Veliye

Prof. Dr.

Assist. Prof. Dr.

Restricting the general assembly’s power to dismiss members from the board of directors may have considerable functions, especially for the company itself. However, these regulations also have effects that may damage the absolute and inalienable nature of such power, block the decision-making process in a company, and limit the ability to terminate the trust-based legal relationship between the company and a board member, thus resulting in negative consequences. Under Turkish Law, the validity of provisions in the articles of association limiting the dismissal of board members is unclear. This paper seeks to answer to the questions of (i) whether the removal of board members can be tied to a certain period or the presence of justified reasons or certain conditions, and (ii) whether special quorums can be sought regarding a general assembly meeting and this type of decision. While the answer to the first question is generally negative in existing doctrine, the answer to the second question is positive.The paper first conducts a comparative study using a functional perspective. Hence, the research provides the responses and alternative solutions found in various legal systems to the questions at hand. In comparative law, the authority of the general assembly to dismiss members from the board of directors directly or indirectly (e.g., through a supervisory board as in German law) is understood to not be able to be limited as a rule. In this context, the authority of the general assembly to dismiss members from the supervisory board cannot be limited in German Law. However, the ability to aggravate quorums or to anticipate certain conditions regarding the decision-making procedure is accepted. In US law, the State of Delaware has the mandatory rule that, with two exceptions, board members can be removed from office without cause. In French law, the general assembly’s power to dismiss members from the board of directors is absolute: the use of this authority cannot be conditional, and the existence of any reason cannot be sought. Even though not as strict as French law, the United Kingdom regulates shareholders’ authority to dismiss members from a board of directors as a mandate. However, the procedural rules that are to be followed in terms of the general assembly’s decision to dismiss board members and the contractual rights granted to the members constitute the limits of their freedom in this matter.The purpose as well as the wording of Article 408/2(b) of the Turkish Commercial Code (TCC) No. 6102) and TCC 364 do not allow provisions to articles of association that limit the general assembly’s authority to dismiss members from a board of directors. Therefore, such regulations are concluded to constitute a legal deviation and are not explicitly allowed within the meaning of TCC 340. Provisions to the articles of association that limit the general assembly’s authority to dismiss board members, such as for just cause, additional conditions, time, or sanctions, would&nbsp;infringe upon shareholders’ right to supervise [TCC 447/1(b)], deter the basic structure of the company [TCC 447/1(c)], and violate TCC 364. Thus, these types of provisions should be accepted as null and void. A heavier quorum should not be included in the articles of association with regard to dismissing members from the board of directors. The articles of association that require a quorum higher than what is legally stipulated for dismissing board members should be deemed invalid. This conclusion is not generally applicable to all general assembly resolutions; due to its importance, however, it does apply to decisions about dismissing members from the board of directors.&nbsp;

Limitation of the General Assembly’s Authority to Dismiss the Members of the Board of Directors

Sevda

Res. Assist.

Behind every injustice and malpractice reflected in language and actions, there is an erroneous prejudice and a traditionalized cultural structure that make them sustainable. Likewise, egalitarian and fair practices. Discrimination starts with language, and the culture and social network shaped by language permeate the attitudes and behaviors of society. Unquestionably, legal texts are the most important texts that must be purified from sexist and discriminatory language. Art. 2/f of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) requires States Parties to the Convention to eliminate all words, concepts, expressions, and forms of expression that constitute discrimination against women in all types of legal regulations and legal practices, to replace them with concepts formulated in a more egalitarian and inclusive legal language, or to abolish such regulations altogether.When the Turkish Commercial Code (TCC) is analyzed in terms of sexist expressions that foster discrimination against women and cause inequality of opportunity, a sexist conceptual preference that implicitly refers to human beings but explicitly emphasizes being a man, such as businessmen, seamen, and men employed, stands out. The emphasis on being a “man” as opposed to a human being or a person renders the language of the law, and thus the practice of law, sexist because it focuses on men and marginalizes women. However, in Turkish commercial practice,&nbsp;women also manage companies, become merchants, work on ships, and engage in transportation. In lieu of masculine expressions such as businessman and seaman, expressions that are more egalitarian, inclusive, and inclusive should be preferred. In fact, considering the technological transformation and the development of trade, it may be prudent to consider that the framework concepts should not even refer to being human.The language must observe equality; however, it is a grave error to think that a perfect legal language will immediately eliminate inequalities in practice. In addition to recognizing and protecting rights in an egalitarian language, equal opportunities for the exercise and functioning of these rights must be secured. In order for this to occur, a social transformation and a mentality shift must be fostered. The implementation of egalitarian language is a necessary and prioritized step in initiating this transformation. However, it must be followed up, and equality must be protected and strengthened through social policies and support, not only in the text of the law but also in the application of the law.Sustainability, progress and development are only possible in societies where all individual traits are embraced with respect and understanding, and where differences can be carried without shame or pride, not as flaws but as wealth. A more just, egalitarian, and humane order must be agreed upon for not only women but also every element of society and the environment to be liberated and to receive their share of the culture of respect they deserve. Each member of society is responsible for contributing to the development of this egalitarian, mutually-respectful environment. Preferring egalitarian and fair concepts in language when speaking, focusing on the continuation of the activity without discriminating between men and women, and acting in a business-focused, not gender-focused, manner are important steps that can have a significant impact. The inclusion of women “as women” in the workforce, without masculinizing them, keeping them under pressure, or expecting them to behave like men, is crucial for the development of trade and society. The power of words for mindset transformation should not be ignored. Words should not be used to capitalize on women’s labor and productivity, but to emphasize the importance of equal representation and contribution of women and men, and to ensure respect for women’s differences. As activist Helen Todd emphasizes, “Bread for all, and Roses, too!”

An Evaluation of the Necessity to Modify Sexist Expressions in the Turkish Commercial Code No. 6102 in Light of Art. 2/f of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

Kemal

According to the Turkish Civil Code (TCC), a shared regime regarding acquired property is valid between spouses. However, spouses may also choose a different marital property regime regulated by law or make changes to the provisions of these regimes. The death of a spouse is one reason for terminating any type of marital property regime. In this case, the marital property regime that had been valid between spouses must be liquidated. Under Turkish Law, the surviving spouse can receive both the shared claim arising from the liquidation of the property regime as well as the inheritance right regarding the estate, which includes the remaining portion of the residual value in accordance with the characteristics of a tangible case. This is because the idea that the division of a property should be made only according to the provisions of the inheritance law in the event of the dissolution of a marriage by death is not accepted under Turkish Law. Therefore, both the choice of a different marital property regime and an amendment of the provisions of the existing marital property regime may affect the estate and thus the shares reserved for the heirs.The basic principle accepted by Turkish legislation is that marital property agreements concluded between spouses take precedence over the interests of heirs with reserved shares. Although this is the basic principle, two exceptional cases in Section II from Article 237 of the TCC and Section III of Article 276 of the TCC stipulate that marital property agreements must not adversely affect the reserved shares of specific heirs. Both provisions have been doctrinally criticized on the grounds that they disrupt the equality among heirs with reserved shares.Due to Swiss legislation having abolished parents’ reserved shares, the criticism that no discrimination must occur among heirs with reserved shares became unfounded under Section III of Article 241 of the Swiss Civil Code (SCC) and related to Section III in Article 276 of the TCC. Within the scope of the revision, a new paragraph was added to Article 241 of the SCC, and this paragraph regulates that agreements on a different method of division do not apply in the case of the death of a spouse when divorce proceedings are pending that would result in the surviving spouse losing their right to claim the statutory entitlement.On the other hand, the amendment to Article 216 of the SCC is incapable of finalizing any discussions doctrinally. The Draft Law stipulates an increase in the surviving spouse’s share claim arising from a marital property agreement should be added to the hypothetical estate while calculating the reserved shares. Accordingly, the reserved shares of both the common and non-common children are to also be calculated over the same estate. However, legislation makes a distinction again in terms of the possibility of filing an action in abatement for children who are unable to obtain their reserved shares. This amendment could be stated to be fairer compared to the previous situation but to also still be inadequate compared to de lege ferenda. However, during the enactment of the provision, an amendment was made at the last moment that accepted a contribution of more than half of the residual value to not be added to the estate when calculating the reserved shares for the surviving spouse, common children, and their descendants. According to this final version of the provision, which is currently in force, the reserved shares are to be calculated over two different estates.Moreover, legislation regarding Article 532 of the SCC counts an increase in the shares claim among inter vivos legal transactions and subjects it to abatement in the first place among the other inter vivos legal transactions. This situation is consistent with other legal regulations. On the other hand, recognizing the right to file an action in abatement against this acquisition for only certain persons would not be proper. While granting the right to file an action in abatement to non-common children against the same legal transaction, to deny this opportunity to one spouse’s children would be inequitable. In order to protect the non-common children against their parents and the other spouse, increasing the percentage of their reserved share by making a somewhat positive discrimination would be more appropriate.

Protections for the Portion Reserved Against Marital Property Agreements and an Evaluation of the Amendments Relevant to the Swiss Civil Code

Doruk

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

A renunciation of inheritance agreement is a contract between the deceased and the deceased’s presumptive heir that deals with the partial or complete renunciation of the presumptive heir’s inheritance rights.In the event that a party waives their inheritance right by making a waiver agreement while also receiving some advantage in return for the waiver, the onerous inheritance waiver agreement comes into effect. An inheritance renunciation contract has positive aspects such as ensuring the liquidation of the presumptive heir’s inheritance rights while the heir is still alive. However, the inability of the estate to meet its debts at the time the inheritance proceedings begin may cause losses to creditors, for when the onerous waiver agreement has not yet been concluded, the agreed-upon benefit will remain in the estate instead of being used to pay the debts of the estate. However, concluding an onerous waiver agreement both eliminates the responsibility of the one waiving their inheritance from the debts of the estate and ensures that this individual still gains benefit from an estate that is unable to cover its debts.Thus, Article 530 of the Turkish Civil Code aims to eliminate this situation, which exists to the detriment of estate creditors. According to the provision, if the debts of the estate cannot be met by the estate at the time the inheritance proceedings begin and the debts are not paid by the heirs, the individual who has waived the inheritance right and that individual’s heirs become responsible to the creditors of the estate for the amount they had received within five years prior to the death of the deceased in exchange for the renunciation, as well as for the amount of wealth they receive at the time the inheritance proceedings begin.Accordingly, the conditions for applying Article 530 of the Turkish Civil Code and its results can be summarized as follows:<ul><li>At the time the inheritance proceedings begin, the estate must be unable to meet its debts. This situation often arises due to the liabilities of the estate being greater than its assets. However, the condition should be accepted as being fulfilled&nbsp;when debts are not met from the estate for any reason (if the estate is performing weakly), regardless of estate’s assets being greater than its liabilities.</li><li>The debts that are unable to be met from the estate must also not be paid by the heirs.</li><li>A gain must have been left to the person who had onerously waived the inheritance in accordance with the waiver agreement and within five years prior to the death of the deceased. This acquisition can have occurred by means of transferring movable, immovable, or receivables; by giving some sum of money; and/or by paying the debts of the one waiving their inheritance rights.&nbsp;</li><li>In the event these conditions are realized and the one who waived their inheritance is no longer alive, their heirs will become liable to the creditors of the estate.</li><li>These persons have limited liability to the creditors of the estate: 1) The creditors of the estate have the right to demand from these persons the part of their receivables that are unable to be met from the estate and from the heirs. 2) The responsibility of the one who waived their inheritance rights as well as of that person’s heirs to the creditors of the estate is limited to the wealth that is gained at the time the inheritance proceeding begin, as well as the wealth that person had received from the deceased for renouncing inheritance rights within the five years prior the death of the deceased. Thus, the protections provided to creditors by Article 530 of the Turkish Civil Code are seen to not be absolute. This is because even if some amount was found to have been received within the five years prior to the start of the inheritance proceedings, if a gain in wealth no longer occurred based on what was received from this contract regarding the assets at the time the inheritance proceedings began, then neither the one who signed the onerous waiver nor their heirs will be liable for the debts of the estate.</li><li>Unjust enrichment provisions are applied when determining the context of liability. However, the issue here is not a case of unjust enrichment. Within the context of renouncing a valid contract, any received benefits must be returned as per Article 530 of the Turkish Civil Code. A claim can be made against the one who renounced their inheritance rights and that individual’s heirs based on the benefits or revenues they have received and limited to the amount remaining in their hands at the time the inheritance proceedings begin.&nbsp;</li></ul>

Responsibility of the Onerous Inheritance Waiver and Its Heirs Against the Inheritance Creditors

Şehmus

It is the task of the ICC Prosecutor to conduct an initial examination of the available information to determine whether a given situation meets the threshold to warrant a formal ICC investigation. This preliminary examination process may be initiated by a) State Party referral; b) United Nations Security Council referral; or c) the ICC Prosecutor acting proprio motu (without a referral from a State Party or the Security Council). The focus of this study is the Prosecutor’s authority to open a preliminary examination into a situation and to seek the initiation of an investigation based on information on crimes that fall within the jurisdiction of the ICC.This study will first suggest that prosecutorial powers, including the authority to investigate crimes without a referral from a State Party or the Security Council, are not placed in the hands of the ICC Prosecutor without judicial checks. Article 15 of the Rome Statute provides some procedural safeguards such as the requirement to seek authorization from the Pre-Trial Chamber. The judicial scrutiny of the chambers of the Court ensures that the decisions of the ICC Prosecutor are subject to the high threshold criteria set out in the Rome Statute. Safeguards set out in the Rome Statute make it nearly impossible for unfounded or politically motivated accusations to reach the trial stage.&nbsp;The study will then draw attention to the political restraints placed on the ICC Prosecutor by the States whose cooperation is crucial in terms of gathering evidence, arrest of suspects, and accessing witnesses and defendants. As the effective functioning of the Court relies heavily on cooperation with the members of the international community, any reluctance on the part of the States to cooperate with the Office of the Prosecutor limits the ability of the Prosecutor to bring charges against the perpetrators. Consequently, the study will submit that the legal and political restraints placed on the Prosecutor should ally States’ fears about frivolous or political complaints. In this regard, the challenges the new ICC Prosecutor Karim Khan is facing (or is likely to face) will be studied accordingly.This study will claim that the ICC Prosecutor’s ability to initiate investigations proprio motu is in fact a requisite to ensure that the Court is truly effective and free&nbsp;from political interference. The prosecution of the most serious crimes committed in six situations, into which a formal ICC investigation was initiated by the ICC Prosecutor without any referral from a State Party or the Security Council, was possible thanks to the Prosecutor’s authority to act proprio motu. Furthermore, the Prosecutor’s authority to investigate crimes on her own initiative has been instrumental in encouraging national prosecutions. The procedure of examination of national proceedings by a Prosecutor who has the power to investigate complaints proprio motu often serves as an incentive for national authorities to investigate crimes more carefully and competently.&nbsp;Finally, this study will argue that the ICC Prosecutor’s authority to decide whether or not there is a reasonable basis to proceed with an investigation, in fact, serves as an early filtering mechanism against politically motivated referrals and against referrals that fail to meet the high threshold of the Rome Statute. The role given to the Prosecutor under the Rome Statute thus prevents any politically motivated State Party or Security Council referrals from turning into formal investigations.

A Critique of the Concerns on the Proprio Motu Powers of the ICC Prosecutor

Trial-avoidance procedures have functioned significantly in varying scopes and degrees in diverse criminal justice systems in common law and civil law countries, particularly over the last three decades. Among such practices, plea-bargaining and its functional equivalents have expanded across the globe. Plea-bargaining shakes the foundations of traditional criminal trials more than any other form of accelerated adjudication. Conventionally, criminal trials aim to establish the material truth through comprehensive inquiries into facts. Yet, recourse to plea-bargaining or institutes that share its fundamental principle of du ut des continues to expand. The substance of such bargains generally entails an exchange of confession or admission of the procedure for a more lenient punishment.The particularities of such procedures are apparently based on the principle of consensus or consent between the parties and differ significantly among jurisdictions. However, a common element unites all variants: the defendant waives the right to a traditional trial and receives a more lenient sentence in return. Such a seemingly appealing exchange would reduce case backlogs and help the judiciary if the inherent inequality of the negotiating parties is disregarded. Dispensing with truth also generally implies a lenient punishment for the guilty but a harsh adjudication for innocent individuals or offenders who could have availed of the opportunity at their trials to tender valid justifications or excuses for their criminal acts. Unsurprisingly, therefore, generations of lawyers have voiced their disagreement with the ascent of plea-bargaining comparatively or in the context of a particular jurisdiction.The present study examines the roots and current state of the German version of plea-bargaining (Verständigung). This practice allows defense counsel to negotiate with a judge so that the defendant can confess to an offense cited in the indictment in exchange for a more lenient sentence than would be meted if the defendant were to contest the charge in a traditional contested trial. The prosecutor holds the right to veto such an agreement. Specifically, the defendant undertakes to confess the cited charges in court, and the court assures in return that it will not exceed an agreed-upon sentence. In the German model, the judge initiates the plea-bargaining procedures, not the prosecutor. Germany is unique in Europe in the implementation of this model of judicial plea-bargaining. The present study begins with a brief overview of the core principles of the 1877 German Criminal Procedural Code. The basic structure of the Code has remained intact despite numerous subsequent amendments. The Code is founded on the principle of immediacy and the notion of the search for truth at a public trial. Indeed, according to para 244 sec. 2 of the Code, the court is charged with ascertaining that all evidence required to discover the truth about a case is produced at trial. The court calls and interrogates witnesses and experts and introduces documentary and real evidence. The German criminal justice system&nbsp;was once dubbed a framework without plea-bargaining because of its dedication to truth in adjudication. Yet, the German version of plea-bargaining developed from the grassroots since the mid-1970s. It was initially shaped by the judiciary as a clandestine practice unknown to legal scholarship. This practice was first illuminated at the beginning of the 1980s. Since then, it indubitably remains the most contested issue of German criminal procedure jurisprudence because the institute of bargaining shakes the fundamental tenets of the German criminal procedural model.&nbsp;Nevertheless, the negotiation of criminal judgments between the court and the parties was acknowledged under specific rules in the jurisprudence of the Federal Court of Germany. Subsequently, the German legislature authorized such negotiations by passing an amendment to the Criminal Procedure Code in 2009. The new provisions of the Code systemized the existing jurisprudence to a great extent and were upheld by the German Constitutional Court in 2013. The Court’s decision attempted to regulate and delimit the practice of bargaining through a set of criteria pertaining principally to rules concerning the transparency and documentation of proceedings. Remarkably, a recent empirical study revealed a decline in the practice of plea-bargaining as enshrined in the Code since the 2013 judgment of the Constitutional Court. Thus, the present study probes into the reasons for ongoing informal negotiations conducted outside the ambit of the codified procedures of pleabargaining stipulated in the Criminal Procedure Code.&nbsp;Overall, the current article sequentially discusses the roots of German pleabargaining, the scope of the current legislation, doctrinal debates surrounding the institute, the 2013 judgment of the Constitutional Court, the most recent empirical studies regarding formal and informal bargaining practices, and future probabilities.

Plea-Bargaining in German Criminal Procedure Law

Muzaffer

Lysander Spooner (1808-1887) is an important though oft-neglected figure in 19thcentury American political philosophy. He was an individualist anarchist, political essayist, and entrepreneur known for setting up a private post office in competition with the American government’s public postal services and for writing abolitionist essays. He was also a lawyer and natural law theorist. He developed forceful arguments on behalf of an individualistic conception of natural law philosophy and private property rights in opposition to authoritarian governments, interventionism, legislative and taxative activities, and all forms of paternalism, whether moral, legal, or political.Spooner’s ideas on law are found dispersed among his various writings. One of the best known of these works is The Unconstitutionality of Slavery (1860). Spooner began his argument on the unconstitutionality of slavery with a question: “What is Law?” He answered this by defining law as the “natural, permanent, unalterable principle, which governs any particular thing or class of things” (p.4) “The natural, universal, impartial and inflexible principle, which, under all circumstances, necessarily fixes, determines, defines and governs the civil rights of men” (p. 5) was “simply the rule, principle, obligation or requirement of natural justice” (p. 5). According to Spooner, any so-called legal rules and regulations that are contrary to natural justice have no validity. Spooner reiterated these naturalist views in the following works, one conspicuous one that will be dwelt on here being his pamphlet titled “Natural Law or the Science of Justice: A Treatise on Natural Law, Natural Justice, Natural Rights, Natural Liberty, and Natural Society; Showing That All Legislation Whatsoever is an Absurdity, a Usurpation, and a Crime” (1882). As can be seen in the title, he also generated some radical ideas in this pamphlet against all legislative activities in the context of the formation of a legal system.Another pamphlet he published titled “Vices Are Not Crimes: A Vindication of Moral Liberty” (1875), Spooner drew the line around a behavioral area insusceptible to legislative intervention. In this pamphlet, he objected to criminal legislation that interfered with the inviolable core area of individual liberty, especially those that criminalized vices, moral corruption, or the self-harm actions of an individual such&nbsp;as drunkenness, addiction to gambling, smoking, and idleness. Spooner stated therein (p. 2), “Vices are simply the errors which a man makes in his search after his own happiness. Unlike crimes, they imply no malice toward others, and no interference with their persons or property.” In other words, while crimes are related with infringement on others’ natural rights (e.g., life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness), vices are the errors a man makes in the search for one’s natural right to pursue one’s own happiness. In this way, this viewpoint offers insight into a libertarian conceptualization of the separation of law and morality and of an acceptable form of criminalization regarding some human actions. This also had similarly become apparent in Anglo-Saxon legal philosophy through the Mill-Stephen and Hart-Devlin debates.Some contemporary libertarians and anarcho-capitalists regard Spooner as one of their most influential philosophical predecessors because of his substantial arguments in support of private property rights and natural liberty. However, placing him at the central point of libertarian thought is not easy because of some his skeptical views on contemporary capitalist practices. However, he was a follower of Locke’s natural right philosophy and individual property rights as a natural right, he was also a hard opponent to all forms of involuntary servitude, not just to slavery and other coercive public obligations but also to the wage labor dependencies regarding oligarchic capitalist exploiters. Consistent with these thoughts and doubts, he became an exponent of a private property regime that supports intellectual labor and free entrepreneurship. For an understanding of his conception of property rights in this manner, this article will look at his book titled “The Law of Intellectual Property” (1855).In short, the purpose of this work was to bring Spooner’s concept of law into view through some of his book chapters and pamphlets and by dwelling on Spooner’s previously mentioned theory of natural law. In order to analyze his thoughts regarding law as a holistic term, this article will then examine his views regarding certain fundamental legal concepts involving legality and illegality, such as rights, crimes, misdemeanors, the Constitution, and property rights, which he defined here and there among his various works. Consequently, the article will then try to reveal Spooner’s theory of law, which prioritized the individual as a unique moral being in opposition to all collective bodies such as the state and other authoritative societal institutions. In this way, an anarcho-individualist conception of natural law will be shown to emerge through Spooner’s thoughts and critical works.

An Anarcho-Individualistic Remark on Natural Law: Lysander Spooner and His Theory of Law

Halil

Both administrative and judicial system courts in principle may only decide on matters requested from them. According to this principle, known as the principle of the binding effect of a petition and as a general principle of law, administrative jurisdictions can only make a judgment regarding the matter whose annulment the petition requests. However, administrative courts in practice make exceptions to this rule for zoning plans in particular. Accordingly, if the plan in a lawsuit filed against a zoning plan changes while the lawsuit is still ongoing and the new plan contains the same illegalities that are the subject of the first lawsuit, then the court that hears the case will also assess the legality of the new plan in its proceedings. The Council of State decides whether the zoning plan that is the subject of the lawsuit will change while the lawsuit is ongoing. An expert examination of the new plan should also be made, and whether the reason a lawsuit was filed in the first case occurs in the same way in the new plan should be investigated. The lack of any examination in this direction should be considered a reason for annulment.Administrative jurisdictions examine whether the sole purpose of establishing a new zoning plan is to eliminate the subject in the current case or whether the first and second plans have the same content. After this examination, if the court detects the illegality from the first plan to still exist in the second plan in the same way, then the court will make an exception to the principle of the binding effect of a petition and also declare the illegality of the second plan.In this case, the second plan can be said to not have been annulled; rather, the court has confined itself to evaluating the legality of the second plan, with the principle of the binding effect of petitions not preventing an evaluation of the legality of other acts related to the administrative act in dispute. This situation also does not constitute an exception to the principle of the binding effect of petitions. However, the administrative jurisdictions’ evaluation of the regulatory and individual acts that form the basis of the act under dispute and their inclusion in the ongoing proceedings of a zoning plan that emerged after the plan in dispute and that is not based on it are quite different from each other. In other words, the inclusion of the second plan in the case is not because it involves the subject that is the basis of the dispute. Therefore, while the evaluation of the acts that form the basis of the act under dispute is not an exception to the principle of the binding effect of a petition, the purpose of this&nbsp;judicial practice that has been specifically developed for zoning plans is to determine whether the second plan is actually a new plan or a continuation of the first plan. In this way, it forms an exception to the principle of the binding effect of a petition.A contrario interpretation of this practice for when the content of the second plan is different from that of the first plan (i.e., the issues affecting the plaintiff’s interest in the first plan are resolved in the second plan) involves the purpose of change being accepted and thus leaving the case with no valid subject. In this case, the courts should give a decision of “no need to provide judgment” regarding the first plan. In addition, the second action should be accepted as no continuation of the first plan should other illegalities apart from those alleged in the petition occur, or should an illegality that violates some interest of the plaintiff other than that the first lawsuit.&nbsp;Despite administrative courts including the second plan in the proceedings, if they are going to give an annulment decision, they are to confine themselves to declaring an annulment of the act that is the subject of the lawsuit regarding the operative provisions of judgment. Of course, although the annulment of the second plan is not clearly stated in the judgment, it is clearly understood from the trial and the reasoning of the decision that the second action is also unlawful. This is because the courts have included the second plan into their evaluations based on the second plan essentially being a continuation of the first plan, the contents of the plan being the same in terms of the subject matter of the case, and its inability to accept the abolishment of the first plan. In case of unlawfulness, the courts will also decide to annul this second plan.However, in such a case, difficulties are quite likely to occur regarding how the defendant administrations are to implement the annulment decision. This is because the defendant administrations will claim the annulled plan to have already been repealed, a new zoning plan to have already been found, and no annulment judgment to exist regarding this second zoning plan. For this reason, having the courts declare explicitly the illegality of the second plan by mentioning it in the operative provisions of the judgment is important for the applicability of the court decision.

The Effect of Subjecting Zoning Plan Changes to Annulment During an Active Lawsuit

Hatice

This study aims to examine the disinheritance for criminal reasons comprehensively in accordance with the opinions of doctrine and judicial decisions.According to article 510 of the Turkish Civil Code, for an heir with a reserved share to be disinherited, s/he must either commit a grave crime against the heir or one of his/her relatives, or significantly fail to fulfill his/her obligations arising from family law against the heir or his/her family members.Since neither the article nor its preamble adequately explains what should be understood from these two conditions, it is necessary to refer to judicial decisions and doctrine on issues such as who should be understood as the relative or family member of the heir, which crimes should be considered grave crimes, and what should be understood as the significant nonfulfillment of obligations arising from family law.However, there is no consensus on these issues. Considering the legislator’s attitude about extending the legator’s freedom to disposition, superiority should always be given to the interpretation that facilitates disinheritances in these issues.We can summarize our conclusions based on this principle as follows.In cases where both the reserved shared heir and the legator or his/her relatives are equally defective, the validity of the disinheritance should be accepted by giving precedence to the legator’s will.Even if the victim does not know that the heir with a reserved share is a relative or family member of the benefactor, it should be accepted that the heir with a reserved share can be excluded from the inheritance.The disinheritance should be possible based on the possibility that a reason that has not yet been occurred will occur in the future.For the disinheritance to have a result, the reason must be stated in the disposition mortis causa. Otherwise, the dispositions are fulfilled except for the reserved share&nbsp;of the heir. According to Article 6 of the Turkish Civil Code, if a person has been disinherited objects to the disinheritance decision, the proof of the existence of the reason stated in the disposition falls to the heirs who benefit from the disinheritance.&nbsp;In cases where the existence of the reason cannot be proven, the disposition mortis causa is carried out with the exception of the heir’s reserved share. Likewise, if the reason given in the disposition is insufficient, the same outcome should occur. However, in cases where the inheritor makes a mistake about the reason for disinheritance, the heir with the reserved share can obtain the entire inheritance by proving the error.If the legator, who does not make a new disposition mortis causa, forgives the person s/he disinherited from the inheritance, the heir may obtain his/her reserved share in an action for reduction by proving that the legator has forgiven him/her.Even if the legator forgives the heir, but removes the heir from the inheritance through a disposition mortal causa, the heir’s reserved share is not affected by the disinheritance.If the legator makes a will or designates the disinherited heir as an heir, it must be determined whether these dispositions constitute a remission of the disinheritance.It would not be incorrect to assert that disinheritance for criminal or similar reasons produces different results within and outside inheritance law.&nbsp;

Reasons For Criminal Disinheritance

Mehmet

What must be a child legal statute in contemporary law? Should this limited legal personality apprehended as an “object” that naturally needs protection be considered a legal “subject” within the capacity to realize fully its legal existence? Answers given to this question in contemporary French law reveal that the minors’ legal personality is placed somewhere between these two edges: protection as an object of law and acceptance as a total legal subject. Historically, French law treated the child as a “familial object” from the middle ages to the 19th century. Following the industrial revolution, the emergence of a proletarian class and the rights of juveniles in society and civil law continue to expand, thanks to the profound conceptual and social changes in French Family Law. In addition, the rapid development of international law in the 20th century accelerated this movement and granted teenagers additional rights under public law. Children are protected by several international legal warranties, including those provided by the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the European Social Charter, the Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse (Lanzarote Convention), the European Convention on the Exercise of Children’s Rights, and most importantly, the Convention on the Rights of the Child. In addition, France’s membership in the European Union has given rise to directly invocable legal rights, such as the rights to free movement, to be heard, and to family reunification. Thanks to an effective judicial review in administrative, civil, and constitutional law as well as to a strong judicial dialogue between European and French jurisdictions established since the beginning, the objectivation of children’s legal statute has reached an important degree in its implementation today. However, this notable evolution remains limited, and the legal statute of minors in French law is still mostly characterized by the lack of directly invocable personal rights today. The child is largely apprehended by legal order as a matter of protection rather than a complete legal person fully capable of deploying his or her own rights. Submitted to parental authority, tutors, or other types of guardianship; children’s rights do not totally belong to them, their use is conditional, and their effects are restrained mostly by age limits. Even if this specific treatment of children’s legal personality is not discriminating and morally legitim, the permanent evolution of society, impressive progress of technologies, and undeniable acceleration of young people’s maturity (e.g., in the ecological field) necessitates a modification of contemporary legal thinking regarding children’s rights. Moreover, particularly in France, several deficiencies of domestic law exist, such as the lack of political rights for children; restrictions on their access to the labor market; limitations on their contractual rights, judicial and processual rights; their direct proceedings before a tribunal; and their right to be heard and to consent. Furthermore, the official statistics show the defects in the protection against sexual abuse. In addition, the national law has deficiencies in filiation rules&nbsp;discriminating against children of different types of parents and in the field of family violence, as illustrated by the European Court of Human Rights and the Social Rights Committee’s condemnations of France. Lastly, foreign children residing in France may be deprived of their social rights due to administrative irregularities in the status of their parents under French law, or they may be detained in inhumane conditions. The French immigration laws do not provide sufficient protection for unaccompanied minors. In conclusion, even if the child’s legal statute is still changing and children rights’ content and effectiveness are progressively growing in French domestic law thanks to internal evolution and international guarantees, the French legislator still has a long way to go to improve both the protection of these rights and the modification of handling child legal personality by national law. Children must be increasingly considered as a legal subject of law equal to an adult in terms of their fundamental rights.

Children Rights in France

Fethi

Res. Assist. Dr.

Pursuant to Article 169 of the TCC, temporary measures offer legal protection and prevent conflict between parties during proceedings from the filing of a divorce case until the legal effect of the decision.With the filing of a divorce case, spouses have the right to suspend the joint household. This measure is not based on the decision of the judge, and whether the divorce case is disputed or uncontested is not a decisive factor. Furthermore, the right to live separately exists independently of whether the related case is justified or not. As a rule, the right of spouses to live separately will end with the legal effect of the decision to dismiss the divorce case or the withdrawal of the case.&nbsp;While evaluating the allocation of the use of the family home, the criterion of fitness for purpose should be considered, regardless of the fault status regarding the ground for divorce. Who owns the property right or limited right in rem on the common residence or who is a party to the debt relationship (e.g., lease agreement) on which the possession is based is insignificant. As the marital union continues to exist throughout the divorce proceedings, all protective provisions regarding the family home shall continue to be effective as long as the relevant immovable maintains that characteristic. If this protection is deemed insufficient in the concrete case, the judge can take any necessary temporary legal protection regarding the immovable property without any obstacles.The notable criteria for determination of precautionary maintenance are the needs of the spouses and their ability to pay. In the calculation of the amount of the minimum needs (subsistence) of the spouses, both the expenses owing to the suspension of the joint household and continuation of the marital union will be taken into consideration. Pursuant to Article 169 of the TCC, the other of the two main elements for the calculation of cautionary maintenance is the income of the spouses. The concept of income includes both earnings and asset returns (e.g., rents or interest). Pursuant to Article 169 of the TCC, the precautionary maintenance shall be calculated based on the difference between the minimum needs of the spouses—determined within the framework of the principles—and the income of the spouses. Moreover, pursuant to Article 169 of the TCC, when deciding on the precautionary maintenance, who is at fault is not considered in the facts alleged as the ground for divorce.In Article 169 of the TCC, the legislator mentions the measures regarding management of the property of the spouses among those that the judge can consider ex officio during continuation of the divorce or separation proceedings. Thus, if a spouse, who has the authority to freely use, benefit, and dispose of the assets that he or she owns in accordance with the marital property regime of participation in acquired property, violates the interests of the other spouse while exercising those powers or the obligation to provide information, the transition to separation of property can be decided. However, it is possible only if it complies with the principles of necessity, appropriateness, and proportionality, such as other measures in Article 169 of the TCC. Moreover, the judge can ex officio order restrictions on the power of disposal and payment of debtors of one spouse to the other spouse, which are essentially regulated in the law as measures to protect the marital union. While making such decisions, the characteristics of the fact that a divorce case has been filed should be considered.The judge can rule ex officio, i.e., without the need for any request, on the temporary legal measures that are necessary during divorce proceedings, i.e., those related to the spouses. During divorce proceedings, the judge can rule on any proportionate temporary measures, if needed. The provisional measures to be taken regarding the spouses during divorce proceedings are subject to a simplified procedure. Pursuant to Article 169 of the TCC, the decision on provisional measures can be rendered at the earliest when the divorce case is filed and can be effective at that time. The temporary measures taken pursuant to Article 169 of the TCC shall be effective until the legal effect of the divorce decision. Moreover, provisional measures pursuant to Article 169 of the TCC, which do not constitute a final judgment, can be amended during the proceedings.&nbsp;

Eemporary Measures Regarding Spouses During Divorce Proceedings Pursuant to Turkish Civil Code Article 169

Muhammet

Nilüfer

Articles 105 through 113 of the Turkish Code of Civil Procedure (CCP) regulate the types of lawsuits. However, these regulations do not have a limiting nature. A type of lawsuit is also found that is not explicitly included in the law and is referred to as an unseasonal (untimely/early) lawsuit, particularly with regard to judicial decisions and partially with respect to doctrine. The law makes no mention of this type of unseasonal lawsuit (untimely lawsuit/early lawsuit) nor provide any characterization. While accepted by judicial decisions, this type of lawsuit has also not been defined in these judicial decisions, and the conditions for this lawsuit are nowhere to be found. Based on the decisions, unseasonal lawsuits are understood to be used for receivables or claims that are not yet at the stage of being able to be claimed pursuant to various laws. In terms of unseasonal actions, a particular problem arises when addressing the dismissal of the lawsuit. This issue has been discussed and brought to the agenda, especially as the subject of a recent Unification of Jurisprudence Decision dated February 18, 2022. According to the judicial decisions, a lawsuit that is filed prematurely should be dismissed. However, whether the decision to dismiss this type of lawsuit is procedural or substantive is a matter of debate and needs to be evaluated. In judicial decisions, the unseasonal lawsuit is mostly dismissed procedurally on the basis of lack of legal interest. However, some judicial decisions have also observed that, in the event of the existence of an unseasonal lawsuit, a decision of dismissal is made based on the merits.In terms of civil procedural law, the procedural or substantive dismissal of a lawsuit is subject to different conditions and consequences. In judicial decisions, however, the current aspect of the debate on whether to dismiss an unseasonal lawsuit procedurally or on its merits is based on the more practical and pragmatic reason of how to determine the attorney’s fees rather than on any fundamental approach or perspective. In the event that an unseasonal lawsuit is dismissed procedurally, a lump sum attorney’s fee will have to be decided upon in accordance with the Paragraph 2 of Article 7 of the Attorney Minimum Fee Tariff. If the case is dismissed on merits, a proportional attorney’s fee is to be awarded.The Unification of Jurisprudence Decision dated February 18, 2022 decided that, in a lawsuit filed for a receivable that is not yet due, whether it is due or not is a matter to be evaluated ex officio and at every stage of the lawsuit within the scope of the legal interest as a condition of the lawsuit. With this case-law unification decision, a legal characterization has emerged where the due date is a litigation condition dependent on legal interest. Whether the receivable is due and whether the condition is met require an assessment of the substantive law. In an unseasonable lawsuit, the defendant asserts and proves that the claim is not yet due or that the condition has not yet been fulfilled. Claims regarding the maturity or condition may be asserted through defenses or objections. The ex officio consideration of these periods related to substantive law arises not from the fact that they are procedural conditions of action but from the fact that they have the nature of objections based on merit.Explaining conditional or contingent receivables through the concepts of cause of action and legal benefit may cause problems in terms of enforcement and bankruptcy law. Enforcement law and civil procedural law are two complementary fields. Enforcement law is an extension of civil procedural law. If one accepts conditional receivables or due receivables as a condition of litigation, the enforcement office will have to take the condition and due date into consideration ex officio during the enforcement proceedings.The decision to dismiss an unseasonal lawsuit only involves a determination that the receivable cannot yet be claimed. In an unseasonal lawsuit, the existence or nonexistence of the original receivable is not evaluated. A decision has not yet been made regarding the receivable whose right to be claimed has not yet occurred. Although not applicable to all unseasonal lawsuits, this study has the opinion that a lawsuit that is filed before the condition is realized or before the maturity date has occurred should be dismissed for the time being in terms of receivables subject to condition or maturity. In the case of a claim for a future performance, the claimant’s claim is not yet recognizable, and the claimant must wait until the due date. This decision is no final and definitive rejection of the claim. The dismissal of the lawsuit for the time being is a final procedural decision and not a final definitive rejection of the claim. Therefore, once the condition is fulfilled or the due date has been reached, the lawsuit may be reopened without facing the objection of res judicata. The procedural dismissal of unseasonal cases with a decision of dismissal for the time being will also resolve the issue of whether the attorney’s fee will be fixed or proportional. Because unseasonable lawsuits are generally evaluated based on the concepts of substantive law and not procedural law, the realization of the condition, the arrival of the due date, or the expiration of the period after the lawsuit is filed are considered as new facts. Therefore, after the lawsuit is filed, facts such as the realization of the condition and the maturity or expiration of the term can be asserted by the parties as a rule without being subject to any prohibition regarding changing the claim and/or defense.

Evaluating Unseasonable (Untimely/Early) Litigation Within The Scope of Judicial Decisions

Sümeyye

Articles 659-668 of the Turkish Civil Code No. 4721 (TCC) had regulated the provisions on the sharing of inheritance in inheritance cases involving agricultural lands or agricultural enterprises. However, Law No. 6537 repealed these relevant articles of the TCC and moved the regulations of these cases under the Soil Conservation and Land Use Law No. 5403 (SCLUL). As a rule, immovables are allocated to one of the heirs based on the actual (market, current) value at the time of distributing the inheritance. Inheritance cases involving agricultural lands are an exception, as the property is allocated based on the income value (Art. 657 TCC, Art. 8/C, f. 2/a of the SCLUL). The definition and calculation of the income-based value is not legally regulated but provisions on how to do this are made in the Regulation on the Transfer of Ownership of Agricultural Lands (RTOAL). In 2014, the regulations regarding the TCC provisions on agricultural immovables in SCLUL also detailed the income value basis. In December 2021, many changes were also made to the provisions in RTOAL on how agricultural lands are to be evaluated.The income-based value of agricultural land is often considerably lower than its real (market/fair) value. This study presents solutions to the existing problems regarding how agricultural lands subject to inheritance laws are allocated to heirs based on income evaluations. The difference in value between the income-based evaluation and market value creates a breach of interest, especially for the heirs other than the one to whom the agricultural land is to be allocated. However, this study is of the opinion that this situation should be evaluated within the framework of the purposes for which the income capitalization method was adopted, because applying the value obtained using the income capitalization method is more appropriate with regard to maintaining objectivity, protecting the financial status of the competent heir to whom the agricultural land is allocated, and ensuring in relation to this continuity in the agricultural system. However, adopting the income capitalization method when allocating agricultural lands does not justify the gap that exists between the incomebased value and the market value. In this respect, importance is had in updating the data from the Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat) and Ministry over shorter time frames and in increasing the number of academic studies to be conducted in the&nbsp;region in order to determine the correct capitalization interest rate and to evaluate the enhancement factors regarding objective value. In addition, having experts be experts in their field and make comparisons on the market value of a large number of similar agricultural lands based on the market approach and annual net income would be more appropriate in order to create a balance between the income-based and actual market values.The legislation contains no provision limiting a competent heir to whom agricultural land has been allocated from transferring its ownership at market value. In other words, a competent heir who has been allocated agricultural land based on the estimated income value may transfer said land to a third party subject to a barter agreement or put it up as capital in a company. Therefore, this competent heir will be able to obtain as much profit as the difference between the income-based value and the value determined in the relevant agreement under which the obligation to transfer ownership is undertaken. In this context, the claim should be accepted that profit has been purposefully obtained by interpreting the provision of the Law on the increase in value due to non-agricultural use (Art. 8/C/V TKAKK). However, this article is of the opinion that regulating a legislative provision would be more appropriate in which the profit to be obtained due to the transfer of agricultural land by a competent heir can also be claimed by the other heirs in proportion to their inheritance shares.In addition to all these suggestions, legislators should consider giving the outright ownership of agricultural lands to all heirs by granting usufruct rights to the competent heir and deducting the value of the usufruct right from the inheritance share. Choosing this method will both prevent the violation of the interests of other heirs due to agricultural lands not being allocated at their actual market value as well as ensure continuity in agriculture wherein competent heirs actually cultivate the agricultural lands. However, calculating the usufruct value should not be forgotten to also fall within the scope of evaluation. Therefore,the problems that arise when making income-based evaluations will obviously also arise with regard to the acceptance of usufruct rights. In addition, because inheritance shares not being terminated when applying usufruct rights may increase the likelihood of disputes, more problems are likely to occur than when using the income capitalization method. As a result, this study believes that, instead of granting usufruct rights to competent heirs regarding agricultural lands subject to inheritance, allocation should be made based on the value obtained by the income capitalization method within the scope of the solution proposals presented in the study.

Problems with the Income Value Basis in Agricultural Lands Subject to Inheritance

The ambiguity regarding many areas of constitutional law following the 2017 Amendments to the Turkish Constitution is also apparent in lawmaking. Annulling the executive branch’s power to introduce bills has raised questions regarding the executive branch’s role in the initial stages of lawmaking. The purpose of this paper is to clarify some of these issues by presenting and discussing the role of the executive and legislative branches of government in the initial stages of lawmaking (i.e., the preparation of bills).The paper identifies two main services in the initial stages of lawmaking: (i) assistance in obtaining information and conducting research in order to determine the necessity for enacting legislation and (ii) the preparation of draft bills that are technically accurate, that express concepts accurately, and that take into account existing enactments. The evaluation regarding the roles of the two branches of government is limited to these two services, and the study presents two sets of research questions: (i) Which mechanisms does the TBMM have access to in terms of the two services mentioned above, and is the TBMM’s institutional capacity sufficient for carrying out these services adequately? (ii) Has the executive organ been empowered to play a role in bill preparation through these two services as a result of the 2017 Constitutional Amendments, and if so, what are the legal limits to such power?Part I of the paper focuses on the mechanisms that Parliamentarians wield through Parliament. For this purpose, the paper presents and briefly analyzes the different mechanisms through which Parliament can obtain information for determining the necessity of enacting a law under three sections: (i) the constitutional mechanisms for obtaining information, (ii) the powers of the administrative staff of the TBMM&nbsp;&nbsp;in terms of conducting research and obtaining information, and (iii) the mechanisms regarding parliamentary committees. Lastly, the paper presents information on the assistance for legislative drafting as provided by the TBMM administrative staff, along with statistical data.Part II of the paper questions the power the executive organ has to play a role in the preparation of bills and the legal bases for this power. Firstly, the paper explores the legal limits for the sources of bills and the possibilities the executive organ has for producing information and draft legislation. The paper then examines the meaning, extent, and practice regarding the presidential power of recommendation, exploring whether this power can be interpreted as the constitutional foundation of the executive role and its assistance in preparing bills. Part III of the paper examines the regulations on executive drafting before and after the 2017 Constitutional Amendments and questions whether the regulations that are in force encompass legislative drafting in the aftermath of the amendments.Part IV of the paper puts forth the advantages and disadvantages of the executive branch’s involvement in the preparation of bills in the aftermath of the 2017 Constitutional Amendments. The paper identifies uncertainties and problematic issues and presents recommendations. Firstly, the article puts forth the advantages that the executive branch holds and what its participation contributes to the procedure. Secondly, this section identifies the need to regulate the power of recommendation and what the legal limits to such possible regulations are. Furthermore, the article identifies and considers the problems that have been encountered in terms of transparency, as well as the lack of the necessary checks and balances in the current governmental system. Finally, the article evaluates the sufficiency of the TBMM’s institutional capacity regarding personnel infrastructure and its capacity to obtain information and conduct research.

The Role of the Executive and Legislative Branch in the Preparation of Bills in Türkiye Following the 2017 Constitutional Amendments

Gökhan

The issue of nullifying a judgment is one of the most arguable subjects in criminal procedural law. According to the prevailing opinion in the literature on criminal procedural law, judgments that are afflicted with particularly obvious defects are incapable of producing the intended effects due to consequences contrary to the general structure of criminal procedural law. Recognizing the validity of such judgments is to be refused due to being clearly intolerable for the legal community as a result of the extent and weight of their defects. Nullifying a judgment allows the recognition of a court judgment to be refused, thus allowing everyone (e.g., courts and enforcement authorities) to ignore said judgment without further judicial elimination proceedings. The supporters of this opinion use the term nullification to refer to the absence of the legal effects of a judgment. However, providing an exhaustive list of defects that constitute nullification is impossible.Whether a judgment given by a criminal court may be acceptably deemed to nullified due to the nature of the defects it contains and therefore also be incapable of having any legal consequences is an important issue to explain in terms of the theory of judicial proceedings. In the case of the acceptance of the nullification of a judgment given by an empowered court, apart from the judgment being considered unlawful by classification of the qualification of illegality, questions such as the criteria by which the qualification is made and the persons or authorities who are authorized to make this classification are to be answered in accordance with the criminal procedural system adopting the audit of legal remedy.As a judicial proceeding, judgments appear in the legal world through the occurrence of material, voluntary, and formal conditions. A judgment that contains these conditions legally subsists without having importance to whether its context is legally correct or not or whether it has complied with criminal procedural principles or not. In a criminal procedural system that foreseen an audit of legal remedy, the legal nullification of a judgment may be unaccepted regardless of the qualification of its illegality. An opinion that differs from the foreseen system of criminal procedure regarding the illegality of a judgment and basing this on the inconvenience of a judgment resulting in any legal consequences upon being rendered are undesirable for legal security. In this respect, regardless of the qualification of the illegality of a&nbsp;judgment a judicial authority has handed down, this illegality is to be resolved in an audit of legal remedy.As a result, the Turkish criminal procedural system is not designed to be able to reveal the legal consequences from a judgment being nullified. Due to the principle of legal security, the judgments courts hand down have an essential authority. The illegalities of these are eliminated through the audit of legal remedy, which is the accepted control mechanism in the structural scope of the criminal procedural system. One category is found that indicates how the nullification of a judgment is not predicated in the Criminal Procedural Code. The Criminal Procedural Code does not include nullification with regard to any illegality of judgment; regardless of the qualification of the illegality, the code has decided that all illegalities shall be discussed in an appeal and audit of legal remedy. In this respect and distinct from the illegalities subject to legal remedy, no reasons for nullification can be mentioned that refer to self-invalidity or that have foreseen a criterion of distinction. The category of nullifying a judgment is unnecessary in the Turkish legal system, as it particularly includes the Chief Public Prosecutor Objection and the Reversal in Favor of the Law as extraordinary legal remedies, thus revealing the Turkish legal system to have a more comprehensive system of audit of legal remedy comparted to German criminal procedural law.

The Issue of Nullifying a Judgment in Criminal Procedural Law

Koray

Zoning plans can be said to be technical legal documents composed of written and visual materials for defining the spatial characteristic and functional identity of urban settlements. In the other words, the priority aim of zoning plans is to afford an urban settlement’s spatial, ecological, sociocultural, and economic necessities. Zoning plans are also regulatory documents that assist in making healthy livable settlements.In this context, zoning plans depend on the relationships between legislative knowledge, which is necessarily composed of formal obligations, and the planning criteria and principles of urbanism, which consist of subjective and objective qualifications. Therefore, planning criteria and the principles of urbanism principles can be viewed as the criteria for a subjective and objective review of zoning plans as one of the main tools of regulatory documents regarding property rights.According to the literature on the judicial review of zoning plans, zoning plans are seen to have been examined in terms of plans types, special purpose plans, the hierarchical order between plans and authority, responsible procedures, and the principles of urban planning. The source of these judicial reviews is based on the knowledge of national legislation alongside the status of council decisions regarding the national dimension, as well as internationally on the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights.This paper attempts to determine and detail the context and contents of the planning criteria and principles of urbanism by benefitting from the literature on legislative knowledge, urban planning, and law. In this framework, the study is designed to be a systematic guide regarding planning criteria and the principles of urbanism for resolving disputes related to zoning plans.As a result of this paper, a guide has been created regarding planning criteria and the principles of urbanism composed of seven criteria based on the planning literature and on the legal knowledge of planning criteria and the principles of urbanism. The first criterion entails that zoning plans should be prepared in terms of the eligibility of the planning methods and techniques in the context of legislative obligations and the planning literature. These methods and techniques should be composed of successive stages that involve the design of the scenario, including vision and strategies, survey and analysis, synthesis, planning implementation and monitoring, controls, and revision. These stages are referred to as the spatial planning process in the urbanism literature. The second criterion is that integrity and continuity should exist among a zoning plan’s plan, legend, plan report, and plan notes. This also pertains to the integrity and continuity of plan decisions in the context of land use and the transportation system regarding the density in zoning plans.The third criterion is that zoning plans should provide knowledge on the required details with respect to the function and scale differentiation of the plan. In this framework, the decision contents of zoning plans regarding the different scales and types should show the differences in terms of their scales and types of plans. The fourth criterion states that zoning plans should have a hierarchical order from the upper scale to the lower scale between zoning plans. In the other words, lower scale plans should be prepared in accordance with the upper scale plan’s decisions. The fifth criterion states that the distribution of sociocultural services and technical infrastructure in zoning plans should be balanced and also should meet the sociocultural requirements in the context of legal obligations. The sixth criteria states that zoning plans’ spatial, functional, and demographic decisions should be in accordance with the site-specific conditions of the planning zone. Lastly, the seventh criterion states that all decisions in zoning plans should be objective in terms of how they distribute public services on private property. It is considered that this guide as a criteria set can be contributed subjectively, objectively, and technically to resolving disputes related to zoning plans.

A contribution to the judicial review process of the development plans: A guide proposal for planning criteria and the principles of urbanism

@JOURNAL_BOX_CURRENT

@JOURNAL_BOX_EARLYVIEW

Ayşe

Assist. Prof.

One of the principles that Civil Procedure Law based on is the “dispositional control of the parties principle”. Under this principle, parties’ have the right solve private law disputes according to their dispositions. Under the principle, dispute parties are free to decide choose or not to choose litigation as way of resolution. Principle also covers to end the dispute by an settlement (in principle). One of the dispute ending options under the principle is the parties settlement agreement. Settlement agreement, generally, is an agreement in which parties agree to ending the dispute with mutual compromise. In other words, it can be also defined as an agreement in which parties completely or partially ending the dispute mutually. Settlement agreement, regulated as an stand alone regulation for the first time in the Article 313/1 of the Code of Civil Procedure (CCP) numbered 6100. Under the Article, settlement agreement means that the parties agreement on to ending the dispute completely or partially in an outstanding case. This definition only covers the in-judicial settlement. Because the definition requires a settlement in front of the court. Out of judicial/court settlement is not regulated under the CCP. Because, this kind of settlement fall in the area of the Turkish Code of Obligations. Out of judicial settlement is an agreement out of the court in which the parties agreed to end the dispute completely or partially at mutual interest point they considered. There is no necessity of an outstanding ongoing case process at this point. Additionally, an ongoing trial process would not affect the out of judicial settlement. It is needed a transformation of the out of judicial settlement to an in-judicial settlement to affect an ongoing trial at the same dispute. Out of judicial settlement is an substantive law agreement. This agreement is fall in the provisions (General Provisions) of the Turkish Code of Obligations. Out of judicial settlement agreement is not be need to be made in written because of the “freedom as to form” principle of the Turkish Code of Obligations. If the out of judicial settlement transformed to an in-judicial settlement it could affect an ongoing trial at the same dispute. Parties convey the out of judicial settlement to the court and then court get in record the agreement. After that moment, out of judicial settlement is evaluated as an in-judicial settlement. It is not needed that the whole provisions of the out of judicial settlement to get in recorded in the trial documents. Article 315/1 of the CCP regulates the provisions on effects and solutions of settlement agreements. Under this provisions when the out of judicial settlement transformed to an in-judicial settlement it would has the same legal power and&nbsp;solutions of it. The first solution of this transformation is the ending of existing dispute, in other words ending of the existing court trial. The second important outcome of the in-judicial settlement agreement is that it would have the same legal effect of final court decision. In-judicial settlement has an important another legal effect that it would has the power of the final court decisions under the Enforcement and Bankruptcy Code Article 38. If the out of judicial settlement transformed to an in-judicial settlement it would has the same affect as well.

Out of Judicial Settlement and Its Effect on Trial

Involvement of persons with disabilities in business life is extremely important – just as much as in their access to education and health services - and in their enjoyment of social protection because unemployment makes individuals becoming unemployed feel like they are useless. Involvement of persons with disabilities in business life, and pursuing the same eliminates the social effects caused by the risk of unemployment. In addition, working persons with disabilities benefit from social insurance protection based on their work, and thus a decrease occurs in the expenses made for persons with disabilities from the social security budget. While the policies relevant to persons with disabilities started with passive policies such as protecting persons with disabilities, today they have transformed into active policies such as ensuring the complete participation of persons with disabilities in employment. In Turkey, the number of persons with disabilities recorded on the National Database on Persons with Disabilities is 2.461.828 for the first half of the year 2019. And the rate of participation of persons with disabilities in employment is 22.1 percent. When compared with the data for the EU and OECD, this number is very low. Thus, increasing the participation in employment of persons with disabilities is also among the objectives relevant to business life. When the legal regulations in Turkey are examined, it can be observed that rules relevant to the protection of persons with disabilities have taken place in Constitutional Law for the first time. According to Article 17 of Constitutional Law, everyone has the right to live, and to preserve and improve their material and moral presence. And, according to Article 49 of Constitutional Law, working is everyone’s right and obligation. The government takes the required measures to increase the standard of living of employees, protect the unemployed, and support working. The government’s actualization of this obligation is especially important in terms of persons with disabilities who are experiencing many difficulties in involvement in business life. For this reason, it is required that the government should take special measures for persons with disabilities, and to provide the work environment for them. Hence, in Article 50 of Constitutional Law, it has been emphasized that no one could be employed in works not conforming to their strength, and the rule of “the ones having physical and psychological insufficiency are distinctively protected in terms of working conditions” has been established. And the most basic law regarding persons with disabilities is the Law on Persons with Disabilities no 5378. This law intends that persons with disabilities should benefit from fundamental rights and freedoms, and to ensure their participation in social life under equal conditions with other individuals. Article 30 of Labour Law no 4857 regulates the details relevant to the liability of employers to employ persons&nbsp;with disabilities. Article 30 was regulated again in 2008, and new principles were established regarding the employment of persons with disabilities. In accordance with this, employers employing fifty or more employees in the workplace have to employ a specific number of persons with disabilities. When Article 30 of Labour Law is examined, it is observed that the straightforward quota method has been adopted regarding the employment of persons with disabilities. The quota determined within this scope is three percent for workplaces in the private sector, and four percent for workplaces in the public sector. It is required that the following conditions are present for liability of the employer to employ persons with disabilities to arise : i) The workplace’s inclusion in the scope of Labour Law, or Maritime Labour Law, ii) Employment of fifty or more employees in the workplace. In case of the presence of these conditions, the employers are required to employ persons with disabilities whose rate of disability is at least 40 percent. Persons with disabilities should be employed through the Turkish Employment Agency. But the employer may also employ a person with disabilities through his own means. In this case, it is required to inform the Turkish Employment Agency, and to have the person with disabilities recorded at the Agency. An administrative fine is imposed on the employer acting against the liability of employing persons with disabilities. Another method regarding the employment of persons with disabilities is the concept of sheltered employment. Briefly, this method is ensuring the employment of persons with disabilities – for whom it is difficult to bring them in business life - within the frame of special conditions. In this system, there are sheltered workplaces where the working environment is specifically arranged in order to ensure the employment of persons with disabilities. In Turkish Law, the principles of this subject have been regulated in the Law on Persons with Disabilities, and in a certain regulation issued on this subject. That Regulation first came into force in 2006, and it was renewed in 2013. Persons with disabilities who will be employed at sheltered workplaces, are not only persons with physical disabilities but persons with mental and psychological disabilities. In terms of acquiring the status of a sheltered workplace, some conditions have been sought by the Regulation. Above all, it is required that the workplace is one which holds the qualifications determined by the Regulation, and where at least eight persons with disabilities are employed. In addition, the ratio of the number of persons with disabilities who will be employed at a sheltered workplace to the number of total employees shouldn’t be less than seventy five percent. In the Regulation, the physical conditions and equipment that the sheltered workplace has to have (safety, traffic safety, fire protection etc.) were also specified. A specific part of the remunerations&nbsp;of the persons with disabilities being employed at sheltered workplaces is paid by the government. In Turkish law, amendments made in time in Article 30 of Labour Law being the basis of the liability of employing persons with disabilities, and especially the increase in incentives for the employers in private sector are deemed as proper regulations. Again, allowing the employers to find workers who will be employed by their own means is also among those steps which would facilitate employment. Certainly, considering the measures ensuring employment as incentives rather than a quota and fine method would be a more constructive approach.

The Liability of the Employer to Employ Disabled Employee

@JOURNAL_BOX_FEATURED

Night work has been the subject of many discussions due to its contradictory nature to the biological structure of the human body. This attribute of night work requires that night work and day work should not be handled in the same way in the legal order. The developments in the field of Occupational Health and Safety Law, and the researches regarding the effects of night work on the human health, constantly demand the review and improvement of the regulations regarding night work. In this regard, the most important protective provision regarding the workers working at night could be the limit on the night working time. In accordance with the Article 69 (I) of the Labour Law No. 4857, “night” is defined as the period starting at the latest at 20.00 in the evening, and lasting at the earliest until 06.00 in the morning, which in any case lasts maximum eleven hours. Furthermore, in accordance with Article 69 (III), night work shall not exceed seven and a half hours. However, significant exceptions have been recently adopted to this rule. The amendment, enacted in 2015, allows employers in some sectors (private security, tourism and jobs related to healthcare) to demand night work in excess of seven and a half hours by obtaining written approval from the worker. It should be noted that the regulations concerning night work are particularly important regarding the work carried out by shift work. Taking into consideration the need for governing special procedures and principles on this subject, a regulation specifically on shift work has been issued, and exceptions to the rule on the limit of the night working time are also included in this regulation. In my opinion, the propriety of this change amendment is highly debatable. It can be argued that the service should continue uninterruptedly in the sectors mentioned in the Article (private security, tourism and jobs related to healthcare). However, the employment of the workers for longer periods is not the only way to ensure the continuity of the service. Although written approval of the worker enabling the night work in excess of seven and a half hours is stipulated, the worker-protective approach of the Labour Law which protects the workers even from themselves, especially on the issues regarding occupational health and safety should not be disregarded. It should also be noted that the Regulation on shift work also includes a statement which is not included in the text of the Labour Law. In the Regulation; it is prescribed that the workers employed by the subcontractor in the workplaces, where private security, tourism and health services are carried out, also fall under this scope. If the letter of the statement is followed; it could be concluded that all workers employed by the subcontractor in the health, tourism and private security sectors may be employed at night for more than seven and a half hours. However, it is clear that such an interpretation would be incompatible with the exception regulated in the Labour&nbsp;Law. The provision of the regulation should be interpreted in a manner to cover subcontractor workers who are employed in the sectors referred to in the Labour Law, specifically in cases where subcontracted work is carried out with respect to these sectors. It has been concluded that the recent changes in the field of night work constitute a reversal in terms of workers’ rights. It is clear that the continuity of the services without disruption can be also maintained by increasing the number of shifts. Furthermore, I would like to draw attention to the fact that the regulations regarding night work are quite disorganized. In this regard, it may be suggested that all the rules regarding night work should fall into a single regulation. As a result, it may be stated that there is a need for the review of the regulations on night work in our legislation.

Night Work and The Evaluation of the Amendments Regarding the Limit of Night Work Period

Cemile

Assoc. Prof.

This article deals with multi-tier dispute resolution clauses incorporating both mediation and arbitration together under Turkish Law. I use the terminology of “med-arb” not only for the situation where the mediator acts as an arbitrator, but rather in a general meaning covering all instances where the arbitration is commenced following an unsuccessful mediation. The purpose of this article is to discuss the validity of the med-arb agreements, the consequences of starting arbitration before the mediation fails, the effects of the mediation proceedings and of the mediator acting as an arbitrator on the arbitration that follows the mediation as well as the admissibility of the documents and factual evidence exchanged at the mediation. For the purpose of this article, the comparative laws, international ethics rules, international guidelines on the conflict of interest and admissibility of evidence are reviewed along with Turkish law. Turkish Code on Mediation in Civil Law Disputes stipulates some provisions related to the med-arb. These provisions shall apply equally to both domestic and international arbitrations where the place of arbitration is Turkey. Following the jurisprudence of the Turkish Supreme Court, a med-arb agreement is valid only if it reflects, without doubt, both parties’ consents to the arbitration following the failure of the mediation proceedings. Therefore, a multi-tier dispute resolution clause subject to Turkish law needs to be drawn carefully. In this respect IBA Guidelines for Drafting International Arbitration Clauses are of assistance. In cases where one of the parties commences arbitration without a recourse to mediation first, the arbitral tribunal should make a decision on the admissibility of the claim. There is no direct provision related to the question of admissibility under Turkish law. Under Turkish law, in parallel with the practice of international arbitration, the tribunal has to interpret the med-arb agreement to make a decision on the question of whether the recourse to mediation is a pre-condition of the arbitration. If the mediation is a pre-condition, then the tribunal should suspend the arbitral&nbsp;proceedings and direct the parties to the mediation. However, in the case that the mediation fails, the tribunal may resume the arbitral proceedings. There is nothing under Turkish law suggesting that a precondition of arbitration is a jurisdictional issue rather than an admissibility issue. The advantages of the med-arb are subject to heated debates among people holding different perspectives. Such advantages are controversial since when a dispute arises and the arbitration starts without a recourse to mediation, the respondent may object to the jurisdiction of the tribunal or to the admissibility of the claim relying on the fact that the pre-condition to try mediation first is not met. Such an objection may cause arbitration to be delayed and/or the costs of arbitration to increase. Therefore, before opting for a med-arb agreement the parties should evaluate the possibility of settling their dispute at the Med-arb. The parties who are able to consider their commercial interests do not need a med-arb agreement as they are able to settle the disputes without the assistance of a mediator. They first try to settle the dispute, in some cases for years, and to avoid adjudication by an arbitral tribunal. They only start arbitration when there is no possibility of settlement of their dispute and of saving their commercial alliance. In such cases, med-arb agreements become a tool to delay the proceedings and increase the costs for the claimant to force him or her to give up his or her claim. Having said that, for the parties who are unable to consider their commercial interest and unable to avoid adjudication, med-arb agreement may be the right dispute resolution clause. In a med-arb agreement, the parties may wish the mediator to act as their arbitrator if the mediation fails. Neither the Turkish Code of Mediation in Civil Disputes nor the Turkish International Arbitration Code prevents a mediator to act as an arbitrator. Turkish Ethics Rules for Mediators stipulate that a mediator may act as an arbitrator only if the parties have agreement in writing. Therefore, any mediator to act as arbitrator needs to have the parties’ written consent. In international mediation and arbitration practices, the scholars and practitioners widely accept that having an arbitrator who previously acted as a mediator generates a number of serious risks and concerns. First of all, the mediator-arbitrator may not protect his or her impartiality in the arbitration because of the facts that she or he became aware of during the mediation. Secondly, the mediator-arbitrator may rely on the confidential information exchanged in caucus while making the award. Thirdly, the mediator may be too willing to act as an arbitrator and as a result the mediation may prematurely fail. Finally, the mediator may abuse his or her powers and force the parties to settle their disputes as the mediator suggests. The parties may feel that if they are not able to settle their dispute and proceed to the arbitration, the mediator-arbitrator would make an arbitral award in parallel of the recommendations at the mediation phase. Considering the severity of the consequences, if the parties agree to have an arbitrator&nbsp;who previously acted as their mediator, they need to be aware of such consequences and they need to make an informed decision accordingly . The Turkish Code of Mediation in Civil Law Disputes restrains the ability of the mediator-arbitrator to rely on the documents produced during the mediation for the purpose of settlement and defines which documents are in this category. In the case where the mediator-arbitrator relies on these documents while making the award, depending on the extent the document or information has a bearing on the award, the arbitral award may be cancelled, or its enforcement may be refused. In November 2019, Istanbul Arbitration Center (ISTAC) introduced its Medarb Rules. ISTAC Med-arb Rules are the first published institutional Med-arb rules. ISTAC Med-arb Rules reflect the best practices in international mediation – arbitration. I believe that ISTAC Med-arb Rules will be welcomed in the field of international dispute resolution.

Multi-Tier Dispute Resolution Clauses Incorporating Both Mediation and Arbitration Together Under Turkish Law

@JOURNAL_BOX_MOSTREAD

Istanbul Law Review is a publication of Istanbul University, Faculty of Law.  

Istanbul Law Review is a quarterly, academic, peer reviewed journal which publishes articles in Turkish and English. Istanbul Law Review publishes articles, judicial reviews, legislation analysis’, publication criticism, translations which involves in law and law related subjects, and are based on genuine theoretical and practical academic research and suitable for national and international scale.

Istanbul Law Review involves in publications which are (i) capable of expanding theory and enhancing theoretical basis, (ii) analyzing either academic or judicial methodology, (iii) scrutinizing legal theory, practice, process, symbols etc. effecting society on private or public levels, (iv) exploring the subject in legal, sociological, political, psychological, philosophical, ethical, geographical and historical manner.

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)

EBSCO

ERIH PLUS

TR Dizin

DOAJ

SOBIAD

@METRIC_VOLUMES

@METRIC_ISSUES

@METRIC_ARTICLES

@METRIC_OPENACCESS

Istanbul Law Review

@INFO_TAB_ABOUT

Editor in Chief

Co Editor in Chief

Editorial Assistant

Language Editor

Editor

@INFO_TAB_BOARDS

Istanbul Law Review is a quarterly, academic, peer reviewed journal which publishes articles in Turkish and English. Istanbul Law Review publishes articles, judicial reviews, legislation analysis’, publication criticism, translations which involves in law and law related subjects, and are based on genuine theoretical and practical academic research and suitable for national and international scale.Istanbul Law Review involves in publications which are (i) capable of expanding theory and enhancing theoretical basis, (ii) analyzing either academic or judicial methodology, (iii) scrutinizing legal theory, practice, process, symbols etc. effecting society on private or public levels, (iv) exploring the subject in legal, sociological, political, psychological, philosophical, ethical, geographical and historical manner.In this frame, primary fields of interest are listed as follows:• Human rights law,• Criminal law,• Financial and fiscal law,• Civil law,• Commercial law,• Obligations law,• Execution and bankruptcy law

Aim and Scope

Web of Science - Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR Index EBSCO Central &amp; Eastern European Academic SourceEBSCO Legal SourceDOAJERIH PLUSSOBİAD

Indexing and Abstracting

The journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> The subjects covered in the manuscripts submitted to the Journal for publication must be in accordance with the aim and scope of the Journal. Only those manuscripts approved by every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Changing the name of an author (omission, addition or order) in papers submitted to the Journal requires written permission of all declared authors.Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unethical behaviors. All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. Plagiarism Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. If plagiarism/self-plagiarism will be found authors will be informed. Editors may resubmit manuscript for similarity check at any peer-review or production stage if required. High similarity scores may lead to rejection of a manuscript before and even after acceptance. Depending on the type of article and the percentage of similarity score taken from each article, the overall similarity score is generally expected to be less than 15 or 20%. Double Blind Peer-Review After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by the editors-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The editor provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles and hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Policies

The journal is an open access journal and all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read" target="_blank">BOAI</a> definition of open access.The open access articles in the journal are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) license.

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

Authors publishing with the journal retain the copyright to their work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a> ) and grant the Publisher non-exclusive commercial right to publish the work. CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Editor should consider publishing correction if minor errors that do not effect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper are detected. Editor should consider retraction if major errors and/or misconduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected.Editor should consider issuing an expression of concern if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive. The guidelines of <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> and <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.

To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

Istanbul Law Review is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publishers) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

Ethics

<div>The journal adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.- Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.- The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.- The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.- Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.- Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.- The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.- In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.- If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.- In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.</div>

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/BD7F3551BBE543F7A0E7628427A827AE" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form.</a> The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.The editor hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for double-blind peer review evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Peer Review

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by Editor-in-Chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international external referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by Editor-in-Chief upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.- Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?- Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?- Is the problem significant and concisely stated?- Are the methods described comprehensively?- Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?- Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?- Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

1. Istanbul Law Review is a peer reviewed Journal that is published four times a year (in March, June, September and December) and indexed by ESCI and ULAKBİM.2. The articles sent to be published in our journal should not be published elsewhere, not be submitted to other journals simultaneously even with the purpose of evaluation. In this purpose, the authors shall also be reguired to sign a letter of undertaking. 3. Articles that are considered as unsuitable with the publication principles by the Editorial Board are sent back to the author without review. It is sufficient for the article to be rejected by the Editorial Board if the spelling errors are extraordinary, the domestic and foreign resources required for the subject being examined are not utilized, the scientific criteria academic ethical principles are not complied with, the article subject does not have an up-to-date significance in terms of theory and-or practice. 4. Before the article is sent to the referees, it is subjected to plagiarism examination withthe help of special computer programs. If the digital similarity rate is above 20%, it is sufficient for the rejection of the article within the scope of the editorial review of the related software report. 5. The article to be published in the journal must be written following the highest academic standards. In this context, intellectual background and effort at the level of doctoral or associate professorship thesis are expected from the authors. 6. Papers that are approved by the Editorial Board are submitted to reviewers in line with blind peer review principle. Authors are not informed about the identity of the referees. According to the assessments of the referees, the paper may be approved for publication, required to resubmission with amendments or rejected on the basis of inadequate quality. The referee phase does not have a minimum or maximum duration. The follow-up of this issue is a duty and authority exclusively belonging to the Editorial Board. 7. As a result of the referee reports, the final discretion and responsibility regarding whether the article will be finally published and if it will be published, in which issue of the Journal, the editorial board is responsible. The existence of a single rejectionnegative referee report is sufficient to prevent the article from being published. 8. The completion of the referee stage does not give authors the authority to request a private or official document indicating that the article will be published. The authors, with the awareness and responsibility of this issue, apply for their articles to be published in Istanbul Law Review and to be subjected to peer review. 9. Authors, must provide their titles, institutions, correspondence address, phone number and e-mail address. 10. The Review accepts and publishes articles written in Turkish and English. The articles must include Turkish and English abstracts consisting of at least 250 and at most 300 words and at least five and at most fifteen keywords must be added to the paper in Turkish and English languages. Following the abstracts, there must also be an extended summary of 600-800 words for all the articles both in English and Turkish. The article subject to the publication application must contain a maximum of 20,000 words, including footnotes. There is no minimum word limit. 11. The main text and footnotes must be written in Times New Roman. Font size for the main text should be 12 with 1,5 line spacing while footnotes are written in font size 10 with 1 line spacing. Footnotes are to be shown at the bottom of the page. Citations must be made based on the OSCOLA citation system. Otherwise, the article is sent back to the author to make corrections without a referee assignment. Abbreviations and other issues in Turkish articles must be made following the announced spelling rules. The mentioned citation rules can be accessed at https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ihm. 12. Author’s name must be written bottom right of the Turkish and English title of the paper and should end with a star symbol. Star footnote should consists of title and institution of the author and correspondence address, phone number and e- mail address. 13. The article must consist of a bibliography at the end and references need to be arranged in alphabetical order.14. To be limited with the copies published by the Faculty; financial rights regarding reproduction, distribution, public performance, derivative works and translation of the papers which are approved for publication are to be transferred to the faculty to be used on the print, auditory, digital etc. media, nationwide and worldwide. Authors accept not to receive any royalty payment.15. Besides articles, also translations may be published in the accepted languages. These papers might be approved or rejected by the Editorial Board. Original text of the translation and consent of the rightful owner are also should be enclosed with the translation. Translations are also subject to the assessment of reviewers.16. Papers should be sent to iuhfdergiler@istanbul.edu.tr in Microsoft Word (*.doc, *.docx) file type.17. Only one article of an applicant in the same publication year (4 issues) could be subject to peer review.18. The Editorial Board determines the articles to be included in one issue of the journal by considering criteria such as the purpose of maintaining the balance of Private LawPublic Law, the date of submission of the article to the Journal, the date of completion of the referee stage, the timeliness of the article subject, and the proportional balance on whether the authors are members of Istanbul University.19. The Editorial Board makes the utmost effort to publish all issues with the same number of articles as possible. An article that has completed all the necessary steps for publication, including the layout stage, as of the date of publication of an issue, could not be published in the relevant issue in terms of the number of articles, however, after a certain period after the relevant issue, within the framework of the system called Online-First it is published digitally before the issue is released.

Author Guidelines

Before beginning the online submission process please read the Information for Authors and make sure you have the followings available:Article submissions should be submitted directly to the e-mail address <a href="mailto:iuhfdergiler@istanbul.edu.tr" target="_blank">iuhfdergiler@istanbul.edu.tr</a>Cover letter to the editor<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.</li> <li>Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement.</li> <li>Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.</li> <li>Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with OSCOLA.</li> </ul> </ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/BD7F3551BBE543F7A0E7628427A827AE" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>Permission of previous published material if used in the present manuscript<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/6444C75BA6B344EBB1496510B0BAF8A3" target="_blank">Title page</a><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>The title of the manuscript both in the languge of the manuscript and in English</li> <li>All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses</li> <li>Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax number</li> <li>ORCIDs of all authors.</li> </ul> </ul>Main Manuscript Document<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The title of the manuscript both in the language of manuscript and in English</li> <li>Abstracts: 250-30 words</li> <li>Key words: 5-15 words </li> <li>Extended Abstract (600-1000 words) in English (for the articles which are not in English)</li> <li>Main article sections</li> <li>Grant Support (if exists)</li> <li>Conflict of Interest (if exists)</li> <li>Acknowledgement (if exits)</li> <li>References</li> <li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li> </ul> </ul>

Although references to review articles can be an efficient way to guide readers to a body of literature, review articles do not always reflect original work accurately. Readers should therefore be provided with direct references to original research sources whenever possible. On the other hand, extensive lists of references to original work on a topic can use excessive space on the printed page. Small numbers of references to key original papers often serve as well as more exhaustive lists, particularly since references can now be added to the electronic version of published papers, and since electronic literature searching allows readers to retrieve published literature efficiently. Papers accepted but not yet included in the issue are published online in the Early View section and they should be cited as “advance online publication”. Citing a “personal communication” should be avoided unless it provides essential information not available from a public source, in which case the name of the person and date of communication should be cited in parentheses in the text. For scientific articles, written permission and confirmation of accuracy from the source of a personal communication must be obtained.Reference Style and FormatIstanbul Law Review offers referencing style OSCOLA. OSCOLA (Oxford Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities) is published by the University of Oxford and detail and examples about the style can be found at https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/research-subject-groups/publications/oscolaOSCOLA Reference ExamplesPrimary SourcesDo not use full stops in abbreviations. Separate citations with a semi-colon.CasesGive the party names, followed by the neutral citation, followed by the Law Reports citation (eg AC, Ch, QB). If there is no neutral citation, give the Law Reports citation followed by the court in brackets. If the case is not reported in the Law Reports, cite the All ER or the WLR, or failing that a specialist report.Corr v IBC Vehicles Ltd [2008] UKHL 13, [2008] 1 AC 884.R (Roberts) v Parole Board [2004] EWCA Civ 1031, [2005] QB 410.Page v Smith [1996] AC 155 (HL).When pinpointing, give paragraph numbers in square brackets at the end of the citation. If the judgment has no paragraph numbers, provide the page number pinpoint after the court.Callery v Gray [2001] EWCA Civ 1117, [2001] 1 WLR 2112 [42], [45].Bunt v Tilley [2006] EWHC 407 (QB), [2006] 3 All ER 336 [1]–[37].R v Leeds County Court, ex p Morris [1990] QB 523 (QB) 530–31.If citing a particular judge:Arscott v The Coal Authority [2004] EWCA Civ 892, [2005] Env LR 6 [27] (Laws LJ).Statutes and statutory instrumentsAct of Supremacy 1558.Human Rights Act 1998, s 15(1)(b).Penalties for Disorderly Behaviour (Amendment of Minimum Age) Order 2004, SI 2004/3166.EU legislation and casesConsolidated Version of the Treaty on European Union [2008] OJ C115/13.Council Regulation (EC) 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings(EC Merger Regulation) [2004] OJ L24/1, art 5.Case C–176/03 Commission v Council [2005] ECR I–7879, paras 47–48.European Court of Human RightsOmojudi v UK (2009) 51 EHRR 10.Osman v UK ECHR 1998–VIII 3124.Balogh v Hungary App no 47940/99 (ECHR, 20 July 2004).Simpson v UK (1989) 64 DR 188.Secondary SourcesBooksGive the author’s name in the same form as in the publication, except in bibliographies, where you should give only the surname followed by the initial(s). Give relevant information about editions, translators and so forth before the publisher, and give page numbers at the end of the citation, after the brackets.Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (first published 1651, Penguin 1985) 268.Gareth Jones, Goff and Jones: The Law of Restitution (1st supp, 7th edn, Sweet &amp; Maxwell 2009).K Zweigert and H Kötz, An Introduction to Comparative Law (Tony Weir tr, 3rd edn, OUP 1998).Contributions to edited booksFrancis Rose, ‘The Evolution of the Species’ in Andrew Burrows and Alan Rodger (eds),Mapping the Law: Essays in Memory of Peter Birks (OUP 2006).EncyclopediasHalsbury’s Laws (5th edn, 2010) vol 57, para 53.Journal articlesPaul Craig, ‘Theory, “Pure Theory” and Values in Public Law’ [2005] PL 440.When pinpointing, put a comma between the first page of the article and the page pinpoint.JAG Griffith, ‘The Common Law and the Political Constitution’(2001) 117 LQR 42, 64.Online journalsGraham Greenleaf, ‘The Global Development of Free Access to Legal Information’ (2010)1(1) EJLT &lt; http://ejlt.org//article/view/17 &gt; accessed 27 July 2010.Command papers and Law Commission reportsDepartment for International Development, Eliminating World Poverty: Building our Common Future (White Paper, Cm 7656, 2009) ch 5.Law Commission, Reforming Bribery (Law Com No 313, 2008) paras 3.12–3.17.Websites and blogsSarah Cole, ‘Virtual Friend Fires Employee’ (Naked Law, 1 May 2009)&lt;www.nakedlaw.com/2009/05/index.html&gt; accessed 19 November 2009.Newspaper articlesJane Croft, ‘Supreme Court Warns on Quality’ Financial Times (London, 1 July 2010) 3.

<div><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/2BB9074E09174E55BE3CA4941309A672" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/F6FB8940C9B54CC08CDC740CCFC6B8F3" target="_blank">Title Page</a></div>

<div>Ensure that the following items are present:● Cover letter to the editor<ul><li>The category of the manuscript</li><li>Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.</li><li>Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement.</li><li>Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed.</li><li>Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.</li><li>Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.</li><li>Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with OSCOLA</li></ul>● <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/BD7F3551BBE543F7A0E7628427A827AE" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>● Permission of previously published copyrighted material if used in the present manuscript● <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/D4FC914AF17F43D6A40E18412A5E6731" target="_blank">Title page</a><ul><li>The category of the manuscript</li><li>The title of the manuscript</li><li>All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses</li><li>Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax number</li><li>ORCIDs of all authors.</li></ul>● Main Manuscript Document<ul><li>The title of the manuscript</li><li>Abstract: 250-300 words</li><li>Extended Summary (600-1000 words) in English for the articles which are not in English </li><li>Key words: 5-15 words</li><li>Main article sections</li><li>Grant support (if exists)</li><li>Conflict of interest (if exists)</li><li>Acknowledgement (if exists)</li><li>References</li><li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li></ul>​</div>

Issue Type	Regular
Editor(s)	Fethi Gedikli, Ali Paslı
Cover (PDF)
Full Text (PDF)
Front Pages (PDF)