Sema

Assist. Prof.

Osman

Disputes over the meaning of democracy make it difficult to find a clearly definable use for the term, which could be identified as correct. People’s definitions of democracy vary because factors including historical baggage, and gender, ethnic, and religious identity shape what people understand from democracy. Dalton, et al. (2007) suggest that definitions of democracy focus on one of three things: institutions and procedures; rights and freedoms; and social benefits. While some scholars focus on elections in their definitions of democracy (Huntington, 1991; Schumpeter, 1943), others suggest that non-electoral features of a democracy, such as the rule of law, deserve equal consideration (Diamond, 1999). Both approaches are criticized by those who argue that definitions focusing only on procedures and institutions or freedoms and liberties tend to neglect the significance of social and economic outcomes of democracy. Huber, et al. (1997), for example, argue that a democracy solely based on institutions and guarantees of freedoms does not always produce social and economic equality. The vast diversity of definitions of democracy—among citizens of the same nation as well as among different nations—should be recognized. Indeed, the scarce literature on citizens’ views on democracy (Ferrin &amp; Kriesi, 2016) demonstrates that people conceptualize democracy in various ways (Baviskar &amp; Malone, 2004; Bratton &amp; Mattes, 2001; Canache, 2012; Carlin &amp; Singer, 2011; Dalton, et al., 2007; Miller, et al., 1997; Shin &amp; Cho, 2010). Depending on their experiences, people prioritize some components of democracy over the others (Bratton &amp; Mattes, 2001), which in turn shapes their attitudes toward it. For example, while more than 40 percent of people in established democracies of the West define democracy with reference to rights and freedoms (Dalton, et al., 2007), many people in other parts of the world equate democracy with more access to health and education, less poverty, and more equality (Baviskar &amp; Malone, 2004). In some African countries, people include economic components such as jobs for everyone, quality education, and a smaller income gap in their definitions of democracy (Bratton &amp; Mattes, 2001). Similarly, the majority of citizens of Algeria and Lebanon consider characteristics such as low economic inequality and basic necessities for all as more essential to democracy than political characteristics (Tessler, et al., 2012).&nbsp;Drawing on this literature, we investigate how different groups in Turkey, a country that is predominantly Muslim and highly polarized across sectarian and ethnic lines, define democracy. We study whether there are differences between men and women, Kurds and Turks, Alevis and Sunnis in terms of (1) their definitions of democracy and a democratic state and (2) their expectations of a democratic state.&nbsp;We conducted 60 in-depth interviews in five cities in Turkey between April 2014 and July 2014. Participants were selected through purposive sampling for the sample to represent different gender, ethnic, sectarian, and socioeconomic groups in Turkey, enabling us to compare various groups’ views on democracy. We asked participants the following questions: (1) What is democracy? (2) What are the most essential features of democracy? (3) What does a democratic state mean to you? (4) What is the role of the state in a democratic society? All interviews were recorded and transcribed. During the analysis of the interviews, we coded for patterns and emerging themes by using grounded theory (Glaser &amp; Strauss, 1967).&nbsp;&nbsp;Our analysis reveals that gender, ethnic, and religious identities and their histories of relations with the state have a decisive impact on which of these features is chosen by individuals when defining democracy and formulating their expectations of a democratic state. Members of groups that have a problematic history with the state (i.e., women, Kurds, and Alevis) are more likely to emphasize rights and freedoms. For example, the majority of women in our sample define democracy as a regime in which women’s rights and freedoms are protected and gender equality is achieved. Similarly, both Kurds and Alevis formulate their expectations of a democratic state in terms of being equal to Turks and Sunnis, respectively. Members of groups that do not have a problematic history with the state (i.e., male Sunni Turks) are more likely to emphasize economic welfare in their definitions of democracy. Even when they include the provision of equality among their expectations of a democratic state, most argue that a democratic state should achieve economic equality to a certain extent. This finding suggests that rather than imposing a single definition of democracy on people, there is a need to study individuals’ understanding of democracy, as well as their expectations of a democratic state, by situating their views in a historical and political context.

Türkiye’de Demokrasi Algıları: Cinsiyet, Etnik ve Dini Dinamikler

Elif

Cemal

Prof.

Mahmut

Res. Assist.

This study of positive organizational behavior, rooted in positive psychology, focuses on understanding the effects of servant leadership style on certain positive organizational outcomes, such as gratitude, empowerment and innovativeness. Moreover, it is assumed that positive relationships emerging from these traits will have a significant effect on performance. According to the positive organizational behavior approach, there should be a balance between positivity and negativity. It is believed that when individuals are in a positive mood they have an inner potential to develop their positive psychological strengths. In this context, an empowering leadership style may be imperative to help people develop and attain their ultimate goals.&nbsp;According to the positive organizational behavior mindset, perceived organizational support stemming from leadership style encourages innovative behavior. In the related literature, innovation researchers assume that when organizations create ideal working conditions with the right kind of leadership, managerial methods and organizational culture, employees will realize their own potential and generate new knowledge easily. When leaders encourage their subordinates, the latter feel sufficiently empowered to engage in innovative activities, resulting in a fruitful atmosphere of innovativeness. Servant leadership makes followers feel more empowered, which contributes to higher levels of self-confidence, satisfaction, and encouragement to try out new working methods and create new products. This style is regarded as an important determinant of innovative behavior and performance due to the fact that servant leaders prepare the necessary environment for followers’ growth and development, and they ensure trust, further motivating followers by encouraging participation in challenging situations at work. A servant leader’s focused attitude, altruistic behavior, and tendency to give priority to their followers, affects the perceptions of the latter. By being exposed to servant leadership, followers feel encouraged and will thus be more effective in taking on initiatives in their jobs, creating a feeling of security in making their own decisions. Followers realize that they are free to make their own decisions and know that they&nbsp;are responsible for their behavior. The encouragement to cultivate innovative behavior allows followers to be potential innovators.&nbsp;Another important concept discussed in this study is gratitude, which is experienced by followers in positive work environments. Conceptually, gratitude is described as a general disposition to respond with grateful emotions and give positive reactions to the benevolent attitudes and actions of others. It nurtures social relationships and increases the probability of returning favors. In this study it is assumed that under such empowering leadership, followers will feel a sense of gratitude towards their leaders and organizations and will thus repay them with a positive attitude by working harder and engaging in higher levels of innovative activities, leading to greater organizational performance.The research model of this study hypothesizes that a path analysis exists in which servant leadership affects gratitude and empowerment and that this, in turn, affects innovative and organizational performance. Research is applied to the production and service sectors using 645 usable surveys. The results obtained show that servant leadership has a positive effect on empowerment and the gratitude felt by followers, which then affect innovativeness and organizational performance.

Hizmetkar Liderliğin Şükran Duygusu, Güçlendirme, Yenilikçilik ve Performans Üzerine Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği

Temmuz

As a consequence of neoliberal economy politics, the states began to retreat from providing health services and health systems began to be a part of free markets. This resulted in a community health focus on individual and societal assets and resources instead of on structural reforms which could improve health. As a result, academic interest in the relationship between social capital and health increased. This study is a critical review article that will examine, summarize, and evaluate the empirical studies about the relationship between social capital and health from a critical sociological perspective. Due to the lack of empirical studies on this subject in Turkey, this study also aims to provide a framework for anticipated empirical research in Turkey.&nbsp;The empirical studies which examine the relationship between social capital and health generally examine the dimensions and forms of social capital rather than studying the concept as a whole. The results of these studies show that different dimensions and forms of social capital have the potential to partially reduce health inequalities and improve individual and societal health. Individual social capital may affect health by creating social support, social influence, social control, social participation, and material resources. These outputs may have both positive and negative consequences on people’s behaviors, skills, and habits. Collective social capital creates material&nbsp;resources, trust, and collective action that may increase health by influencing norms, environments, and health information. Cognitive social capital (the perceived trust and reciprocity of people) and structural social capital (civil participation patterns) are found to be related to perceived physical pain and depression. Vertical and horizontal social capital is found to be related to oral and mental health. There are two forms of vertical social capital: bonding (depending on ties based on similarities) and bridging social capital (depending on ties that intersect similarities); these are also found to be related to depression and perceived health status. In addition, some studies emphasize cultural capital as a means to access social capital. Deriving from cultural capital, the concepts of health related cultural capital and cultural health capital are developed. Cultural health capital consists of cultural skills, competence, behaviors, attitudes, and interaction styles of patients and physicians. It helps patients use strategies to protect themselves from discrimination in the health seeking process. Cultural health capital is also important because it provides concrete examples for interaction among different forms of capital.&nbsp;Although these results are quite valuable, there are a number of points that require criticism. First, splitting social capital into its dimensions and forms helps research make more decisive measurements. However, it weakens the contextual and whole comprehension of social capital in general. In addition, some quantitative empirical studies use different variables in order to measure the same concepts. From a social science perspective, this may not constitute a ground for criticism; however, most of this research is from health sciences, which has a positivist root. These studies may be expected either to adopt a wider perspective of science, which would advocate for qualitative research to complete their results, or to strictly follow the quantitative methodological rules for comparison and reliability. While Putnam provides a facilitating framework for operationalization as seen in these studies, Bourdieu provides a framework for linking different forms of capital, which is extremely important for health related studies. Another point is the danger of focusing on the relationship between social capital and health. First, as seen in the literature, there are some adverse effects of social capital on health. Therefore, emphasizing the positive results of social capital and implementing politics that rely on these notions may have unexpected and undesirable consequences. Second, the increasing interest in social capital and health relationship is a consequence of changing health politics on a global scale. This change mainly involves the downsizing of the State and abstains from making structural interventions to improve health at a societal level. The relationship between social capital and health is absolutely important, but it is also important not to use it in order to legitimize the neoliberal health discourse, which leaves people deprived of State support.&nbsp;

Sosyal Sermaye ve Sağlık Arasındaki İlişki: Ampirik Çalışmalar Ne Gösteriyor?

Laura

David

The industrial scenario has witnessed a radical change over the past two decades with globalisation, changing market conditions, customer expectations and emerging technologies. This context sets companies in a very perilous situation since they must operate in a very reactive manner and seek more effective operations at all levels of the supply chain (Achanga, Shehab, Roy, &amp; Nelder, 2006; Doolen &amp; Hacker, 2005).In order to sustain growth in this competitive scenario, organisations have started the reorientation of their competencies by the adoption and implementation of new approaches (Vinodh &amp; Joy, 2012). The Lean Production practices initially developed by Taiichi Ohno at Toyota in the 1990s has contrasted with the western traditional ‘mass production’ methods which have influenced production as well as logistics and supply chain activities all around the world (Bhasin &amp; Burcher, 2006; Nasab, Bioki, &amp; Zare 2012; Olivella, Cuatrecasas, &amp; Gavilan, 2008). Lean is described as a revolutionary process. Primarily it was developed in the automobile sector, but the concept of Lean production is making inroads in other manufacturing industries and even service industries such as insurance companies, hospitals, government agencies with the same objectives (Black, 2007; Corbett, 2007; Doolen &amp; Hacker, 2005; Hines, Holweg, &amp; Rich, 2004; Karlsson &amp; Åhlström, 1996; Losonci, Demeter, &amp; Jenei, 2011; Mehri, 2006; Seppälä &amp; Klemola, 2004; Warnecke &amp; Hiiser, 1995; Wickramasinghe &amp; Wickramasinghe, 2011). Lean’s target is to improve the organisation’s performance by eliminating unnecessary activities, by reducing the wasteful usage of resources, and by aiming to adopt a comprehensive approach with employees, suppliers and customers (Maleyeff, Arnheiter, &amp; Venkateswaran, 2012; Pavnaskar, Gershenson, &amp; Jambekar, 2003).&nbsp;&nbsp;According to Wickramasinghe and Wickramasinghe (2011) and Vidal (2007), employee involvement does not inevitably imply job satisfaction. Similarly, the fundamental advancements of successful Lean organisations such as lower inventory and quicker lead times should be balanced with human-related performance obstacles (Brown &amp; Mitchell, 1991).The literature relates both positive and negative aspects of Lean on workers’ well-being and social climate (Eswaramoorthi, Kathiresan, Prasad, &amp; Mohanram, 2011; Seppälä &amp; Klemola, 2004). For Seppälä and Klemola (2004), the extent to which negative or positive outcomes are perceived by employees is related to the management of change within the company and its consequences on employment, job security and relationships at the workplace. The literature has identified that one of the main barriers in adopting Lean practices is the lack of awareness of the techniques or methods to use and how to employ them in the workplace (Achanga et al., 2006; Olivella et al., 2008). Indeed, misapplication of some practices may imply supplement of resources, money and time (Eswaramoorthi et al., 2011).&nbsp;The objective of this research is to investigate and analyse the implementation of Lean philosophy in two production plants SMEs –one in Britain and one in France- both belonging to the same global American printing solutions and technology services organısation. The main aim of the study is to analyse the impact of lean practices on employees and on the organisation itself as well as the critical factors for a successful implementation. The novelty of this study stems from the exploration of workers’ points of view in relation to Lean practices, their implementation and their value in the work environment. Although the investigation undertaken in this research is based on only two SMEs with different backgrounds, this study would recommend how SMEs can develop and improve their Lean practices in the working place.Using a case study approach, the collection of primary data for this dissertation consisted of semistructured face-to-face interviews – seven in Britain and five in France - as well as observations in both SMEs during the visits on-site.&nbsp;The evaluation of Lean practices in both companies revealed significant similarities concerning the principal Lean practices implemented and a general agreement about the importance of Lean in the current work place. Both organisational cultures are involved in CI projects or Kaizen projects with cross-functional teams and leaders associated with the projects. Similar to the “quality circles” mentioned in the literature, these CI projects are mostly year-long projects and gather two or three employees at some point along the project. Standardisation was not the strong point of Lean practices in either of the two companies. In terms of housekeeping and cleanliness of the work environment, the 5S or 6S program is established or about to be established in the companies.On the other hand, the study indicated differences in term of cultural issues and internal barriers for a successful Lean adoption. In terms of cultural difference, the most striking result to emerge from the data is that the English language is an essential determinant of people involvement in Lean. This difference also reflects the fact that English employees are more familiar with the concept of&nbsp;Lean and its purpose of eliminating waste across the whole company and not from an individual point of view. Apart from the issue of language, the UK Company seems more invested in Lean as 5S audits, standards, suggestions and rewards systems are already in place whereas they are still only in progress for the French company.

Evaluation and Comparison of Lean Manufacturing Practices in Britain and France: A Case Study of a Printing Solutions Organisation

Mehmet

Assoc. Prof.

Pelin

Understanding factors that foster successful entrepreneurs in high-tech sectors is critical to realizing structural changes in an economy. Turkey introduced Technology Development Centers (TEKMER) in 1990, and Technology Development Zones (Technoparks) Law in 2001 in pursuit of promoting knowledge-intensive and high-tech sectors. As of 2017, 65 technoparks have been established in Turkey, of which 53 are active and 12 are in the establishment phase. There are 4,308 firms operating in the technoparks, with 42,015 people employed by them.On a global scale, the proportion of women entrepreneurs in high-tech sectors is very small and their development prospects are not optimistic. Although the total number of women entrepreneurs doing business in Turkey’s technoparks has not officially been provided, GEM’s 2017 survey reported that among early stage entrepreneurship activity, there are approximately three female entrepreneurs for every ten male entrepreneurs in Turkey. With this ratio, Turkey holds the highest gender gap in terms of entrepreneurship.&nbsp;To achieve sustainable social and economic growth, Turkey needs to promote technology-based sectors and diminish the entrepreneurship gender gap. Encouraging more women to open new businesses in high-tech sectors can positively influence both targets.&nbsp;Studies about women’s entrepreneurship in Turkey are still in the early stages, similar to what is reported to be the case in several other developing economies. The focus of the available literature is on identifying the characteristics and problems experienced by women entrepreneurs. There is a significant need to perform empirical studies that link the performance of women entrepreneurs with their characteristics and with other elements of the entrepreneurship ecosystem.&nbsp;Our motivation in this study is to understand a set of social, cultural, and economic factors that are linked to successful women entrepreneurs who are doing business in Turkey’s technoparks. We use Bourdieu’s concept of social, cultural, and economic capital classification as the framework for our analyses. This study will contribute to closing gaps in the existing literature that analyzes women entrepreneurs in non-western developing countries and non-traditional industries and to providing a better understanding of how to develop policies aimed at promoting successful women entrepreneurs. In addition, studying the relative roles of different capital factors in women’s entrepreneurial success has two major implications: the first is that the findings will provide empirical evidence supporting the theories suggested in the entrepreneurial literature on the relationship between different capital factors and entrepreneurial performance. The second implication is that the findings will inform the decision makers who provide entrepreneurial support, such as the Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology or KOSGEB (Small and Medium Enterprises Development Organization of Turkey).Within the context of this study, we selected being successful as the dependent variable and defined successful entrepreneurs as those who have either achieved high growth performance within the last three years or who are currently successfully exporting their products or services.&nbsp;Since our dependent variable, being successful, is a binary measure, we constructed a logistic regression model. Twelve independent variables and two control variables are included in the logistic regression model as proxies of cultural, social, and economic capital. Parents’ education level, having a successful entrepreneur within the close family, the age of the entrepreneur at the time of start-up, whether or not the entrepreneur had attended a private school, the entrepreneur’s education level, previous work experience, and previous entrepreneurship experience are selected as cultural capital proxies in our model. Number of partners, age of the venture, and whether or not the venture was involved in any joint research and development (R&amp;D) projects with other firms or universities are selected as social capital proxies in the model. Finally, the amount of savings before starting a venture, the scope of financial support received from family, and whether or not the venture received support from the TEKMER program funded by the SME Development Organization are selected as economic capital proxies. Performance scores of the technoparks and the sector that the venture is operating in are the two control variables used in this study.Data used in this study comes from a larger survey that was conducted in 2015 on 1,112 firm owners who were selected from firms located in 26 active technoparks using simple random sampling with replacement method. To prevent small-scale bias, we included firms from technoparks that host at least 50 firms. Of those involved in the survey, 196 turned out to be women working in 24 technoparks located in 13 different provinces. This study covers data pertaining to these women entrepreneurs.&nbsp;Our results indicate that some of the proxies selected for social and cultural capital are statistically associated with successful women entrepreneurs. In this regard, previous work experience, having three or more partners, and the age of the venture are positively associated with success, whereas having a doctorate-level education is negatively related to it. Of interest is the fact that previous entrepreneurship experience does not have any statistically significant association with entrepreneurial success. Moreover, none of the selected proxies for economic capital is found to have a statistically significant relationship with being a successful entrepreneur. In addition, operating in the ICT and software sectors is also found to be negatively associated with successful performance.

Türkiye’de Yenilikçi ve Teknoloji Tabanlı Kadın Girişimciler: Sermaye ve Performans

Hüseyin

This article discusses labor migration between 1564 and 1611 in the Ottoman state, based on Muhimme Books Registries. The study consists of an abstract, introduction, purpose, method, archives and literature research, conceptual framework, findings, evaluation, conclusion and bibliography.&nbsp;PurposeAnswers to the following questions are sought in this study: - Did incidents of labor migration take place in the Ottoman land in the 16th century? - What caused them? - What were their directions and effects? - What was the quality and quantity of the workforce?&nbsp;Method&nbsp;Muhimme’s decrees of 1564-1611 were used as the main resource. Because the issue was evaluated in only one article, a limited number of archived documents were used, but the research was supported by secondary resources.&nbsp;Written in Ottoman Divani calligraphy, some of the Muhimme decrees are discussed in the text, while others are evaluated in terms of their content and their resources. The summaries of some decrees were written in current Turkish and their main themes were provided. In appropriate places, the decrees were simplified in order to make them easier to understand.&nbsp;&nbsp;The following order was used while referring to the Muhimme Notebooks: Muhimme Book Registry number, decree number, hijri date of the decree and its Gregorian equivalent (For example: Muhimme;6,206-207,445.26 Ra.972/1.11.1564).Archives and Literature Search Muhimme Book Registries of the Ottoman Archives form the backbone of this study. It is possible to make a scientific contribution to better understand how the structure and the quality of the population was influenced by labor migration and to improve social development by finding solutions to social, cultural, administrative and economic problems that this workforce and population were exposed to by making use of this original resource.Evaluation and Conclusion&nbsp;The findings obtained as a result of the research are as follows: labor migration of farmers broke the rule of on-site production; many migrated in order to find jobs; labor migration was caused by insufficient availability of agricultural land; and labor migration was caused by the people who settled in villages afterwards. It was determined in findings that those who formed the labor force in the agricultural sector as a side effect of the on-site production rule migrated because they did not sow the public land allocated to them. The farmers who left their land started to work in various branches of crafts, which can be regarded as the sectors of industry during that century. In a sense, there was a shift from agricultural economy to small industrial economy. The imposition of the on-site production rule may have been to address the following issues: production and increase in production, tax collection, prevention of the elimination and reduction of their income as enforced by the cavalrymen to maintain the number of the soldiers for the army. It is also useful to note that this rule does not apply to private property.&nbsp;Regarding those who migrated in search of jobs, it is understood that skilled labor force migration took place from Thessaly to Rodoscuk. It has also been determined that labor force migration took place from the Aegean islands to Manisa. It is understood from related documents that miners were sent from Rumeli to Shirvan, which is located in today’s Azerbaijan. The state evidently transferred qualified labor forces from the west to Shirvan in the east. It is possible to say that qualified labor force migration took place during this period from Albania, Rumeli, Thrace, Tekirdag-Rodoscuk, and the Aegean islands to Anatolia, Manisa, Foça and Shirvan. Another cause of labor migration is the land’s insufficiency for people living in certain places. For instance, Sirem Sancak was over-populated at that time and there was not enough land for agriculture, planting, and raising livestock. The document states that the people of Sirem would be settled on the abandoned land in Sirem and the villagers would be sent to DorMushi and other ruined villages to settle and to engage in agriculture, farming, raising livestock, and other production fields in order to prevent them from migrating to other towns or to foreign land. It has also been determined that 65 people from various groups within the tribe of Aydınbeglüyörük in Ankara moved to other places. It is striking that the state and its officials were active in finding fair solutions to prevent labor migration. Today, it is possible to make investments that contribute to happiness, peace, society, security, and welfare for people living in areas where labor migration is common, and to determine production and employment opportunities on the spot. It is possible to form a synergy of employment, welfare, and development by determining the expectations, needs, abilities, capacities, and local and national needs and targets for various businesses and sectors while creating power and energy within this framework.

Osmanlı’da 1564-1611 Yılları Arasında İşgücü Göçü ve Nedenleri

Fuat

The last 250–300 years of the world’s social history have witnessed unique changes that have completely transformed the society, introducing countless social problems. These problems were central to the founding fathers of social theory in the 19th century. They tried to understand the main reasons for those changes and possible solutions to those problems. Some theorists such as Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber have developed effective theoretical explanations to interpret the world in which they live.Nonetheless, the capitalist development or capitalist mode of production has entered a new phase in the 20th century. Post-World War II developments have triggered new debates that asserted a new type of society—the post-industrial society. These debates have been going on for more than 50 years under various labels. According to these debates, we are no longer living in an industrial society, and thus, we need new concepts to redefine the conditions in which we live. One of the most influential theorists to try to understand the time is sociologist Zygmunt Bauman. Although our time is quite different from that around the founding fathers of social theory, the main problems in both the times, such as unemployment, working class conditions, and social inequality, are the same. This paper focuses on Bauman’s corpus and takes a fresh look at labor relations in our time using concepts from his corpus such as liquid modernity, heavy modernity, labor relations such as “marriage” and “living together,” collateral damage, tourist-vagabond categories, work ethics, and community.The question then is what does it mean to do this? Or what is the practical benefit of doing this? This paper suggests that examining labor relations through Bauman’s lens or concepts makes it easier to understand working life because Bauman has a unique genre that gives the feeling of reading a literary text. However, this does not mean that Bauman’s corpus is scientifically unimportant; rather, his corpus gives readers a chance to easily understand the complicated situations around them, which is a reason why this paper uses Bauman’s concepts.If we look at these concepts, first, we need to focus on liquid modernity because that is a key concept for almost the entire corpus of Bauman, which will be presented to understand other concepts. As stated above, after the Golden Age of Capitalism, social theorists presented various labels to name society and modes of production such as post-industrial, post-Fordist, postmodern, reflexive modernity, network society, etc. Bauman preferred to use the term “liquid modernity”because the concept is functional for his general narrative. Bauman defines the concept by comparing it with solid modernity. Very briefly, the former represents the early phases of modernity and industrialization and the latter represents the changing nature of contemporary society. In other words, solid modernity means long-terms, stability, predictability, long employment relations, and engagement in employment relations, whereas liquid modernity represents the opposite, i.e., short periods, instability, job insecurity, temporary employment, and disengagement in employment relations.Bauman compares employment relations in heavy/solid modernity and liquid modernity in that context and uses the following metaphor for the comparison: employment relation as a marriage relationship or living together. He likens employment relations in the heavy modern era to a marriage. Just like a marriage, employee–employer relations in that era were dependent on long-term relations, and engagement between the two sides was strong. On the other hand, employment relations in the liquid modern era are like living together. There is no formal bond such as a marriage certificate that officially keeps both the sides together. As a result, either side (in our case, the sides are always capital or employers) can easily leave the other side (employees). The structure has been transformed into one that is based on flexibility. This paper presents empirical figures that support this analogyThe next section in the paper discusses two concepts: collateral damage of liquid modernity and tourist-vagabond categories. The first concept implies that when capitalism works, it produces unintended injuries; however, at the same time, if it wants to be successful, these injuries are inevitable. Thus, a world with liquid modernity produces massive collateral damage and also a duality of winners and losers. This duality is also about global conditions: the winners are tourists and the losers are vagabonds. All these categories imply a world in which inequalities are deepened. There are many up-to-date reports presenting the inequality of income distribution on global and national scales. This paper also presents some of these reports.The last section of the paper discusses the concepts of work ethics and company as a community. This section likens the modern company to a community by using Bauman’s views of work ethics and community. Bauman considers the concept of work ethics a labor control tool, and thus, management tries to align the company’s interests with the employees. In other words, it attempts to make the company a community. These concepts are useful for conducting a mesoscale analysis. Finally, in the concluding section, I explain the necessities and benefits of Bauman’s concepts for Turkey and Turkish literature on social sciences.

Zygmunt Bauman’ın Gözlüğü ile Çalışma İlişkilerine Bakmak

Kemal

This article attempts to present Weber’s theory of inequality and social stratification and partly compares with Marx’s view. In today’s late capitalist societies, the vision of inequality and stratification written by Weber a century ago can be considered outdated in the classic sociology books of the past, but Weber’s theory of inequality and stratification maintains its validity in terms of recognizing the work done today.Marx and Weber’s primary interests and the questions that occupied them were not about social stratification, nor did they present a systematic stratification theory in this regard. The main problem both sociologists were interested in was the development of capitalism, not stratification. However, the sociologists who followed them systematized the stratification area and, expanding on their thoughts, made it one of the most important fields of sociology.The first part of this study deals with a probability-based multi-dimensional causality method that Weber applied on stratification and the importance he attached to subjective factors. In the second part, the multi-class processes in the modern world are discussed, and the concepts of class, status, and party are summarized in relation to each other. In the third part, “open and closed relationships” (social closure)—another concept that was introduced by Weber to stratification literature—is examined. In the fourth section, the concepts of power, sovereignty, rationality, and bureaucracy, which are other dimensions of stratification, are examined. In the last part, democracy and socialism, for which Weber made predictions in the context of inequality and stratification, are discussed.&nbsp;Weber’s contributions to inequality and stratification are still considered important because the multi-dimensional factors strongly influence people’s lives. Weber’s inequality and stratification theory, which has been analyzed in this article, continues to provide a flexible foundation since it defines the complex realities of modern societies and addresses all aspects of interrelated processes.&nbsp;Weber’s main argument regarding this topic is that social inequality and stratification have a complex nature based on multi-dimensional causality. The forms of Marx and Weber’s thoughts continue to be sources of reference today. Although Weber’s view of inequality is considered as opposite to Marx, they have common ideas about the nature of inequality and the importance of classes that play crucial role in inequality. Weber included a middle class that was neither proletarian nor bourgeois after Marx’s two-polar class analysis of proletarian and bourgeois, expanding Marx’s analyses and developing a three-dimensional stratification perspective of class, status, and party.Both thinkers agree that struggle and conflict are the most important factors in inequality. However, according to Marx, struggle and conflict are not natural consequences of human nature and social life. Exploitation and the class system force people into conflict, preventing cooperation and collaboration inherent in human nature. According to Weber, even if there is no class-based exploitation order, power struggle and conflict will continue in other areas. While the revolution Marx predicted did not happen, the prediction that the accumulation of capital by a small minority, now a huge problem in the world, seems to have been confirmed.Class buildings, social closure, power and status inconsistency theories developed in recent years are based on the renewal of Weberian view of social inequality. An important part of the inequality and stratification theories developed in recent years (class building, social closure, power theories, status inconsistency, etc.) belong to the neo-Weberians.Postmodernist researchers argue that class has lost its importance and left its place to fragmented identities, lifestyles, and consumption, but these debates are, in a way, based on updating Weber’s status concept. However, Weber’s multi-dimensional class, status, and party formula has lost its actuality in recent years. Instead, Weber’s social closure (closed relationships) analyses have gained importance in stratification studies.

Max Weber, Eşitsizlik ve Toplumsal Tabakalaşma

Tuba

“Ne Ders Olsa Veri̇ri̇z”: Akademi̇syeni̇n Vasifsiz İşçi̇ye Dönüşümü

Ceyda

Çalışma Psikolojisi

Mikail

Mutluluk Ekonomisi -Kamu ekonomisi açısından bir analiz

Yapay Kutsallıkların Varlığı Üzerine

Öğretim Görevlisi

Açıklayıcı Faktör Analizi

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An Analysis of the Social Wellbeing of Youth in Turkey Based on the “2017 Global Youth Wellbeing Index”

Elifnur

Assist. Prof. Dr.

Digital Panopticon Dilemmas: A Study on Contact Tracing Apps Carried Out by the Ministry of Health

Meltem

Varieties of Belonging Among Migrants: Turkish Migrants in Norway

Şahin

Tevfik

Competitive Revenue Management (Rm.) Strategies of Five Star Hotels: A Case From Istanbul

Furkan

Onur

Sedat

Fırat

Nuran

Explanation of Behavioral Intentions to Mitigate Climate Change with Protection Motivation Theory

Mustafa

Ebubekir

Reasons Behind the Migration of Highly Qualified Employees from Turkiye: The Case of Software Developers and Engineers

Gülbeyaz

A Political-Theological Issue: Is Kemalism a Civil Religion or a Political Religion?

Gökçen

Zeynep

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

The Effects of Information Communication Technologies on Human Capital: A Panel Data Analysis

Patrice

Bakhtiyar

Özlem

Muhammed

Dynamics of Herding Behavior in Cryptocurrency Markets Amid Market Crashes

Faruk

Post-Socialist Ethnic Symbolism, Suppression of Yugoslav Social Memory, and Radical Populism Psychology

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Gökhan

Şenay

Sibel

Is COVID-19 an Advantage to Disadvantaged Groups? Evidence from Administrative Data on Working Hours in Turkey

Visama

Dheeba

COVID-19 and Emergency Migration to Remote Teaching in a Public University in the Maldives: Challenges, Solutions, and Lessons Learned

Mohammad

Hacı

Tavakkol

Ebrahim

Analisis of Liquid Migration as a Manifestation of Migration-based Lifestyle in the Third Millennium Using a Qualitative Approach

Leyla

Dynamics of Fulfillment: A Comparative Exploration of Life Satisfaction in European Muslim and Christian Communities

Gülçin

Lecturer

Role of Green Taxes on Economic Growth Goals of Sustainable Development Directly and Through Environmental Performance: A System GMM Approach

Matjaz

Hayri

Artificial Intelligence Bias and the Amplification of Inequalities in the Labor Market

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Philip L.

President Trump and Migration Policy

Filiz

For various migrant groups, Turkey has been a transit country for many years. However, due to the ongoing civil war in Syria, Turkey has become the number one destination for Syrian refugees, and now hosts the largest refugee group in the world. This transformation has attracted the attention of different academic disciplines such as law, social policy, social work, psychology and sociology, and especially in politics and media, it has emerged as one of the most debated subjects in recent years. As a result, scholarly researches in increasing numbers have attempted to examine the phenomenon of forced migration from different dimensions, such as security, policy, education, health and gender. However, when considering studies examining forced migration from a gender perspective, it is seen that the studies mostly focus on women because they are more exposed to problems. This situation, which is added to the negative representation of refugee men in the host societies, causes the experience of male refugees to be invisible, and the social aid practices directed towards refugees are less susceptible to the problems of men. Based on this point, this study aims to analyze the problems of male refugees that cannot be seen because of their negative representations, and to discuss them based on social work and aid policies. In line with this purpose, the study was designed as a qualitative research. The working sample of the study consists of 17 male refugees from various nationalities residing in Eskişehir and five specialists who are working in the field of humanitarian aid. Data were collected by semi-structured interviews. The findings of the study indicate that some refugee men are exposed to many social problems, like women, such as discrimination and violence with reference to their gender. Male refugees are experiencing tensions because of their responsibility to support the family. At the same time, they are excluded from migration regulations and social aids aimed at solving these tensions. According to the findings, most of the participants have difficulties in accessing basic needs, such as employment and housing, because of the misrepresentation of masculinity of the male refugees. Although providing for the family is accepted as a male responsibility especially in economic terms, tensions arise because male refugees cannot fulfill this responsibility alone. This situation increases the problems of male refugees in the asylum process, while imposing a passive role at home for refugee women. In addition to difficult situations male refugees experience only because of their gender, their exclusion from migration regulations and social benefits makes their asylum process even more difficult. As a result, it can be concluded that social aid policies and the above-mentioned researches consider the masculinity of male refugees as a typical category in the form of constant hegemonic power against femininity. For this reason, it should primarily be accepted that there is no universal masculin ity that is always advantageous over femininity. The masculinity is also shaped and harmed by patriarchy. For masculinity is not a universal category, it is a dynamic gender identity shaped by historical and cultural conditions, just like femininity. In this respect, it is necessary to think of masculinity as a heterogeneous structure. Indeed, males with different conditions, just like women, may also be in exploited positions. Forced migration is one of these conditions. The forced migration process can make men and women suffer. Of course, it is wrong to say that in the process of forced migration, all male refugees could be in disadvantaged positions. However, social aid policies and researches seeing the masculinity as a universal category rather than a culturally constructed phenomenon, miss an important point: not all males can be equally advantageous in the patriarchal order. In other words, the idea that gender perceptions may have negative effects on men as much as they have on women should be a starting point for gaining further insights into the matter. Scholarly inquiries in this context should be aimed at a better understanding of the multiple structures of masculinity during the course of forced migration, and the inclusion of male refugees in social aid practices as visible actors.

Zorunlu Göçün Görün(e)meyen Aktörleri: Temsil ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Bağlamında Sığınmacı Erkekler

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Halil

Semanur

Although there has been an environment in which global neo-mercantilist protectionist policies have increased in recent times and the countries have further tightened immigration policies, the increase in bilateral trade and migration among the countries remains the two most important results of globalization. Some authors who address the relationship between these two outcomes of globalization have developed a theory that a country’s migration affects trade activities between the host country and the emigrant source country. Gould (1991) stated that this relationship could be realized through two mechanisms. The first is the increase in the import of the host country from the source country as a result of migrants carrying their consumption habits to the host country. The other mechanism is that transaction costs incurred in the process of acquiring information and establishing a trade relationship will be reduced due to immigrants. This is the reason why immigrants’ native language is frequently used and known in the host country and that migrants carry information about their consumption preferences in their own countries to the host country. It is stated that bilateral trade between countries will increase by means of these interaction mechanisms.In the literature, a large number of empirical studies were encountered, which examined the relationship between international trade and international migration for different countries. In these studies, the bilateral trade relations between the immigrant-receiving country, which is a center of attraction, and the emigrant countries were analyzed. From this point of view, this study aims to examine the relationship between international trade and migration for Germany, which is the center of attraction of Europe. Germany is the country with the highest number of immigrants among the European Union countries and the share of Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries is very high among the emigrant countries in Europe. In view of this situation, in the study, it was aimed to examine whether the migration of Germany from the mentioned countries was effective in the foreign trade activities with these countries.CEE countries, based on the definition of the OECD have been determined as Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. In the study covering the data set from 2000 to 2016, a panel gravity model was used.In the study the dependent variables are export and import while the independent variables are the number of immigrants, GDP and per capita GDP of the emigrant countries, the distance between the host country and emigrant countries, and the dummy variable which represents the Customs Union memberships of the countries.In the study, which was modeled for both export and import, findings showed that there was not any significant relationship between the migration and foreign trade of Germany. In the study, which was modeled for both export and import, findings showed that there was not any significant relationship between the migration to Germany and the foreign trade of Germany with CEE countries. On the other hand, GDP, per capita GDP, distance and dummy variables were found to be significant in the model in which export is the dependent variable. According to this, a positive relationship was found&nbsp;between the GDP level of CEE countries and Germany’s exports in accordance with theoretical expectation. On the other hand, there is a negative relationship between GDP per capita in CEE countries and Germany’s exports, contrary to theoretical expectation. Accordingly, per capita income, which represents the level of welfare in CEE countries, reduces imports from Germany. This situation, which is contrary to theoretical expectation, is thought to be related to the fact that these countries are former Soviet Union countries. The distance variable has a negative effect on the export, in line with the expectation. The dummy variable added to determine the impact of the Customs Union membership of the CEE countries revealed a statistically significant and positive relationship. In other words, countries’ membership to the Customs Union positively affects the export of Germany. In the import model, only the Customs Union dummy variable was significant. Accordingly, the membership of the CEE countries to the Customs Union has an increasing impact on Germany’s imports.In summary, it can be stated that Germany did not see an increase in exports from migration. On the other hand, it can be stated that both sides of the relationship are benefiting from regional integration through Customs Union membership.

Dış Ticaret ve Göç İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Çekim Modeli Analizi: Almanya Örneği

Reyhan

Introduction The aim of this study was to reveal the effects of internal migration on poverty in Turkey. In other words, in addition to the many factors that affect poverty, determining how and on what level interregional migration affects poverty is one of the main purposes of the study. The focus of the study were 12 regions in Level 1 and qualitative and quantitative methods were applied together using secondary data. The main purpose of the study is to reveal how migration that took place in the recent past and the differentiation between the regions had an effect on poverty and thus, to guide the policymakers and relevant actors. The aim of the study was to suggest opinions about which regions the individuals, who were forced to migrate due to socio-economic reasons, should incline towards and thus, to reveal alternative migration routes. Another aim of this study is to reveal the final outcomes of migration for the individuals who were living in relatively behind regions and whose poverty had become chronic in creating added value. Thus, it might be possible to determine the impact on individual wealth for those who migrate or those who choose an alternative to migration and to suggest policies.&nbsp;Literature Summary The following studies, which analyze the relationship between poverty and migration, were used as a reference in this study: Bustillo and Anton (2009), Chapman and Bernstein (2003), Güneş (2009), Martin and Taylor (2003), Raphael and Smolensky (2008), Tümtaş (2009), Suro et al. (2011), Tümtaş and Ergun (2014), and to Yıldız and Alaeddinoğlu (2011). In all of this research, it was emphasized that poverty changes with migration and most of the studies drew attention to the effect of migration from rural areas.&nbsp;Econometric Analysis The aim of this study was to reveal the effects of migration in 12 regions in Level 1 segregation of TSI on national and regional poverty. Accordingly, the necessary data set was obtained by determining indicators in accordance with the studies conducted on the relationship between poverty and migration. The used data is from 2008-2014 and was obtained from TSI on Level 1. Subsequently, the created model was estimated with panel data analysis. The econometric problems that were encountered during the analysis were corrected with necessary operations and thus, efficient estimators were obtained.InNumberOfPoorPeopleit= α + β1 lnDependencyit+ β2 lnMigrationit+ β3 lnAgricultural_Empit + β4 lnGNPPCit+ β5 lnAgricultural_Migrationit+ eit InNumberOfPoorPeopleit Number of poor individuals lnDependencyit Total age dependency ratio lnMigrationit The migration that the region receives lnAgricultural_Empit Agricultural employment lnGNPPCit Gross national product per capita (dollar) lnAgricultural_Migrationit Migration from the regions in which the agricultural sector has 6% or more share in the regional GDP (regions in which agricultural employment and production have become relatively prominent) to other regions. i Region t Date (Year)Findings and Evaluation The obtained results reveal that the relationship between the dependency ratio, migration and GNPPC are not statistically significant. However, it was observed that agriculture-based migration decreases the total number of poor people. In other words, an increase in agricultural migration by 100%, decreases the number of poor people in the country by approximately 49%. This result proves that a good number of individuals who migrate from rural to urban areas do not bring their poverty with them by finding new job opportunities. That is, by leaving the agriculture sector, the migration into regions where industry and services are prominent significantly decreases the number of poor people in the country. As a result of the analysis, it can be stated that the autonomous poverty in the discussed regions which can’t be explained with independent variables are different from each other. In other words, the effect of independent variables, such as rural migration, differs in regions in the reduction of poverty with the TR1-Istanbul region ranking first in terms of the magnitude of this effect. According to this ranking which is followed by the TR-3 Aegean and TR6-Mediterranean Regions, it can be stated that other factors which were not included in the model affected the poverty of these regions. This study in which the relationship between poverty and migration was discussed indicates that rural-based migration has a significant effect on poverty. At this point, it should not be overlooked that the knowledge-skill levels of migrated individuals would change the magnitude and direction of this effect. In other words, since agricultural-based migration is effective in the reduction of the number of poor people, this effect can be positively increased by educating the migrating population.

Türkiye’de İç Göçün Bölgesel Yoksulluk Üzerindeki Etkisi: Tarım Sektörünün Belirleyici Rolü

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Journal of Economy, Culture and Society, açık erişimli, hakemli, yılda iki kere Haziran ve Aralık aylarında yayınlanan bilimsel bir dergidir. İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi’ne bağlı Sosyoloji ve Metodoloji Araştırmaları Merkezi’nin yayınıdır. Dergi 1960 yılından beri yayınlanmaktadır. 2018 Sayı 57 itibariyle eski ismi olan Sosyoloji Konferansları yerine Journal of Economy Culture and Society adıyla yayın hayatını sürdürmektedir. 

2022 yılı itibariyle derginin yayın dili sadece İngilizcedir ve basılı versiyonu durdurulmuştur; dergi yayın hayatına e-dergi olarak devam etmektedir. Dergiye yayınlanması için gönderilen bilimsel makaleler İngilizce olmalıdır.

Journal of Economy, Culture and Society, sosyoloji alanına katkı sağlayan yüksek kalitede akademik çalışmaları yayınlamayı amaçlar. Dergimiz esas olarak sosyoloji alanına dair konuların incelendiği, araştırıldığı bir platform sağlarken, farklı alanlardan uluslararası ve disiplinler-arası okuyucu kitlesine uygun yazılara da açıktır. Derginin hedef kitlesini akademisyenler, araştırmacılar, profesyoneller, öğrenciler ve ilgili mesleki, akademik kurum ve kuruluşlar oluşturur.

Veysel

RePEc IDEAS

ProQuest

RePEc EconPapers

Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)

EBSCO

ERIH PLUS

TR Dizin

DOAJ

SOBIAD

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Journal of Economy Culture and Society

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Editor in Chief

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Editorial Management Board Member

Section Editor

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Journal of Economy, Culture and Society açık erişimli, hakemli, yılda iki kere Haziran ve Aralık aylarında yayınlanan bilimsel bir dergidir. İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi’ne bağlı Sosyoloji ve Metodoloji Araştırmaları Merkezi’nin yayınıdır. Dergi 1960 yılından beri yayınlanmaktadır. 2018 Sayı 57 itibariyle eski ismi olan Sosyoloji Konferansları yerine Journal of Economy Culture and Society adıyla yayın hayatını sürdürmektedir. Journal of Economy, Culture and Society toplumsal, ekonomik ve kültürel olguların bilimsel yaklaşımla ele alındığı bir mecra olmayı amaçlamaktadır. Derginin disiplinler-arası ve uluslararası niteliğinden dolayı disiplinler-arası ve uluslararası okuyucu kitlesine uygun olmayan çalışmaların dergimiz yerine başka mecralarda değerlendirilmesi daha uygun olacaktır. 2022 yılı itibariyle derginin yayın dili sadece İngilizcedir. Dergiye yayınlanması için gönderilen bilimsel makaleler İngilizce olmalıdır. Değerlendirme sürecinde ilgili literatüre katkısı belirgin ampirik çalışmalar ile kuramsal ve yöntemsel olarak yenilik içeren metinlere öncelik verilecektir.

Amaç ve Kapsam

<ul><li>Web of Science - Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) </li><li>TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR Dizin </li><li>DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals) </li><li>ProQuest Central   </li><li>ProQuest Turkey Database    </li><li>ProQuest Social Sciences Database     </li><li>ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection​</li><li>EBSCO Central &amp; Eastern European Academic Source</li><li>EBSCO Sociology Source Ultimate</li><li>RePEc IDEAS</li><li>RePEc EconPapers</li><li>Erih Plus</li><li>SOBİAD</li></ul>

Dizinler

Dergi yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> Gönderilen makaleler derginin amaç ve kapsamına uygun olmalıdır. Orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmayan, her bir yazar tarafından içeriği ve gönderimi onaylanmış yazılar değerlendirmeye kabul edilir. Makale yayınlanmak üzere Dergiye gönderildikten sonra yazarlardan hiçbirinin ismi, tüm yazarların yazılı izni olmadan yazar listesinden silinemez ve yeni bir isim yazar olarak eklenemez ve yazar sırası değiştirilemez.İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir. Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.İntihal Ön kontrolden geçirilen makaleler, iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal/kendi kendine intihal tespit edilirse yazarlar bilgilendirilir. Editörler, gerekli olması halinde makaleyi değerlendirme ya da üretim sürecinin çeşitli aşamalarında intihal kontrolüne tabi tutabilirler. Yüksek benzerlik oranları, bir makalenin kabul edilmeden önce ve hatta kabul edildikten sonra reddedilmesine neden olabilir. Makalenin türüne bağlı olarak, bunun oranın %15 veya %20'den az olması beklenir.Çift Kör Hakemlikİntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Editör, makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakemlikten geçmesini sağlar ve makale biçimsel esaslara uygun ise, gelen yazıyı yurtiçinden ve /veya yurtdışından en az iki hakemin değerlendirmesine sunar, hakemler gerek gördüğü takdirde yazıda istenen değişiklikler yazarlar tarafından yapıldıktan sonra yayınlanmasına onay verir.

Politikalar

Dergi açık erişimlidir ve derginin tüm içeriği okura ya da okurun dahil olduğu kuruma ücretsiz olarak sunulur. Okurlar, ticari amaç haricinde, yayıncı ya da yazardan izin almadan dergi makalelerinin tam metnini okuyabilir, indirebilir, kopyalayabilir, arayabilir ve link sağlayabilir. Bu <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/translations/turkish-translation" target="_blank">BOAI</a> açık erişim tanımıyla uyumludur. Derginin açık erişimli makaleleri Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır.

Derginin tüm giderleri İstanbul Üniversitesi tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Dergide makale yayını ve makale süreçlerinin yürütülmesi ücrete tabi değildir. Dergiye gönderilen ya da yayın için kabul edilen makaleler için işlemleme ücreti ya da gönderim ücreti alınmaz.

Yazarlar dergide yayınlanan çalışmalarının telif hakkına sahiptirler ve çalışmaları  Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır. CC BY-NC 4.0 lisansı, eserin ticari kullanım dışında her boyut ve formatta paylaşılmasına, kopyalanmasına, çoğaltılmasına ve orijinal esere uygun şekilde atıfta bulunmak kaydıyla yeniden düzenleme, dönüştürme ve eserin üzerine inşa etme dâhil adapte edilmesine izin verir.

Editörler, yayınlanan makalede, bulguları, yorumları ve sonuçları etkilemeyen küçük hatalar tespit edilirse düzeltme yayınlamayı düşünebilirler. Editörler, bulguları ve sonuçları geçersiz kılan büyük hatalar / ihlaller söz konusu olduğunda, makaleyi geri çekmeyi düşünmelidir. Yazarlar tarafından araştırma veya yayını kötüye kullanmaya yönelik olasılık söz konusu ise; bulguların güvenilir olmadığına ve yazarların kurumlarının olayı soruşturmadığına dair kanıtlar var veya olası soruşturma haksız veya sonuçsuz görünüyor ise, editörler endişe ifadesi yayınlamayı düşünmelidir. Düzeltme, geri çekme veya endişe ifadesi ile ilgili olarak <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> ve &#65279;<a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a>&#65279; yönergeleri dikkate alınır.

Dergide yayınlanan tüm yazıların korunmasını ve kalıcı olarak erişilebilir olmasını sağlamak için makaleler, ulusal bir arşiv sitesi olarak hizmet veren ve aynı zamanda LOCKSS'in içeriği toplamasına, korumasına ve sunmasına izin veren Dergipark'ta saklanmaktadır.Ek olarak, yazarların kendilerinin makalelerinin son PDF sürümünü Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>) standartlarına uygun açık elektronik arşivlerde arşivlemeleri önerilir. Yazarlar, yayınladıkları arşiv versiyonundan, İ.Ü. Yayınevinin dergi web sitesinin URL'sine bağlantı sağlamalıdır.

Journal of Economy, Culture and Society, yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için adres: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>Gönderilen tüm makaleler orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmamalıdır. Her bir makale editörlerden biri ve en az iki hakem tarafından çift kör değerlendirmeden geçirilir. İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir.Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.

Etik

Dergi araştırma etiğinde en yüksek standartları gözetir ve aşağıda tanımlanan uluslararası araştırma etiği ilkelerini benimser. Makalelerin etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır.<ul><li>Araştırmanın tasarlanması, tasarımın gözden geçirilmesi ve araştırmanın yürütülmesinde, bütünlük, kalite ve şeffaflık ilkeleri sağlanmalıdır.</li><li>Araştırma ekibi ve katılımcılar, araştırmanın amacı, yöntemleri ve öngörülen olası kullanımları; araştırmaya katılımın gerektirdikleri ve varsa riskleri hakkında tam olarak bilgilendirilmelidir.</li><li>Araştırma katılımcılarının sağladığı bilgilerin gizliliği ve yanıt verenlerin gizliliği sağlanmalıdır. Araştırma katılımcıların özerkliğini ve saygınlığını koruyacak şekilde tasarlanmalıdır.</li><li>Araştırma katılımcıları gönüllü olarak araştırmada yer almalı, herhangi bir zorlama altında olmamalıdırlar.</li><li>Katılımcıların zarar görmesinden kaçınılmalıdır. Araştırma, katılımcıları riske sokmayacak şekilde planlanmalıdır.</li><li>Araştırma bağımsızlığıyla ilgili açık ve net olunmalı; çıkar çatışması varsa belirtilmelidir.</li><li>Deneysel çalışmalarda, araştırmaya katılmaya karar veren katılımcıların yazılı bilgilendirilmiş onayı alınmalıdır. Çocukların ve vesayet altındakilerin veya tasdiklenmiş akıl hastalığı bulunanların yasal vasisinin onayı alınmalıdır.</li><li>Çalışma herhangi bir kurum ya da kuruluşta gerçekleştirilecekse bu kurum ya da kuruluştan çalışma yapılacağına dair onay alınmalıdır.</li><li>İnsan öğesi bulunan çalışmalarda, “yöntem” bölümünde katılımcılardan “bilgilendirilmiş onam” alındığının ve çalışmanın yapıldığı kurumdan etik kurul onayı alındığı belirtilmesi gerekir.</li></ul>

Makalelerin bilimsel ve etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır. Yazar makalenin orijinal olduğu, daha önce başka bir yerde yayınlanmadığı ve başka bir yerde, başka bir dilde yayınlanmak üzere değerlendirmede olmadığı konusunda teminat sağlamalıdır. Uygulamadaki telif kanunları ve anlaşmaları gözetilmelidir. Telife bağlı materyaller (örneğin tablolar, şekiller veya büyük alıntılar) gerekli izin ve teşekkürle kullanılmalıdır. Başka yazarların, katkıda bulunanların çalışmaları ya da yararlanılan kaynaklar uygun biçimde kullanılmalı ve referanslarda belirtilmelidir.Gönderilen makalede tüm yazarların akademik ve bilimsel olarak doğrudan katkısı olmalıdır, bu bağlamda “yazar” yayınlanan bir araştırmanın kavramsallaştırılmasına ve dizaynına, verilerin elde edilmesine, analizine ya da yorumlanmasına belirgin katkı yapan, yazının yazılması ya da bunun içerik açısından eleştirel biçimde gözden geçirilmesinde görev yapan birisi olarak görülür. Yazar olabilmenin diğer koşulları ise, makaledeki çalışmayı planlamak veya icra etmek ve / veya revize etmektir. Fon sağlanması, veri toplanması ya da araştırma grubunun genel süpervizyonu tek başına yazarlık hakkı kazandırmaz. Yazar olarak gösterilen tüm bireyler sayılan tüm ölçütleri karşılamalıdır ve yukarıdaki ölçütleri karşılayan her birey yazar olarak gösterilebilir. Yazarların isim sıralaması ortak verilen bir karar olmalıdır. Tüm yazarlar yazar sıralamasını <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/22CB5659ED784C688C77CDBE2F27AE62" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formunda</a> imzalı olarak belirtmek zorundadırlar.Yazarlık için yeterli ölçütleri karşılamayan ancak çalışmaya katkısı olan tüm bireyler “teşekkür / bilgiler” kısmında sıralanmalıdır. Bunlara örnek olarak ise sadece teknik destek sağlayan, yazıma yardımcı olan ya da sadece genel bir destek sağlayan, finansal ve materyal desteği sunan kişiler verilebilir.Bütün yazarlar, araştırmanın sonuçlarını ya da bilimsel değerlendirmeyi etkileyebilme potansiyeli olan finansal ilişkiler, çıkar çatışması ve çıkar rekabetini beyan etmelidirler. Bir yazar kendi yayınlanmış yazısında belirgin bir hata ya da yanlışlık tespit ederse, bu yanlışlıklara ilişkin düzeltme ya da geri çekme için editör ile hemen temasa geçme ve işbirliği yapma sorumluluğunu taşır.

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, cinsel yöneliminden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder. Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve Dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemlerin araştırmayla ilgili, yazarlarla ve/veya araştırmanın finansal destekçileriyle çıkar çatışmaları olmamalıdır. Değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme çift taraflı kör hakemlik ile değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.

Hakemlik Hakkında

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder. Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemlerin araştırmayla ilgili, yazarlarla ve/veya araştırmanın finansal destekçileriyle çıkar çatışmaları olmamalıdır. Değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar.Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.Hakemlerin değerlendirmeleri objektif olmalıdır. Hakem süreci sırasında hakemlerin aşağıdaki hususları dikkate alarak değerlendirmelerini yapmaları beklenir.-Makale yeni ve önemli bir bilgi içeriyor mu?-Öz, makalenin içeriğini net ve düzgün bir şekilde tanımlıyor mu?-Yöntem bütünlüklü ve anlaşılır şekilde tanımlanmış mı?-Yapılan yorum ve varılan sonuçlar bulgularla kanıtlanıyor mu?-Alandaki diğer çalışmalara yeterli referans verilmiş mi?-Dil kalitesi yeterli mi?Hakemler, gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir.

DilDerginin yayın dili Amerikan İngilizcesi’dir.Yazıların Hazırlanması ve GönderimiAksi belirtilmedikçe gönderilen yazılarla ilgili tüm yazışmalar ilk yazarla yapılacaktır. Makale gönderimi online olarak ve <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jecs" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jecs</a> üzerinden yapılmalıdır. Gönderilen yazılar, yazının yayınlanmak üzere gönderildiğini ifade eden, makale türünü belirten ve makaleyle ilgili bilgileri içeren (bkz: Son Kontrol Listesi) bir mektup; yazının elektronik formunu içeren Microsoft Word 2003 ve üzerindeki versiyonları ile yazılmış elektronik dosya ve tüm yazarların imzaladığı <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/22CB5659ED784C688C77CDBE2F27AE62" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a> eklenerek gönderilmelidir.<ol><li style="text-align: left;">Çalışmalar, A4 boyutundaki kağıdın bir yüzüne, üst, alt, sağ ve sol taraftan 2,5 cm. boşluk bırakılarak, 12 punto Times New Roman harf karakterleriyle ve 1,5 satır aralık ölçüsü ile hazılarlanmalıdır.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Çalışmalar 4500 - 8500 sözcük arasında olmalı ve sayfa numaraları sayfanın altında ve ortada yer almalıdır.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Yazar/yazarların adları çalışmanın başlığının hemen altında sağa bitişik şekilde verilmelidir. Ayrıca yıldız dipnot şeklinde (*) yazarın unvanı, kurumu ve e-posta adresi ve telefonu sayfanın en altında dipnotta belirtilmelidir.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Dergimize gönderilen makalelerde Giriş bölümünden önce 180-200 sözcük arasında çalışmanın kapsamını, amacını, ulaşılan sonuçları ve kullanılan yöntemi kaydeden İngilizce öz (abstract) yer almalıdır.  İngilizce özün (abstract) altında çalışmanın içeriğini temsil eden 3-5 anahtar kelime yer almalıdır.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Çalışmaların başlıca şu unsurları içermesi gerekmektedir: Başlık, öz ve anahtar kelimeler;  ana metin bölümleri, son notlar ve kaynaklar.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Çalışmanın başında yer alan GİRİŞ bölümünü “AMAÇ VE YÖNTEM”, “BULGULAR”, “TARTIŞMA VE SONUÇ”, ”SON NOTLAR” “KAYNAKLAR” ve “TABLOLAR VE ŞEKİLLER” gibi bölümler takip etmelidir.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Çalışmanın başında yer alan giriş bölümü “1. GİRİŞ” şeklinde belirtilmelidir. Gönderilen çalışmalarda sorunsalın betimlendiği ve çalışmanın öneminin belirtildiği tüm bölüm ve alt bölümler numaralandırılmalıdır. Bu düzenlemede, bölümler sırasıyla 1,2,3,4 şeklinde numaralanırken, alt bölümler ve onların da altındakiler için 1.1., 1.2., 2.1., 2.2., ve 1.1.1., 1.2.1, 1.2.2., 2.1.1., 2.1.2 gibi birden çok haneli şekilde olmalıdır.</li><li><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;">Metin içi alıntılama ve kaynak gösterme için APA (American Psychological Association) kaynak sitilinin 6. versiyonu kullanılmalıdır. APA 6 stili hakkında bilgi için; http://istanbul.edu.tr:8080/journal/jecs/information/yazim-kurallari sayfasını ziyaret edebilir veya Yazarlara Bilgi’nin Kaynaklar başlığı altında ilgili açıklama ve örnekleri inceleyebilirsiniz.</div></div></li><li style="text-align: left;">Çalışmalarda tablo, grafik ve şekil gibi göstergeler ancak çalışmanın takip edilebilmesi açısından gereklilik arz ettiği durumlarda, numaralandırılarak, tanımlayıcı bir başlık ile birlikte verilmelidir. Tablolara ait başlık üstte, Şekiller’e ait başlık altta yer almalıdır. Demografik özellikler gibi metin içinde verilebilecek veriler, ayrıca tablolar ile ifade edilmemelidir.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Yayınlanmak üzere gönderilen makale ile birlikte yazar bilgilerini içeren <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/197A2CBDB79D4558B84AC90BB1E0A0C7" target="_blank">kapak sayfası</a> gönderilmelidir. Kapak sayfasında, makalenin başlığı, yazar veya yazarların bağlı bulundukları kurum ve unvanları, kendilerine ulaşılabilecek adresler, cep, iş ve faks numaraları ve e-posta adresleri yer almalıdır (bkz. Son Kontrol Listesi).</li><li style="text-align: left;">Kurallar dâhilinde dergimize yayınlanmak üzere gönderilen çalışmaların her türlü sorumluluğu yazar/yazarlarına aittir.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Yayın kurulu ve hakem raporları doğrultusunda yazarlardan, metin üzerinde bazı düzeltmeler yapmaları istenebilir.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Yayınlanmasına karar verilen çalışmaların, yazar/yazarlarının her birine dergi gönderilir.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Dergiye gönderilen çalışmalar yayınlansın veya yayınlanmasın geri gönderilmez.</li></ol>

Yazım Kuralları

Makaleyi göndermeden önce Yazarlara Bilgi’yi lütfen okuyun ve aşağıdakilerin eksik olmadığından emin olun:Editöre mektup<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makalenin türü</li> <li>Başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu bilgisi</li> <li>Sponsor veya ticari bir firma ile ilişkisi (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Kaynakların APA6’ya göre belirtildiği</li> <li>İngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığı</li> <li>Yazarlara Bilgide detaylı olarak anlatılan dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiği</li> </ul> </ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/22CB5659ED784C688C77CDBE2F27AE62" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a>Daha önce basılmış material (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/A7F3688C68C9428A82C31BCEE9716A2B" target="_blank">Makale kapak sayfası</a><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makalenin kategorisi</li> <li>Makalenin başlığı</li> <li>Yazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonar şehir ve ülke bilgisi de yer almalıdır), e-posta adresleri</li> <li>Sorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosu</li> <li>Tüm yazarların ORCID’leri</li> </ul> </ul>Makalenin ana metni<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makalenin başlığı</li> <li>Özet 180-200 kelime </li> <li>Anahtar Kelimeler: 3-5 arası </li> <li>Makale ana metin bölümleri</li> <li>Finansal Destek (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Çıkar Çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Kaynaklar</li> <li>Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)</li> </ul> </ul>Makale Gönderme<ul type="disc"> <li style="text-align: left;">Makalenin gönderileceği DergiPark sayfası adresi: <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/2249/submission/step/manuscript/new" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/2249/submission/step/manuscript/new</a></li><li style="text-align: left;">Yapılan başvurularda, çalışmanın sorumlu yazarının (corresponding author) hesabı kullanılmalıdır. Sorumlu yazarın dışındaki yazarların ya da çalışmada yazar olarak yer almayan bir başkasının hesabı kullanılmamalıdır. Başvuru ile ilgili bütün yazışmalar DergiPark sistemi üzerinden gönderilen elektronik posta ile sorumlu yazara iletilmektedir.</li> <li style="text-align: left;">Makale ana metninin dosyasını (Main Document)  yüklerken, çift taraflı kör hakem süreci gereği, bu dosyanın yazar kimliğini deşifre eden hiçbir unsur barındırmadığından emin olun. Makale ana metni dosyası (Main Document) başlık sayfasını (Title Page) içermemeli; yazar adı geçen ya da yazar adlarını ifşa edebilecek bölümler içermemeli (Örneğin: Teşekkür, her sayfada tekrar eden ve yazar adlarını içerebilen başlık). </li> </ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>Ayrı Ayrı Yüklemeniz gereken dosyalar<ul type="disc"> <li>Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</li> <li>Resim, Tablo vb başka kaynaktan alındıysa izin belgesi</li> <li>Makale Kapak Sayfası</li> <li>Makale Ana Metni Dosyası  (Bu dosya aşağıdaki unsurları içermelidir)</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makalenin başlığı</li> <li>Özet 180-200 kelime </li> <li>Anahtar Kelimeler: 3-5 arası </li> <li>Makale ana metin bölümleri</li> <li>Finansal Destek (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Çıkar Çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Kaynaklar</li> <li>Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)</li></ul></ul>

Derleme yazıları okuyucular için bir konudaki kaynaklara ulaşmayı kolaylaştıran bir araç olsa da, her zaman orijinal çalışmayı doğru olarak yansıtmaz. Bu yüzden mümkün olduğunca yazarlar orijinal çalışmaları kaynak göstermelidir. Öte yandan, bir konuda çok fazla sayıda orijinal çalışmanın kaynak gösterilmesi yer israfına neden olabilir. Birkaç anahtar orijinal çalışmanın kaynak gösterilmesi genelde uzun listelerle aynı işi görür. Ayrıca günümüzde kaynaklar elektronik versiyonlara eklenebilmekte ve okuyucular elektronik literatür taramalarıyla yayınlara kolaylıkla ulaşabilmektedir.Kabul edilmiş ancak henüz sayıya dahil edilmemiş makaleler Early View olarak yayınlanır ve bu makalelere atıflar “advance online publication” şeklinde verilmelidir. Genel bir kaynaktan elde edilemeyecek temel bir konu olmadıkça “kişisel iletişimlere” atıfta bulunulmamalıdır. Eğer atıfta bulunulursa parantez içinde iletişim kurulan kişinin adı ve iletişimin tarihi belirtilmelidir. Bilimsel makaleler için yazarlar bu kaynaktan yazılı izin ve iletişimin doğruluğunu gösterir belge almalıdır. Kaynakların doğruluğundan yazar(lar) sorumludur. Tüm kaynaklar metinde belirtilmelidir. Kaynaklar alfabetik olarak sıralanmalıdır.Referans Stili ve FormatıJournal of Economy Culture and Society, metin içi alıntılama ve kaynak gösterme için APA (American Psychological Association) kaynak sitilinin 6. edisyonunu benimser. APA 6. Edisyonu hakkında bilgi için:-    American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.-    <a href="http://www.apastyle.org/" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org/</a>Metin İçinde Kaynak GöstermeKaynaklar metinde parantez içinde yazarların soyadı ve yayın tarihi yazılarak belirtilmelidir. Birden fazla kaynak gösterilecekse kaynaklar arasında (;) işareti kullanılmalıdır. Kaynaklar alfabetik olarak sıralanmalıdır.Örnekler:Birden fazla kaynak;(Esin ve ark., 2002; Karasar 1995)Tek yazarlı kaynak;(Akyolcu, 2007)İki yazarlı kaynak;(Sayıner ve Demirci, 2007, s. 72)Üç, dört ve beş yazarlı kaynak;Metin içinde ilk kullanımda: (Ailen, Ciambrune ve Welch, 2000, s. 12–13) Metin içinde tekrarlayan kullanımlarda: (Ailen ve ark., 2000)Altı ve daha çok yazarlı kaynak;(Çavdar ve ark., 2003)Kaynaklar Bölümünde Kaynak GöstermeKullanılan tüm kaynaklar metnin sonunda ayrı bir bölüm halinde yazar soyadlarına göre alfabetik olarak numaralandırılmadan verilmelidir.Kaynak yazımı ile ilgili örnekler aşağıda verilmiştir.Kitapa) Türkçe KitapKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8.bs). Ankara: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Türkçeye Çevrilmiş KitapMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler (A. Kotil, Çev.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.c) Editörlü KitapÖren, T., Üney, T. ve Çölkesen, R. (Ed.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi. İstanbul: Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Çok Yazarlı Türkçe KitapTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y. ve Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme. Ankara: Total Bilişim.e) İngilizce KitapKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.f) İngilizce Kitap İçerisinde BölümBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.g) Türkçe Kitap İçerisinde BölümErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi. M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi kitabı içinde (s. 233–263). Bursa: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Yayımcının ve Yazarın Kurum Olduğu YayınTürk Standartları Enstitüsü. (1974). Adlandırma ilkeleri. Ankara: Yazar.Makalea) Türkçe MakaleMutlu, B. ve Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri. İstanbul Üniversitesi Florence Nightingale Hemşirelik Dergisi, 15(60), 179–182.b) İngilizce Makalede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002c) Yediden Fazla Yazarlı MakaleLal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184d) DOI’si Olmayan Online Edinilmiş MakaleAl, U. ve Doğan, G. (2012). Hacettepe Üniversitesi Bilgi ve Belge Yönetimi Bölümü tezlerinin atıf analizi. Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 26, 349–369. Erişim adresi: http://www.tk.org.tr/e) DOI’si Olan MakaleTurner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910f) Advance Online Olarak Yayımlanmış MakaleSmith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867g) Popüler Dergi MakalesiSemercioğlu, C. (2015, Haziran). Sıradanlığın rayihası. Sabit Fikir, 52, 38–39.Tez, Sunum, Bildiria) Türkçe TezlerSarı, E. (2008). Kültür kimlik ve politika: Mardin’de kültürlerarasılık. (Doktora Tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.b)Ticari Veritabanında Yer Alan Yüksek Lisans Ya da Doktora TeziVan Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. (UMI No. 9943436)c) Kurumsal Veritabanında Yer Alan İngilizce Yüksek Lisans/Doktora TeziYaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from: Retrieved from http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portalid) Web’de Yer Alan İngilizce Yüksek Lisans/Doktora TeziTonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). Retrieved from http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar/phd/ickapak.htmle) Dissertations Abstracts International’da Yer Alan Yüksek Lisans/Doktora TeziAppelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica&#173;tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.f) Sempozyum KatkısıKrinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B., &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at American Psychological Association meeting, Orlando, FL.g) Online Olarak Erişilen Konferans Bildiri ÖzetiÇınar, M., Doğan, D. ve Seferoğlu, S. S. (2015, Şubat). Eğitimde dijital araçlar: Google sınıf uygulaması üzerine bir değerlendirme [Öz]. Akademik Bilişim Konferansında sunulan bildiri, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eskişehir. Erişim adresi: http://ab2015.anadolu.edu.tr /index.php?menu=5&amp;submenu=27h) Düzenli Olarak Online Yayımlanan BildirilerHerculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105i) Kitap Şeklinde Yayımlanan BildirilerSchneider, R. (2013). Research data literacy. S. Kurbanoğlu ve ark. (Ed.), Communications in Computer and Information Science: Vol. 397. Worldwide Communalities and Challenges in Information Literacy Research and Practice içinde (s. 134–140). Cham, İsviçre: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03919-0j) Kongre BildirisiÇepni, S., Bacanak A. ve Özsevgeç T. (2001, Haziran). Fen bilgisi öğretmen adaylarının fen branşlarına karşı tutumları ile fen branşlarındaki başarılarının ilişkisi. X. Ulusal Eğitim Bilimleri Kongresi’nde sunulan bildiri, Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, BoluDiğer Kaynaklara) Gazete YazısıToker, Ç. (2015, 26 Haziran). ‘Unutma’ notları. Cumhuriyet, s. 13.b) Online Gazete YazısıTamer, M. (2015, 26 Haziran). E-ticaret hamle yapmak için tüketiciyi bekliyor. Milliyet. Erişim adresi: http://www.milliyetc) Web Page/Blog PostBordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/d) Online Ansiklopedi/SözlükBilgi mimarisi. (2014, 20 Aralık). Vikipedi içinde. Erişim adresi: http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilgi_mimarisiMarcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/e) PodcastRadyo ODTÜ (Yapımcı). (2015, 13 Nisan). Modern sabahlar [Podcast]. Erişim adresi: http://www.radyoodtu.com.tr/f) Bir Televizyon Dizisinden Tek Bir BölümShore, D. (Senarist), Jackson, M. (Senarist) ve Bookstaver, S. (Yönetmen). (2012). Runaways [Televizyon dizisi bölümü]. D. Shore (Baş yapımcı), House M.D. içinde. New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting.g) Müzik KaydıSay, F. (2009). Galata Kulesi. İstanbul senfonisi [CD] içinde. İstanbul: Ak Müzik.

<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/22CB5659ED784C688C77CDBE2F27AE62" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/8DEA494F071448DD96667E0FE6F18355" target="">Makale kapak sayfası</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/5ED18229A70C4FD28A5F668FBC6419CF" target="_blank">Yazar Formu</a>

Aşağıdaki listede eksik olmadığından emin olun:●    Editöre mektupü    Makalenin türüü    Başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu bilgisiü    Sponsor veya ticari bir firma ile ilişkisi (varsa belirtiniz)ü    İstatistik kontrolünün yapıldığı (araştırma makaleleri için)ü    İngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığıü    Yazarlara Bilgide detaylı olarak anlatılan dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiğiü    Kaynakların APA6’ya göre belirtildiği●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/22CB5659ED784C688C77CDBE2F27AE62" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a>●    Daha önce basılmış ve telife bağlı materyal (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/E06932A33C65498EBBFA42649B044FFC" target="_blank">Kapak sayfası</a>ü    Makalenin türüü    Makalenin başlığıü    Yazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonra şehir ve ülke bilgisi de yer almalıdır), e-posta adresleriü    Sorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosuü    Tüm yazarların ORCID’leri●    Makale ana metniü    Makalenin başlığıü    Özet: 180-200 kelime ü    Anahtar Kelimeler: 3-5 adet ü    Makale ana metin bölümleriü    Finansal destek (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Çıkar çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Kaynaklarü    Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)

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