İdari Yargıda Emsal Karar-Müstakar Karar ve İçtihat Kavramları Hakkında Bazı Mülahazalar
Necip Taha GürBu çalışmada mahkeme kararları, yargılama hukuku açısından tasnif edilerek, bir mahkeme kararının başka mahkeme kararlarına etkisi bağlamında ele alınmıştır. Her mahkeme kararının içtihat özelliği göstermediği ortaya konulduktan sonra, emsal olaylarda benzer karar verilmesinin sağlanması için dikkate alınan ve dolayısıyla bağlayıcı olmayan mahkeme kararları değerlendirilmiştir. Bu minvalde emsal içtihadın hukuki istikrar gereği ikna edici kuvveti ortaya konulmuştur. Emsal olaylara benzer kararlar verilmesi yani bir içtihadın emsal alınmasının hukuk kaynağı olarak değeri Kıta Avrupası Hukuku ve Ortak Hukuk farklılıklarına işaret edilerek açıklanmıştır. İlke barındırmasının yanı sıra istikrar kazanmış bir içtihadın başka kararlara emsal alınması yani müstakar içtihat kavramı, bir Kıta Avrupası yargılama hukuku teorisi olan jurisprudence constante (müstakar içtihat) çerçevesinde ele alınmıştır. Ortak hukuktaki stare decisis (emsal karar) doktrininin Kıta Avrupası Hukuku’ndaki karşılığı olarak kabul edilen jurisprudence constante (müstakar karar) doktrini, hem bir müessese hem de Danıştay kararlarında görülen müstakar içtihat kavramı çerçevesinde incelenmiştir. Müstakar içtihadın nasıl oluştuğu ve bu içtihadın hakimin kararı üzerinde nasıl bir etkide bulunabileceği irdelenmiştir. Yine İdari yargıda mahkemenin müstakar içtihattan sapması sürpriz karar yasağı bağlamında ele alınmıştır. Re’sen araştırma ilkesi ile sürpriz karar yasağının bağdaşabilirliği, muhakeme hukukunun bir dalı olarak idari yargılama hukuku çerçevesinde tartışılmıştır. Türk yargılama hukukuna özgü bir müessese olan içtihadı birleştirmenin, müstakar içtihatla olan bağlantısı yargı kararları ışığında değerlendirilmiştir. Böylece mahkeme kararı, içtihat, emsal içtihat, müstakar içtihat ve içtihadı birleştirme kararlarının, muhakeme hukuku bakımından görünümünde, ilke barındıran, dikkate alınan, istikrar kazanmış ve bağlayıcı mahkeme kararı biçiminde başlıklandırmaya gidilerek bu kararlar arasındaki farklılık ve benzerlikler irdelenmiş, aralarında irtibat kurulmaya çalışılmıştır.
Some Consideratıons on The Concepts of Precedent, Constant Jurisprudence and Jurisprudence in Administrative Jurisdiction
Necip Taha GürIn this study, court decisions are classified in terms of procedural law and examined in the context of the effect of a court decision on other court decisions. After revealing that not all court decisions have the characteristics of jurisprudence, the court decisions that are taken into consideration in order to ensure similar decisions in precedent cases and therefore non-binding court decisions are evaluated. In this respect, the persuasive power of precedent case law as a requirement of legal stability has been revealed. The value of precedent as a source of law is explained by pointing out the differences between Continental European Law and Common Law. The concept of precedent, i.e., the precedent of a case law that has stabilised as well as containing a principle, is discussed within the framework of jurisprudence constant, which is a theory of Continental European jurisprudence. The doctrine of jurisprudence constant, which is accepted as the Continental European equivalent of the doctrine of stare decisis (precedent decision) in common law, has been examined within the framework of both an institution and the concept of peremptory precedent as seen in the decisions of the Council of State. Again, the deviation of the court from the case law in administrative jurisdiction is analysed in the context of the prohibition of surprise decisions. The connection of the unification of jurisprudence, which is an institution specific to Turkish procedural law, with the case law is evaluated considering judicial decisions.
In this study, court decisions are classified in terms of procedural law and examined in the context of the effect of a court decision on other court decisions. The court decision, as a textual product given by the judge according to law, equity and conscientious conviction, is analysed in terms of containing principles. In a court decision, if the abstract norm is clear and the judge applied it to the concrete case by the deductive method, he/she did not engage in a unique mental action. Such decisions are case decisions or application decisions. In this respect, after it has been demonstrated that not all court decisions have the characteristics of jurisprudence, the court decisions that are taken into consideration in order to ensure similar decisions in precedent cases and therefore are not binding have been evaluated. In this respect, the persuasive power of precedent case law as a requirement of legal stability has been revealed. The value of precedent as a source of law, i.e., the value of a jurisprudence as a source of law, is explained by pointing out the differences between Continental European Law and Common Law. At this point, it has been determined that whether a court decision is bound by other court decisions or not stems from the relationship between the legislature and the judiciary, in other words, from the view of the law and the judge. On the other hand, in addition to the fact that a court decision contains a principle, the notion of a jurisprudence, i.e., the concept of constant jurisprudence, is discussed within the framework of jurisprudence constant (constant jurisprudence), which is a Continental European jurisdictional law theory. While the concept of constant jurisprudence is seen in the decisions of the Council of State as the precedent that courts and even administrations take care to comply with, it has been revealed that this may actually correspond to an institution from French law. In this respect, the doctrine of jurisprudence constant, which is accepted as the Continental European equivalent of the doctrine of stare decisis (precedent decision) in common law, has been analysed within the framework of both an institution and the concept of the case law seen in the decisions of the Council of State. It is analysed how a constant jurisprudence is formed and how this jurisprudence may impact the judge’s decision. There is a need for a certain time for the formation of a constant jurisprudence. Case law applied for a certain time will also prove its durability. The fact that the court-issuing the decision is a higher-ranking court and that the decision is unanimous is important for it to be rendered unanimous. In the decisions of the Council of State, the broad interpretation of the interest of the inhabitants of the town in filing a lawsuit regarding zoning applications, environment, historical and cultural assets, the liability of the administration for acts of terrorism should first be based on fault liability and then, if there are conditions, on strict liability, and in the absence of these cases of liability, an investigation should be conducted according to Law No. 5233. It is argued that the criticism and contributions to be made by the doctrine in the decision review journals will be useful for the follow-up of the constant jurisprudence and criticism of the jurisprudence before it becomes constant. Within the scope of the study, the deviation of the court from the constant jurisprudence in administrative jurisdiction is also discussed in the context of the prohibition of surprise decisions. In one of the decisions of the Council of State, the prohibition of a surprise decision is addressed in the context of the right to be heard, but a surprise decision is a concept that can have a broader meaning. In this respect, making a decision different from the case law without a justifiable reason may violate the prohibition of a surprise decision. The compatibility of the principle of ex officio investigation and the prohibition of surprise decisions has been discussed within the framework of administrative jurisdiction law as a branch of procedural law. It is expected that the judge, who will decide differently from the established jurisprudence, will give the parties the opportunity to present their final statements before rendering his/her decision. The study also evaluates the connection of the unification of case law, which is an institution specific to Turkish procedural law, with the case law considering judicial decisions. As seen in the decisions of the Council of State, if a case law has become a case law, it should not be subject to a unification of the case law decision. In essence, the Council of State wants to prevent the case law from being frozen. This approach of the Council of State also reveals that although the case law is not as binding as the case-law consolidation decisions, it is a case law that is taken care to be followed and has a strong power to convince other courts/judges. Consant jurisprudence is thus explained as a product of the effort to ensure the integrity of case law rather than unifying it.