Araştırma Makalesi

DOI :10.26650/EurJBiol.2025.1638504 IUP :10.26650/EurJBiol.2025.1638504 Tam Metin (PDF)

Water Quality and Associated Aquatic Fungi in Selected Wetland Ecosystems in Southern Nigeria: Potential Implications for Food Safety and Public Health

Inemesit Ndarake Bassey, David Nwazuo Enyiukwu, Abiasiama Toby Toby, Iduseri Emily Osa, Nneke Essien Nneke

Objective: Seasons, physical, and chemical properties of water bodies influence the diversity and distri bution of aquatic mycoflora in wetlands. The study was conducted in March during the dry season of 2022. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of water quality on aquatic fungi in selected wetland ecosystems in southern Nigeria.

Materials and Methods: Physical parameters (temperature, turbidity, pH, and Electrical conductivity (EC)), chemical properties (salinity, hardness, dissolved oxygen (DO), total suspended solid (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD))., heavy metals, and trace elements (Ca, Na, K, Mg, V, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, and Ni) constituents were measured. The fungal loads on water and sediment specimens from the wetlands were also assessed using standard analytical and scientific procedures.

Results: The results showed that the temperature, pH, turbidity and EC of the test specimens ranged 27.27±0.35-29.21±0.003 °C, 5.17±0.03-7.30±0.17, 0.59±0.002-2.51±0.08 NTU, and 4.88±0.05-209.40±0.23 µs/cm, respectively. Salinity (7.10±0.06-710±5.77 gCl-/L), hardness (4.80±0.11-18.59±0.35 mg/L), TDS (2.44±0.01-104.70±0.03 mg/L) were below the WHO recommended limits. However, certain heavy metals including Cu (0.021±0.02-0.22±0.01 mg/L), Fe (0.22±0.001-0.33±0.02 mg/L), Pb (0.28±0.01-0.09±0.001 mg/L), Cd (0.05±0.001-0.36±0.16 mg/L), Cr (0.01±0.001-0.03±0.02 mg/L) and Mn (0.21±0.001 mg/L) exceeded WHO recommendations. The remaining elements were within acceptable limits. Most chemical qualities were highest at Ibeno and lowest at Nsit Ibom. Candida tropicalis, Penicillium citrinum, P. rolfsii, Trametes polyzona, and Aspergillus species were isolated from the wetlands.

Conclusion: The concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Fe, Pb, Cd, Cr and Mn) above regulatory limits, along with the array of potentially pathogenic aquatic fungi, constitute concerns regarding the safety of sea foods from these wetlands. Thus, a regular assessment of the health of wetlands in the State is warranted.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Aquatic fungi, Akwa Ibom State, Mycosis, Public health, Wetlands, Water quality

Referanslar

Badman WK, Kour S. Wetland–An ecological boon for the environment. East Afr Scholars J Agric Life Sci. 2021;4(3): 38-48. google scholar
Filipenco, D. (Development Aids). The importance of wetlands: Why care and protect them? (2023; www.google.com/url?sa=). Accessed on March 6, 2024. google scholar
Kumar, A., Kanuajia A. Wetlands: Significance, threats and conservation. 2024; www.researchgate/publications. Accessed on July 21, 2024 google scholar
Salyers DW, What are the benefits of wetlands? Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TNDEC). 2023; www.tn.gov/environment/ program-areas/wr-water-resources/watershed. Accessed on July 23, 2024. google scholar
Wang L., Li H., Duang J., Zhang Y., Zhu Y. Effects of urbanisation on water quality and macrobenthos community structure in Fenhe River, Shanri Province, China. Hindawi J Chem. 2020; e8653486. doi: 10.1155/2020/8653486. google scholar
Dallas HF, Day JA. Effect of water quality variables on aquatic ecosystems: A review. 2004; Univ. of Cape Town, WRC Report No. TT224/04. google scholar
Oluocha NO, Okeke IC. Implication for wetlands degradation for water resources management: Lessons from Nigeria. Geojournal. 2004;16:151-154. google scholar
World Atlas. A typical wetland in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. 2022; www. worldatals.com/wetlands/. Accessed on June 12, 2024. google scholar
Khatri N, Tyagi S. Influence of natural and anthropogenic factors on surface and groundwater quality in rural and urban areas. Frontiers Life Sci. 2015;8(1): 23-29. google scholar
Ekong FU, Akpan IU. Characteristics and methods of wetlands utilization in Ibiono Ibom Local Government Area, Nigeria. J Environ Earth Sci. 2014;4(14): 9-19. google scholar
Edo I, Albrecht E. Threats to Niger Delta wetlands: A case study of Apoi creek forest. Open J Ecol. 2021;11: 136-147. google scholar
Sharma AK, Sharma R. Water pollution and its effects on aquatic life. Aayushi Int Interdisc Res J. 2020;7(12): 81-93. google scholar
Hossain M, Poogitha J, Yong KY, Withna A. Efficient water quality prediction by synthesizing seven heavy metal parameters using deep neutral network. J Water Process Engr. 2023;56:104349. doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2023.104349. google scholar
Fiesal AS, Hamaludin NH, Razak NFA, Ibrahim TNBT. Anthropogenic disturbance of aquatic diversity and water quality of an urban river in Pennanng Maylaysia. Water Sci Engr. 2023;16(3):234-242. google scholar
Xu M, Ang Z, Duan X, Pan B. Effects of pollution on macrovertebrates and water quality bio-assessment. Hydrobiologica. 2014;729:247-259. google scholar
Lin Y, Yang H, Xu X. Effects of water pollution on human health and disease heterogeneity: A review. Front Environ Sci. 2022;10:880246 doi:10.3389/ fenvs.2022.880246. google scholar
Mitra S, Chakraborty AJ, Tareq AM, et al. Impact of heavy metals on the environment and human health: Novel therapeutic insights to counter the toxicity. J King Saud Univ– Sci. 34(3): e101865. doi: 10.1016/j.jksus.2022.101865 google scholar
Zhang P, Yang M, Lan J, Yang Y, Ru J. Water quality degradation due to Heavy Metals contamination: Health impacts and eco-friendly approaches for heavy metals remediation. Toxins. 2023;11:828. doi:10.3390/toxics11100828 google scholar
Thian M, Fang L, Yan X, Xiao W, Row KH. Determination of heavy metals ions and organic pollutants in water samples using ionic liquids and ionic liquid modified sorbents. J Analytical Methods Chem. 2019;e1948965. doi:10.1155/20191948965. google scholar
Sharma A, Grewal AS, Sharma D, Srivastava AL. Heavy metal contamination of water: consequences for human health and environment. Metals in water. In: Adv Environ Pollut Res. 2023;39-52. google scholar
Myers RA, Gyima E, Gbemadu K, Osei B, Akoto O. Appraising groundwater quality and associated health risks of heavy metals contamination at Suame Magazine. Scientific Afr. 2023;21:e01794. doi: 10.1016/sciaf.2023.e01794 google scholar
Malik DS, Sharma AK, Sharma AK, Thakur R, Sharma M. A review of impacts of water pollution on freshwater fish species and their aquatic environment. In: Advances in Environmental pollution management: wastewater impacts and treatment technology. 2020; 10-28 doi: 10.26832/aesa-2020-aepm-02. google scholar
Akter MS, Chakraborty TP, Ghosh GC, Nice S, Zaiman S, Khan AS. Microplastics and heavy metals in freshwater fish species in southwestern region of Bangladesh: An emerging concern for public health. Emerg Contam. 2024;10:e100325. doi:10.1016/j.emcon.2024.100325 google scholar
Jan D, Mir TA, Kamilli AN, Pandit AK, Aijaz S. Relationship between fungal community and physico-chemical characteristics in the Hokersar wetland, Kashmir Himalayas. Afr J Microbiol. 2014;8(4):368-374. google scholar
Liu J, Wang J, Gao G, Barthlam MG, Wang Y. Distribution and diversity of fungi in fresh water sediments from a river catchment scale. Frontiers Microbiol. 2015;21:e003229. doi.org//fmicb.2015.003229. google scholar
Adedire DE, Jimoh AO, Kashim-Bello Z, Shuaibu BAW, Poopola AO, Nashiru O. Assessment of the physicochemical qualities and microbial profile of Idah River, Kogi State, Nigeria. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2021;15(7):377-387. google scholar
Lew S, Lew M, Biedunkiewicz A, Szarek J. Impact of pesticide contamination on aquatic microorganism populations in the littoral zone. Arch Environl Contam Toxicol. 2013;64: 399-409. google scholar
Grossart HP, Wyngaert SV, Kagami M, Wurzbacher C, Cunlife M, Keilor RK. Fungi in aquatic ecosystem. Nature Rev Microbiol. 2019;17(6):339-3354. google scholar
Freed G, Schlatter D, Paulitz T, Dugan F. Mycological insights into wetland fungal communities: The microbiome of Cassiasia in the Pacific Northwest. Phytobiomes J. 2029;3:286-299. google scholar
Wikipedia. Map of Nigeria showing Akwa Ibom State. 2024; https://en.m. wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigeria_Akwa_Ibom.svg. Accessed on June 12, 2024. google scholar
Toby TA, Bassey IN, Effiong ME, Iduseri EO, Enyiukwu DN, Osu SR. Physicochemical properties and mycoflora profile in some coastal wetlands of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria: Potential challenges for agro-ecological and public health. Int J Boronovo Wetlands. 2024;14(1):9-18. google scholar
Agbeke BO, Olubunmi OM, Adewale OR. Adeniyi Physicochemical analysis of wetlands water of Iba community in Lagos State, Nigeria. Am J Chem. 2016;6(6):149-154. doi:10.5923/j.chem20160606.01 google scholar
APHA (American Public Health Association). Standard Methods for Examination of Aquatic Microbial Ecology 2nd ed. New York, USA: APHA, 1998. google scholar
Enyiukwu DN, Amadioha AC, Ononuju CC. Antifungal activities of methanol extracts of some medicinal plants against germination and growth of Colletotrichum destructivum O’Gara in culture. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem. 2021;10(1):25-29. google scholar
Nwaneri JA, Enyiukwu DN, Cyprain UEC, Nicholas JC. Response of fungal rot pathogens of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. in storage to aqueous extracts of some tropical plant materials and benomyl. Greener J Plant Pathol. Entomol. 2020;3(1):18-24. google scholar
Bello OS, Ukut EM. The physicochemical properties and microbial isolates of cross River estuary soils. Mayfair Soil Sci. 2015;1(1):15-27. google scholar
Barnett HL, Hunter BB. Illustration genera of imperfect fungi 4th ed. Minnesota, USA: American Phytopathological Society, 1998. google scholar
Debroas D, Domaizon I, Humbert J, Jardillier CL, Oudart A, Taib N. Overview of freshwater microbial eukaryotes diversity: A first analysis of publicly available meta-barcoding data. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2017;93:1056-1060. google scholar
White TJ, Bruns TD, Lee SB, Taylor JW. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, White TJ. (eds.) PCR protocols: Guide to methods and applications. San Diego, CS: Academic Press, 1990. google scholar
Ozougwu JC, Amana CU, Nwachukwu I, Imakwu CA. Nwaofia AE. Seasonal fluctuations of physicochemical characteristics of selected wetlands of Kogi State, North Central Nigeria. Asian J Environ Ecol. 2021;16(3):30-39. google scholar
World Health Organization (WHO). Guidelines for drinking water safety:International reference point for standard setting drinking water safety. Geneva 1993. google scholar
Standard Organzationof Nigeria (SON). Nigeria Standard for drinking water quality Price Group D. Nigerian Industrial Standards (NIS) 2007;554:15-19. google scholar
Ahmed J, Wang LP, Chua YP, Channa N. Drinking water quality mapping using water quality index and geospatial analysis in primary schools of Pakistan. Water. 2020;12:3382. doi:103396/w12123382. google scholar
Rosana K, Prabasiwi DS, Murniasih S. Assessment of heavy metals concentration in the water around the area of Adipala Cilacap steam power plant using neutron activation analysis. J Phy. Confr Ser. 2020;1436:e012084. doi.1088/1742-6596/1436/r. google scholar
Dilebo WB, Anchiso MD, Kidane TT, Ayalew ES. Assessment of selected heavy metals concentration level in Gazer Town and selected Kebele, South Ari District Southern Ethiopia. Int. J. Analytical Chem. 2023: e1524850. doi: 10.1155/2025/1524850. google scholar
Mendoza LC, Nolos RC, Vilaflores OB, Apostol EDA. Determination of heavy metals, their distribution in Tilapia spp. and health assessment. Toxics. 2023;11:286. doi:10.103390/toxics11030286. google scholar
Mabel POV, Luiz RO, da Silva EG, Padilla G, Wellintonton LA. Influence of water quality on the diversity and composition of fungal communities in a tropical river. Scientific Rep. 2018;8:e14799. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-33162-y. google scholar
Bassey IN, Asamudo NU. Molecular characterization of fungi associated with sea food in wetlands (Oron and Uruan) of Akwa Ibom State. Int J Res Innov Sust Dev. 2018;8(2): 176-184. google scholar
Effiong MU, Adeyemi AV. Assessment of microbial loads, species characterization and composition content in prawn (Macrobrachium vollenhovenii) fillets from major wetlands in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. J Appl Sci Environ Manage. 2023;27(11):2643-2649. google scholar
Chibuike PM, Wembo SK, William JO, Ugboma CJ, Ogbonna DN. Seasonal influence on microbiology and physico-chemistry of crude oil polluted wetlands. South Asian J Res Microbiol. 2023;16(3):38-51. google scholar
Thomas M, Thangavel M. Isolations of fungi from the surface water of Vembanodu wetland agroecosystem. Int J Appl Microbiol Biotechnol Res. 2017;5:52-58. google scholar
Alagbeleye OO, Sant’Ana AS. Manure-borne pathogens as an important source of water contamination: An update on the dynamics of pathogen survival/ transport as well as practical risk mitigation strategies. Int J Hygiene Environ Health. 2020;227:e113524. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113524 google scholar
Li X, Sun S, Zhang L, Zhan N, Lou C, Lian J. Investigation of water quality and aquatic ecological succession of a newly constructed river replenished by reclaimed water in Beijing. Helyon. 2023;9: e17045. doi: 10.1016/ heliyon.2023.e17045. google scholar
Chikere CB, Azubuike CC. Characterization of hydrocarbon utilizing fungi from hydrocarbon polluted sediment and water. Nig J Biotechnol. 2024;27:49-54. google scholar
Goralska K, Blaszkowska J, Dzikoweic M. The occurrence of potentially pathogenic filamentous fungi in recreational surface water as public health risk. J Water Health 2020;18(2):127-144. google scholar
Okpako E, Osuagwu AN, Duke AE, Ntui VO. Prevalence and significance of fungi in sachet water and borehole drinking water in Calabar, Nigeria. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2009;3(2):56-61. google scholar
Mbong EO, Edem EN, Hussain S, Ntekpe ME. Diversity and distribution of fungi associated with Ikwe pond water source: Their impact on water quality and human health. Am J Innov Res Appl Sci. 2020;11(2):126-130. google scholar
Bassey IN, Effiong MU. Fungi associated with postharvest deterioration of dried Clarias gariepinus vended in some markets in Akwa Ibom State. J Aquatic Sci. 2016;31(2B): 409-416. doi:10.4314/jas.v31i2B.8 google scholar
Gauthier A, Jaubert J, Traversier N et al. Trametes polymyza, an emerging filamentous basidiomycete in Reunion Island. Mycoses. 2017;60(6):412-415. google scholar
Enyiukwu DN, Ononuju CC, Maranzu JO. Plant pathogenic fungi -Novel agents of human diseases: Implications for public health. Greener J Epidemiol Publ Health. 2018;6(1):001-019. doi:10.15580/GJEPH.2017.8.072817097 google scholar
Sulai P, Nurhidayu S, Aziz N, Zakaria M, Barclay H, Azhar B. Effects of water quality in oil palm production landscapes on tropical waterbirds in peninsular Malaysia. Ecol Res. 2015;30:941-949. google scholar
Ali SRM, Fradi AJ, Al-Araji AM. Effect of some physical factors on growth of five fungi species. 2017;5(2):1069-1078. google scholar
Mustafa KK, Anwer SS, Zrary TJ. Influence of pH, agitation speed, and temperature on the growth of fungi isolated from Koya Iraq. Kuwait J Sci. 2023;50(4):657-664. doi:10.1016/j.kjs.2023.02.036 google scholar
Wheeler KA, Hurdman BF, Pitt JI. Influence of pH on the growth of toxigenic species of Aspergillus, Pencillium and Fusarium. Int J Food Microiol. 1991;12:141-150. google scholar
Pardo E, Sanchis V, Ramos AJ, Marin S. Non-specificity of nutritional substrate for ochratoxin A product by isolates of Aspergillus Ochraceus. Food Microbiol. 2006;23:351-358. google scholar
Singh R, Gupta D, Siddique FA, Alam MA, Prashant P. Water quality assessment of Kusheshwar Asthan wetlands:Recognizing its hydro-geochemical variability and suitability for agriculture. Water Supply. 2022;22(12):e8849. doi:10.2166/ ws.2022.373 google scholar
Booth T, Kenkel N. Ecological studies of lignicolous marine fungi: A distribution model based on ordination and classification. In: Moss ST (ed.) Biology of Marine Fungi. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 1986. google scholar
Yetis R, Nergiz H, Yetis AD. Effects of water quality on the species richness and population distribution of waterbirds in Ahlat marshes, Turkey. Biologica. 2021;76: 3299-3309. doi10.1007/s11756-021-00810-0 google scholar
Chai LY, Denning DW, Warn P. Candida tropicalis in human disease. Critical Rev Microbiol. 2010;36(4):287-998. google scholar
Muller WH. Influence of temperature on growth and sporulation of certain fungi. Bot Gazette. 1956;117(4):336-343. google scholar
Almiman B. Effects of temperature and water quality on 25 de novo strains of pathogenic plant fungi in Al-Baha and Baljurashi cities in Saudi Arabia. J Umm-Al-Qura Univ Appl Sci. 2024;10:301-312. google scholar
Chang CW, Chen CK, Chang CJ, Chen LY. Effects of colour LEDS on mycelia growth of Aspergillus ficuum and phytase production in photofermentation. J Photochem Photobiol. B. 2012;106:81-86. google scholar
Koley P, Mondai M, Saha A, Kundu S. Effect of light intensity on mycelial growth and hyphal branching of Rhizoctonia Kuhn in culture. Res J life Sci Bioinform Pharm Chem Sci. 2019;e10502. doi:10.26479/2019.10502.73 google scholar
Jones EBG, Ramakrishna S, Vilineswary S, Das D, Bahkali AH, Guo SY, Pang KL. How do fungi survive in the sea and respond to climate change? J Fungi. 2022;8(3):e8030291. doi:10.3390/jof8030291 google scholar
Ittner LD, Junghans M, Werner I. Aquatic fungi: Disregarded trophic level in ecological risk assessment of organic fungicides. Front Environ Sci. 2018;6:e105. doi:10.1033/fenv.2018.00105 google scholar
Mirabile G, Ferrano V, Mancuso EP, Pecoraro L, Cirlincione F. Biodiversity of fungi in freshwater ecosystems of Italy. J Fungi. 2023;9:e00993. doi:10.1033/jof9100993 google scholar
Cudowski A, Pietryczuk A, Hanschild T. Aquatic fungi in relation to physical and chemical parameters of water quality in the Augusto W Canal. Fungal Ecol. 2015; 13:193-204. doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2014.10.002 google scholar
Azedo MM, Cassio F. Effects of metals on growth and sporulation of aquatic fungi. Drugs Chem Toxicol. 2010;33(3):269-278. google scholar
Ogbeibu AE, Ehiorobo SI. Physicochemical characteristics of Okomu wetlands, Edo State, Nigeria. Nig J Environ Sci Toxicol. 2020;4(2):398-410. google scholar
Oluwo RA, Ayejuyo OO, Adejoroi A, Adewuyi GO, Babatunde AO, Ogundajo AL. Determination of heavy metals in fish tissues, water and sediments from Epe and Badagry lagoons Lagos, Nigeria. E-J Chem. 2010;7(1):215-221. google scholar
Oluwo RA, Ayejuyo OO, Adejoro A,Yusuf KA, Owolabi MS. Determination of heavy metals in crab and prawn in Ojo rivers Lagos, Nigeria. E-J Chem. 2010;7(2): 526-530. google scholar
Fisher MC, Gurr SJ, Cuomo CA, Heitman J, Casadeval A, Cowen LE. Threats posed by the fungal kingdom to humans, wildlife and agriculture. mBio 2020;11(3): e00449-20. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00449 google scholar

Atıflar

Biçimlendirilmiş bir atıfı kopyalayıp yapıştırın veya seçtiğiniz biçimde dışa aktarmak için seçeneklerden birini kullanın

DIŞA AKTAR

APA

Bassey, I.N., Enyiukwu, D.N., Toby Toby, A., Osa, I.E., & Nneke, N.E. (2019). Water Quality and Associated Aquatic Fungi in Selected Wetland Ecosystems in Southern Nigeria: Potential Implications for Food Safety and Public Health. European Journal of Biology, 0(0), -. https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2025.1638504

AMA

Bassey I N, Enyiukwu D N, Toby Toby A, Osa I E, Nneke N E. Water Quality and Associated Aquatic Fungi in Selected Wetland Ecosystems in Southern Nigeria: Potential Implications for Food Safety and Public Health. European Journal of Biology. 2019;0(0):-. https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2025.1638504

ABNT

Bassey, I.N.; Enyiukwu, D.N.; Toby Toby, A.; Osa, I.E.; Nneke, N.E. Water Quality and Associated Aquatic Fungi in Selected Wetland Ecosystems in Southern Nigeria: Potential Implications for Food Safety and Public Health. European Journal of Biology, [Publisher Location], v. 0, n. 0, p. -, 2019.

Chicago: Author-Date Style

Bassey, Inemesit Ndarake, and David Nwazuo Enyiukwu and Abiasiama Toby Toby and Iduseri Emily Osa and Nneke Essien Nneke. 2019. “Water Quality and Associated Aquatic Fungi in Selected Wetland Ecosystems in Southern Nigeria: Potential Implications for Food Safety and Public Health.” European Journal of Biology 0, no. 0: -. https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2025.1638504

Chicago: Humanities Style

Bassey, Inemesit Ndarake, and David Nwazuo Enyiukwu and Abiasiama Toby Toby and Iduseri Emily Osa and Nneke Essien Nneke. “Water Quality and Associated Aquatic Fungi in Selected Wetland Ecosystems in Southern Nigeria: Potential Implications for Food Safety and Public Health.” European Journal of Biology 0, no. 0 (Sep. 2025): -. https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2025.1638504

Harvard: Australian Style

Bassey, IN & Enyiukwu, DN & Toby Toby, A & Osa, IE & Nneke, NE 2019, 'Water Quality and Associated Aquatic Fungi in Selected Wetland Ecosystems in Southern Nigeria: Potential Implications for Food Safety and Public Health', European Journal of Biology, vol. 0, no. 0, pp. -, viewed 20 Sep. 2025, https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2025.1638504

Harvard: Author-Date Style

Bassey, I.N. and Enyiukwu, D.N. and Toby Toby, A. and Osa, I.E. and Nneke, N.E. (2019) ‘Water Quality and Associated Aquatic Fungi in Selected Wetland Ecosystems in Southern Nigeria: Potential Implications for Food Safety and Public Health’, European Journal of Biology, 0(0), pp. -. https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2025.1638504 (20 Sep. 2025).

MLA

Bassey, Inemesit Ndarake, and David Nwazuo Enyiukwu and Abiasiama Toby Toby and Iduseri Emily Osa and Nneke Essien Nneke. “Water Quality and Associated Aquatic Fungi in Selected Wetland Ecosystems in Southern Nigeria: Potential Implications for Food Safety and Public Health.” European Journal of Biology, vol. 0, no. 0, 2019, pp. -. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2025.1638504

Vancouver

Bassey IN, Enyiukwu DN, Toby Toby A, Osa IE, Nneke NE. Water Quality and Associated Aquatic Fungi in Selected Wetland Ecosystems in Southern Nigeria: Potential Implications for Food Safety and Public Health. European Journal of Biology [Internet]. 20 Sep. 2025 [cited 20 Sep. 2025];0(0):-. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2025.1638504 doi: 10.26650/EurJBiol.2025.1638504

ISNAD

Bassey, InemesitNdarake - Enyiukwu, DavidNwazuo - Toby Toby, Abiasiama - Osa, IduseriEmily - Nneke, NnekeEssien. “Water Quality and Associated Aquatic Fungi in Selected Wetland Ecosystems in Southern Nigeria: Potential Implications for Food Safety and Public Health”. European Journal of Biology 0/0 (Sep. 2025): -. https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2025.1638504

ZAMAN ÇİZELGESİ

Gönderim	13.02.2025
Kabul	09.05.2025
Çevrimiçi Yayınlanma	12.09.2025

LİSANS

Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)

This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge you and be non-commercial, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms.

European Journal of Biology