity, compromise, avoidance, resistance, and manipulation, all of which enriches our understanding of the process in question.Using the aforementioned framework, this article discusses the possibility to use the institutional theory of organizations in analyzing and understanding the developments in e-government with the help of examples from the e-government literature and an emphasis on the limitations of such an approach. The article concludes that the institutional theory of organizations may be useful in analyzing e-government, as it includes the issues of societal/organizational legitimacy, symbolism, and trends, in addition to the current dominating analysis of e-government based on new public management value concepts.

Kurumsal Örgüt Kuramı E-Devlet Uygulamalarını Anlamak ve Açıklamak için Yararlı Olabilir mi?

Mehmet

Assist. Prof.

Haydar

“Underdevelopment” has been suggested as an explanation of the difference between Western societies (most importantly, because of the Industrial Revolution). Simply stated, underdeveloped societies missed out on this process. With recent socioeconomic and technological changes, the concept of an industrial revolution has changed over time. In this context, underdevelopment has been examined as a “material” and a “spiritual-cultural” problem, which some believe has been caused by human factors.On the other hand, when considering the literature that addresses this problem, the “human” factor has not been examined. Specifically, material and spiritual reasons were not taken into consideration sufficiently. Due to this exclusion, this paper aims to identify reasons behind economic underdevelopment in Ottoman-Turkish society. Our results are based on the research of the economists and philosophers, Sabri F. Ülgener and İdris Küçükömer. We investigate how to make Turkey’s socio-economic development sustainable, considering the impact of human factors. In this context, while Ülgener adopts a Weberian method to analyze spiritual-cultural factors relating to underdevelopment, Küçükömer uses a Marxist approach.Key concepts used in Ülgener’s analysis of economic underdevelopment are “economic ethics, economic mentality, medievalism, social stratification, artisan, political capitalism, contemplative-mysticism, inner-worldly asceticism, Batıni (esoteric) sufism, Malamatieh, and distance consciousness.” These concepts, which are important for understanding Ülgener’s approach, complement each other in explaining the problem of economic underdevelopment (Dinçaslan, 2017, p. 48).In Ülgener’s analysis, the difference between economic ethics and economic mentality are key concepts at the center of his analysis. Economic ethics expresses norms and rules that are required to be obeyed (Ülgener, 2006a, p. 17). Economic mentality explains behavioral norms adopted by economic decision-making units]. Economic mentality incorporates a sincere attitude about the world and world relations (Ülgener, 2006c, p. 14). Ülgener’s bilateral distinction provides a reasonable discussion by addressing Islamic values, which became the focal criticism of Orientalists regarding underdevelopment. This is distinct from Muslims’ beliefs, who represented Islam in the relevant time and place. Although Ülgener mentioned many material and spiritual factors that affect the economy, his approach mostly draws on Batıni Sufism. Those who allege that underdevelopment derives from Islamic principles might need to reconsider this thesis.Due to this Batıni sufism influence, Ülgener emphasized that citizens’ approach to the economy has eroded concepts such as “working, gains, austerity, production, trust in God, and will and destiny.” This caused the need for gains and wealth in society to be channeled in abnormal, irrational ways, such as the development of “political capitalism” and a “consumption-based economic regime.” After all, emerging type of human; led up to a static-passive economic mentality by exhibiting a “distant” attitude as material, environment, and time dimensions.Key concepts used in Küçükömer’s analysis of economic underdevelopment are “production, base-superstructure, determination, contradiction, bureaucracy, Asiatic Mode of Production (AMP), civil society, biological-genetic inheritance, and democratic pact.” These concepts, which complement each other to explain the problem of economic underdevelopment, are important for understanding Küçükömer’s approach. (Dinçaslan, 2017, p. 129). In analyzing economic underdevelopment in Ottoman-Turkish society, while Ülgener focuses on spiritual-cultural factors, Küçükömer focuses on material ones. In this context, he has discussed “relationships of production” in Ottoman society, from a Marxist point of view. While noting that an economy has a determinant role, he emphasizes that determinants in pre-capitalist societies are also “political and ideological structures.”Küçükömer also mentions “contradictions” that originate from one gaining surplus values in society. In this respect, historic political-bureaucratic heritage is taken as a subordinate contradiction, and imperialism as a major contradiction. Küçükömer identifies the social classes that would fight relevant contradictions. He believes that “bureaucratic structures” prevent the formation of classes. On the other hand, it is articulated with “imperialism” by befitting of internal and external conditions with each other. He tries to detect and explain the bureaucratic structure that prevents class formation in Ottoman-Turkish society by AMP analysis. Küçükömer expresses that in addition to the failure of class formation, “civil society” fails because those in power do not care about class divisions and separations. He further states that a central governing power (revealed by AMP analysis) and bureaucracy is constantly reproduced in society.&nbsp;Deepening his research, Küçükömer considers “biologic-genetic” factors that make individuals responsible citizens, which led to a theoretical platform. First, he suggests a “democratic pact” to alleviate Turkey from its contradictions and crises, submitting new ideas for a civil constitution. He suggests demolishing the bureaucracy and the historical-political heritage of the state, insisting that this is important for the formation of civil society and a constitution (Küçükömer, 2013b, p. 56).Ülgener overcame the problem of economic underdevelopment for a rational, economic individual type who looks for irrational market gains. For Küçükömer, responsible participation is preceded by individuals adapting to a civil society in Turkey. On the other hand, in contrast to the expected characteristics of the human factor, especially concerning the relationship between human-material and humanstate, this kind of human cannot go beyond theory rather than practice. The causes of this situation are the spiritual-cultural arguments underlying Ülgener’s economic underdevelopment theory and the Küçükömer’s arguments about materialism. As a result, individualism has been subsumed by the power of the society and the state.In conclusion, both Ülgener and Küçükömer’s economic underdevelopment analyses show that material, spiritual, and cultural traditions have survived throughout Turkey’s history. Clarification of these traditions confirms that human capital is the most important, dynamic, human resource, needed to make Turkey’s socio-economic more sustainable.

Osmanlı-Türk Toplumunda İktisadi Geri Kalmışlık Sorunsalı: Ülgener ve Küçükömer’den “İnsan” Faktörünün Önemine

Ahmet

The close relation between surveillance power and the modern state has exceeded in today’s post-modern global world. Panopticon as a modern surveillance technique is a projection of the modern state based on territorial domination, but it does not have any theoretical answers for the ways in which a global power that transcends borders functions. For this reason, a theoretical discussion focusing on the present condition of state theory is inevitable and is this study’s purpose. According to the basic claim of this study, transformations in surveillance techniques that are functional in today’s global world require a fundamental change in state theory. Just as modern state theory can be traced through panopticon, a modern surveillance technique, contemporary postmodern state theory can similarly be explained based on present surveillance techniques that are called “post-panopticon.”Post-panopticon is a very new level that surpasses panopticon, a power technique that is identified with Foucault in surveillance literature. According to this, the power of surveillance is no longer spatial but is a network-power model that transcends spaces. Panopticon, based on the claim of territorial sovereignty of the modern state, reflects the spatial setup of surveillance power. This “spatial power,” which is highly prevalent in Foucault, is based on the idea of “enclosed spaces” in the functioning of modern power. “Enclosed space” is a phenomenon that gives concrete content to power while working through dualities. This model of surveillance power, which Foucault observes in prisons, barracks, hospitals, clinics, etc., resembles that of the territorial sovereignty of the modern state because the modern state itself is based on the idea of establishing a certain isolated space while establishing its sovereignty. The territorial sovereignty of the modern state manifests itself by dividing the boundary into two parts, internal and external. And this sovereignty depends on specific surveillance and control techniques which are processed by state in order to perpetuate the division between interior and exterior. For this reason, an important similarity exists between the panopticon based on spatial observation and the modern state established in the center of sovereignty and based on territorial separation.What happens when we place this theoretical partnership in today’s global world? Since the purpose of this study is to address this, it aims to debate the transformation in state theory relationally and functionally at a bilateral level. In other words, the basic claim of this study is that state theory cannot be understood in a normative context alone. For this reason, in this study, a roadmap is sought to conceptualize the theory of state in a functional context and, therefore, some suggestions are made. First, the theoretical plane of trying to position state theory in today’s world is carried out with the explanation of post-structuralist arguments. In today’s global world, where the modern theory of the state is exceeded the functional scope of power of the state has become more ambiguous. The very reason for this argumentation depends&nbsp;on a reality that implies that the state has been transformed from being a predictable territorial sovereign to being a more contingent sovereign. For this reason, we need to do away with modern assumptions about the state at the theoretical level.&nbsp;&nbsp;This is exactly where post-structuralist theories can help us comprehend the transformations of the state in both the functional and theoretical context. The reason is that the post-structuralist theory emphasizes the perpetual and endless contexts of power relations. That is why it can create a suitable way of realizing the contingent functioning of the state in the new global era. The post-panoptic nature of today’s surveillance techniques is more contingent, flexible, and “normalized” than the panoptic techniques. We can see the differences between panopticon and post-panopticon in the functioning process. For example, unlike panopticon, postpanopticon forms surveillance relations in a context that transcends space. Thus, anything could become an object of surveillance power. Second, contemporary postpanoptic surveillance techniques dissolve the fact of “frontiers” so that boundaries separating states from one another are shifted from a territorial to a relational concept. A distinction exists in a state model that is based on territorial sovereignty when the states are considered to have transcendental monitoring capabilities. In this new state model, the function of surveillance is ambiguous and borderless. For this reason, transformations in the sovereignty of the state, which is the main subject of the surveillance, should be considered. As a result, this study aims to discuss the transformations in state sovereignty at the center of the changes and transformations in surveillance, which is a specific instrument of power. However, the most important part is that the turning of the state into a more contingent power requires the examination of state theory in a post-structural context because this offers more efficient theoretical tools to conceptualize both the contingent and ambiguous dimensions of contemporary power relations that are the functions of the state.

Post Yapısalcı Teori Bağlamında Post-Panoptik Gözetimin Küresel Politikası

Aylin

Claiming that the 20th century was the most terrifying in human history would probably not be wrong. Yet, what made this century so terrifying was that not only did its means of destruction reach a power beyond the imagination of those who fabricated them, but also the fact that totalitarianism radically destroyed all former institutions and structures that had evolved and shaped humanity for centuries. Hannah Arendt’s work The Origins of Totalitarianism is one of the most sophisticated studies that strikingly reveal the origins that characterize Nazi totalitarianism. What appears to be new and surprising, she contends, are in fact “present” in our ordinary world. These structures, relations, and situations that continue in the form of “subterranean streams” were not removed with the defeat of Nazism. In this context, it is almost inevitable to reflect upon the origins and investigate the “elements” and “conditions” that allowed totalitarianism to be made “possible,” as the experience of totalitarianism—which in itself is unique and cannot be explained “directly” by any idea or fact of the past—broke all connections and traditions of the Western world. I believe Arendt offers a multi-faceted view of totalitarianism. On the one hand, she explores the human “condition” which allows “totalitarian domination” to emerge. In other words, she explores the conditions in which humanity faced such forms of domination. On the other hand, in association with the former, she describes the relationship between human condition and totalitarian domination. In her later writings, she also points out the conditions of humanity after the experience of totalitarianism. What she proposes is a new way of thinking about the “thoughtlessness” that is “the heedless recklessness or hopeless confusion,” and how this has become the most prominent feature of modern humanity. For such a reason, Arendt states: “It is nothing more than to think about what we are doing.”The powerful work that constitutes the second part of Arendt’s research, The Human Condition, gives a phenomenological analysis of three forms of activity that underlie the human condition: (i) “labor,” corresponding to the biological life of humans as animals; (ii) “work,” corresponding to the artificial world of objects that people build; and (iii) “action” or “praxis,” corresponding to individual pluralism. One of the most important conclusions that can be drawn from reading this work is the relation between “doing,” i.e., the activity of homo faber, and the processes of “utilitarianism” and “instrumentality,” i.e., the motivating principles of all work and production. This is done in order to wrap up all human relations, and to create a social climate under which totalitarian forms of governance may emerge. It appears possible to detect the existence of such a relationship. However, the conditions of totalitarian governance cannot solely be explained by the world and philosophy of homo faber. When all of Arendt’s works are examined, the “instrumentality” of homo faber includes activities such as “planning” and “accounting,” which have been used extensively in bureaucratic processes of totalitarian rule. Yet, at the same time Arendt’s observations of the world of animal laborans manifest humans as feeling more “useless” or “homeless” and reminds us of people under totalitarian domination, especially those in “concentration camps” (even though the “living corpses” in the camps indicate a radicalized version of this state). Moreover, we are aware that everything is “planned” to eliminate any kind of “thinking” activity in our daily lives or in the concentration camps. In this case, it would not be wrong to say that we are confronted with a regime that has “considered” every subtle detail to ensure complete obedience of its “citizens” (by destroying all meanings the word itself implies), and the destruction of all thinking ability. There exists a kind of “uselessness” and “loneliness” where traces of the life of animal laborans on community level can be found, while a full reason for homo faber working among the administration and the bureaucratic staff (even there, everyone can easily be relocated or exterminated, except the Führer!). One of the most striking and tragic feature of Arendt’s work on the world of animal laborans is that it sheds light on what happens in today’s postcapitalist world. On the one hand, “consumer society” is based on the “utilitarian” mind that drives all kinds of human relations and actions—and its individual who mobilizes the activity of “thinking,” according to the instrumentality of homo faber only to meet the needs of “making a living” and “consuming”—belong to the “world of necessities” but are simultaneously alienated from the world. On the other hand, “modern science,” which has gained power beyond what was ever imagined, functions in a manner that is alienating and moving away from public discourse. Arendt regards these processes as totalitarian qualities that continue to exist in the modern world “now” and “here” as subterranean streams.A society made up of consumers cannot “know how to take care of a world and the things belongs to the space of worldly appearances” because the attitudes of consumption that are valid in society “spells ruin everything it touches.” The collapse of the public sphere, the only area where a common sense of well-being can emerge, brings with it the loss of reality to the human mind. If “reality is what is seen and heard by everybody” we cannot talk about common reality in a form where such union cannot exist. Instead, we may have to think that every sophisticated thing can be true, or that nothing can be true or real. In a life where permanence is abolished, Arendt points out how the desire for immortality has become an empty ambition. She further argues “modern man, when he lost the certainty of a world to come, was thrown back upon himself and not upon this world; far from believing that the world might be potentially immortal, he was not even sure that it was real.” We cannot know whether scientific and technological developments after Arendt indicate that the world is also mortal (and this would be a source of consolation) or whether it is a valid excuse for humans who try to forget the evanescence of life (with the frenzy of consumption in the form of hedonistic philosophy). Nevertheless, Arendt’s thesis for this new human condition is extremely tragic, as only the consumer who is able to spend his labor can maintain his family life. What remains of the human who is&nbsp;thrown back upon himself is the motives of the body directed to the passions devoid of meaning? And, if there is an ultimate goal, this is the power of the life cycle to maintain the permanence of human species. Individual life has become part of this cycle. Animal laborans is not only immediately under the urgency of meeting the necessity of life, but also alienated from all the anxieties and sensitivities that do not emerge directly by the course of life.&nbsp;It is precisely the environment where the human is homeless, i.e., insecure. An individual not without a place in divine order, nature, or history, has a longing to find himself “at home” as opposed to being alienated. This desire and longing is precisely what can be employed through totalitarian ideologies. However, because of the absence of a world, they have established together through word and action, the individuals, who are isolated from each other, believe that they have overcome the suffering of homelessness through the supremacy of totalitarian ideology, and in turn become practitioners of the worst of schemes in the world. Whether through a party or state over the whole society, what distinguishes the power of totality and totalitarianism from dictatorship or absolutism is the ideologies. In this context, totalitarianism is never the power of a single person or a group, but at the same time, it is the power of a doctrine, of an ideology whether it allegedly implements the laws of either nature or history, or of what is being regarded as the “truth.” For citizens and for Haw political institutions—which provide relative reliance to the public and political world by their persistence over individual mortality, which in turn are expected to resist this totalitarian wave and to defeat it—it is impossible to stand out against this domination, if they have lost the ground that make them citizens and institutions. For this reason, it is the human conditions, which a totalitarian domination seeks to find, include citizens who have lost their ability to distinguish fact from fiction, and right from wrong, and the institutions that have lost their constitutional grounds and human action to protect them.

Homo Faber’in Dünyasından Animal Laborans’ın Zaferine: Hannah Arendt’in Politika Teorisinde Totaliter Tahakkümün Vücut Bulduğu İnsanlık Koşulu Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Ebru

Neoliberalism has, above all, emerged as a reaction to realism and its assumptions concerning the constant existence of interstate security concerns, the suppression of economic and societal issues by military security and the military capability of states during the formation of international relations and consequently, the continuance of rarely occurring interstate collaborations and political integration as long as these would serve the interests of the most powerful states (Keohane &amp; Nye, 1989, p. 24). The neoliberalist school directs attention particularly to the (predominantly economic) interdependence between the states (Keohane &amp; Nye, 1987) and assumes the construction of an international system that to a great extent is based on the concept of “complex interdependence” (Keohane &amp; Nye, 1989, p. 25–29). This system enables the existence of manifold interstate and transgovernmental and international communication channels and consequently, the existence of many other actors alongside the states and the blurring of any distinction between domestic and foreign policies. Under the terms of such a system, interdependencies among the states increase, negative externalities emerge, states’ sovereignty becomes constrained, and interstate cooperation becomes unavoidable.Drawing on the key premises of neoliberalism it could be assumed that issuespecific (and above all, economic) interdependence among the member states of the European Union (EU) is likely to play a key role in the formation of dialog mechanisms between the EU and third countries on the basis of the principle of external differentiated integration, which could be described as third countries’ alignment with the EU acquis without acquiring participatory rights in the EU’s decision-making processes concerning the constant evolvement of the acquis (Gstöhl, 2016, p. 2–3). In view of the leading assumptions of neoliberalist theory, it could be predicted that the interdependence between the EU and non-member states is asymmetrical and that the institutional engineering of the models of external differentiated integration is predominantly set by the pattern of asymmetrical interdependence between the EU and third countries (i.e., by the less dependent partner).&nbsp;This study sought to examine the development of different models of external differentiated integration between the EU and third countries based on the key premises and assumptions of neoliberalism and by focusing on the following three already established modes of external differentiated integration between the EU and third countries: European Economic Area, European Neighbourhood Policy, and Strategic Partnership. It further evaluated the latest developments in EU–Turkey relations and Turkey’s EU accession process in light of the neoliberalism’s concept of “interdependence” and touched upon the possibility to form a model of external differentiated integration between Turkey and the EU outside the framework of the accession process by taking into account the recently established bilateral dialog mechanisms.The European Economic Area (EEA) is the most complex and thorough model of external differentiated integration between the EU and third countries. The EEA currently includes the 28 member states of the EU and the three European Free Trade Association (EFTA) states as “external members” of the agreement (Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein). By means of the EEA agreement, external members are provided with the four freedoms of the Single Market while being liable for alignment with the EU acquis in all policy fields relevant for the successful maintenance of the Single Market (EFTA, 1994), which could be described as the “legal conditionality” of the EEA. There is a clear asymmetrical interdependence between the EU and the EFTA states, particularly in economic terms, where the EU enjoys a more favorable position when compared with the external members of the agreement. This is also reflected in the asymmetric design (Kux &amp; Sverdrup, 2000, p. 242) of the model that prevents EFTA countries from participation in formal decision-making processes while nevertheless calling them for the complete implementation of the already taken decisions.The European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) is a dialog mechanism between the EU and the 16 countries that are located to the south and east of the EU’s territory. It is founded on the principle of “soft conditionality” (Lavenex, 2014, p. 886), which could also be described as “voluntary conditionality” as there is a direct, yet (for the ENP countries) optional, link between their alignment with the EU acquis in various policy fields and the level of cooperation with the EU, as well as the degree of incentives provided by the Union for these countries. The “integration/cooperation – interdependence” connection emphasized by neoliberal thought could also be observed in the relationship between the ENP countries and the EU. In agreement with the key premises of neoliberalism and the concept of complex interdependence, the 2003 European Security Strategy (ESS) pointed to the strong link between the internal and external dimensions of security and emphasized the need to create a “ring of well governed countries” (European Commission, 2003b, p. 7–8) in the EU’s periphery for the sake of the EU’s own security and stability. That the ENP is founded on “voluntary conditionality” instead of “legal conditionality” of the EEA could be explained as follows: 1) ENP countries were not provided with the short- and mid-term perspective of complete integration into the Single Market; 2) the interdependence between EFTA countries and the EU is stronger than the one between the EU and the ENP countries; 3) EFTA countries can either align their legislations with the EU acquis very easily; or 4) they have already aligned themselves with the EU norms and standards to a great extent.&nbsp;If EEA is positioned on the one end of the spectrum related to different external differentiated integration models due its strict emphasis on “legal conditionality,” then the strategic partnership model could be positioned on the other extreme end of this spectrum in view of the absence of clear conditionality. Between 1995 and 2018, the EU initiated strategic dialog mechanisms with 10 countries, whereas in 2014,&nbsp;during the Ukrainian crisis, Russia was removed from the list of strategic partners. Currently, the EU has nine official strategic partners all of whom are countries that have the capacity to shape regional as well as global affairs to a great extent (Hess, 2012). Six of the nine strategic partners are positioned among the EU’s top 10 trading partners (European Commission, 2017f), which points to a more symmetrical economic relationship when compared with the relationship of the EU with the ENP as well as the EFTA countries (with the exception of Norway). As strategic partners are regarded as key regional/global actors and thus, are treated as equal partners by the EU, the strategic partnership models do not contain an explicit conditionality. However, strategic partners still partially align themselves with EU norms and standards by means of socialization processes (Hogenauer &amp; Friedel, 2008, p. 267) and membership in the EU’s various agencies (Lavenex, 2015).&nbsp;The asymmetrical interdependence between the EU and third countries that are parties to the external differentiated integration models stated above can also be observed in the dialog between Turkey and the EU. Although many functional/sectoral dialog mechanisms between Turkey and the EU have been established in recent years, Turkey’s EU accession process, which has until very recently shaped the general framework of the bilateral dialog between Turkey and the EU, has entered an explicit deadlock. Throughout the refugee crisis, many additional functional dialog mechanisms between Turkey and the EU were established, which greatly resemble the mechanisms formed for strategic partners and take the relationship outside the framework of Turkey’s accession process. In view of the constant interdependence between Turkey and the EU on the one hand, and the stagnation of Turkey’s EU accession negotiations on the other, the formation of a “permanent” model of external differentiated integration between Turkey and the EU outside the framework of the accession process is not unlikely.

Avrupa Birliği’nin Üçüncü Ülkelerle Harici Farklılaştırılmış Entegrasyon Modelleri ve Türkiye-AB İlişkilerinin Geleceği: Neoliberal Bir Yaklaşım

Esra

Call For Papers  Rethinking Forced Migration and Welfare Inclusion

Joakim

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

Ingemar

Prof. Dr.

Misrepresenting Muslims? Critical Perspectives on Migration Policy Change in Sweden 2015-2023

Mouhamed

Assist. Prof. Dr.

The Russian-Ukraine War and The Uses of Naval Mines in the Black Sea the Legal Consequences in Turkey

Seven

From Neighbors to Potential Members: Is the War in Ukraine a Critical Juncture for the European Union’s Enlargement Policy?

George

Examination of China-Kenya Economic Relations between 1993 and 2003

Lorena

Rosa

The End of the Recurring Guerrilla in Mexico?

Effects of Inflation, Foreign Direct Investment, Energy Consumption, and Trade Openness on CO2 Emissions: Panel Data Analysis for Developing Countries

Mücahit

Important Personal Values and Other Variables Determining Trust in the UN among European Peoples

Emre

Yasemin

The Struma Incident: Refugees, Wartime Diplomacy, and Türkiye’s Neutral Struggle

Mertcan

Analyzing the JDP Era through Class Struggles

Konur

Fatih

Res. Assist. Dr.

Burak

Social Alienation with International Students in New York City: A Phenomenological Research

@JOURNAL_BOX_CURRENT

@JOURNAL_BOX_EARLYVIEW

Esin

Saniye

Öğretim Görevlisi

Cansu

Considering that there are nearly two hundred countries in the world today; the economic, socio-cultural and political situation of each state differs from one another. These differences occur according to the political and bureaucratic traditions of the countries, the nature of the political regime, the party or social groups that hold political power, the level of development of the countries, and the characteristics of the historical process in which they exist etc. For this reason, the aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of the political crisis between Turkey and Russian Federation after the airplane crises on November 24, 2015. When examined in the context of economic and political relations, Turkey downed the Russian Federation’s plane on November 24, 2015 which added another strain to already turbulent Turkey and Russia relations. The crisis that took place on November 24, 2015 was the biggest crisis in the recent period.The scope of this study is the reflection of political risk on commercial relations between Turkey and the Russian Federation. There is a comprehensive list of academic studies on business issues which have already been carried out such as Tourism relations, energy relations etc. However, the scope of this study - the effect of the aircraft crash on Turkey’s import and export values – is not from an academic perspective. The study has three parts. In the first part, we look at the political risk concept and political and commercial relations. In the second part of the study, a time series regression analysis was conducted with the STATA program. In the last part of the study, the results obtained were evaluated and recommendations were made.After Turkey downed the aircraft belonging to Russia on November 24, 2015, it faced a weakening of its strong trade relations with the Russian Federation. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of trade relations between the two countries in terms of the volume of foreign trade as a result of political risk. The effect of commercial relations between the two countries by linking variables has been shown in a quantitative study. For this purpose, a time series regression analysis was performed in the STATA program. The data was constituted with the Turkey Statistics Institute (TUIK) and the Central Bank (MB) reports. The political crisis is the independent variable and the control variables are the CPI-based real effective exchange rate, the monthly percentage change in the CPI and industrial production index. The Turkey-Russia trade volume is considered as the dependent variable. We analyzed the effect of the political crisis on foreign trade volume within the scope of these variables. Monthly values of the data are used in the study and the time series covers the period from January 2005 to November 2017. The regression coefficient of the CRIS variable was negative (- 507). As mentioned in the literature, the political crisis between the two countries caused a decrease in the trade volumes of the countries. In this context, the hypothesis that political risk leads to disruption of international trade relations has been supported.&nbsp;In addition to the regression analysis, changes in the volume of imports and exports are shown with the help of graphs. The results obtained from the regression analysis and the drawn graphics were supported and decreases in the volume of imports and exports are shown in the graphs. The lowest import volume with the Russian Federation was observed in the subsequent months after the aircraft crises covering Russia’s sanctioning period. Traces of the political crisis created by the aircraft crisis were observed a year&nbsp;after the incident. In 2016, both import and export data were generally low. The levels of imports and exports seen in the data of 2015 could not be reached in 2017 but they paint a better picture than the levels in 2016.In this study, Turkey’s downing of an aircraft belonging to the Russian Federation and the implication of this event, consisting of political risk on commercial activities, was analyzed with time series regression and examined through two years of data shown in before and after graphs. As a result of the study, we can see that the political crises has had an effect on import and export volumes and also the severity of the crises has affected communication between the countries and the process of re-engaging in business activities. Economic relations between Turkey and Russia are sensitive to political events. It can be said that Turkey’s strategies implemented after the crisis were not successful because Turkey’s export data still has not reached that of 2014.&nbsp;&nbsp;In conclusion, the political crises between the two countries have had a negative impact on the commercial activities of the countries. In order for political crises to have less negative impacts on the commercial activities of countries, it may be advisable to establish a partnership rather than a direct investment in countries with high political risks.

The Effect of Changes in the Political Climate on Intercountry Trade: An Econometric Analysis on Turkey-Russia Aircraft Crisis

Gökhan

Assoc. Prof.

Şule

The impact of international migration on foreign trade manifests itself through two channels: preference and network effects. The continuation of the consumption habits of the immigrant in his/her country of origin also leads to a demand for the goods of the immigrated country in the host country. Besides, immigrants can lead to changes in the consumption patterns of the citizens in the host country where they live. Considering all these effects, the increase in the demand for the goods of the home countries will increase the imports in the host country. This is called the preference effect. There is a network system that connects individuals in the home country and the host country. Social and economic relations between individuals are maintained through some formal or informal groups. These connections contribute to the increase in the relationship between the two countries. Immigrants help business activities to increase by establishing business contacts with individuals in the host country. Another important effect is that they accelerate the flow of information between the host and home countries by sharing the information they have with their host country. Increased knowledge leads to a reduction in transaction costs in trade. These effects are called network effects. The preference effect increases the imports of the host country, while the network effect increases both exports and imports.This study aims to examine the impact of international migration on foreign trade. For this purpose, panel data analysis is used in the study. The analysis includes the foreign trade data that Turkey made with 125 countries from which Turkey received immigrants between 2013 and 2016. The sample of the study is divided into two groups including 33 industrialized OECD and 92 developing countries. This distinction constitutes a homogeneous sample because it includes the countries that are more similar to each other. The random effect model is preferred because the number of units in the sample is greater than the time period, the sample does not include all possible countries, and the use of a variable that does not change over time such as distance. The variables used in the analysis are determined according to the augmented gravity model. In the models, foreign trade variables include exports, imports and the sum of the two are used as dependent variables, while income level, distance, population and nominal exchange rate variables as well as migration variable are considered as explanatory variables. Taking Turkey as a home country, some studies examined the impact of international migration on trade. These studies have been carried out on migration from Turkey to Western countries. To the best of our knowledge, there is no empirical study taking Turkey as the host country in the relevant literature.As the distance variable representing the distance between Turkey and other countries does not change in years in the panel gravity model, it has a dummy structure. Therefore, the distance variable cannot be used in the fixed effects model based on many dummy variables by their nature. In addition, the countries included in the sample consist of a random selection as their data are available. For these reasons, all of the models in the study are estimated using the random-effects model. The Feasible Generalized Least Square (FGLS) estimator is used to make a prediction free of problems such as crosssectional dependence, heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation in the estimated linear regression models based on panel data method.According to the main result of the study, the impact of international migrants coming to Turkey between 2013 and 2016 contributed positively to Turkey’s trade. This result is valid for Turkey’s trade both with OECD countries and with developing countries. Also, international migration has a positive impact on Turkey’s exports and imports in both groups of countries. The main result of the study is in accord with the expectations. This result shows that international migrants contribute to the welfare of the communities they live in. In other words, foreign trade has an important social benefit for the acceptability of international migration. This is because, the positive effect of international migration on foreign trade in a country is known by the citizens in that country, which may favorably change the perspective towards migrants or reduce negative attitudes towards immigrants in host countries&nbsp;When the empirical results are examined in detail in terms of variables representing foreign trade, another significant result emerges. Accordingly, the impact of international migrants on import is larger than export in Turkey. This is valid for both OECD countries and developing countries. This result shows that the preference effect emerges predominantly. It is possible to say that migrants in Turkey meet a part of the demand for final goods through imports. For this purpose, new empirical studies on the determinants of intra-industry trade are needed in future studies. The impact of international migration on import is larger than export meaning that migrants residing in Turkey lack high-quality human capital.

The Effect of International Migration on Foreign Trade: An Empirical Analysis for Turkey

@JOURNAL_BOX_FEATURED

Umut

The 1980s were the beginning of a radical restructuring process in the political economy of contemporary capitalism. The erosion of real capital accumulation in the 1970s and crisis conjuncture in which capitalism faces were tried to be overcome with a paradigm shift. Thus, neoliberal ideology and its polities have replaced the Keynesian paradigm. In this context, global economic architecture (system) has witnessed the processes of neoliberalism, globalization and finally financialization, after 1980. Even though the concept of financialization is dealt with in different approaches and the extent of its scope makes it difficult to make a clear definition, it is defined that financialization is a process whereby financial markets, financial institutions, financial motive, and financial elites gain major power over economic policy design and economic outcomes (Epstein, 2005; Krippner, 2005; Palley, 2007a; Orhangazi, 2008a).Another development observed in the world economy in simultaneously with the financialization process has been the increase in the unemployment rate. Mainstream economists generally explain the causes of unemployment by labor market rigidities, education level, and work motivation (Snowdon ve Vane, 2005, s.404; Gonzalez ve Sala, 2014, s.596). On the other hand, how financialization affects unemployment is not much included in the mainstream analysis.&nbsp;Discussions on the causes and consequences of financialization have increased rapidly in recent times. Looking at the relevant literature, financialization studies are generally focused on real capital accumulation and growth (Stockhammer, 2004; Orhangazi, 2008b; Demir, 2008), crises (Akyüz ve Boratav, 2003; Lee ve Cheng; 2011) and income distribution (Van Arnum ve Naples, 2013; Flaherty, 2015; Stockhammer, 2017; Dünhaupt, 2017). On the other side, there have been deficiencies in the literature about a systematic analysis of how financialization can influence the unemployment rate through which mechanisms. This study is built on the view that the damage caused by the financialization process on real economic activities affects the job creation and unemployment rate. Within this framework, four different channels have been defined in which financialization will affect the unemployment rate in this study. The four potential explanations of the relationship between financialization and the unemployment rate are as follows:• Shareholder value orientation on non-financial corporates (NFC) • Income inequality caused by financialization • the replacement of full employment macroeconomic policy with low inflation targeting policy • Financial crises and its impacts on the real economyThese developments may affect the unemployment rate by eroding real capital accumulation and production capacity in the economy.The aim of the study is to analyze the relationship between financialization and unemployment rate in 9 OECD countries1 during 1980-2015 by means of panel cointegration and causality methods. The study is thought to contribute to the literature due to the lack of empirical analysis of the relationship between financialization and unemployment. In this study, the share of finance, insurance and real estate sectors (FIRE) in total value added is used as financialization variable. FIRE is a commonly used financialization variable because it is a comprehensive indicator (Van Arnum ve Naples, 2013; Flaherty, 2015; Darcillon, 2015). This data is gathered from EU-KLEMS. Unemployment rate (UNEMP) data is obtained from the World Bank World Development Indicators (WDI) database.Firstly, homogeneity of the slope coefficient is carried out by way of delta test developed by Pesaran and Yamagata (2008). Thus, the slope coefficient is concluded to be homogeneous. Subsequently, the presence of cross-sectional dependence is revealed by Breusch and Pagan (1980) and Pesaran (2004) tests. Whether the series contains a unit root has been investigated via the second generation Pesaran (2007) CADF unit root test taking cross-sectional dependence into account. Both FIRE and the unemployment rate possess unit at levels but when the first-difference of the series is taken, both series become stationary. After finding that the series were stationary at first-difference, the long-term relationship between the variables is examined by Westerlund (2007) ECM test. According to Westerlund (2007) ECM, there is a long-term relationship between financialization and unemployment rate. In other words, the series are co-integrated. Finally, the causality relationship between the variables is examined by Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) panel causality test. It is found evidence of bidirectional causality between variables. In other words, financialization is the cause of unemployment and vice versa.The results of the study show that financialization for the countries examined affects unemployment. In the financialization era, the decrease in real capital accumulation, shift of macroeconomic policies, the deterioration in income distribution and the financial crises may constitute the potential mechanisms of increasing the unemployment rate. Another important result of the study is the determination of causality from unemployment to financialization. The increasing unemployment rate creates people who are deprived of income. In the conjuncture where the unemployment rate rises, people have to use their savings or borrow from financial institutions to keep up their basic needs. Increasing borrowing through credit cards and consumer credits also may raise the share of the financial sector in value added.These results may play an important role in policymaking. Firstly, the control and regulations on financial markets should be increased in these countries. This situation is very important in reducing the destructive effects of financialization. Secondly, The speculative activities of NFC’s have to be reduced. Increasing real economic activities will create new job opportunities and reduce the unemployment rate. Finally, full employment policies should be returned.

Unemployment as a Significant Problem in the Process of Finance-dominated Capitalism: Debate and Analysis

Figen

Buket

Fatma

In the modern business world, enterprises realize the importance of human resourcesoriented activities and act with the awareness that employee job satisfaction must first be ensured for customer satisfaction. Evaluating which factors can be effective on the variables such as employee satisfaction and job performances and developing policies in this direction is possible by identifying employees’ motivation factors. For this reason, today, organizations take into account the motivation factors that enable employees high performance.&nbsp;Motivation is a psychological process that can be expressed as a voluntary action to achieve a goal. The “Work Preference Inventory” (Amabile, Hill, Hennessey and Tighe 1994) is a four-dimensional measurement tool of motivational factors. It has been cited 2146 times until today. As there is not a Turkish version of the Work Preference Inventory, the purpose of this study is to translate the scale in Turkish and execute reliabilty and validity analysis. In Amabile Hill, Hennessey and Tighe’s work, the factors of intrinsic motivation were divided into two sub-dimensions: ‘challenge’ and ’enjoyment’. esinde in the behavioral struggle. Challenge is the tendency to reward yourself by overcoming difficult tasks. Enjoyment is when the activities are interesting and satisfying. Extrinsic motivation factors are considered in two sub-dimensions - ‘compensation’ and ‘outward. Compensation is a reward or income that is commensurate with the effort of the person. Outward is based on recognition and acceptance by others.Banking is an area in the services sector where product diversity is difficult to create. The main factor that will create a competitive advantage in the banking sector is human resources. Therefore we determined the population of this study as the employees of the Turkish Banking Sector. The four-dimensional motivation assessment tool the ‘Work Preference Inventory’ developed by Amabile et. al. , detailed above, was used to identify the motivation elements of the banking sector employees.The questionnaire, which was prepared to collect data from banking sector employees, was distributed to the banking sector employees via social media by the random sampling method. While 405 questionnaire forms were returned, the analysis was performed on 338 observations after clearing missing data forms and outliers.Analysis showed that motivation of banking sector employees in Turkey has a fivedimensional structure. These dimensions are ‘Meaningful job and self-efficacy’, ‘Desire for unstructured works’, ‘Success at structured works’, ‘Awareness of success target’, ‘The search for specificity and consideration of others’ opinion’. ‘Meaningful job and self-efficacy’ means that the employee feels that she is doing something meaningful and valuable for herself and others and that she is competent in it. ‘Desire for unstructured works’ means the employee’s willingness to undertake new, compelling, complex tasks and responsibilities. ‘Success at structured works’ is the high performance of the employee, compared to others, in the tasks in which the requirements, characteristics, and manner of work are determined. ‘Awareness of success target’ means employee awareness of his career goals and curiosity to achieve them .‘The search for specificity and consideration of others’ opinion’ means an employee’s willingness to work in jobs where what is to be done is stated clearly, and a tendency to consider others’ thoughts.The other purposes of this study are to determine the main elements that motivate the employees of the Turkish banking sector and to test the differences of these motivations in terms of demographic and structural factors of the sector. ‘Meaningful job and selfefficacy’ is identified as the most affecting factor on the motivation of the banking sector employees. ‘Awareness of success target’, ‘Desire for unstructured works’ and ‘The search for specificity and consideration of others’ opinion’ are evaluated as additional motivating factors consecutively. In comparison, ‘Success at structured works’ is determined as the least motivating factor. The differences in the motivation of the employees, in terms of experience, department, gender, age, education level and position are also examined. According to the analysis, banking employees with less than 3 years of experience or under 29 years of age have a higher motivation level for the ‘Meaningful job and selfefficacy’ factor; but the motivation of ‘The search for specificity and consideration of others’ opinion’of those under 29 years of age is lower; employees who don’t have a university degree have a high motivation in ‘Success at structured works’. According to the business departments in the study, the operation group employees’ motivation is lower than the employees of the support group; but the operation group employees have a higher motivation in ‘Success at structured works’ than the other groups; and the support group employees have high motivation to ‘The search for specificity and consideration of others’ opinion’. There is no difference between motivational dimensions in terms of the positions and genders of banking employees.

The Work Preference Inventory: Motivation Factors of Banking Sector Employees

@JOURNAL_BOX_MOSTREAD

Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences,published by the Istanbul University, Faculty of Political Sciences
Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences, of Istanbul University was first published in 1983 and since then it has become one of the most pioneering and prominent political sciences journal in Turkey. While the name of the journal was “İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi” since 1983, it has been changed as “Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences” as of October, 2017.

Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences is an international open-access peer-reviewed scholarly journal published biannually.
The Journal is currently indexed by,

*Web of Science - Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)
*EBSCO Political Science Complete
*TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM TR Index
*DOAJ
*ERIH PLUS
*SOBIAD

Mustafa

Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)

EBSCO

ERIH PLUS

TR Dizin

DOAJ

SOBIAD

Gale Cengage

@METRIC_VOLUMES

@METRIC_ISSUES

@METRIC_ARTICLES

@METRIC_OPENACCESS

Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences

@INFO_TAB_ABOUT

Editor in Chief

Co Editor in Chief

Editorial Management Board Member

Section Editor

Statistics Editor

Publicity Manager

Language Editor

Editorial Board Member

@INFO_TAB_BOARDS

<div>The Journal accepts and publishes both international and interdisciplinary articles on the fields of political sciences, public administration and international relations.The journal covers, but are not limited to, following topics:- all subfields of political science, including political theory, political philosophy, political behavior, political institutions and political history,- all subfields of public administration,- all topics pertaining to international relations: including law, ethics, strategy, philosophy, culture, environment, security, terrorism, regional studies, globalization and other topicsThe Journal publishes theoretical, conceptual as well as research-based articles concerning various aspects of aforementioned disciplines in both Turkish and English languages. Turkish manuscripts are published along with an extended abstract in English. Moreover, it publishes special issues on various themes in collaboration with co-editors from the international academic community.</div>

Aim and Scope

<a href="https://mjl.clarivate.com/search-results" target="_blank">Web of Science - Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) </a> <a href="https://www.ebsco.com/title-lists" target="_blank">EBSCO Political Science Complete </a> <a href="https://search.trdizin.gov.tr/dergi/detay/2196" target="_blank">TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM TR Index</a> DOAJ<a href="https://dbh.nsd.uib.no/publiseringskanaler/erihplus/submission/info.action?id=50613" target="_blank">ERIH PLUS</a> <a href="https://atif.sobiad.com/index.jsp?modul=dergi-sayfasi&amp;ID=3214" target="_blank">SOBIAD</a>Gale Cengage

Indexing and Abstracting

The journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the &#65279;<a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a>&#65279; on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> The subjects covered in the manuscripts submitted to the Journal for publication must be in accordance with the aim and scope of the Journal. Only those manuscripts approved by every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Changing the name of an author (omission, addition or order) in papers submitted to the Journal requires written permission of all declared authors.Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unethical behaviors. All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. Plagiarism Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. If plagiarism/self-plagiarism will be found authors will be informed. Editors may resubmit manuscript for similarity check at any peer-review or production stage if required. High similarity scores may lead to rejection of a manuscript before and even after acceptance. Depending on the type of article and the percentage of similarity score taken from each article, the overall similarity score is generally expected to be less than 15 or 20%. Double Blind Peer-Review After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by the editors-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The editor provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles and hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Policies

The journal is an open access journal and all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">BOAI</a> definition of open access.The open access articles in the journal are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) license.

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

Authors publishing with the journal retain the copyright to their work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a> ) and grant the Publisher non-exclusive commercial right to publish the work. CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Editor should consider publishing correction if minor errors that do not effect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper are detected. Editor should consider retraction if major errors and/or misconduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected.Editor should consider issuing an expression of concern if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive. The guidelines of <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> and <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.RetractionJournal follows <a href="https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/retraction-guidelines-cope.pdf" target="_blank">COPE’s Retraction Guidelines</a> in case of retraction. The editor has the right to retract an article if: <ul><li>There is clear evidence that the findings are unreliable; either as a result of a major error (e.g. miscalculation or experimental error), or as a result of fabrication (e.g. of data) or falsification (e.g. image manipulation).</li><li>It contains plagiarised content. </li><li>It has been published elsewhere without proper attribution. </li><li>It contains material or data without authorisation for use.</li><li>There is copyright infringement or there is some other serious legal issue.</li><li>It reports unethical research. </li><li>There is evidence that the peer-review process is compromised or manipulated.</li><li>The author(s) failed to disclose a significant competing interest (also known as a conflict of interest) that, in the opinion of the editor, would have unduly influenced the interpretation of the work or the recommendations of the editors and peer reviewers.</li></ul>In case of retraction the following steps are followed:<ul><li>Retraction notice including article title is published in a subsequent issue of the journal. The retraction notice is paginated and listed in the table of contents. </li><li>A link is provided between the retraction notice and the original article in the electronic version. </li><li>The online article is preceded by a page containing the retraction notice; the reader can then proceed to the article itself.</li><li>The original article remains unchanged, except for a watermark on the .pdf on each page stating that it has been &#34;retracted”.</li></ul>Article Removal for Legal ReasonsIn the following circumstances, except the metadata (title and authors), the text of the article is removed and a page informing that the article has been removed for legal reasons replaces the article. <ul><li>The article is found to be defamatory or to infringe the legal rights of others, and retraction is not deemed to be an adequate solution.</li><li>The article has been, or is reasonably likely to be the subject of a court order.</li><li>There is a significant risk to public health. </li></ul>

To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

The Artificial Intelligence Policy, prepared in light of developments in artificial intelligence (AI) and practices in scholarly publishing, sets out the editorial and ethical principles that authors, reviewers, and editors should follow when using such technologies. The following sources have been considered in the preparation of the AI policy:Committee on Publication Ethics <a href="https://publicationethics.org/guidance/cope-position/authorship-and-ai-tools" target="_blank">(COPE) - Authorship and AI tools</a>; International Committee of Medical Journal Editors <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html#four" target="_blank">(ICMJE) - Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Assisted Technology; World Association of Medical Editors  (WAME) Chatbots, Generative AI, and Scholarly Manuscripts</a><a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html#four"></a>AI-assisted technologies (such as large language models [LLMs], chatbots, or image generators) can develop and produce a wide variety of content, including text, images, audio, and synthetic data. When used ethically and safely, these capabilities can increase productivity and foster innovation, but when used without human guidance, they pose risks such as inaccurate and biased results, omissions and errors in citations, deficiencies in protecting privacy and intellectual property rights, and potential violations of authors' and publishers' rights. IUPress adopts the following core principles to avoid these risks in the use of AI:  <ul><li>Details of any AI used in the production of content (including but not limited to text, figures, images, and code) must be declared and clearly explained in the appropriate section of the paper (as an acknowledgement and/or in the methods section). </li><li>No AI tool may be listed as an author in any scientific paper. </li><li>Authors are responsible for the accuracy, completeness, and originality of their work, even if AI is used in any way; they are responsible for the proper referencing and attribution of others' ideas, data, words, or other materials. </li><li>Reviewers and editors must not upload submitted work, in whole or in part, to any generative AI application.</li></ul>In the editorial processes of IUPress publications, tools are available to assist editors in identifying AI-generated content. On the other hand, it is common to use AI tools that provide suggestions for improving and enhancing readability, language, and grammar, and such AI tools can be used in IUPress publications under the supervision of editors and authors.

Artificial Intelligence Policy

<ul><li>Authors are required to declare if they have used AI-assisted technologies (such as large language models [LLMs], chatbots, or image generators) in the creation of their submitted work. </li><li>Authors should explain, both in the cover letter and in the appropriate section of the submitted paper (as a footnote and/or in the methods section), which AI tool and which version of it they have used and for what purpose. </li><li>Authors should also indicate how they used the AI tool and how they assessed the validity of the results obtained using this technology, and what aspects of the paper, manuscript content, data or supporting files were influenced by the use of the AI tool or were generated by AI.</li><li>It is the authors' responsibility to ensure the accuracy, validity and appropriateness of content and citations generated by AI-assisted technologies and to eliminate potential errors, inconsistencies and biased results. </li><li>Authors should always check the original sources to eliminate possible plagiarism, recognising that there is a potential for plagiarism in texts produced with AI-assisted technologies. They should confirm that they have checked and that the sources are original.  </li><li>AI-assisted tools (such as ChatGPT) cannot be listed as authors because they cannot be responsible for the accuracy, integrity, and originality of the work, and these responsibilities are essential to authorship. Therefore, authors are responsible for all material involving the use of AI-assisted technologies. Authors should ensure that all statements in the article that state the hypotheses, interpretations, conclusions, limitations, and implications of the study represent their own opinions.  </li><li>Studies created by authors using AI tools in the following ways, which substitute for the basic researcher's and author's responsibilities, violate the principles of scientific publishing and publication ethics, and such studies are not eligible for inclusion in publications: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Generation of text or code without rigorous review, </li><li>Generation of synthetic data to replace missing data without a robust methodology, </li><li>Creation of any inaccurate, synthetic content, including abstracts or supplementary materials, </li><li>Creation and manipulation of images and figures (pictures, graphs, data tables, medical images, image snippets, computer codes and formulae) or original research data (enhancing, hiding, moving, removing or adding a particular feature within an image or figure) using AI.</li></ul></ul>

It is essential to maintain confidentiality in the peer review process and not to share or use the reviewed work in this process. <a href="https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/ethical-guidelines-peer-reviewers-cope.pdf" target="_blank">(COPE – Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers</a>)<ul><li>Reviewers should not upload a manuscript or part of a manuscript submitted to them for review to generative AI tools or large language models to assist in the review, evaluation or decision-making process, as uploading content to such AI tools by reviewers violates the authors' privacy and property rights.  </li><li>Reviewing a scientific paper is a responsibility that can only be undertaken by human beings. The critical thinking and original evaluation required for peer review is beyond the scope of this technology, and there is a risk that the technology will produce inaccurate, incomplete or biased conclusions about the paper. The peer review report and decision letters should reflect the personal assessment of the reviewers and editors of the submitted content. The reviewer is responsible and accountable for the content of his/her report. </li><li>AI tools may be used in a limited way to improve the quality of the language of the peer review report (for translation or language editing) in the context of peer review. If such use is made, the reviewer must declare the use when submitting the report. </li><li>Reviewers who suspect inappropriate or undisclosed use of generative AI in a submission should report their concerns to the editor.</li></ul>

Editors are obliged to ensure that the confidentiality of the manuscripts submitted to the journal is maintained during the evaluation process, and it is essential that the peer-reviewed work is not shared or used outside the parties involved in that process. (COPE - Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors) <a href="https://publicationethics.org/files/Code_of_conduct_for_journal_editors_Mar11.pdf" target="_blank">(COPE – Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors)</a>.<ul><li>Editors should not upload a submitted article, or any part of it, to generative Artificial Intelligence tools or Big Language Models to assist in the review, evaluation or decision-making process, as this may violate authors' privacy and property rights. </li><li>Managing the editorial review of a scientific article implies responsibilities that can only be attributed to humans. Generative AI or AI-assisted technologies should not be used by editors to assist in the evaluation or decision-making process of an article, as the critical thinking and original evaluation required for this task is beyond the scope of this technology and there is a risk that the technology will produce inaccurate, incomplete or biased conclusions about the article. The editor is responsible and accountable for the editorial process, the final decision and its communication to the authors.</li><li>Editors should not use generative AI tools to compose decision letters or abstracts of unpublished research. </li><li>Editors may use generative AI tools to help find appropriate reviewers.</li><li>If editors suspect the use of generative AI in a submitted manuscript or a submitted referee report, they should conduct an editorial review of the matter and consider the policy.</li></ul>

Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA), and the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publishers) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

Ethics

The journal adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.- Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.- The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.- The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.- Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.- Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.- The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.- In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.- If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.- In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/B869A50A0FB641CD9342CE2BCD36CF49" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form.</a> The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.The editor hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for double-blind peer review evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Peer Review

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by Editor-in-Chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international external referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by Editor-in-Chief upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.- Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?- Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?- Is the problem significant and concisely stated?- Are the methods described comprehensively?- Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?- Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?- Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

LanguageThe language of the journal is English.Manuscript Organization and FormatAll correspondence will be sent to the first-named author unless otherwise specified. Manuscpript is to be submitted online via <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/siyasal" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/siyasal</a>  and it must be accompanied by a cover letter indicating that the manuscript is intended for publication, specifying the article category (i.e. research article, review etc.) and including information about the manuscript (see the Submission Checklist). Manuscripts should be prepared in Microsoft Word 2003 and upper versions. In addition, <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/B869A50A0FB641CD9342CE2BCD36CF49" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a> that has to be signed by all authors must be submitted.1. The manuscripts should be in A4 paper standards: having 2.5 cm margins from right, left, bottom and top, Times New Roman font style in 12 font size and line spacing of 1.5.2. The manuscripts should contain between 4500 and 8500 words and the page numbers must be at the bottom and in the middle.3. The name(s) of author(s) should be given just beneath the title of the study aligned to the right. Also the affiliation, title, e-mail and phone of the author(s) must be indicated on the bottom of the page as a footnote marked with an asterisk (*).4. Submitted manuscripts must have an abstract between 180 and 200 words (English and Turkish), before the introduction, summarizing the scope, the purpose, the results of the study and the methodology used. The titles (English and Turkish) of the study should appear above the abstracts. Underneath the abstracts, 3 to 5 keywords (English and Turkish) that inform the reader about the content of the study should be specified.5. The manuscripts should contain mainly these components: title, abstract and keywords (in Turkish and English); body text with sections, footnotes and references.6. The 6th versiThe manuscripts should contain mainly these components: title, abstract and keywords (in Turkish and English); body text with sections, footnotes and references.on of the APA (American Psychological Association) reference style should be used for in-text citation and references list. For information and samples on the APA 6 style please refer to http://jps.istanbul.edu.tr/tr/content/yazarlara-bilgi/kaynaklar section in the Information for Authors.7. Tables, graphs and figures can be given with a number and a defining title if and only if it is necessary to follow the idea of the article. the article. The title of table should be placed above the table; caption of figure should be placed beneath the figure. Features like demographic characteristics that can be given within the text should not be indicated as tables separately.8. A title page including author information must be submitted together with the manuscript. The title page is to include fully descriptive title of the manuscript and, affiliation, title, e-mail address, postal address, phone and fax number of the author(s) (see The Submission Checklist).9. Authors are responsible for all statements made in their work submitted to the Journal for publication.10. The author(s) can be asked to make some changes in their articles due to peer reviews.

Author Guidelines

Before beginning the online submission process please make sure you have the followings available:Cover letter to the editor<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.</li> <li>Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement.</li> <li>Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.</li> <li>Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA 6.</li> </ul> </ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/B869A50A0FB641CD9342CE2BCD36CF49" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>Permission of previous published material if used in the present manuscript<a href="http://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/FileHandler2.ashx?f=siyasal_title-page.docx" target="_blank">Title page</a><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>The title of the manuscript both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li>All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses</li> <li>Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax number</li> <li>ORCIDs of all authors.</li> </ul> </ul>Main Manuscript Document<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The title of the manuscript both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li>Abstracts (180-200 words) both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li>Key words: 3-5 words both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li>Extended Abstract (600-800 words) in English (only for articles which are not in English)</li> <li>Main article sections</li> <li>Grant support (if exists)</li> <li>Conflict of interest (if exists)</li> <li>Acknowledgement (if exits)</li> <li>References</li> <li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li> </ul> </ul>Manuscript Submission<ul type="disc"> <li>Dergipark manuscript submission site of the journal is: <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/siyasal" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/siyasal</a> </li><li>While uploading Main Document, make sure that the main document has no information that clarify the author’s identity. Due to double blind peer review, Main Document must not include Title Page, the name of author or any other detail that can disclose the author identity. </li> <li>Additionaly, Supplemental File for Review must not include any detail that can disclose author identity as well.</li> </ul>Files to be uploaded separately<ul type="disc"> <li>Copyright Agreement Form</li> <li>Permissions obtained for previously published material if used in the present manuscript</li> <li>Title page</li> <li>Main Manuscript Document</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The title of the manuscript both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li>Abstracts (180-200 words) both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li>Key words: 3-5 words both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>Extended Abstract (600-800 words) in English (only for articles which are not in English)</li> <li>Main article sections</li> <li>Grant Support (if exists)</li> <li>Conflict of Interest (if exists)</li> <li>Acknowledgement (if exists)</li> <li>References</li> <li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li> </ul> </ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>

Although references to review articles can be an efficient way to guide readers to a body of literature, review articles do not always reflect original work accurately. Readers should therefore be provided with direct references to original research sources whenever possible. On the other hand, extensive lists of references to original work on a topic can use excessive space on the printed page. Small numbers of references to key original papers often serve as well as more exhaustive lists, particularly since references can now be added to the electronic version of published papers, and since electronic literature searching allows readers to retrieve published literature efficiently. Papers accepted but not yet included in the issue are published online in the Early View section and they should be cited as “advance online publication”. Citing a “personal communication” should be avoided unless it provides essential information not available from a public source, in which case the name of the person and date of communication should be cited in parentheses in the text. For scientific articles, written permission and confirmation of accuracy from the source of a personal communication must be obtained.Reference Style and FormatSiyasal: Journal of Political Sciences complies with APA (American Psychological Association) style 6th Edition for referencing and quoting. For more information:-    American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.-    <a href="http://www.apastyle.org/" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org</a>Citations in the TextCitations must be indicated with the author surname and publication year within the parenthesis.If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;).Samples:More than one citation;(Esin, et al., 2002; Karasar, 1995)Citation with one author;(Akyolcu, 2007)Citation with two authors;(Sayıner &amp; Demirci, 2007)Citation with three, four, five authors;First citation in the text: (Ailen, Ciambrune, &amp; Welch, 2000) Subsequent citations in the text: (Ailen, et al., 2000)Citations with more than six authors;(Çavdar, et al., 2003)Citations in the ReferenceAll the citations done in the text should be listed in the References section in alphabetical order of author surname without numbering. Below given examples should be considered in citing the references.Basic Reference TypesBooka) Turkish BookKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8th ed.) [Preparing research reports]. Ankara, Turkey: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Book Translated into TurkishMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler [Mindsets] (A. Kotil, Trans.). İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim Yayınları.c) Edited BookÖren, T., Üney, T., &amp; Çölkesen, R. (Eds.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi [Turkish Encyclopedia of Informatics]. İstanbul, Turkey: Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Turkish Book with Multiple AuthorsTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y., &amp; Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme [Performance evaluation in Turkish search engines]. Ankara, Turkey: Total Bilişim.e) Book in EnglishKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.f) Chapter in an Edited BookBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.g) Chapter in an Edited Book in TurkishErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi [Organization culture: Its functions, elements and importance in leadership and business management]. In M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi [Organization sociology] (pp. 233–263). Bursa, Turkey: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Book with the same organization as author and publisherAmerican Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American psychological association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Articlea) Turkish ArticleMutlu, B., &amp; Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri [Source and intervention reduction of stress for parents whose children are in intensive care unit after surgery]. Istanbul University Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 15(60), 179–182.b) English Articlede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002</a>c) Journal Article with DOI and More Than Seven AuthorsLal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184</a>d) Journal Article from Web, without DOISidani, S. (2003). Enhancing the evaluation of nursing care effectiveness. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 35(3), 26–38. Retrieved from <a href="http://cjnr.mcgill.ca/" target="_blank">http://cjnr.mcgill.ca</a>e) Journal Article wih DOITurner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910</a>f) Advance Online PublicationSmith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867</a>g) Article in a MagazineHenry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today’s schools. Time, 135, 28–31.Doctoral Dissertation, Master’s Thesis, Presentation, Proceedinga) Dissertation/Thesis from a Commercial DatabaseVan Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9943436)b) Dissertation/Thesis from an Institutional DatabaseYaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Retrieved from: <a href="http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portali" target="_blank">http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portali</a>c) Dissertation/Thesis from WebTonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). Retrieved from <a href="http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar%20/phd/ickapak.html" target="_blank">http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar /phd/ickapak.html</a>d) Dissertation/Thesis abstracted in Dissertations Abstracts InternationalAppelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica&#173;tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.e) Symposium ContributionKrinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B., &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.f) Conference Paper Abstract Retrieved OnlineLiu, S. (2005, May). Defending against business crises with the help of intelligent agent based early warning solutions. Paper presented at the Seventh International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Miami, FL. Abstract retrieved from <a href="http://www.iceis.org/iceis2005/abstracts_2005.htm" target="_blank">http://www.iceis.org/iceis2005/abstracts_2005.htm</a>g) Conference Paper - In Regularly Published Proceedings and Retrieved OnlineHerculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105</a>h) Proceeding in Book FormParsons, O. A., Pryzwansky, W. B., Weinstein, D. J., &amp; Wiens, A. N. (1995). Taxonomy for psychology. In J. N. Reich, H. Sands, &amp; A. N. Wiens (Eds.), Education and training beyond the doctoral degree: Proceedings of the American Psychological Association National Conference on Postdoctoral Education and Training in Psychology (pp. 45–50). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.i) Paper PresentationNguyen, C. A. (2012, August). Humor and deception in advertising: When laughter may not be the best medicine. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.Other Sourcesa) Newspaper ArticleBrowne, R. (2010, March 21). This brainless patient is no dummy. Sydney Morning Herald, 45.b) Newspaper Article with no AuthorNew drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.c) Web Page/Blog PostBordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from <a href="http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/" target="_blank">http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/</a>d) Online Encyclopedia/DictionaryIgnition. (1989). In Oxford English online dictionary (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://dictionary.oed.comMarcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.). The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from <a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/" target="_blank">http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/</a>e) PodcastDunning, B. (Producer). (2011, January 12). in Fact: Conspiracy theories [Video podcast]. 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<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/B869A50A0FB641CD9342CE2BCD36CF49" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/FB185385BB3B497694A9126F62891BDA" target="_blank">Author Form</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/84226E12067142C28668127D7530EC36" target="_blank">Title Page</a>

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Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences

VOLUME 27, ISSUE 1, 2018

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