Bilgehan

Prof. Dr.

Greenwashing is briefly defined as ‘an untrue or unverifiable statement that a good or service has a positive impact on the environment, or at least no negative impact, or is less harmful to the environment compared to competing goods or services’. There are two important regulations at EU level to prevent green washing: Directive on Empowering Consumers in Green Transformation ((EU) 2024/825) and Draft Green Claims Directive. In Turkish Law, there are currently two main regulations on this issue. The first one is the provisions on unfair competition regulated under Articles 5463 of the TCC, and the other one is the Regulation on Commercial Advertisements and Unfair Commercial Practices and the Guideline on Advertisements Containing Environmental Declarations issued by Commission of Advertising based on this Regulation. The Empowering Directive makes certain amendments for the prevention of green washing within the scope of commercial practices regulated in Articles 6 and 7 of the Unfair Practices Directive, which are considered deceptive and therefore prohibited, and misleading practices regulated in Annex I, which are considered unfair and prohibited in all circumstances. According to Article 6(1) of the Unfair Practices Directive, a commercial practice shall be deemed to be an unfair commercial practice in the nature of deceptive behavior if it contains false information and is therefore untrue, or if, even if it contains accurate information, it deceives or is likely to deceive the average consumer in certain respects in any way, including the manner of presentation, and causes or is likely to cause the consumer to take a decision on a transaction which the consumer would not actually take. In the provision, the issues where the consumer may be deceived are listed in six subparagraphs. Here, with the amendment made in Art. 6/f. 1/b, ‘environmental and social features’ and ‘circularity features such as durability, repairability and recyclability’ have been added to the features of the product that should not be misleading. Two new cases have been added to the practices set out in Art. 6(2) of the Unfair Practices Directive, where it is determined whether the commercial practice is deceptive or not by taking into account all the existing circumstances on a caseby case basis. The first one (Art. 6(2)(d)) is environmental representations (relating to a product, product category, brand or operator) concerning future environmental performance. The other is ‘advertising of benefits to consumers that are not derived from, and are unrelated to, any characteristic of the product or business’ (art. 6/f. 2/e). One of the unfair commercial practices based on lack of consumer information is introduced by the Empowering Directive. In the newly added f. 7 to Art. 7 of the Unfair Practices Directive, where an operator provides a service which compares products and provides consumers with information on environmental or social characteristics or on circularity aspects such as the durability, repairability or recyclability of products or their suppliers, the method of comparison, information on the products concerned and their suppliers, as well as the measures taken to keep the information up to date, are recognized as essential information which must be provided to consumers. With the Green Claim Directive, which aims to complement the Empowering Directive and to uniformize and concretize the standards to which environmental declarations are subject, green declarations of enterprises will in future have to be verified by independent auditors and substantiated on the basis of scientific evidence. In the Draft Directive, the requirements for open environmental declarations relate to their clarity, accuracy, relevance and comparability, and labelling systems for products will only be applicable if they are verified in the manner provided for in the EU Directive. In Turkish Law, the first regulation on the prevention of green laundering is Article 62/f. 1 of the Law on the Protection of Consumers. Here, unfair commercial practices towards consumers are prohibited. In addition, the determination of which commercial practices have these characteristics is made according to the Regulation on Commercial Adver tising and Unfair Commercial Practices dated 2015. According to Article 29/f. 1 of this Regulation, ‘Commercial practices that contain false information or, even if the information provided is essentially correct, when all the circumstances of its presentation are evaluated, deceive or are likely to deceive the average consumer and thus cause or are likely to cause the consumer to become a party to a legal transaction to which the consumer would not be a party under normal circumstances shall be deemed deceptive’. In the provision, the acts related to certain matters are also counted as deceptive commercial practices (Art. 29/f. 2). The most important of these acts in terms of our subject matter are the acts that deceive the consumer in terms of ‘the effects of a good or service on the ….environment’ under Art. 29/f. 2/a. Since greenwashing is briefly defined as the misleading of consumers by an enterprise that it or its products and services are environmentally friendly, there is no doubt that green laundering practices will also fall within the scope of Art. 29/f. 2/a of the Regulation on Advertising and Practices.

Prevention Of Greenwashing in EU and Turkish Law

Hümeyra

The term ‘depecage’ refers to the application of the laws of different states to different parts of the same cause of action. Depecage may arise when the law of State A is applied to the contract’s formal validity, the laws of States B and C to the contracting parties’ capacity to act, and the law of State D to the contractual status in a contractual dispute. Again, the application of different laws to each part constituting the tortious act, for example, the application of different laws to the illegality of the action, damage, and compensation also constitutes depecage. While the law of State A is applied to the merits of the dispute, the application of the law of State B, which is the law of the judge, to the same dispute due to the public order intervention of the judge's law or overriding mandatory rules will also constitute depecage. Depecage is essentially a product of changes in the field of conflict of laws in the United States. According to II. Restatement of the Law, the most fair result in disputes involving a foreign element can only be achieved by applying the law most closely connected to the dispute and the parties. Therefore, instead of fixed connecting factors such as the place of the tort or the place of the foundation of the contract, the application of the law that is most closely connected to the dispute will provide a fairer and more flexible solution. On the other hand, depecage constitutes a situation contrary to the understanding of the equity principle of international private law that dominates the Continental Law System. This is because the conflict of laws rules are not concerned with the situation that arises as a result of its application, nor with whether the rules of law applied to the concrete case provide the fairest result in this system. Rather, the purpose of the conflict of laws rules is to indicate the law of the country with which the dispute and its parties are most closely related. In American tort law, a hybrid understanding of equity has developed. Accordingly, on the one hand, it is aimed to apply the law most closely connected to the dispute, and on the other hand, it is aimed to ensure that the result of the application of the relevant rule is the most equitable. In this context, the Continental Law System prefers to move away from traditional and fixed connecting factors only by exception clauses. In Turkish law, depecage, as a partial choice of law, is limited to contractual relations. In many provisions of Law No. 5718, depecage may arise automatically as required by law, as a result of the application of the judge, or as a result of the will of the parties (voluntary). A distinction should be made between the appearance of depecage arising from the law, the practice of the judge, and its voluntary application. This is because the application of depecage arising from the law, for example, is always inevitable because the elements of form and capacity in contractual relations are subject to different laws. In fact, the law permits splitting in the applicable law by foreseeing the application of different laws to different categories. In this sense, one of the objectives of this study is to demonstrate that, contrary to the general belief, in disputes involving a foreign element, the dispute is not essentially subject to a single law, but that different state laws are already applied to the different legal categories of the dispute. With regard to voluntary depecage, which is manifested as a partial choice of law, distinguishing between freedom and necessity is important. Partial choice of law is possible in both contractual and noncontractual relations in accordance with the freedom of choice of law. However, the desired legal relationship should be subject to a single law, and in this sense, legal harmony and justice should be realised between the obligations arising from the same legal relationship. Especially due to the developing international commercial relations, the contract will be split and its different parts will be subject to different legal systems. Similarly, in today’s globalised and digitalised world, considering that new types of special torts are emerging every day, the same situation is also present for non contractual relations. In this framework, we agree with some of the opinions in the doctrine that partial choice of law cannot be restricted within the scope of freedom of contract without causing artificial and unwarranted divisions in the law to be applied in the contract. However, this situation should be avoided in practice.

Depecage: Application of the Laws of Different States to Different Parts of the Same Cause of Action, Especially Analysing the Appearances in Law No. 5718 on Private International and Procedural Law

Muzaffer

Assist. Prof. Dr.

Multinational enterprises (MNEs) have been very influential in global business activities since their emergence at the end of the 19th century. During the 20th century, they moved to the centre of international economic activities. They entered the 21st century with a strengthened place due to the help of digitalisation and an ever-more globalised f inancial world. In the current global economic structure, conducting business through MNE formation is almost essential for success. Thus, more powerful MNEs have emerged recently; additionally, incumbent MNEs have become more influential. MNEs have complex ownership structures, including full ownership, majority shareholding, joint venture, minority shareholding, and several control-enabling agreements within their networks. This complex control and managerial structure is very dynamic and evolves with technological development and becomes even more complicated over time. However, company laws all over the world treat each company as a separate legal entity, which is supported by the limited liability of owners towards the company. Additionally, local company laws almost always require a new company to be established when MNEs enter a new country for business purposes. As a result, the characteristic structure of MNEs can be described as having an integrated group-based economic and management structure, but several legal personalities are subjected to different laws and regulations. Owing to the dynamic nature of the business world, the global business environment is going through another phase of reformation thanks to techno logical developments in recent years. Big data, artificial intelligence, distributed ledger technologies, and other recent developments are transforming business operations. These new technological tools make the distinction between business and legal conduct even more superficial. MNEs have long been accused of violating human rights and environmental regulations that harm people and societies. MNEs’ human rights violations took various forms, changing in parallel with economic, political, and technological developments. Accusations of MNEs’ harmful activities have peaked in recent years, and many MNEs have been subjected to human rights breach claims in courts. Their environmental harms have recently been the subject of numerous reports and legal claims. This remarkable evolution towards more globalised MNE activities created criticism as companies evade liability through their complicated legal, economic and managerial structures. Due to this structure, reaching parent compa nies for their subsidiaries’ breaches of human rights and environmental laws is almost impossible. Several efforts have been made to solve the problems and make MNEs accountable and liable for their harmful actions. However, all liability discussions based on legal separations and decision-making processes are ineffective and fail to solve group liability problems. MNEs operate and conduct their business using a unified data governance centre, and this data is used exclusively to make decisions at almost every level. Within this legal and economic structure, using courts to make MNEs’ liabilities almost impossible due to the difficulty of finding responsible decision-makers in this complex decision-making process. All the old and new tools, such as piercing the corporate veil, parent liability regulations for control, supply chain due diligence, human rights reporting, and other similar laws and regulations, are inefficient because determining individual companies and decision makers within MNEs is almost impossible. Most recent case law and regulatory options regarding the liability of MNEs still consider them with their dated structure. This approach prevents victims of MNE adverse actions from reaching satisfactory solutions. The effects of new technologies must be considered while discussing any legal actions and introducing regulations towards accountability and liability of MNEs for their human rights and environmental breaches. Overall, the arguments regarding the liability of MNEs are made from several legal approaches, such as international law, tort law, company law, and human rights law. Several soft law initiatives and corporate self-regulation have also been widely introduced. These efforts can be divided into two categories. The first category is to prevent breaches and harm, and it is mainly discussed under accountability, a concept derived from public law, meaning an obligation to meet basic procedural standards to protect fundamental rights. The second category is to punish MNEs and remedy the victims and is mainly categorised under liability. This article provides an extensive analysis of the effects of new technologies on contemporary internal operations and the structure of MNEs, provides examples of current human rights and environmental violations, and discusses the suitability of current laws and regulations for solving problems.

The Effect of New Technologies on the Structure and Decision Making Process of Multinational Enterprises and Their Liability for Human Rights and Environmental Breaches

Özkan

In Turkish law, the obligation of parents to cover their children’s maintenance and education expenses is regulated under Articles 327 et seq of the Turkish Civil Code (TMK) numbered 4721. As a rule, this obligation continues until the child reaches the age of majority. However, if the child’s education continues, the parents’ obligation to cover the maintenance and education expenses may also persist after the child reaches the age of majority. Article 328/II of the TMK explicitly regulates this matter. Various legal uncertainties exist regarding the scope and limits of the maintenance obligation (TMK Art 328/II) of parents for children who continue their education. In interpreting the relevant provision, ambiguities arise concerning the meaning and scope of the phrase "to the extent that can reasonably be expected from them." The expression "to the extent that can reasonably be expected" in TMK Art 328/II provides a vague standard for determining the maintenance obligation of parents towards children who continue their education despite reaching the age of majority. This standard must be evaluated by considering the economic and personal dimensions of each case’s specific circumstances. Factors such as the parents’ financial situation, the child’s needs, and the type and duration of education must be considered to assess whether the maintenance obligation is economically reasonable. Whether the child contributes to their own livelihood or is reasonably expected to do so should be considered to ensure a fair balance between the parties. The legislative intent and doctrinal interpretations emphasise that, alongside economic conditions, the personal relationship between the parents and the child should also be evaluated. Accordingly, if the child unjustifiably evades fulfilling their family law obligations or if there is no personal relationship between the parents and the child, the maintenance obligation may be terminated. In this context, judges are granted broad discretionary powers to decide in equity, considering all the circumstances of the specific case. In cases where the personal relationship between the parents and the child has deteriorated, maintenance under Article 328/II of the TMK may be denied or terminated due to "personal unreasonableness," or the amount and/or duration of maintenance may be reduced. Indeed, for parents to be obligated to cover the educational expenses of an adult child, a personal relationship must exist between the parents and the adult child that justifies such a sacrifice.It would be highly appropriate to revise the provision regarding the maintenance of major children’s education and maintenance expenses in a manner that serves the right to education, which is protected under the Constitution and enshrined in international agreements, and in a way that benefits the child. Instead of a provision that requires interpretation and grants judges broad discretion, a more detailed regulation should be introduced. The following proposed regulation could help address the aforementioned issues: "A major child’s claim for maintenance shall be denied or restricted in exceptional cases where it is clearly deemed unjust, considering all the circumstances of the case.” Such cases include the following: (1) deliberate creation of a state of need by the major child, (2) commission of a serious crime by the major child against the maintenance obligor or their close relatives, (3) severe and culpable breach of family law obligations by the major child towards &nbsp;the maintenance obligor, and (4) undue delay or lack of good faith in pursuing education by the major child without significant justification." Such a more casuistic regulation would better serve the right to education, which is protected at the constitutional level and under international agreements.

A Critical Analysis of the Condition in Turkish and Swiss Law Requiring Parents to Cover the Care and Education Expenses of Major Children Still Pursuing Education as Part of  Their Maintenance Obligation

Abdulkadir

Res. Assist.

A critical challenge in environmental law is the environmental protection gap. This gap exists because environmental changes that we perceive as "risky" or "polluting" may not translate into immediate, legally actionable damage. For instance, gradual increases in pollution levels might not cause immediate damage but pose a significant long-term risk to ecosystems and human health. To close this gap, banning certain categorical behaviors represents a punitive methodology. Criminal law is concerned with whether a violation has occurred under the criminal norm, rather than the damage. The threshold for criminal liability is indeed the norm itself, while the sanction is categorical. However, the criminal law terminology proposed by Roberto Ago was not adopted in the 2001 ARSIWA. It is particularly challenging to address environmental risks solely through normative responsibility. Norms lack the f lexibility to evolve in response to environmental data. Once norms are established, they inherently serve as a basis for responsibility. It is not feasible to argue that these norms are either too flexible or too strict on a case-by-case basis. Furthermore, the ability of the individual who committed a normative violation in the case to present contrary evidence is diminished. Therefore, environmental risks should be addressed through a contentious approach. This implies that instead of the regulation-centric "police" approach in precautionary policy, the dispute resolution-focused "nuisance" approach should be favored.In the nuisance approach, courts have been criticized for only assessing compensation after damage has occurred or addressing violations of casuistic norms. The limited application of the principle of prevention solely within procedural obligations underscores the need to develop new legal avenues that courts can implement. How should courts establish disputes on environmental risks? How consistent is it to consider all elements of the environment based on property rights, starting from the tragedy of the commons? In our study, we explore the implications of addressing environmental issues, often expressed as negative externalities, through the lens of sovereignty and property concepts. Some argue that optimal environmental protection can be achieved through disputes based on property rights. However, this viewpoint has faced criticism due to the expansive powers granted by property rights. We advocate for sustainability as the guiding principle for environmental protection, rather than solely relying on property rights. Our framework, anchored in sustainability, seeks to elucidate the liability regime stemming from environmental risks.The advancements in modern physics, exemplified by the 2022 Nobel Prize in physics, have unveiled a probabilistic understanding of physical reality. These developments, highlighting probabilistic causality and attribution, are particularly significant in judicial proceedings where data from natural sciences are utilized. Our study delves into the reality of risk, drawing a distinction between probability and possibility to better understand and address environmental challenges. IPCC characterizes real possible risks by assigning various values such as "virtually certain" or "very likely" to specific probability ranges. The judicial significance of this qualification lies in the judge's ability to impose legal sanctions on individuals and states who cause possible risks. This is because causing risk warrants legal examination, akin to causing harm, due to the probabilistic structure of physical reality, which allows for the attribution of responsibility based on probability assignments.The final impetus to broaden the locus standi of environmental risks lies in their attributable nature. The ability to ascertain diseases and other damages caused by environmental risks enables the assignment of probabilities to the actions responsible for the risk in question. The institution that establishes liability to this extent of probability is ultimately presented as judicial insurance. Conditions of judicial insurance as follows: i- There is a possible risk against environmental sustainability; ii- This risk should be attributed to the defendants and directed to the plaintiffs, and iii- The risk should not create irreversible environmental pollution and should not violate minimum safety standards. Courts can identify the coverage gap resulting from the risk caused by business owners and establish an insurance policy to mitigate this gap. To achieve this, the court may conduct an open tender for insurance companies to insure the determined amount, ensuring premiums align with market conditions. Consequently, individuals and states exposed to risk obtain environmental assurance. Our study advocates for a probabilistic liability model that can be applied at international, human rights, and national levels.Specific details regarding the jurisdiction, nature, and conditions of judicial insurance are also provided. When causing risk is recognized as a liability, the insurance institution no longer serves as a "license to pollute." In categorical compulsory insurance, insurers' role as environmental commissars is balanced. The moral hazard problem arising after insurance, stemming from the free insurance market, is addressed. Optimal public intervention in environmental risk management is proposed as a dynamic and contested system with risk liability before international and national courts. Thus, the aim is to diversify legal instruments for achieving environmental sustainability goals.

Probabilistic Liability and Judicial Insurance for Environmental Risks

M. Altan

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

Kant marks a turning point in philosophy. His groundbreaking work in philosophy is why he remains important today. While Kant is known for his contribution to the limits of knowledge and moral philosophy, it is his philosophy of law and theory of the state that attraccted great attention even his life time. Kant, in the tradition of his predecessors, starts from reason and its fundemental concepts. But Kant goes beyond this line and finds it erroneous to mix very different arguments. For example, he believes that biblical arguments, should not be mixed with the rational arguments, empirical arguments with historical arguments, and so on. In this study, the main issues in Kant's philosophy of law and theory of the state will be outlined. First, the concept of basic norm will be discussed. The basic norm is based on the understanding that law has no other foundation than itself. The basic norm does not derive its validity from another norm; if it did, this norm would have to derive its validity from another higher norm. In order to stop this infinite circularity, the basic norm theory was put forward. Out of a large number of basic norm concepts, three types of basic norms are noteworthy: Analytic, normative and empirical basic norm. We can find the most important analytic variant of the fundamental norm in Kelsen, the most important normative variant in Kant and the most important empirical variant in Hart. Kant does not speak of a “basic norm”. Nevertheless, the main idea of a basic norm is clearly formulated in Kant’s Metaphysik of Morals. Kant states: ”Thus, it is possible to conceive of an external legislation comprising positive law alone, but this legislation would have to be protected by a natural law that established the legislator’s authority (that is, the power to bind others simply by his arbitrary action)”.¹ For Kant, natural law is "a law whose binding force can be recognized a priori by reason even without an external legislature”.² According to Kant, positive law which is grounded in rational law, has absolute priority over rational law. From this Kant concludes that obedience to law is also understood as a moral duty. For Kant, if positive law has absolute priority, then resistance against the law set by the state must also be rejected. In his Metaphysics of Morals, Kant matures the separation between legal and moral duities, which has survived to the present day and has meant the construction of modern law. For Kant, morality is only concerned with internal obligations, whereas law is the reconciliation and coming together of wills under the conditions of the general law of freedom; law is concerned with external behavior and external freedoms. For Kant, it is impossible to base law on conscience. Legal certanity cannot be based on conscience, conscience is about inner freedom. Kant understands the doctrine of law as the formal condition of external freedom, whereas he sees morality as a necessary goal of pure reason at the same time. Unlike law, morality does not prescribe laws for actions. Morality sets maxims for actions. Moral obligations cover a wide area. The binding force of moral obligations covers a much wider area than the binding force of legal obligations. With the reference to freedom, the central task of law emerges as the protection and preservation of the individual's external freedom, but in this law also finds its fundamental legitimacy and limitation. For Kant, a lawful state of affairs is only effectively secured and justly sustainable in a state of law. The substitution of public power for the pre-state private natural state in the determination, enforcement and control of law gives rise to the rule of law. Kant lists three principles on which the republic is to be built, and Kant characterizes the republic as the only constitutional conformity to the first contract. The republic is thus the necessary foundation of every true legislature. Kant lists these principles as follows: 1. the freedom of all members of society as human beings 2. the subordination of all as subjects to a common legislator 3. their equality as citizensKant is still important in the philosophy of law and other disciplines of jurisprudence. The commitment of the state to the principles of freedom and equality in the rule of law, the separation of powers, the conditions for peaceful coexistence in the law of states are just a few of the issues that are still hotly debated today.

Cornerstones Kants Philosopy of Law

Anar

In this article, the interaction issues between the right to receive legal assistance and the right to access information were analysed according to the possibilities offered by legal technology. First, the essence and content of the right to receive legal aid show that it plays an important role in ensuring all human rights and freedoms. In addition, the identification of equal access to justice as one of the UN’s sustainable development goals has made the study of the problem even more relevant. In international documents and judicial practice, the right to receive legal assistance is specifically mentioned as a component of justice and as a means of freedom of information in obtaining legal assistance. In this regard, the limitation of freedom of information should arise out of necessity, and balance should be expected during the limitation. Access to justice is considered an important element of the democratic process and the rule of law. In most cases, the essence of legal assistance is the correct and efficient use of reliable information. However, not providing the necessary information to the person receiving legal aid may deprive him of the opportunity to benefit from his rights. Taking this into account, one of the important issues is the full provision of information on legal assistance to individuals and ensuring the availability of such information. As in many activities, the development of artificial intelligence in the digital age brings certain innovations to the f ield of legal assistance. The application of the aforementioned scientific and technical innovations to the field of law requires that legal aid services are also aware of these innovations, ensuring confidentiality, completeness, and availability for the protection of individuals’ rights and freedoms. The unity and interaction of the right to receive legal aid and the right to access information include the availability of legal aid services for a specific person and the timely and complete provision of necessary information on various proceedings. Thus, if a professional lawyer does not evaluate the information at his or her disposal in an operative and logical sequence, he or she will not be able to use that information for effective defence. However, not providing the necessary information to the person receiving legal assistance may deprive him of the opportunity to benefit from his rights. Taking this into account, the article concludes that in modern times, the application of digital technologies, especially artificial intelligence systems, to legal aid services has led to a number of important successful results, which is being strengthened in the practice of Azerbaijan. Later, the analysis in the article is conducted toward the legal aid recipient’s right to obtain legal information and the lawyer’s right to obtain information on the case. A lawyer providing legal assistance does not face restrictions on access to open information. However, when obtaining confidential information, the specific rules of the legal regime must be followed, depending on the type of confidential information. In addition, regardless of whether it is included in any of the types of confidential information, the information obtained by the lawyer in the case is included in his/her professional secret. Therefore, in the legislation of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the information, advice, and references received by a lawyer in connection with the implementation of his professional duties constitute the lawyer’s secret, and the lawyer is prohibited from disseminating such information. Providing information on various proceedings is important from the point of view of both the right to receive legal assistance and the right to access information, and at the same time, it directly affects the course of the process. This is especially evident during criminal proceedings. Thus, the unity and interaction of the rights to receive legal assistance and access to information includes, first of all, the availability of legal assistance services for a specific person and the timely and complete provision of necessary information on various proceedings. Second, such interaction determines the rights of subjects providing legal assistance to obtain the necessary information and to be responsible for the nondistribution of the information obtained. In addition, the quality level of the legal aid service provided depends greatly on the awareness of individuals. From this point of view, the application of digital technologies, especially artificial intelligence systems, to legal aid services in modern times yields successful results. Artificial intelligence systems called robot lawyers are expected to practice law without human supervision in the future. The development of artificial intelligence is &nbsp;the need of the hour, and it is not correct to limit or prohibit it in any form. On the contrary, thanks to collaborative technologies, it is possible to solve barriers, difficulties of internet use, and defects in online dispute resolution. Furthermore, the interrelationship between access to legal aid and information rights arises from the declaration on openness in various proceedings. In legal doctrine, publicity and openness are meant to apply to the entire process of proceedings. However, such a conclusion is reached during the research, the application of disclosure to all stages of criminal prosecution can hinder the successful completion of criminalistic and criminal procedural activities. On the other hand, openness should not mean allowing all investigative information to be disseminated through the media. This prohibition is based on the idea of protecting the identity, rights, and dignity of the participants in the court process and preventing damage to the establishment of the truth. The abovementioned ban should not be considered an interference with the freedom of the press but should serve to protect personal data. It can even be said that such a ban is a necessity in terms of realising the independence of the court in all its dimensions.

Interaction between the right to legal aid and the right to information: Opportunities presented by legal technology

Ayşe

In its biological sense, sex refers to the differences in the physical characteristics, sexual organs, and reproductive functions of individuals, while gender refers to social situations built on the biological characteristics of individuals. As a cultural concept, gender refers to the roles and statuses assigned to men and women by society and the social definition of the two sexes. The gender perspective based on the distinction between biological sex (sex) and social sex (gender) enables the understanding of the asymmetric power relationship between women and men and the questioning of the gender inequality constructed by society. This questioning accepts that the unequal social positions of women and men are determined by the patriarchal society through the combination of legal, political, economic, cultural, social, religious, ideological, and environmental elements; therefore, the society itself can change the gender inequality constructed by society. This approach paves the way for identifying and exposing discriminatory laws against women and ensures that laws regulate gender equality. The conceptualisation of gender is still not given sufficient place in legal norms and court decisions in Turkey. While significant legal changes were made in Turkish law in the 2000s to include the principle of gender equality and the concept of positive discrimination in favour of women, the iddah regulation in Article 132 of the Turkish Civil Code No. 4721 has been preserved. This legal provision restricts the right to remarry after the family court has ruled for divorce and stipulates a threehundredday waiting period (iddah). Although it has roots in Islamic law, the concept of the waiting period was also applied in Western countries until the 2000s. In the past, iddah was introduced for lineage protection. Today, when the paternity presumptions in the Civil Code and the opportunities provided by modern medical technology are taken into consideration, the iddah regulation has lost its function of protecting lineage. The paternity presumptions stipulated in Articles 285 and 302 of the Turkish Civil Code already determine the legal status of the father of a child born after divorce. In fact, there is an area of overlap between the two regulations. The solution to the issue of overlapping paternity presumptions is also clearly stated in Article 290. Therefore, there is no need for the waiting period regulation in Article 132 in terms of determining and registering lineage. The Nurcan Bayraktar decision of the European Court of Human Rights has also ruled that the waiting period is an intervention against women’s human rights and constitutes a restriction of rights that lacks a legitimate purpose and is not necessary in a democratic society and cannot be based on any reasonable and objective justification. When the international agreements to which Turkey is a party, the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, the Turkish Constitution, and the provisions of the Turkish Civil Code in force are taken as a basis with a holistic approach, the regulation of iddah in Article 132 of the Civil Code needs to be questioned and reevaluated. In this context, iddah is not only a restriction on women’s right to marry when viewed from the perspective of gender equality. From the perspective of gender equality, the waiting period also violates women’s right to respect for private life, the principle of gender equality, and the prohibition of discrimination. Therefore, the issue of abolishing the said legal provision should be brought to the agenda of the Turkish Grand National Assembly.

Women’s Waiting Period (Iddah) from Gender Equality Perspective

Ebru

On April 9, 2024, the European Court of Human Rights (hereafter the Court or the ECtHR) for the first time found a State Party in violation of its obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights in the context of climate change. In the case of Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz and Others v Switzerland, the Swiss Government faced allegations of violating the rights protected under the European Convention on Human Rights, namely the right to life (Article 2), right to a fair trial (Article 6) and the right to private and family life (Article 8). Whereas the applicants claimed that the Swiss Government’s climate policies interfere with their rights and freedoms, the Government in response argued that it was in compliance with fundamental international agreements on climate change (like the Kyoto Protocol of 1997 and the Paris Agreement of 2015). In its defence, the Government presented its efforts in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and underlined its national legislation to combat climate change. The Government highlighted its initiatives such as CO₂ taxes on fossil fuels and mandatory participation in emission trading systems (ETS). This article focuses on the Government’s two main counter arguments: a drop in the ocean argument and separation of powers argument. Regarding the former, the Government argued that the climate crisis is a global problem and stated that a permanent solution for this issue can only be achieved with the collective efforts of all states. Underlining that its contribution to greenhouse gas emissions on a global scale is very low, the Swiss Government emphasised that climate change is not a problem that can be solved by Switzerland itself. Under this argument, the Government claimed that it cannot be held responsible for a global scale crisis. As discussed in this article, similar arguments were put forward in different climate change cases (like Urgenda v the State of the Netherlands ve Friends of the Irish Environment v Ireland). In its response to this, the ECtHR held that all state parties to the European Convention on Human Rights have responsibilities in the face of the climate change crisis. Therefore, the Court stated that the state parties’ responsibilities can be claimed at points where climate change hinders the fundamental rights and freedoms guaranteed under the European Convention on Human Rights. Under the scope of the latter argument, the Swiss Government argued that climate policies, concerning the allocation of resources, should be left to the consideration of legislative and executive bodies. The Government contended that judicial interference in such technical and scientific matters exceeds the competence of human rights courts and claimed that climate policies should be regulated by democratic institutions. In its response to this, the ECtHR held that whereas state parties are granted a wide margin of appreciation in determining climate policies, it cannot be denied that the Court plays a complementary role. Thus, the Court held that under the European Convention on Human Rights it is given a role to monitor whether state parties fulfil their positive obligations in order to protect their citizens from the climate crisis. In its judgment, the Court unanimously held that the applicants’ right to a fair trial (Article 6) was breached, and a majority of 16/1 held that the applicants’ right to respect for private and family life (Article 8) was infringed. The article overall analyses the landmark case in detail and highlights the significant legal issues raised in the judgment. The judgment has already had great impact both in human rights law and in the f ield of environmental and climate law and demonstrated that there are intrinsic links between climate change and human rights.

Examining the Legal Issues Raised in the Case of Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz and Others V Switzerland

Harun

The Crichel Down affair, which occurred in England and deeply affected the development of the public service in the country, had important consequences in English law regarding the repurchase of the compulsorily purchased land. Actually, the Crichel Down affair, on one hand, revealed the Crichel Down rules regulating the repurchase of compulsorily purchased land, and on the other hand, it also produced other important legal effects.The first effect of the affair is the scope and nature of the political responsibility of ministers. It is one of the most frequently cited affairs about the political responsibility of ministers, and it brought the nature of ministerial responsibility and the ministers' powers to control the actions of their civil servants up for discussion. Although it was the civil servants who committed the faulty action, the minister resigned, assuming political responsibility, following the emergence of the affair. The remarkable point is that although the affair did not involve a direct faulty action, it raised an expectation that the minister should assume responsibility for making wrong decisions as a result of faulty actions in their organization.On the other hand, the Crichel Down affair is one of the most important affairs that led to the formation of the om7 budsman institution. This is because the affair revealed the gap and inadequacy in existing complaint mechanisms. Particularly, the lack of proper procedure on how to deal politically or legally with the so7called maladministration has heightened the interest in the creation of the ombudsman institution. In the UK, public ombudsmen independently investigate the institutions and act through their investigative powers. The main duty of public ombudsmen is to contribute to the prevention of unfair practices by eliminating examples of maladministration.&nbsp;Ultimately, the affair is the reason for the emergence and development of the Crichel Down rules regulating the repurchase of the compulsorily purchased land. The rules, which clarify the procedure for disposal of land previously acquired through compulsory purchase or through sales during the compulsory purchase process, serve as a guide in offering the former owners the opportunity to repurchase the land that was acquired from them and was not used for the purpose of acquisition since then. These rules, which have no legal basis, are mandatory for some institutions but are subject to discretionary application for others. As such, the rules are guidelines that are expected to be followed by public institutions and others concerning the disposal of surplus land.Although there are various regulations regarding compulsory purchase in England, especially the Acquisition of Land Act 1981, there is no regulation in the legislation regarding the repurchase of land acquired through compulsory purchase. This affair, which is regulated by different guidelines in Scotland and Wales, is based on the Guideline issued by the Ministry of Housing, Communities &amp; Local Government in England. In accordance with Article 1 of this Guideline, the Guideline includes regulations that do not have a legal basis, requiring that surplus land acquired through compulsory purchase or through purchase during the compulsory purchase process be offered first to the former owners or their successors.The rules apply to all government departments, executive agencies, non7departmental public bodies, and other bodies subject to the minister's direction power in England. It is recommended that local authorities and other institutions that are not subject to the direction power of the Ministry but have the compulsory purchase authority or that own compulsorily purchased land comply with these rules. In the disposal of land to which the rules apply, the first opportunity to be given to the relevant parties to repurchase the land is subject to the condition that the nature of the land has not significantly changed since acquisition. If the nature of only a certain part of the land to be disposed of has been significantly changed, the obligation to make a repurchase offer will apply to the unchanged part.The land will be offered to the former owner under normal conditions. According to the rules, the former owner may mean the former landowner or their successors, depending on the circumstances. For the sales to be made within the scope of the rules, the current market value of the disposal unit determined by a professionally qualified appraiser will be taken as the basis. The Guidance also includes exceptional cases where the rules will not apply. Exceptions can be divided into categories as temporal and material exceptions. Finally, it should be noted that there are special units and legal regulations in the Guidance to which the rules will not apply.In fact, the rules should be given credit as they serve a correct and appropriate purpose, but it should not be forgotten that serious criticisms have been made both on the theory and implementation of the rules. First of all, it appears that there are many misconceptions about the repurchase offer procedure in practice. The fact that the rules are not collected in a single document as the guideline is not the only official guide and institutions also have their own guidelines, and that the rules were introduced in a hurry right after the affair that gave rise to them and were not widely announced, and that their implementation became increasingly unclear, causes the already carelessly prepared rules to create contradictions. Again, the fact that the exceptions to the rules are not clear and unambiguous, that the exemplary method is used in some exceptions, and the rules are not applied to all lands and all institutions paves the way for uncertainty and arbitrary practices. Undoubtedly, the most serious criticism directed at the rules is that they do not have a legal basis. These rules, which give the concerned persons the right to repurchase the compulsorily purchased land, must be regulated by law rather than ministry guidance.&nbsp;

Crichel Down Rules in terms of the Repurchase of the Compulsory Purchased Land by the Former Owner

Furkan

‘Law and Development Studies' is a field of research that aims to identify legal rules, institutions, and practices that are conducive to economic development. The development process of these studies, which started in the 1950s, can be divided into three periods. In this article, these periods are named ‘Modernization’, ‘Marketization’, and ‘Post-Market’. In the ‘Modernization Period’, which covers the first twenty years of law and development studies, approaches inherited from the colonial period and the struggles against Soviet influence during the Cold War were decisive. During this period, law transfer programs were carried out in African and Latin American countries with the support of US public resources and organizations such as the Ford Foundation. The development programs of this period were shaped by the ideas of state-led industrialization and import substitution. During the modernization period, a -distorted- Weberian understanding of rational law and bureaucracy came to the fore and the law was instrumentalized with a pragmatist attitude. Also a legalist attitude, even reaching legal fetishism, was adopted. By the 1970s, the unsuccessful results of the studies carried out during the modernization period became visible and the field of law and development was abandoned. In the 1980s a new movement has been observed in this field within the framework of Friedrich A. v. Hayek's free market views and Douglass C. North's institutionalist approach, which emphasizes private property and contract law. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the second period of law and development studies, which we call the 'Marketization Period', has fully begun. During this period, the effectiveness of international financial institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund has increased. These organizations followed a neo-liberal economic policy called the Washington Consensus in their conditional loan agreements and structural adjustment programs. In this policy, the complete withdrawal of the state from the economic field and free global trade were advocated. Limiting state power and ensuring the ‘rule of law’ had seen as the basic condition for the country to receive foreign investment and thus ensure economic development. By the end of the 1990s, in countries that shrank their states, deregulated their markets, and opened up to global free trade, it was seen that poverty and income inequality increased exponentially, while development goals could not be achieved. On the other hand, tremendous development success has been observed in countries such as Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan, which do not implement neoliberal policies. This situation has shaken the trust in the Washington Consensus and international financial institutions. Thus, the marketization period ended. In the ‘Post-Market Period’ that started in the 2000s, developing countries began to move away from international financial institutions. These institutions, which have lost their legitimacy in the economic field, have turned to the ethical f ield to regain legitimacy. Amartya Sen's theory of 'development as freedom' has been functional in this respect. The World Bank published a declaration called ‘The Comprehensive Development Framework’ inspired by this theory, and within this framework, development was redefined to mean more than economic growth. In this period, many issues such as education, health, environment, climate change, gender equality, and democratic participation are entered to the notion of development. In the post-market era, a new approach has also emerged that continues to emphasize the economic meaning of development. In this approach, which is called ‘New Developmental State’, it is argued that the state and the market both have duties in the development processes. The state should not manage economic life, but it should solve problems that market actors cannot solve individually, obtain and share information that they cannot obtain individually, assume the risks in the initiatives that promise success and widespread impact, and encourage entrepreneurs to innovate. In the New Developmental State approach, the one-size-fits-all approach observed in the previous two periods is criticized. Instead, it highlights pluralistic and dynamic development policies that center on each country's contextual conditions. It is advocated that national will should be decisive in the creation and implementation of these policies. For the New Developmental State approach to be successful, a legal framework suitable for participatory, flexible, and adaptable development policies must be established. In this regard, &nbsp;it is argued that soft law tools that are open to adaptation according to context are more convenient than strict regulations and sanctions.

Three Periods on Law and Development Studies: Modernization, Marketization and Post-Market

Mehman

In the research, the views of Sadri Maksudi Arsal (1880-1957), one of the important figures in the history of Turkish thought, statesman, linguist, historian, jurist, sociologist-nationality theorist, on theoretical-methodological issues such as the subject, method, purpose of the general theory of law, its relationship with other close fields of science (philosophy of law and sociology), its importance in legal education are examined, and his contributions to the field are determined. The book titled General Fundamentals of Law (Positive Philosophy of Law) of the thinker is evaluated in comparison with their national and foreign counterparts, both diachronically and synchronously, in the context of the intellectual traditions of the discipline and in terms of conceptual approach, as well as their importance in terms of its impact on the subsequent development of the field is explained.Based on the results achieved in this study, Sadri Maksudi Arsal’s views on the theoretical-methodological problems of the general theory of law can be generally expressed as follows:&nbsp;1. Although there are some contradictions or ambiguities in Sadri Maksudi Arsal’s legal views, he generally put forward a positivist approach regarding the conceptual problems of the general theory of law. He particularly emphasizes that this discipline has a positive science character based on reality.2. According to Arsal, unlike other branches of legal science that talk about a certain field of law, the subject of general theory of law consists of “all general principles and all legal institutions known in the field of law that are fundamental in the legal science”.3. As claimed by Arsal, like a positive branch of science, general theory of law also uses positive methods. Its main method is inductive.4. Thinker explains the purpose of the general theory of law primarily from an educational perspective and particularly emphasizes its importance in legal education.5. In accordance with Arsal, who sets out from the distinction between philosophy of law in the “narrow sense” (philosophy of law proper) and in the “broad sense” (it is a term that covers not one but several disciplines), general theory of law is a form of philosophy of law in the “broad sense”, but “a positive form.” Therefore, the author refers to this in the subtitle given to the work, calling it “positive philosophy of law.” According to Sadri Maksudi, although philosophy of law in the “narrow sense” and general theory of law are very close in terms of subject matter, they are different in terms of research method, spirit and tendency.6. Sadri Maksudi, who explains the close relationship between general law theory and sociology by the fact that both of them are connected to social life, emphasizes that despite such a close relationship, law, which is the science of the rules of social life, should not be confused with sociology, which is the science of the events of social life. Arsal objects to scholars who regard general legal theory as a sub-branch of sociology rather than a separate and independent branch of science. Nevertheless, general legal theory should use the methods and materials of sociology, and at the same time examine all issues within its subject, not exclusively from a legal perspective, but also from the perspective of social life and sociology.&nbsp;The comparative analysis of Sadri Maksudi Arsal’s work titled General Fundamentals of Law (Positive Philosophy of Law) allowed us to reach the following conclusions regarding its nature and character:While the previous attempts, which were not so many, were presented only in the form of introductory lecture notes to law, Arsal, for the first time in the Turkish legal literature, made an effort to cover the field in a scientific manner and produced a study whose originality is beyond doubt. After this study, such a detailed approach to the theoreticalmethodological problems of the field cannot be observed in any book published in Türkiye in this field. Important features of the book that should be noted are: its adequate methodological approach for the field; its distinctive way of dealing with the topics; its coverage of not only the Turkish legal system but also various legal systems in the world; its inclusion of some topics that are rarely encountered in today’s equivalents in the Turkish literature on the field; its taking into consideration the current literature, foreign sources in various languages written in this field.&nbsp;A comparison of Sadri Maksudi’s General Fundamentals of Law in terms of the logical systematic structure of the discipline and the topics it covers, with works that can be considered world classics in the field at that time (for example, Adolf Merkel’s Encyclopaedia of Law, Frederick Pollock’s A First Book of Jurisprudence for Students of Common Law, Josef Kohler’s and Gustav Radbruch’s books titled Introduction to the Science of Law), shows that the first one is not at all left behind from the last ones in terms of covering topics specific to general theory of law, and also reveals that it refrains from some negative features characteristic of the majority of introductory law books of that period (for example, a comprehensive summary of the branches of dogmatic law science, the distinction of the general part and the special part).Sadri Maksudi’s work General Fundamentals of Law is the first systematic and, in many respects, a successful attempt in this field in Türkiye. Therefore, the author of this work deserves to be called not only the representative, but also the first and important scientific researcher of general theory of law in Türkiye. Arsal’s book, as an example, has made a great contribution to the development of the field and has had a great impact on subsequent studies and gave direction to them both in terms of approach to theoretical-methodological problems and in terms of systematics and elaboration of topics.

Sadri Maksudi Arsal’s Contributions to the Theoretical-Methodological Development of the General Theory of Law in Türkiye

Melike

Two contemporary thinkers, Hobbes and Spinoza, built their political theories on the search for an inherent political legitimacy. With this common approach, it is possible to talk about the effects of the bourgeois revolutions of the era. However, since both thinkers are located in different political positions, differences in approaches such as partnerships in their thoughts are also important. Hobbes prepared his works in the period of bourgeois revolutions in England, and Spinoza in the Dutch United Provinces, where the Calvinists triumphed over the Catholics. While Hobbes is in favor of a monarchy that controls the church in England, Spinoza is against the monarchy advocated by the Oranges in the Netherlands, but both thinkers seek a theoretical basis for worldly power that is not subject to political power and the Roman Catholic church. In this paper the philosophies of the two thinkers will be examined under the titles of political legitimacy, natural right, social contract, and nominalism. Both thinkers extracted the legitimacy of political power from their theological references. Conflict continues between the Puritans supported by the bourgeois class and the Anglican Church supported by the aristocracy in England, which broke away from the dominance of the Catholic Church. Hobbes takes a pro-royalist stance in the midst of this conflict. In the Netherlands, too, the Catholic dominance ended in favor of the Calvinists, but the political tension continues among the different Calvinist sects, corresponding to different social classes. In this context, Spinoza also stands in favor of the liberal Dewitt regime. Natural right was chosen as the second concept in which the two thinkers were compared. Hobbes brought an innovation to the concept of natural right with his diagnosis of self-interest-oriented individual on the brink of capitalism. Natural right is based on universal human nature in Hobbes. From this point of view, he also revealed the conclusion that a right of resistance is natural if the sovereign cannot ensure the safety of his subjects. By the concept of natural right, Spinoza means the laws of nature that operate with the necessity of nature, thus rendering the concept of natural right meaningless. For Spinoza, there is no right that one cannot afford. Therefore, there can be no talk of the right to resist the power. Social contract is the second concept of the comparison. Hobbes presents a theory of social contract in which the sovereign is not a party and the subjects guarantee their own security. By putting forward a theory of social contract, Hobbes also speaks of a fictional state of nature. This fictional state of nature is an undesirable state in Hobbes where confusion and insecurity dominate. However, with the social contract, a civilized state has been passed. In this civilized state, a moral plane has emerged, since there will be an objective power to decide the good and the bad. Spinoza, on the other hand, did not construct a social contract based on the premise that the right is determined by the natural law of the power to right. Since the state will take care of the interests parallel to the interests of the citizens, it is not necessary for the individual to take a position against the state anyway. Another comparison of the two thinkers was made through nominalism versus realism, from the two founding camps in the history of philosophy. Nominalism stands against universals in philosophy. Hobbes states that universals are assumptions, instead of universal and absolute principles, he qualifies human actions as just or unjust to the extent that they serve the purpose or create an obstacle. A similar approach applies to Spinoza. Spinoza also states that things cannot be judged as good or bad by themselves. In order to reach the assumption of a universal, individual particulars must already exist. This approach also corresponds to the classification of types of knowledge in Spinoza's epistemology. The subject acquires knowledge by compiling irregular receptions.

A Comparative Approach to the Hobbes’ And Spinoza’s Philosophy of The State and Law

Muhammet

Since the partners of limited liability companies are mostly real persons, limited liability company capital shares are frequently transferred to heirs. Article 596 of the TCC has been insufficient in solving these problems, and the issue has received less attention in Turkish law than in comparative law. This study first discusses the manner in which the share of the share capital will be transferred to the heirs and then determines whether there is an obligation for the heirs to apply to the company. In addition, some discussions have been made regarding the voting rights of the heirs, whether the heirs are deprived of voting rights in the general assembly, and the manner in which they use their votes. The legal nature of the company’s approval and rejection decisions for the heirs to whom the capital shares are transferred and whether the general assembly can make a partial rejection decision are also analysed. Considering the discussions, although many conclusions have been reached in terms of the current law, some of the conclusions reached do not meet the needs in practice. In such cases, some suggestions have been made to the legislator regarding the law that should be in place. Since there are no provisions and grounds for departing from the principle of universal succession under Turkish law, a community of heirs is established under Article 640 of the Turkish Civil Code, which is based on the principle of joint ownership, in the event that the deceased partner has more than one heir. Therefore, even before the partition of the estate, all heirs jointly hold the position provided by the shares. In this sense, under Turkish law, there is no provision and justification for departing from the principle of joint ownership. The Court of Cassation’s contrary approach is not compatible with the principle that the heirs should be in the same position as the deceased partner. Pursuant to Articles 594 and 596 of the Turkish Code of Commercial for limited liability companies, in cases where there is more than one heir, there is no need to discuss who should make the application to the company (a single heir/all of the heirs). However, although this is the case de lege lata, de lege ferenda, an obligation to notify by the heirs should be stipulated for the company to exercise its right of refusal properly and not to learn about the heirs by surprise at the general assembly. In such an arrangement, it should be accepted that each heir is authorised to make the notification. The general assembly is the authorised body to take the decision regarding the heirs. In terms of the applicable law, the heirs who have acquired the shares of the share capital may participate in the general assembly to vote on whether they will continue in the company or not due to the wording of Article 596 of the Turkish Code of Commercial and the exceptional character of the exclusion from voting rights. Nevertheless, de lege ferenda, the provision should be rewritten in accordance with the Swiss Obligation Code and stipulate that the heirs do not have voting rights until the approval of the general assembly. In cases where there is more than one heir, the heirs are required to appoint a joint representative to exercise the rights arising from the capital share within the scope of Article 599 of the Turkish Code of Commercial Law. However, since the appointment of a joint representative is an opportunity foreseen for both the heirs and the company in terms of the joint exercise of rights, in accordance with the provisions regarding joint ownership, the heirs should be able to exercise their rights arising from the capital share without appointing a representative. The company does not have the possibility of accepting some heirs and rejecting others. However, the TCC should allow the company to accept some heirs and reject others in accordance with certain objective criteria stipulated in the articles of association. The fact that the effect created by the rejection decision within the framework of Article 596 of the TCC is the same as the effect created by the revocable validity does not indicate that the heirs’ acquisition of the capital shares is revocable. The rejection decision is a revocation condition arising from the law, and its provisions are retroactive within the framework of Article 596 of the TCC, paragraph 3.

Issues Concerning the Inheritance of Capital Shares in a Limited Liability Company and Proposed Solutions

Veysel

Considering the characteristics of Turkish society, it can be said that family is an important element. As stated in art.41/1 of Constitution, Turkish society is based on the family. In fact, kinship, which is a large association that includes the family, also have an important place in our society. Although there are various definitions of kinship, it can generally be defined as a relationship between people based on blood ties. However, it should be emphasised that kinship relations are not limited to blood ties. As a matter of fact, it is also possible to establish a kinship later. For example, in addition to birth, a kinship can be established through procedures such as marriage. There is a different name for almost every kinship relations. So much so that some kinships are named in more than one way. In the same kinship, there is a different name when viewed from one of the parties and a different name when viewed from the other side. These names may also be different in the regions of our country. So, there are many names for relationships within the scope of kinship. However, these names in social life are handled differently in the field of law. The terms related to kinship are also determined differently among the fields of law. Kinship is generally related to civil law. Therefore, definitions are made according to the relevant civil law. However, in our study, we examine the concept of kinship in terms of penal law. Even more limitedly, we examine the terms of kinship within the scope of TPC. Although many institutions such as marriage, custody and adoption are regulated in the legislation related to civil law, we would like to state that these relations will not be determined entirely according to the rules of civil law. As a matter of fact, there are significant differences between penal law and civil law. Especially in penal law, which is based on the principle of legality, it is a necessity to clearly define the terms. Due to other principles and rules of penal law, we think that kinship definitions should be made separately. Undoubtedly, the provisions of the legislation on civil law can be utilized in this interpretation activity. Some of the terms related to kinship are included in TPC. Although used in our society, many terms related to kinship are not included in TPC. Some kinship relations are not mentioned in TPC: The cousin is an example of this. Indeed, the cousin is not included in TPC. At the same time, the cousin relationship is not regulated under other terms. In other words, we can argue that the relationship of kinship is more limited in TPC. In this study, the terms related to kinship in TPC and the provisions that include them are analyzed. In the first part, the terms that are included in the relationship of kinship in TPC are stated and their definitions are made. Since some terms are used in different ways in TPC, there may be confusion. The verbal and purposive interpretation of some terms may lead to different meanings. Our aim in the first part of our study is to clearly define these terms related to kinship. The terms we deal with are those directly related to kinship. Since the indirect relations related to kinship will expand the scope of our study, we only discuss the terms that cover relatives. In the second part of our study, we discuss these terms related to kinship within the scope of the relevant provisions. It can be seen that some of these are included in TPC and have different consequences. For example, if the perpetrator commits a crime against certain kinship, the unjust content of this crime may be higher. After determining in which provisions the terms related to kinship are regulated in TPC, we have divided them into headings according to their relevance. Thus, we examine the terms related to kinship within the scope of the relevant penal law institutions. While conducting this examination, we generally evaluate which terms related to kinship are included in terms of the relevant institution, in which articles in TPC, they are included, and the specific issues. In this study, we aim to reach a conclusion on what should be understood from the terms and how they should be interpreted in terms of the relevant institutions by looking at TPC from a general perspective.

The Kinship in Turkish Penal Code

Zelal

Hukuk İlkelerinin Yapısı Üzerine

Fethi

AB ve Türk Hukukunda Yeşil Aklamanın (Greenwashing) Önlenmesi

Depecage: Aynı Hukuki İlişkiden Doğan Farklı Hukuki Kategorilere Farklı Devlet Hukuklarının Uygulanması, Özellikle 5718 Sayılı MÖHUK’taki Tezahürlerinin İncelenmesi

Yeni Teknolojilerin Çok Uluslu Şirketlerin Yapısı ve Karar Verme Süreçleri ve İnsan Hakları ve Çevre İhlallerinden Sorumluluğuna İlişkin Tartışmalara Etkisi

Türk-İsviçre Hukukunda Ana ve Babanın Eğitimi Devam Eden Ergin Çocuğa Karşı Nafaka Yükümlülüğünde Çocuğun Bakım ve Eğitim Masraflarının Karşılanmasının Ana Babadan Beklenebilir Olması  Koşuluna Eleştirel Bir Bakış

Kant’ın Hukuk Felsefesinin Temel Taşları

Adli Yardım Hakkı İle Bilgi Edinme Hakkı Arasındaki Etkileşim: Hukuk Teknolojisinin Sağladığı Fırsatlar

Toplumsal Cinsiyet Perspektifinden Kadının Bekleme Süresi: İddet

Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz ve Diğerleri V İsviçre Kararında Öne Çıkan Hukuki Meselelerin İncelenmesi

Kamulaştırılan Taşınmazın Eski Malik Tarafından Geri Alınmasına Kaynaklık Etmesi Bakımından Crichel Down Kuralları

Hukuk ve Kalkınma Çalışmalarında Üç Dönem: Modernleşme, Piyasalaşma ve Piyasa-Sonrası

Sadri Maksudi Arsal’ın Türkiye’de Genel Hukuk Teorisinin Kuramsal-Metodolojik Açıdan Gelişimine Katkıları

Hobbescu ve Spinozacı Devlet ve Hukuk Felsefesine Karşılaştırmalı Bir Bakış

Limited Şirket Esas Sermaye Payının Miras Yoluyla İntikaline İlişkin  Bazı Sorunlar ve Bunlara Dair Çözüm Önerileri

Türk Ceza Kanunu’nda Akrabalık Bağı

@JOURNAL_BOX_CURRENT

@JOURNAL_BOX_EARLYVIEW

Assist. Prof.

One of the principles that Civil Procedure Law based on is the “dispositional control of the parties principle”. Under this principle, parties’ have the right solve private law disputes according to their dispositions. Under the principle, dispute parties are free to decide choose or not to choose litigation as way of resolution. Principle also covers to end the dispute by an settlement (in principle). One of the dispute ending options under the principle is the parties settlement agreement. Settlement agreement, generally, is an agreement in which parties agree to ending the dispute with mutual compromise. In other words, it can be also defined as an agreement in which parties completely or partially ending the dispute mutually. Settlement agreement, regulated as an stand alone regulation for the first time in the Article 313/1 of the Code of Civil Procedure (CCP) numbered 6100. Under the Article, settlement agreement means that the parties agreement on to ending the dispute completely or partially in an outstanding case. This definition only covers the in-judicial settlement. Because the definition requires a settlement in front of the court. Out of judicial/court settlement is not regulated under the CCP. Because, this kind of settlement fall in the area of the Turkish Code of Obligations. Out of judicial settlement is an agreement out of the court in which the parties agreed to end the dispute completely or partially at mutual interest point they considered. There is no necessity of an outstanding ongoing case process at this point. Additionally, an ongoing trial process would not affect the out of judicial settlement. It is needed a transformation of the out of judicial settlement to an in-judicial settlement to affect an ongoing trial at the same dispute. Out of judicial settlement is an substantive law agreement. This agreement is fall in the provisions (General Provisions) of the Turkish Code of Obligations. Out of judicial settlement agreement is not be need to be made in written because of the “freedom as to form” principle of the Turkish Code of Obligations. If the out of judicial settlement transformed to an in-judicial settlement it could affect an ongoing trial at the same dispute. Parties convey the out of judicial settlement to the court and then court get in record the agreement. After that moment, out of judicial settlement is evaluated as an in-judicial settlement. It is not needed that the whole provisions of the out of judicial settlement to get in recorded in the trial documents. Article 315/1 of the CCP regulates the provisions on effects and solutions of settlement agreements. Under this provisions when the out of judicial settlement transformed to an in-judicial settlement it would has the same legal power and&nbsp;solutions of it. The first solution of this transformation is the ending of existing dispute, in other words ending of the existing court trial. The second important outcome of the in-judicial settlement agreement is that it would have the same legal effect of final court decision. In-judicial settlement has an important another legal effect that it would has the power of the final court decisions under the Enforcement and Bankruptcy Code Article 38. If the out of judicial settlement transformed to an in-judicial settlement it would has the same affect as well.

Mahkeme Dışında Yapılan Sulh ve Yargılamaya Etkisi

Involvement of persons with disabilities in business life is extremely important – just as much as in their access to education and health services - and in their enjoyment of social protection because unemployment makes individuals becoming unemployed feel like they are useless. Involvement of persons with disabilities in business life, and pursuing the same eliminates the social effects caused by the risk of unemployment. In addition, working persons with disabilities benefit from social insurance protection based on their work, and thus a decrease occurs in the expenses made for persons with disabilities from the social security budget. While the policies relevant to persons with disabilities started with passive policies such as protecting persons with disabilities, today they have transformed into active policies such as ensuring the complete participation of persons with disabilities in employment. In Turkey, the number of persons with disabilities recorded on the National Database on Persons with Disabilities is 2.461.828 for the first half of the year 2019. And the rate of participation of persons with disabilities in employment is 22.1 percent. When compared with the data for the EU and OECD, this number is very low. Thus, increasing the participation in employment of persons with disabilities is also among the objectives relevant to business life. When the legal regulations in Turkey are examined, it can be observed that rules relevant to the protection of persons with disabilities have taken place in Constitutional Law for the first time. According to Article 17 of Constitutional Law, everyone has the right to live, and to preserve and improve their material and moral presence. And, according to Article 49 of Constitutional Law, working is everyone’s right and obligation. The government takes the required measures to increase the standard of living of employees, protect the unemployed, and support working. The government’s actualization of this obligation is especially important in terms of persons with disabilities who are experiencing many difficulties in involvement in business life. For this reason, it is required that the government should take special measures for persons with disabilities, and to provide the work environment for them. Hence, in Article 50 of Constitutional Law, it has been emphasized that no one could be employed in works not conforming to their strength, and the rule of “the ones having physical and psychological insufficiency are distinctively protected in terms of working conditions” has been established. And the most basic law regarding persons with disabilities is the Law on Persons with Disabilities no 5378. This law intends that persons with disabilities should benefit from fundamental rights and freedoms, and to ensure their participation in social life under equal conditions with other individuals. Article 30 of Labour Law no 4857 regulates the details relevant to the liability of employers to employ persons&nbsp;with disabilities. Article 30 was regulated again in 2008, and new principles were established regarding the employment of persons with disabilities. In accordance with this, employers employing fifty or more employees in the workplace have to employ a specific number of persons with disabilities. When Article 30 of Labour Law is examined, it is observed that the straightforward quota method has been adopted regarding the employment of persons with disabilities. The quota determined within this scope is three percent for workplaces in the private sector, and four percent for workplaces in the public sector. It is required that the following conditions are present for liability of the employer to employ persons with disabilities to arise : i) The workplace’s inclusion in the scope of Labour Law, or Maritime Labour Law, ii) Employment of fifty or more employees in the workplace. In case of the presence of these conditions, the employers are required to employ persons with disabilities whose rate of disability is at least 40 percent. Persons with disabilities should be employed through the Turkish Employment Agency. But the employer may also employ a person with disabilities through his own means. In this case, it is required to inform the Turkish Employment Agency, and to have the person with disabilities recorded at the Agency. An administrative fine is imposed on the employer acting against the liability of employing persons with disabilities. Another method regarding the employment of persons with disabilities is the concept of sheltered employment. Briefly, this method is ensuring the employment of persons with disabilities – for whom it is difficult to bring them in business life - within the frame of special conditions. In this system, there are sheltered workplaces where the working environment is specifically arranged in order to ensure the employment of persons with disabilities. In Turkish Law, the principles of this subject have been regulated in the Law on Persons with Disabilities, and in a certain regulation issued on this subject. That Regulation first came into force in 2006, and it was renewed in 2013. Persons with disabilities who will be employed at sheltered workplaces, are not only persons with physical disabilities but persons with mental and psychological disabilities. In terms of acquiring the status of a sheltered workplace, some conditions have been sought by the Regulation. Above all, it is required that the workplace is one which holds the qualifications determined by the Regulation, and where at least eight persons with disabilities are employed. In addition, the ratio of the number of persons with disabilities who will be employed at a sheltered workplace to the number of total employees shouldn’t be less than seventy five percent. In the Regulation, the physical conditions and equipment that the sheltered workplace has to have (safety, traffic safety, fire protection etc.) were also specified. A specific part of the remunerations&nbsp;of the persons with disabilities being employed at sheltered workplaces is paid by the government. In Turkish law, amendments made in time in Article 30 of Labour Law being the basis of the liability of employing persons with disabilities, and especially the increase in incentives for the employers in private sector are deemed as proper regulations. Again, allowing the employers to find workers who will be employed by their own means is also among those steps which would facilitate employment. Certainly, considering the measures ensuring employment as incentives rather than a quota and fine method would be a more constructive approach.

İşverenin Engelli İşçi Çalıştırma Yükümlülüğü

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Night work has been the subject of many discussions due to its contradictory nature to the biological structure of the human body. This attribute of night work requires that night work and day work should not be handled in the same way in the legal order. The developments in the field of Occupational Health and Safety Law, and the researches regarding the effects of night work on the human health, constantly demand the review and improvement of the regulations regarding night work. In this regard, the most important protective provision regarding the workers working at night could be the limit on the night working time. In accordance with the Article 69 (I) of the Labour Law No. 4857, “night” is defined as the period starting at the latest at 20.00 in the evening, and lasting at the earliest until 06.00 in the morning, which in any case lasts maximum eleven hours. Furthermore, in accordance with Article 69 (III), night work shall not exceed seven and a half hours. However, significant exceptions have been recently adopted to this rule. The amendment, enacted in 2015, allows employers in some sectors (private security, tourism and jobs related to healthcare) to demand night work in excess of seven and a half hours by obtaining written approval from the worker. It should be noted that the regulations concerning night work are particularly important regarding the work carried out by shift work. Taking into consideration the need for governing special procedures and principles on this subject, a regulation specifically on shift work has been issued, and exceptions to the rule on the limit of the night working time are also included in this regulation. In my opinion, the propriety of this change amendment is highly debatable. It can be argued that the service should continue uninterruptedly in the sectors mentioned in the Article (private security, tourism and jobs related to healthcare). However, the employment of the workers for longer periods is not the only way to ensure the continuity of the service. Although written approval of the worker enabling the night work in excess of seven and a half hours is stipulated, the worker-protective approach of the Labour Law which protects the workers even from themselves, especially on the issues regarding occupational health and safety should not be disregarded. It should also be noted that the Regulation on shift work also includes a statement which is not included in the text of the Labour Law. In the Regulation; it is prescribed that the workers employed by the subcontractor in the workplaces, where private security, tourism and health services are carried out, also fall under this scope. If the letter of the statement is followed; it could be concluded that all workers employed by the subcontractor in the health, tourism and private security sectors may be employed at night for more than seven and a half hours. However, it is clear that such an interpretation would be incompatible with the exception regulated in the Labour&nbsp;Law. The provision of the regulation should be interpreted in a manner to cover subcontractor workers who are employed in the sectors referred to in the Labour Law, specifically in cases where subcontracted work is carried out with respect to these sectors. It has been concluded that the recent changes in the field of night work constitute a reversal in terms of workers’ rights. It is clear that the continuity of the services without disruption can be also maintained by increasing the number of shifts. Furthermore, I would like to draw attention to the fact that the regulations regarding night work are quite disorganized. In this regard, it may be suggested that all the rules regarding night work should fall into a single regulation. As a result, it may be stated that there is a need for the review of the regulations on night work in our legislation.

Gece Çalışması ve Gece Çalışma Süresinin Sınırı ile İlgili Değişikliklerin Değerlendirilmesi

Cemile

Assoc. Prof.

This article deals with multi-tier dispute resolution clauses incorporating both mediation and arbitration together under Turkish Law. I use the terminology of “med-arb” not only for the situation where the mediator acts as an arbitrator, but rather in a general meaning covering all instances where the arbitration is commenced following an unsuccessful mediation. The purpose of this article is to discuss the validity of the med-arb agreements, the consequences of starting arbitration before the mediation fails, the effects of the mediation proceedings and of the mediator acting as an arbitrator on the arbitration that follows the mediation as well as the admissibility of the documents and factual evidence exchanged at the mediation. For the purpose of this article, the comparative laws, international ethics rules, international guidelines on the conflict of interest and admissibility of evidence are reviewed along with Turkish law. Turkish Code on Mediation in Civil Law Disputes stipulates some provisions related to the med-arb. These provisions shall apply equally to both domestic and international arbitrations where the place of arbitration is Turkey. Following the jurisprudence of the Turkish Supreme Court, a med-arb agreement is valid only if it reflects, without doubt, both parties’ consents to the arbitration following the failure of the mediation proceedings. Therefore, a multi-tier dispute resolution clause subject to Turkish law needs to be drawn carefully. In this respect IBA Guidelines for Drafting International Arbitration Clauses are of assistance. In cases where one of the parties commences arbitration without a recourse to mediation first, the arbitral tribunal should make a decision on the admissibility of the claim. There is no direct provision related to the question of admissibility under Turkish law. Under Turkish law, in parallel with the practice of international arbitration, the tribunal has to interpret the med-arb agreement to make a decision on the question of whether the recourse to mediation is a pre-condition of the arbitration. If the mediation is a pre-condition, then the tribunal should suspend the arbitral&nbsp;proceedings and direct the parties to the mediation. However, in the case that the mediation fails, the tribunal may resume the arbitral proceedings. There is nothing under Turkish law suggesting that a precondition of arbitration is a jurisdictional issue rather than an admissibility issue. The advantages of the med-arb are subject to heated debates among people holding different perspectives. Such advantages are controversial since when a dispute arises and the arbitration starts without a recourse to mediation, the respondent may object to the jurisdiction of the tribunal or to the admissibility of the claim relying on the fact that the pre-condition to try mediation first is not met. Such an objection may cause arbitration to be delayed and/or the costs of arbitration to increase. Therefore, before opting for a med-arb agreement the parties should evaluate the possibility of settling their dispute at the Med-arb. The parties who are able to consider their commercial interests do not need a med-arb agreement as they are able to settle the disputes without the assistance of a mediator. They first try to settle the dispute, in some cases for years, and to avoid adjudication by an arbitral tribunal. They only start arbitration when there is no possibility of settlement of their dispute and of saving their commercial alliance. In such cases, med-arb agreements become a tool to delay the proceedings and increase the costs for the claimant to force him or her to give up his or her claim. Having said that, for the parties who are unable to consider their commercial interest and unable to avoid adjudication, med-arb agreement may be the right dispute resolution clause. In a med-arb agreement, the parties may wish the mediator to act as their arbitrator if the mediation fails. Neither the Turkish Code of Mediation in Civil Disputes nor the Turkish International Arbitration Code prevents a mediator to act as an arbitrator. Turkish Ethics Rules for Mediators stipulate that a mediator may act as an arbitrator only if the parties have agreement in writing. Therefore, any mediator to act as arbitrator needs to have the parties’ written consent. In international mediation and arbitration practices, the scholars and practitioners widely accept that having an arbitrator who previously acted as a mediator generates a number of serious risks and concerns. First of all, the mediator-arbitrator may not protect his or her impartiality in the arbitration because of the facts that she or he became aware of during the mediation. Secondly, the mediator-arbitrator may rely on the confidential information exchanged in caucus while making the award. Thirdly, the mediator may be too willing to act as an arbitrator and as a result the mediation may prematurely fail. Finally, the mediator may abuse his or her powers and force the parties to settle their disputes as the mediator suggests. The parties may feel that if they are not able to settle their dispute and proceed to the arbitration, the mediator-arbitrator would make an arbitral award in parallel of the recommendations at the mediation phase. Considering the severity of the consequences, if the parties agree to have an arbitrator&nbsp;who previously acted as their mediator, they need to be aware of such consequences and they need to make an informed decision accordingly . The Turkish Code of Mediation in Civil Law Disputes restrains the ability of the mediator-arbitrator to rely on the documents produced during the mediation for the purpose of settlement and defines which documents are in this category. In the case where the mediator-arbitrator relies on these documents while making the award, depending on the extent the document or information has a bearing on the award, the arbitral award may be cancelled, or its enforcement may be refused. In November 2019, Istanbul Arbitration Center (ISTAC) introduced its Medarb Rules. ISTAC Med-arb Rules are the first published institutional Med-arb rules. ISTAC Med-arb Rules reflect the best practices in international mediation – arbitration. I believe that ISTAC Med-arb Rules will be welcomed in the field of international dispute resolution.

Arabuluculuk ve Tahkimi Bir Arada İçeren Uyuşmazlık Çözüm Yolu

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İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi tarafından yayımlanmaktadır.
İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası’nda, hukuk ve/veya hukuk ile ilişki kuran bilimsel disiplinler alanlarında, özgün akademik çalışmalara yaslanan, teorik veyahut uygulamalı; toplum içindeki davranış ve ilişkilerin değerlendirilmesi, hukuk sistemleri, makale, karar incelemeleri, mevzuat tahlili-tahkiki, hukukî matbuatın değerlendirilmesini konu edinen (müspet-menfi) eleştirel metinler, tercümeler dolayısıyla ulusal ve uluslararası ölçeğe teşmil olabilecek çalışmalar yayımlanmaktadır.
Bu çerçevede Hukuk Fakültesi Mecmuası’nda; (i) Hukuk kuramını genişleten ve hukukî uygulamaların teorik zeminini besleyen; (ii) gerek akademik gerekse de bir erk olarak yargının usûllerini (metodoloji) tahlil ve gerektiğinde teşrih edici; (iii) özel ya da kamusal bağlamda topluma geniş çaplı etki eden hukuksal tefekkürün, fiillerin, süreçlerin, simgelerin vb. mevcudiyetini irdeleyen; (iv) başta hukukî olmak üzere ele alınan konuyu sosyolojik, siyasal, psikolojik, felsefî, ahlâkî, coğrafî, tarihsel yanlarıyla da tahlil edebilecek metinlere yer verilmektedir.

Derginin tüm giderleri İstanbul Üniversitesi tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Dergide makale yayını ve makale süreçlerinin yürütülmesi ücrete tabi değildir. Dergiye gönderilen ya da yayın için kabul edilen makaleler için işlemleme ücreti ya da gönderim ücreti alınmaz.

Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)

EBSCO

ERIH PLUS

TR Dizin

DOAJ

SOBIAD

Gale Cengage

Ulrichsweb

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İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası

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İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, yayın dili Türkçe, İngilizce olan; yılda dört defa yayınlanan, akademik ve hakemli bir dergidir.İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası‘nda, hukuk ve/veya hukuk ile ilişki kuran bilimsel disiplinler alanlarında, özgün akademik çalışmalara yaslanan, teorik veyahut uygulamalı; makale, karar incelemeleri, mevzuat tahlili-tahkiki, hukukî matbuatın değerlendirilmesini konu edinen (müspet-menfi) eleştirel metinler, tercümeler dolayısıyla ulusal ve uluslararası ölçeğe teşmil olabilecek çalışmalar yayımlanmaktadır.İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası’nda; (i) Hukuk kuramını genişleten ve hukukî uygulamaların teorik zeminini besleyen; (ii) gerek akademik gerekse bir erk olarak yargının usûllerini (metodoloji) tahlil ve gerektiğinde teşrih edici; (iii) özel ya da kamusal bağlamda topluma geniş çaplı etki eden hukuksal tefekkürün, fiillerin, süreçlerin, simgelerin vb. mevcudiyetini irdeleyen; (iv) başta hukukî olmak üzere ele alınan konuyu sosyolojik, siyasal, psikolojik, felsefî, ahlâkî, coğrafî, tarihsel yanlarıyla da tahlil edebilecek metinlere yer verilmektedir.Bu kapsamda özellikle şu konulara öncelik tanınmaktadır:• İnsan hakları hukuku,• Ceza hukuku,• Finans ve mali hukuk,• Medeni hukuk,• Ticaret hukuku,• Borçlar hukuku,• İcra ve iflâs hukuku

Amaç ve Kapsam

Web of Science - Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR Dizin)EBSCO Central &amp; Eastern European Academic SourceEBSCO Legal SourceDOAJERIH PLUSSOBİADGale Cengage<a href="https://about.proquest.com/en/products-services/Ulrichsweb/" target="_blank" style="font-size: 14.6667px;">Ulrichsweb</a>

Dizinler

Dergi yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> Gönderilen makaleler derginin amaç ve kapsamına uygun olmalıdır. Orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmayan, her bir yazar tarafından içeriği ve gönderimi onaylanmış yazılar değerlendirmeye kabul edilir. Makale yayınlanmak üzere Dergiye gönderildikten sonra yazarlardan hiçbirinin ismi, tüm yazarların yazılı izni olmadan yazar listesinden silinemez ve yeni bir isim yazar olarak eklenemez ve yazar sırası değiştirilemez.İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir. Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.İntihal Ön kontrolden geçirilen makaleler, iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal/kendi kendine intihal tespit edilirse yazarlar bilgilendirilir. Editörler, gerekli olması halinde makaleyi değerlendirme ya da üretim sürecinin çeşitli aşamalarında intihal kontrolüne tabi tutabilirler. Yüksek benzerlik oranları, bir makalenin kabul edilmeden önce ve hatta kabul edildikten sonra reddedilmesine neden olabilir. Makalenin türüne bağlı olarak, bunun oranın %15 veya %20'den az olması beklenir.Çift Kör Hakemlikİntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Editör, makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakemlikten geçmesini sağlar ve makale biçimsel esaslara uygun ise, gelen yazıyı yurtiçinden ve /veya yurtdışından en az iki hakemin değerlendirmesine sunar, hakemler gerek gördüğü takdirde yazıda istenen değişiklikler yazarlar tarafından yapıldıktan sonra yayınlanmasına onay verir.

Politikalar

Dergi açık erişimlidir ve derginin tüm içeriği okura ya da okurun dahil olduğu kuruma ücretsiz olarak sunulur. Okurlar, ticari amaç haricinde, yayıncı ya da yazardan izin almadan dergi makalelerinin tam metnini okuyabilir, indirebilir, kopyalayabilir, arayabilir ve link sağlayabilir. Bu <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/translations/turkish-translation" target="_blank">BOAI</a> açık erişim tanımıyla uyumludur. Derginin açık erişimli makaleleri Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır.

Derginin tüm giderleri İstanbul Üniversitesi tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Dergide makale yayını ve makale süreçlerinin yürütülmesi ücrete tabi değildir. Dergiye gönderilen ya da yayın için kabul edilen makaleler için işlemleme ücreti ya da gönderim ücreti alınmaz.

Yazarlar dergide yayınlanan çalışmalarının telif hakkına sahiptirler ve çalışmaları  Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır. CC BY-NC 4.0 lisansı, eserin ticari kullanım dışında her boyut ve formatta paylaşılmasına, kopyalanmasına, çoğaltılmasına ve orijinal esere uygun şekilde atıfta bulunmak kaydıyla yeniden düzenleme, dönüştürme ve eserin üzerine inşa etme dâhil adapte edilmesine izin verir.

Editörler, yayınlanan makalede, bulguları, yorumları ve sonuçları etkilemeyen küçük hatalar tespit edilirse düzeltme yayınlamayı düşünebilirler. Editörler, bulguları ve sonuçları geçersiz kılan büyük hatalar / ihlaller söz konusu olduğunda, makaleyi geri çekmeyi düşünmelidir. Yazarlar tarafından araştırma veya yayını kötüye kullanmaya yönelik olasılık söz konusu ise; bulguların güvenilir olmadığına ve yazarların kurumlarının olayı soruşturmadığına dair kanıtlar var veya olası soruşturma haksız veya sonuçsuz görünüyor ise, editörler endişe ifadesi yayınlamayı düşünmelidir. Düzeltme, geri çekme veya endişe ifadesi ile ilgili olarak <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> ve <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> yönergeleri dikkate alınır.Geri ÇekmeDergi geri çekme durumunda <a href="https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/retraction-guidelines-cope.pdf" target="_blank">COPE Retraction Guidelines</a>’ı izler. Editör, aşağıdaki durumlarda bir makaleyi geri çekme hakkına sahiptir: <ul><li>Büyük bir hata (örn. yanlış hesaplama veya deneysel hata), uydurma öğeler  (örn. veri) veya tahrifat (örn. görüntü manipülasyonu) gibi bulguların güvenilmez olduğu sonucunu çıkarmaya dair açık kanıtlar varsa; </li><li>İçerikte intihal varsa; </li><li>Uygun atıf yapılmadan başka bir yerde yayınlanmışsa;</li><li>Kullanım izni olmayan materyal veya veri içeriyorsa;</li><li>Telif hakkı ihlali veya başka bir ciddi yasal sorun varsa;</li><li>Etik olmayan araştırma içeriyorsa; </li><li>Hakem değerlendirme sürecinin bozulduğuna veya manipüle edildiğine dair kanıt varsa;</li><li>Yazar(lar), editörün görüşüne göre, çalışmanın yorumlanmasını veya editörlerin ve hakemlerin tavsiyelerini önemli derecede etkileyebilecek, kritik bir çıkar çatışmasını açıklamamış ise.</li></ul>Geri çekme durumunda aşağıdaki adımlar izlenir:<ul><li>Makale başlığını da içeren geri çekme bildirimi derginin bir sonraki sayısında yayınlanır. Geri çekme bildirimi  içindekiler tablosunda sayfa nosu verilerek listelenir. </li><li>Elektronik versiyonda geri çekme bildirimi ile orijinal makale arasında link sağlanır. </li><li>Online makaleden önce geri çekme bildirimini içeren sayfa gelir; okuyucu daha sonra makalenin kendisine geçebilir.</li><li>Orijinal makale, her sayfadaki .pdf üzerinde “geri çekildiğini” belirten bir filigran dışında değişmeden kalır.</li></ul>Yasal Nedenlerle Makalenin KaldırılmasıAşağıdaki durumlarda, üst veriler (başlık ve yazarlar) hariç olmak üzere, makale metni kaldırılır ve makalenin yasal nedenlerle kaldırıldığını bildiren bir sayfa makalenin yerini alır. <ul><li>Makalenin karalayıcı içerik ihtiva ettiği veya başkalarının yasal haklarını ihlal ettiği tespit edilir ve geri çekmenin yeterli bir çözüm olmadığı düşünülürse;</li><li>Makale bir mahkeme kararına konu olmuşsa veya olacağına dair makul bir neden varsa;</li><li>Kamu sağlığı açısından önemli bir risk söz konusu ise;  </li></ul>

Dergide yayınlanan tüm yazıların korunmasını ve kalıcı olarak erişilebilir olmasını sağlamak için makaleler, ulusal bir arşiv sitesi olarak hizmet veren ve aynı zamanda LOCKSS'in içeriği toplamasına, korumasına ve sunmasına izin veren Dergipark'ta saklanmaktadır.Ek olarak, yazarların kendilerinin makalelerinin son PDF sürümünü Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>) standartlarına uygun açık elektronik arşivlerde arşivlemeleri önerilir. Yazarlar, yayınladıkları arşiv versiyonundan, İ.Ü. Yayınevinin dergi web sitesinin URL'sine bağlantı sağlamalıdır.

Yapay Zeka konusundaki gelişmeler ve akademik yayıncılıkta görülen uygulamalar dikkate alınarak oluşturulan Yapay Zeka Politikası, yazarların, hakemlerin ve editörlerin bu türden teknolojilerin kullanımında uymaları gereken editöryal ve etik ilkeleri içerir. Yapay Zeka politikasının oluşturulmasında, aşağıdaki kaynaklar dikkate alınmıştır:Committee on Publication Ethics <a href="https://publicationethics.org/guidance/cope-position/authorship-and-ai-tools" target="_blank">(COPE) - Authorship and AI tools</a>; International Committee of Medical Journal Editors <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html#four" target="_blank">(ICMJE) - Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Assisted Technology; World Association of Medical Editors  (WAME) Chatbots, Generative AI, and Scholarly Manuscripts</a><a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html#four"></a>Yapay Zeka destekli teknolojiler (Büyük Dil Modelleri [LLM'ler], sohbet robotları veya görüntü oluşturucular gibi), metin, görüntü, ses ve sentetik veriler dahil olmak üzere çeşitli içerikler geliştirebilmekte ve üretebilmektedir. Bu yetenekleri etik ve güvenli bir şekilde kullanıldığında üretkenliği artırabilir ve yeniliği teşvik edebilir; ancak insan yönlendirmesi olmadan kullanımında doğru olmayan ve taraflı sonuçlar; atıf verme konusunda eksikler ve hatalar; gizlilik ve fikri mülkiyet haklarının korunmasında eksiklikler; yazar ve yayıncıların haklarının potansiyel ihlali gibi riskler taşımaktadır. IUPress, Yapay Zeka kullanımı konusunda söz konusu riskleri bertaraf etmeyi amaçlayan aşağıdaki temel ilkeleri benimser:  <ul><li>İçerik üretiminde kullanılan (metin, şekiller, resimler ve kod dahil ancak bunlarla sınırlı olmamak üzere) her türlü Yapay Zeka ile ilgili ayrıntılar çalışmanın uygun bölümünde (bilgi notu olarak ve/veya metod kısmında) beyan edilmeli ve net biçimde açıklanmalıdır. </li><li>Hiçbir Yapay Zeka aracı hiçbir bilimsel çalışmada yazar olarak listelenemez. </li><li>Yazarlar, herhangi bir şekilde Yapay Zeka kullanımı durumunda da çalışmalarının doğruluğu, bütünlüğü ve özgünlüğünden sorumludur; başkalarının fikirleri, verileri, kelimeleri veya diğer materyallerini doğru referanslama ve atıf ile sunmakla yükümlüdürler. </li><li>Hakemler ve editörler gönderilen çalışmayı tamamen ya da kısmen hiçbir üretken Yapay Zeka uygulamasına yükleyemez. </li></ul>IUPress yayınlarının editöryal süreçlerinde, Yapay Zeka ile üretilmiş içerikleri tespit eden yardımcı araçlar editörlerin kullanımındadır. Öte yandan okunurluğu, dil ve grammeri iyileştirme ve geliştirme konusunda önerilerde bulunan Yapay Zeka araçlarının kullanılması yaygındır ve IUPress  yayınlarında bu türden Yapay Zeka araçları editörlerin ve yazarların gözetiminde kullanılabilir.

Yapay Zeka Politikası

<ul><li>Yazarlar, gönderdikleri çalışmayı oluştururken <a target="_blank">Yapay Zeka destekli teknolojiler (Büyük Dil Modelleri [LLM'ler], sohbet robotları veya görüntü oluşturucular gibi) </a>kullandılarsa, bunu  beyan etmekle yükümlüdür. </li><li>Yazarlar hem ön yazıda hem de sunulan çalışmanın uygun bölümünde (bilgi notu olarak ve/veya metod kısmında), hangi Yapay Zeka aracını ve hangi versiyonunu ne amaçla kullandıklarını açıklamalıdır. </li><li>Yapay Zeka destekli teknolojilerden yararlanılarak oluşturulan içeriğin ve alıntıların doğruluğu, geçerliliği ve uygunluğunun sağlanması, olası hata, tutarsızlık ve taraflı sonuçların giderilmesi yazarların sorumluluğundadır. </li><li>Yazarlar, Yapay Zeka destekli teknolojiler ile üretilmiş metinlerde intihal potansiyeli olduğunu dikkate alarak, olası intihali bertaraf etmek için orijinal kaynakları mutlaka kontrol etmelidir. Kontrol ettiğini ve kaynakların orijnal kaynaklar olduğunu teyid etmelidir.  </li><li>Yapay Zeka destekli araçlar (ChatGPT gibi) yazar olarak listelenemez çünkü çalışmanın doğruluğundan, bütünlüğünden ve orijinalliğinden sorumlu olamazlar ve bu sorumluluklar yazarlık için şarttır. Bu nedenle, Yapay Zeka destekli teknolojilerin kullanımını içeren tüm materyallerden yazarlar sorumludur. Yazarlar, makalede yer alan ve çalışmanın hipotezlerini, yorumlarını, sonuçlarını, sınırlamalarını ve çıkarımlarını bildiren tüm ifadelerin kendi fikirlerini temsil ettiğinden emin olmalıdırlar.  </li><li>Yazarların, Yapay Zeka araçlarını temel araştırmacı ve yazar sorumluluklarının yerini alacak, aşağıdaki şekillerde kullanarak oluşturdukları çalışmalar bilimsel yayıncılık ve yayın etiği ilkelerine aykırıdır ve bu türden çalışmaların yayınlarda yer almasına izin verilmez: <ul><li>Titiz revizyon olmadan metin veya kod oluşturma, </li><li>Sağlam bir metodoloji olmadan eksik verileri ikame etmek için sentetik veri üretimi,  </li><li>Özetler veya ek materyaller de dahil olmak üzere her türlü hatalı, sentetik içerik oluşturulması </li><li>Yapay Zeka kullanımı ile görüntü ve şekillerin (resimler, çizelgeler, veri tabloları, tıbbi görüntüler, görüntü parçacıkları, bilgisayar kodları ve formüller) veya orijinal araştırma verilerinin oluşturulması ve manipüle edilmesi (bir görüntü veya şekil içinde belirli bir özelliğin artırılması, gizlenmesi, taşınması, kaldırılması veya eklenmesi).</li></ul></li></ul>

Hakem sürecinde gizliliğin korunması, değerlendirilen çalışmanın bu süreçte paylaşılmaması veya kullanılmaması esastır.  <a></a><a href="https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/ethical-guidelines-peer-reviewers-cope.pdf" target="_blank">(COPE – Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers</a>) <ul><li>Hakemler, kendilerine değerlendirme için gönderilen bir makaleyi veya herhangi bir bölümünü gözden geçirme, değerlendirme veya karar verme sürecine yardımcı olması için üretken Yapay Zeka araçlarına veya Büyük Dil Modellerine yüklememelidirler; zira hakemlerin bu türden Yapay Zeka araçlarına içerik yüklemesi yazarların gizlilik ve mülkiyet haklarını ihlal eder.  </li><li>Bilimsel bir makalenin incelenmesi, yalnızca insanlara atfedilebilecek sorumluluktur. Hakem değerlendirmesi için gereken eleştirel düşünme ve orijinal değerlendirme bu teknolojinin kapsamı dışındadır ve teknolojinin makale hakkında yanlış, eksik veya önyargılı sonuçlar üretme riski vardır. Hakem raporu ve karar mektupları, hakemlerin ve editörlerin gönderilen içeriğe ilişkin kişisel değerlendirmelerini yansıtmalıdır. Hakem, raporunun içeriğinden sorumludur ve hesap vermekle sorumludur. </li><li>Yapay Zeka araçları, hakem değerlendirmesi ile bağlantılı olarak hakem değerlendirme raporu dilinin kalitesini artırmak için (çeviri veya dil düzenlemesi için) sınırlı bir şekilde kullanılabilir. Böyle bir kullanım olduğunda, hakem raporu iletirken, kullanımı beyan etmelidir. </li><li>Bir başvuruda üretken Yapay Zekanın uygunsuz veya açıklanmamış kullanımından şüphelenen hakemler, endişelerini dergi editörüne bildirmelidir. </li></ul>

Editörler dergiye gönderilen makalelerin değerlendirme sürecinde gizliliğinin korunmasını sağlamakla yükümlüdürler, değerlendirilen çalışmanın bu sürece dahil olan taraflar dışında paylaşılmaması veya kullanılmaması esastır <a href="https://publicationethics.org/files/Code_of_conduct_for_journal_editors_Mar11.pdf" target="_blank">(COPE – Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors)</a>.<ul><li>Editörler, yazarların gizlilik ve mülkiyet haklarını ihlal edebileceğinden, gönderilen bir makaleyi veya herhangi bir bölümünü gözden geçirme, değerlendirilme veya karar verme sürecine yardımcı olması için üretken Yapay Zeka  araçlarına veya Büyük Dil Modelleri'ne yüklememelidir. </li><li>Bilimsel bir makalenin editoryal değerlendirmesini yönetmek, yalnızca insanlara atfedilebilecek sorumluluklar anlamına gelir. Üretken Yapay Zeka veya Yapay Zeka destekli teknolojiler, editörler tarafından bir makalenin değerlendirme veya karar verme sürecine yardımcı olmak için kullanılmamalıdır, çünkü bu iş için gereken eleştirel düşünme ve orijinal değerlendirme bu teknolojinin kapsamı dışındadır ve teknolojinin makale hakkında yanlış, eksik veya önyargılı sonuçlar üretme riski vardır. Editör, editoryal süreçten, nihai karardan ve bunların yazarlara iletilmesinden sorumlu ve mesuldür.</li><li>Editörler, karar mektupları veya yayınlanmamış araştırmaların özetlerini oluşturmak için üretken Yapay Zeka aracı kullanmamalıdır. </li><li>Editörler, uygun hakemleri bulma konusunda yardımcı olması için üretken Yapay Zeka araçlarını kullanabilir.</li><li>Editörler, gönderilen bir makalede veya gönderilen bir hakem raporunda üretken Yapay Zeka kullanıldığından şüphelenirse konuyla ilgili editoryal bir değerlendirme yapmalı ve politikayı göz önünde bulundurmalıdır. </li></ul>

İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için adres: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>Gönderilen tüm makaleler orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmamalıdır. Her bir makale editörlerden biri ve en az iki hakem tarafından çift kör değerlendirmeden geçirilir. İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir.Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.

Etik

Dergi araştırma etiğinde en yüksek standartları gözetir ve aşağıda tanımlanan uluslararası araştırma etiği ilkelerini benimser. Makalelerin etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır.-    Araştırmanın tasarlanması, tasarımın gözden geçirilmesi ve araştırmanın yürütülmesinde, bütünlük, kalite ve şeffaflık ilkeleri sağlanmalıdır.-    Araştırma ekibi ve katılımcılar, araştırmanın amacı, yöntemleri ve öngörülen olası kullanımları; araştırmaya katılımın gerektirdikleri ve varsa riskleri hakkında tam olarak bilgilendirilmelidir.-    Araştırma katılımcılarının sağladığı bilgilerin gizliliği ve yanıt verenlerin gizliliği sağlanmalıdır. Araştırma katılımcıların özerkliğini ve saygınlığını koruyacak şekilde tasarlanmalıdır.-    Araştırma katılımcıları gönüllü olarak araştırmada yer almalı, herhangi bir zorlama altında olmamalıdırlar.-    Katılımcıların zarar görmesinden kaçınılmalıdır. Araştırma, katılımcıları riske sokmayacak şekilde planlanmalıdır.-    Araştırma bağımsızlığıyla ilgili açık ve net olunmalı; çıkar çatışması varsa belirtilmelidir.-    Deneysel çalışmalarda, araştırmaya katılmaya karar veren katılımcıların yazılı bilgilendirilmiş onayı alınmalıdır. Çocukların ve vesayet altındakilerin veya tasdiklenmiş akıl hastalığı bulunanların yasal vasisinin onayı alınmalıdır.-    Çalışma herhangi bir kurum ya da kuruluşta gerçekleştirilecekse bu kurum ya da kuruluştan çalışma yapılacağına dair onay alınmalıdır.-    İnsan öğesi bulunan çalışmalarda, “yöntem” bölümünde katılımcılardan “bilgilendirilmiş onam” alındığının ve çalışmanın yapıldığı kurumdan etik kurul onayı alındığı belirtilmesi gerekir.

Makalelerin bilimsel ve etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır. Yazar makalenin orijinal olduğu, daha önce başka bir yerde yayınlanmadığı ve başka bir yerde, başka bir dilde yayınlanmak üzere değerlendirmede olmadığı konusunda teminat sağlamalıdır. Uygulamadaki telif kanunları ve anlaşmaları gözetilmelidir. Telife bağlı materyaller (örneğin tablolar, şekiller veya büyük alıntılar) gerekli izin ve teşekkürle kullanılmalıdır. Başka yazarların, katkıda bulunanların çalışmaları ya da yararlanılan kaynaklar uygun biçimde kullanılmalı ve referanslarda belirtilmelidir.Gönderilen makalede tüm yazarların akademik ve bilimsel olarak doğrudan katkısı olmalıdır, bu bağlamda “yazar” yayınlanan bir araştırmanın kavramsallaştırılmasına ve dizaynına, verilerin elde edilmesine, analizine ya da yorumlanmasına belirgin katkı yapan, yazının yazılması ya da bunun içerik açısından eleştirel biçimde gözden geçirilmesinde görev yapan birisi olarak görülür. Yazar olabilmenin diğer koşulları ise, makaledeki çalışmayı planlamak veya icra etmek ve / veya revize etmektir. Fon sağlanması, veri toplanması ya da araştırma grubunun genel süpervizyonu tek başına yazarlık hakkı kazandırmaz. Yazar olarak gösterilen tüm bireyler sayılan tüm ölçütleri karşılamalıdır ve yukarıdaki ölçütleri karşılayan her birey yazar olarak gösterilebilir. Yazarların isim sıralaması ortak verilen bir karar olmalıdır. Tüm yazarlar yazar sıralamasını <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/E53FB0CE54514A729F14BBA673C58319" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu'nda</a> imzalı olarak belirtmek zorundadırlar.Yazarlık için yeterli ölçütleri karşılamayan ancak çalışmaya katkısı olan tüm bireyler “teşekkür / bilgiler” kısmında sıralanmalıdır. Bunlara örnek olarak ise sadece teknik destek sağlayan, yazıma yardımcı olan ya da sadece genel bir destek sağlayan, finansal ve materyal desteği sunan kişiler verilebilir.Bütün yazarlar, araştırmanın sonuçlarını ya da bilimsel değerlendirmeyi etkileyebilme potansiyeli olan finansal ilişkiler, çıkar çatışması ve çıkar rekabetini beyan etmelidirler. Bir yazar kendi yayınlanmış yazısında belirgin bir hata ya da yanlışlık tespit ederse, bu yanlışlıklara ilişkin düzeltme ya da geri çekme için editör ile hemen temasa geçme ve işbirliği yapma sorumluluğunu taşır.

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, cinsel yöneliminden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder. Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve Dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemlerin araştırmayla ilgili, yazarlarla ve/veya araştırmanın finansal destekçileriyle çıkar çatışmaları olmamalıdır. Değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme çift taraflı kör hakemlik ile değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.

Hakemlik Hakkında

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, cinsel yöneliminden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder. Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve Dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemlerin araştırmayla ilgili, yazarlarla ve/veya araştırmanın finansal destekçileriyle çıkar çatışmaları olmamalıdır. Değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir.Baş Editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.Hakemlerin değerlendirmeleri objektif olmalıdır. Hakem süreci sırasında hakemlerin aşağıdaki hususları dikkate alarak değerlendirmelerini yapmaları beklenir.-Makale yeni ve önemli bir bilgi içeriyor mu?-Öz, makalenin içeriğini net ve düzgün bir şekilde tanımlıyor mu?-Yöntem bütünlüklü ve anlaşılır şekilde tanımlanmış mı?-Yapılan yorum ve varılan sonuçlar bulgularla kanıtlanıyor mu?-Alandaki diğer çalışmalara yeterli referans verilmiş mi?-Dil kalitesi yeterli mi?Hakemler, gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir.

<ol><li>İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, ESCI ve ULAKBİM tarafından taranan “Hakemli Dergi” statüsünde yılda dört sayı (Mart, Haziran, Eylül, Aralık) olarak yayımlanır.</li><li>Mecmua’ya gönderilen yazılar, başka bir yerde yayımlanmamış ve yayımlanmak üzere gönderilmemiş olmalıdır. Bu hususta yazarlardan ayrıca taahhütname talep edilecektir.</li><li>Editörler Kurulu tarafından ilk değerlendirilmesi yapılan ve işbu yayın ilkelerine uygun olmadığı saptanan yazılar, hakeme gönderilmeden önce, buradaki kurallar doğrultusunda düzeltilmesi için yazara iade edilir. Yazım yanlışlarının olağanın dışında bulunması, incelenen konu bakımından gerekli olan yerli ve yabancı kaynakların tüketilmemiş olması, bilimsel ölçütlere ve akademik etik prensiplere uyulmaması, makale konusunun teori ve/veya uygulama açısından güncel bir değerinin/öneminin bulunmaması, yazının Editörler Kurulu tarafından reddi için yeterlidir.</li><li>Yazı, hakemlere gönderilmeden önce özel bilgisayar programları yardımı ile intihal incelemesine tabi tutulur. İlgili yazılım raporunun editöryel incelemesi kapsamında, dijital benzerlik oranının % 20’nin üzerinde çıkması, yazının reddi için yeterlidir.</li><li>Mecmua’da yayımlanacak makalenin, en üstün akademik standartlara uygun şekilde kaleme alınmış olması esastır. Bu çerçevede yazarlardan/yazılardan doktora/doçentlik tezi seviyesinde bir entelektüel çaba ve katkı beklenir.</li><li>İlk değerlendirmede uygun bulunan yazılar, yazar adları metinden çıkarılarak hakemlere gönderilir. Yazarlara yazının hangi hakemlere gönderildiği ile ilgili bilgi verilmez. Hakemlerden gelen raporlar doğrultusunda yazının yayımlanmasına, düzeltilmesine ya da geri çevrilmesine karar verilir. Hakem aşamasının asgari ve/veya azami bir süresi yoktur. Bu konunun takibi, münhasıran Editörler Kurulu’na ait bir görev ve yetki olup, yazı sahiplerinin doğrudan veya dolaylı şekilde bu aşamaya müdahale etmeleri etik ihlal sayılır.</li><li>Hakem raporlarının sonucunda yazının/eserin nihai olarak yayımlanıp yayımlanmayacağı ve yayımlanacaksa yazının Mecmua’nın hangi sayısında yer alacağı hususunda nihai takdir yetkisi ve sorumluluğu, Editörler Kurulu’na aittir. Tek bir olumsuz hakem raporunun varlığı, makalenin yayımlanmaması için yeterlidir.</li><li>Hakem aşamasının tamamlanmış olması, yazarlara makalenin yayımlanacağını gösterir özel/resmi bir belge talep etme yetkisi vermez. Yazarlar, bu konunun bilincinde ve sorumluluğunda olarak makalelerinin Mecmua’da yayımlanması ve hakem incelemesine tâbi tutulması başvurusunda bulunmaktadırlar. </li><li>Yazarlar; unvanlarını, görev yaptıkları kurumları, iletişim adresleri ile telefonlarını ve e-posta adreslerini bildirmelidirler.</li><li>Mecmua’nın yazı dili Türkçe ve İngilizcedir. Makalelerde 250 kelimeden oluşan Türkçe öz ve İngilizce abstract bölümlerine yer verilmeli ve en az 5 en çok 15 anahtar kelimenin de Türkçe ve İngilizce olarak yazıya eklenmesi gerekmektedir. Özetleri takiben Türkçe ve İngilizce dilindeki tüm makaleler için ayrıca 600-800 kelimelik İngilizce genişletilmiş özet yer almalıdır. Yayım başvurusuna konu edilen makalenin -dipnotlar dâhil olmak üzere- en fazla 20.000 kelimeden oluşması gerekir. Asgari bir kelime sınırı yoktur.</li><li>Makale metni, Times New Roman yazı tipinde, 1,5 satır aralığı ve 12 punto, dipnotları ise, tek satır aralığı ve 10 punto olarak hazırlanmalıdır. Dipnotları sayfa altında gösterilir. Atıflar OSCOLA atıf sistemi esas alınarak yapılmalıdır. Aksi takdirde makale hakem ataması yapılmaksızın yazara düzeltmeleri yapması için geri gönderilir. Türkçe makalelerdeki kısaltmalar ve diğer hususların ilan edilen yazım kuralları uyarınca yapılması gerekmektedir. Söz konusu atıf kurallarına https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ihm adresi üzerinden ulaşılabilir.</li><li>Yazar isimleri Türkçe ve İngilizce konu başlığının altında ve sağ tarafında yer almalı ve soyadının bitiminde yıldız konulmalıdır. Yıldızlı dipnotta yazarın unvanı, çalıştığı kurum, alanı ve e-posta adresi bildirilmelidir.</li><li>Makalenin sonunda, makalede kullanılan kaynakların, yazarların soyadlarına göre sıralandığı bir kaynakça bulunmalıdır.</li><li>Fakülte tarafından yayımlanan nüshalarla sınırlı kalmak üzere; yayına kabul edilen makalenin Fikir ve Sanat Eserleri Kanunu ve ilgili mevzuat çerçevesinde çoğaltma, yayma, umuma iletim, işleme ve çeviri konusundaki mali hakları, basılı, görsel, işitsel, sayısal/dijital vb. ortamlarda yurt içinde ve yurt dışında kullanılmak üzere Fakülte’ye devredilmiştir. Telif ücreti ödenmeyeceği yazarlar tarafından kabul edilmiştir.</li><li>Mecmua’da, makalelerin yanı sıra çeviri de yayımlanabilir. Bu nitelikteki yazılar Editörler Kurulu tarafından kabul edilebilir veya geri çevrilebilir. Çeviri metni ile birlikte asıl metin ve hak sahiplerinin (asıl eser sahibi ve yayınevinin) muvafakati de iletilmelidir. Çeviriler de hakem değerlendirilmesine tâbi tutulur.</li><li>İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası’nda yayımlanması istenen yazıların iuhfdergiler@istanbul.edu.tr e-posta adresine Microsoft Word yazılımı formatında (*.doc, *.docx) ve işbu yayın kurallarına uygun şekilde gönderilmesi gerekmektedir.</li><li>Bir başvurucunun aynı yayın yılı içerisinde (4 sayılık süreçte) sadece bir makalesi hakem incelemesine konu edilebilir.</li><li>Editörler Kurulu, derginin bir sayısında yer alacak makaleleri, Özel Hukuk – Kamu Hukuku dengesini koruma amacı, makalenin Mecmua’ya gönderilme ve hakem aşamasının tamamlanma tarihleri, makale konusun güncelliği, yazarların İstanbul Üniversitesi mensubu olup olmaması noktasındaki oransal denge gibi kriterleri gözeterek belirler.</li><li>Editörler Kurulu, tüm sayıların mümkün olduğunca eşit sayıda makale ile çıkması noktasında azami gayreti gösterir. Bir sayının çıkma tarihi itibarıyla, mizanpaj aşaması da dahil olmak üzere, yayım için gerekli tüm aşamaları tamamlamış olan bir makale, makale sayısı itibarıyla ilgili sayıda yayımlanamaz ise, ancak bu şartla, ilgili sayıdan belli bir süre sonra Online-First adı verilen sistem çerçevesinde bir sonraki sayı çıkmadan önce dijital olarak yayımlanır.</li></ol>

Yazım Kuralları

Makale başvuruları doğrudan <a href="mailto:iuhfdergiler@istanbul.edu.tr" target="_blank">iuhfdergiler@istanbul.edu.tr</a> adresine yapılmaktadır.

Derleme yazıları, okuyucular için bir konudaki kaynaklara ulaşmayı kolaylaştıran bir araç olsa da, her zaman orijinal çalışmayı doğru olarak yansıtmaz. Bu yüzden mümkün olduğunca yazarlar orijinal çalışmaları kaynak göstermelidir. Öte yandan, bir konuda çok fazla sayıda orijinal çalışmanın kaynak gösterilmesi yer israfına neden olabilir. Birkaç anahtar orijinal çalışmanın kaynak gösterilmesi genelde uzun listelerle aynı işi görür. Ayrıca günümüzde kaynaklar elektronik versiyonlara eklenebilmekte ve okuyucular elektronik literatür taramalarıyla yayınlara kolaylıkla ulaşabilmektedir.Kabul edilmiş ancak henüz sayıya dahil edilmemiş makaleler Early View olarak yayınlanır ve bu makalelere atıflar “forthcoming” şeklinde verilmelidir. Genel bir kaynaktan elde edilemeyecek temel bir konu olmadıkça “kişisel iletişimlere” atıfta bulunulmamalıdır. Eğer atıfta bulunulursa parantez içinde iletişim kurulan kişinin adı ve iletişimin tarihi belirtilmelidir. Bilimsel makaleler için yazarlar bu kaynaktan yazılı izin ve iletişimin doğruluğunu gösterir belge almalıdır. Kaynakların doğruluğundan yazar(lar) sorumludur. Tüm kaynaklar metinde belirtilmelidir. Kaynaklar alfabetik olarak sıralanmalıdır.Referans Stilli ve Formatıİstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, makalelerinde referans sistemi olarak OSCOLA kullanımını benimser. OSCOLA (Oxford Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities), Oxford Üniversitesi tarafından yayınlanmış bir sistemdir. Ayrıntılı bilgi ve örnekler için:<a href="https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/research-subject-groups/publications/oscola" target="_blank">https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/research-subject-groups/publications/oscola</a>OSCOLA Referans Stili ÖrnekleriGenel HususlarKısaltmalarda nokta kullanmayınız. Bir dipnotta birden fazla esere atıf yapılıyorsa her bir eseri noktalı virgül ile ayırınız.Atıflarda supra, infra, ante, id, loc cit, op cit, contra kısaltmaları kullanılmayacaktır.İçindekiler kısmına yer verilmeyecektir.Kısaltmalar cetveline yer verilmeyecektir.Öz / AbstractMakalelerde 250 kelimeden oluşan Türkçe öz ve İngilizce abstract bölümlerine yer verilmelidir.Anahtar Kelimeler / KeywordsÖz bölümünün altında Türkçe en az 5 en çok 15 anahtar kelime kullanılmalıdır.Abstract bölümünün altında İngilizce en az 5 en çok 15 keywords kullanılmalıdır.Extended SummaryMakalelerde, makaleye yabancı yazarlar tarafından atıf yapılmasını sağlayacak ölçüde, makalede yer verilen bilgi ve görüşlerin derlendiği en az 600 en fazla 1000 kelimeden oluşacak İngilizce bir extended summary yer almalıdır.Mevzuata Yapılacak AtıfTürk mevzuatına atıf, aşağıda gösterildiği şekilde yapılmalıdır:•    Nüfus Hizmetleri Kanunu, Kanun Numarası: 5490, Kabul Tarihi: 25.4.2006, RG 29.4.2006/26153Yabancı devlet mevzuatına ve AB mevzuatına yapılacak atıflarda OSCOLA’nın 2.4, 2.6.1 ve 2.8.2 numaralı bölümlerinde gösterildiği şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır.KitaplarDipnotlarda öncelikle yazarın adı/soyadı atıfta bulunulan eserde yer aldığı şekilde yazılmalıdır. Dipnotlarda önce yazarın adı verilmeli, bunu bir virgül takip etmeli ardından kitap ismi italik olarak verilmelidir.Birbirini takip eden birden fazla sayfaya yapılan atıflarda ff kısaltması kullanılır.Ad Soyad, Kitap Adı (Kaçıncı Bası Olduğu, Yayınevi Yılı) Atıf Yapılan Sayfa.Makalenin yazım dili Türkçe iseTek yazarlı kitaplarda:•    3B Bahadır Erdem, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku (6. Bası, Beta 2017) 165.Çok yazarlı kitaplarda:•    Aysel Çelikel ve Günseli Öztekin Gelgel, Yabancılar Hukuku (24. Bası, Beta 2019) 86 vd.•    Cemal Şanlı, Emre Esen ve İnci Ataman-Figanmeşe, Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk (6. Bası, Beta 2018) 322.Editörlü Kitaplarda:Ad Soyad, ‘Eser (Bölüm) Adı’ iç Editör(ler) Adı (ed / birden çok editör olması halinde edr), Kitap Adı (Yayınevi Yıl) Atıf Yapılan Sayfa.•    Rumeysa Partalcı, ‘Türkiye’nin Çocuk Haklarına Dair Sözleşme’ye Koyduğu Çekincelerin İncelenmesi’ iç Günseli Öztekin Gelgel ve Faruk Kerem Giray (edr), Milletlerarası Aile ve Çocuk Hukukuna İlişkin Seçilmiş Makaleler (Beta 2017) 5.Makalenin yazım dili İngilizce iseTek Yazarlı kitaplarda:•    3B Bahadır Erdem, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku (6th, Beta 2017) 165.Çok yazarlı kitaplarda:•    Aysel Çelikel and Günseli Öztekin Gelgel, Yabancılar Hukuku (24th edn, Beta 2019) 86 ff.•    Cemal Şanlı, Emre Esen and İnci Ataman-Figanmeşe, Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk (6th edn, Beta 2018) 322.Editörlü KitaplarAd Soyad, ‘Eser (Bölüm) Adı’ in Editör(ler) Adı (ed / birden çok editör olması halinde eds), Kitap Adı (Yayınevi Yıl) Atıf Yapılan Sayfa.•    Rumeysa Partalcı, ‘Türkiye’nin Çocuk Haklarına Dair Sözleşme’ye Koyduğu Çekincelerin İncelenmesi’ in Günseli Öztekin Gelgel ve Faruk Kerem Giray (eds), Milletlerarası Aile ve Çocuk Hukukuna İlişkin Seçilmiş Makaleler (Beta 2017) 5.MakalelerAd Soyad, ‘Makale Adı’ (Yıl) Cilt (Sayı) Dergi Adı İlk Sayfa Numarası, Atıf Yapılan Sayfa•    Sevin Toluner, ‘Kıbrıs’ın Avrupa Birliği’ne Üyelik Başvurusunun Hukuki Geçerliliği ve Sonuçları’ (2002) 22(2) MHB (Prof. Dr. Ergin Nomer’e Armağan) 857, 860.•    Ayşe Nur Tütüncü, ‘Montreux Convention and Canal Istanbul’ (2017) 37(1) MHB 113, 116.Elektronik KaynaklarMakalenin yazım dili Türkçe iseYazar Adı Soyadı, ‘Eser Adı’ (Yıl) Cilt(Sayı) Dergi Adı Erişim Tarihi.•    Graham Greenleaf, ‘The Global Development of Free Access to Legal Information’ (2010) 1(1) EJLT &lt; http://ejlt.org//article/view/17 &gt; Erişim Tarihi 27 July 2010.Makalenin yazım dili İngilizce ise•    Graham Greenleaf, ‘The Global Development of Free Access to Legal Information’ (2010) 1(1) EJLT &lt; http://ejlt.org//article/view/17 &gt; Date of Access 27 July 2010.Web Siteleri ve BloglarMakalenin yazım dili Türkçe iseSarah Cole, ‘Virtual Friend Fires Employee’ (Naked Law, 1 May 2009) Erişim Tarihi 19 November 2009Makalenin yazım dili İngilizce iseSarah Cole, ‘Virtual Friend Fires Employee’ (Naked Law, 1 May 2009) Date of Access 19 November 2009Aynı Yazarın Birden Fazla Eserine AtıfAynı yazarın birden fazla eserine yapılacak atıflarda eser adları uygun şekilde kısaltılmalıdır:•  15 Erdem, Vatandaşlık Hukuku (n 3) 142.    23Erdem, ‘Cinsiyet Farkı’ (n 9) 297.Aynı Esere Birden Fazla Atıf YapılmasıAynı esere birden fazla atıf yapılması halinde:Makalenin yazım dili Türkçe ise1 Aysel Çelikel ve Günseli Öztekin Gelgel, Yabancılar Hukuku (24. Bası, Beta 2019) 86.…26 Çelikel ve Öztekin Gelgel (n 1) 112.27 ibid 114-115.Makalenin yazım dili İngilizce ise1 Aysel Çelikel and Günseli Öztekin Gelgel, Yabancılar Hukuku (24th edn, Beta 2019) 86.…26 Çelikel and Öztekin Gelgel (n 1) 112.27 ibid 114-115.Yargı Kararları - DavalarTürk mahkeme kararlarına aşağıda yer alan örneklerde gösterildiği şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır:Ankara 3 Sulh Mahkemesi, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Ankara 1 İdare Mahkemesi, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Ankara 3 BAM, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Ankara 3 BİM, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Danıştay 10 D, 2247/5111, 25.11.2011.Yargıtay 2 HD, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Anayasa Mahkemesi, 2014/13044, 11.11.2015.Yabancı mahkeme kararlarına OSCOLA’nın 2.1 ilâ 2.3 numaralı bölümlerinde gösterildiği şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır.Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi kararlarına aşağıda yer alan örneklerde gösterildiği şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır:•    Omojudi v UK (2009) 51 EHRR 10.•    Osman v UK ECHR 1998–VIII 3124.•    Balogh v Hungary App no 47940/99 (ECHR, 20 July 2004).•    Simpson v UK (1989) 64 DR 188.KaynakçaKaynakçada öncelikle yazarın soyadına daha sonra adının ilk harfine yer verilir. Makalelerin sayfa aralığı gösterilir:Makalenin yazım dili Türkçe ise•    Erdem BB, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku (6. Bası, Beta 2017) 165.•    Çelikel A ve Öztekin Gelgel G, Yabancılar Hukuku (24. Bası, Beta 2019).•    Şanlı C, Esen E ve Ataman-Figanmeşe İ, Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk (6. Bası, Beta 2018).•    Tütüncü AN, ‘Montreux Convention ve Canal Istanbul’ (2017) 37(1) MHB 113-123.Makalenin yazım dili İngilizce ise•    Erdem BB, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku (6th, Beta 2017) 165.•    Çelikel A and Öztekin Gelgel G, Yabancılar Hukuku (24th edn, Beta 2019).•    Şanlı C, Esen E and Ataman-Figanmeşe İ, Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk (6th edn, Beta 2018).•    Tütüncü AN, ‘Montreux Convention and Canal Istanbul’ (2017) 37(1) MHB 113-123.Atıf kuralları hakkında ayrıntılı bilgi için bkz. OSCOLA 4th Edition.

<div><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/2991A311942E454E8B4DBF4B271350E3" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/95B1FBB93B864CE795444261AD774A07" target="_blank">Kapak Sayfası</a></div>

Aşağıdaki listede eksik olmadığından emin olun:●    Editöre mektup<ul><li>Makalenin türü</li><li>Başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu bilgisi</li><li>Sponsor veya ticari bir firma ile ilişkisi (varsa belirtiniz)</li><li>İstatistik kontrolünün yapıldığı (araştırma makaleleri için)</li><li>İngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığı</li><li>Yazarlara Bilgide detaylı olarak anlatılan dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiği</li><li>Kaynakların OSCOLA 4’e göre belirtildiği</li></ul>●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/E53FB0CE54514A729F14BBA673C58319" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a>●    Daha önce basılmış ve telife bağlı materyal (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/95B1FBB93B864CE795444261AD774A07" target="_blank">Kapak sayfası</a><ul><li>Makalenin türü</li><li>Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığı</li><li>Yazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonra şehir ve ülke bilgisi de yer almalıdır), e-posta adresleri</li><li>Sorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosu</li><li>Tüm yazarların ORCID’leri</li></ul>●    Makale ana metni<ul><li>Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığı</li><li>Özetler: 250 kelime Türkçe ve İngilizce</li><li>Anahtar Kelimeler: 5-15 adet Türkçe ve 5-15 adet İngilizce</li><li>Makale Türkçe ise, 600-800 kelime İngilizce genişletilmiş özet (Extended Summary)</li><li>Finansal destek (varsa belirtiniz)</li><li>Çıkar çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)</li><li>Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)</li><li>Kaynaklar</li><li>Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)</li></ul>

Sayı Türü	Regular
Editör(ler)	Fethi Gedikli, Ali Paslı
Kapak (PDF)
Tam Metin (PDF)
Ön Sayfalar (PDF)