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DOI :10.26650/EurJBiol.2025.1638504   IUP :10.26650/EurJBiol.2025.1638504    Full Text (PDF)

Water Quality and Associated Aquatic Fungi in Selected Wetland Ecosystems in Southern Nigeria: Potential Implications for Food Safety and Public Health

Inemesit Ndarake Bassey, David Nwazuo Enyiukwu, Abiasiama Toby Toby, Iduseri Emily Osa, Nneke Essien Nneke

Objective: Seasons, physical, and chemical properties of water bodies influence the diversity and distri bution of aquatic mycoflora in wetlands. The study was conducted in March during the dry season of 2022. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of water quality on aquatic fungi in selected wetland ecosystems in southern Nigeria.

Materials and Methods: Physical parameters (temperature, turbidity, pH, and Electrical conductivity (EC)), chemical properties (salinity, hardness, dissolved oxygen (DO), total suspended solid (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD))., heavy metals, and trace elements (Ca, Na, K, Mg, V, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, and Ni) constituents were measured. The fungal loads on water and sediment specimens from the wetlands were also assessed using standard analytical and scientific procedures.

Results: The results showed that the temperature, pH, turbidity and EC of the test specimens ranged 27.27±0.35-29.21±0.003 °C, 5.17±0.03-7.30±0.17, 0.59±0.002-2.51±0.08 NTU, and 4.88±0.05-209.40±0.23 µs/cm, respectively. Salinity (7.10±0.06-710±5.77 gCl-/L), hardness (4.80±0.11-18.59±0.35 mg/L), TDS (2.44±0.01-104.70±0.03 mg/L) were below the WHO recommended limits. However, certain heavy metals including Cu (0.021±0.02-0.22±0.01 mg/L), Fe (0.22±0.001-0.33±0.02 mg/L), Pb (0.28±0.01-0.09±0.001 mg/L), Cd (0.05±0.001-0.36±0.16 mg/L), Cr (0.01±0.001-0.03±0.02 mg/L) and Mn (0.21±0.001 mg/L) exceeded WHO recommendations. The remaining elements were within acceptable limits. Most chemical qualities were highest at Ibeno and lowest at Nsit Ibom. Candida tropicalis, Penicillium citrinum, P. rolfsii, Trametes polyzona, and Aspergillus species were isolated from the wetlands.

Conclusion: The concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Fe, Pb, Cd, Cr and Mn) above regulatory limits, along with the array of potentially pathogenic aquatic fungi, constitute concerns regarding the safety of sea foods from these wetlands. Thus, a regular assessment of the health of wetlands in the State is warranted.

Keywords: Aquatic fungi, Akwa Ibom State, Mycosis, Public health, Wetlands, Water quality

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APA

Bassey, I.N., Enyiukwu, D.N., Toby Toby, A., Osa, I.E., & Nneke, N.E. (2019). Water Quality and Associated Aquatic Fungi in Selected Wetland Ecosystems in Southern Nigeria: Potential Implications for Food Safety and Public Health. European Journal of Biology, 0(0), -. https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2025.1638504


AMA

Bassey I N, Enyiukwu D N, Toby Toby A, Osa I E, Nneke N E. Water Quality and Associated Aquatic Fungi in Selected Wetland Ecosystems in Southern Nigeria: Potential Implications for Food Safety and Public Health. European Journal of Biology. 2019;0(0):-. https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2025.1638504


ABNT

Bassey, I.N.; Enyiukwu, D.N.; Toby Toby, A.; Osa, I.E.; Nneke, N.E. Water Quality and Associated Aquatic Fungi in Selected Wetland Ecosystems in Southern Nigeria: Potential Implications for Food Safety and Public Health. European Journal of Biology, [Publisher Location], v. 0, n. 0, p. -, 2019.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Bassey, Inemesit Ndarake, and David Nwazuo Enyiukwu and Abiasiama Toby Toby and Iduseri Emily Osa and Nneke Essien Nneke. 2019. “Water Quality and Associated Aquatic Fungi in Selected Wetland Ecosystems in Southern Nigeria: Potential Implications for Food Safety and Public Health.” European Journal of Biology 0, no. 0: -. https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2025.1638504


Chicago: Humanities Style

Bassey, Inemesit Ndarake, and David Nwazuo Enyiukwu and Abiasiama Toby Toby and Iduseri Emily Osa and Nneke Essien Nneke. “Water Quality and Associated Aquatic Fungi in Selected Wetland Ecosystems in Southern Nigeria: Potential Implications for Food Safety and Public Health.” European Journal of Biology 0, no. 0 (Sep. 2025): -. https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2025.1638504


Harvard: Australian Style

Bassey, IN & Enyiukwu, DN & Toby Toby, A & Osa, IE & Nneke, NE 2019, 'Water Quality and Associated Aquatic Fungi in Selected Wetland Ecosystems in Southern Nigeria: Potential Implications for Food Safety and Public Health', European Journal of Biology, vol. 0, no. 0, pp. -, viewed 20 Sep. 2025, https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2025.1638504


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Bassey, I.N. and Enyiukwu, D.N. and Toby Toby, A. and Osa, I.E. and Nneke, N.E. (2019) ‘Water Quality and Associated Aquatic Fungi in Selected Wetland Ecosystems in Southern Nigeria: Potential Implications for Food Safety and Public Health’, European Journal of Biology, 0(0), pp. -. https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2025.1638504 (20 Sep. 2025).


MLA

Bassey, Inemesit Ndarake, and David Nwazuo Enyiukwu and Abiasiama Toby Toby and Iduseri Emily Osa and Nneke Essien Nneke. “Water Quality and Associated Aquatic Fungi in Selected Wetland Ecosystems in Southern Nigeria: Potential Implications for Food Safety and Public Health.” European Journal of Biology, vol. 0, no. 0, 2019, pp. -. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2025.1638504


Vancouver

Bassey IN, Enyiukwu DN, Toby Toby A, Osa IE, Nneke NE. Water Quality and Associated Aquatic Fungi in Selected Wetland Ecosystems in Southern Nigeria: Potential Implications for Food Safety and Public Health. European Journal of Biology [Internet]. 20 Sep. 2025 [cited 20 Sep. 2025];0(0):-. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2025.1638504 doi: 10.26650/EurJBiol.2025.1638504


ISNAD

Bassey, InemesitNdarake - Enyiukwu, DavidNwazuo - Toby Toby, Abiasiama - Osa, IduseriEmily - Nneke, NnekeEssien. “Water Quality and Associated Aquatic Fungi in Selected Wetland Ecosystems in Southern Nigeria: Potential Implications for Food Safety and Public Health”. European Journal of Biology 0/0 (Sep. 2025): -. https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2025.1638504



TIMELINE


Submitted13.02.2025
Accepted09.05.2025
Published Online12.09.2025

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