Assist. Prof. Dr.

The 19th century was a watershed for the Muslim world, and the Ottoman Empire was no less affected by the drastic transformation and modernization prevailing in the region. One of the most important aspects of Ottoman modernization was the codification of various laws in various fields, an important example of which was Kânûnnâme-i Ticâret, a commercial code adopted in 1850.The preamble of Kânûnnâme-i Ticâret clearly demonstrates that it was transplanted from French law as an adaptation of Code de commerce, the French commercial code enacted in 1807. The nature of this transplantation, however, has so far remained ambiguous, with most researchers having claimed Kânûnnâme-i Ticâret to be only a literal translation of Code de commerce.In this paper, I challenge this claim and argue that, while Kânûnnâme-i Ticâret was evidently transplanted from Code de commerce, the Ottoman Empire acted in a highly fastidious, intervenient, and selective manner during the transplantation, as demonstrated by my examination of the legal procedure known as concordat.1 As a procedure visibly transplanted from French law, concordat was introduced to Ottoman legal history for the first time in 1850 through the third book of Kânûnnâme-i Ticâret.To explore whether Kânûnnâme-i Ticâret was indeed a literal translation of Code de commerce, I study condordat as a case study and comparatively examine the pertinent chapters in both texts (i.e., Articles 211-248 in Kânûnnâme-i Ticâret and Articles 519-526 in Code de commerce). My examination demonstrates that the two texts differ one from another significantly in both form and content. For instance, the individual articles in Code de commerce are relatively longer, while those in Kânûnnâme-i Ticâret are much shorter. Similarly, the chapter headings and subheadings do not always match. In terms of content, I see three different ways through which Kânûnnâme-i Ticâret diverged from Code de commerce. First, some articles were modified by additions and deletions during the transplantation. Second, a number of articles were left un-transplanted and hence did not become part of Kânûnnâme-i Ticâret. Third, numerous new articles were added throughout the text, leading to many passages that do not appear in Code de commerce.By the same token, based on a comparative reading of the two texts, I discuss several points regarding the transplantation of Kânûnnâme-i Ticâret in particular and Ottoman modernization in general. More specifically, I try to quantitatively compare the articles relating to concordat in both texts, namely Chapter 6 (altıncı bâb) of Kânûnnâme-i Ticâret and Chapter 8 (chapitre VIII) of Code de commerce. The comparison demonstrates that Chapter 6 of Kânûnnâme-i Ticâret includes 38 articles, 2,452 words, and 19,115 characters. However, Chapter 8 of Code de commerce is overall shorter, as it comprises no more than 18 articles, 856 words, and 5,430 characters. Although it goes without saying that the two texts are in two different languages (i.e., Turkish and French), I still believe that the difference in length already casts new light on how Kânûnnâme-i Ticâret was transplanted. Given that the formal comparison might seem insufficient for drawing conclusions, I have also compared the contents of both texts to further crystallize the differences. By comparatively examining the two texts, I have identified the articles that appear in both text either fully and partially, as well as those that do not appear. My examination has revealed that 65.78% of the articles, 66.19% of the words, and 65.89% of the characters in Kânûnnâme-i Ticâret have an equivalent with a close or similar meaning in Code de commerce. In other words, 34.21% of the articles, 33.80% of the words, and 34.10% of the characters are unique to Kânûnnâme-i Ticâret and thus have no equivalent in Code de commerce, indicating the Ottoman Empire was highly selective during the transplantation, for approximately a third of the rules regarding concordat was created and introduced by Ottomans. As a result, I take issue with the dominant view in the literature that Kânûnnâme-i Ticâret consists merely of a literal translation of Code de commerce. I also argue that, as demonstrated in the example of concordat, the 19th-century modernization of Ottoman law was a process where Ottomans did not hesitate to go beyond merely transplanting European ideas and ideals, taking the local context into consideration. I believe that further studies exploring other parts of Kânûnnâme-i Ticâret and examining legal practice will allow for better understanding of the dynamics of the Ottoman Empire’s modernization agenda and for drawing a more cogent picture of the 19th-century modernization of Ottoman law.&nbsp;

19. Yüzyıl Osmanlı Hukukunda Modernleşme, İktibas ve Dönüşüm: Konkordatonun Türk Hukukuna Girişi

Barış

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

The impact of fundamental rights on private law relations has become an area of increasing attention in the context of constitutionality checks and individual application (constitutional complaint) through the Turkish constitutional judiciary and judgments of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) regarding state parties. Articles 38 and 15 of the Turkish Constitution and Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) constitute the basis of the presumption of innocence in Turkish law. The presumption of innocence is essentially related to the burden of proof in criminal proceedings. However, in order to protect this right, observing it only in terms of proving guilt in criminal proceedings is insufficient. In this framework and within the scope of the negative or positive obligations of the state, the public authority must refrain from treating such persons as if they were guilty. The presumption of innocence, with the right not to be criminalized being one of its elements, can be asserted against public authority.Fundamental rights can have an indirect or judicial effect on private law. Thus, the assertion of such rights on an individual basis against persons who do not exercise public authority can be ensured within the framework of the protection of personality rights. In addition to this, courts are also considered to be authorities exercising public power in the individual application, with ECtHR case law necessitating that these courts respect the fundamental rights recognized in the Turkish Constitution and the ECHR in their decision-making processes and judgments. Therefore, courts are obliged to render judgments in accordance with these rights in order to avoid violating fundamental rights when applying national law. Otherwise, a retrial may be warranted, in which case, ruling in accordance with the judgment of the Turkish Constitutional Court and the European Court of Human Rights will be obligatory.Although an interpretation must be made based in accordance with fundamental rights when applying national law, fundamental rights must prevail in terms of the regulations that conflict with fundamental rights. Otherwise, an application before the Turkish Constitutional Court or the ECtHR on grounds of fundamental rights having been violated will result in a judgment of violation. In terms of the presumption of innocence, if the court in a private law dispute judges one of the parties to the case to have committed a crime without a final judgment of conviction having been passed in terms of the facts examined in the proceedings, or if said case includes such a statement within the reasoning of the judgment, the right of the concerned party not to be criminalized by the public authority will have been violated. However, the necessity for avoiding violating fundamental rights in proceedings does not mean that the conditions stipulated in substantive law change. The conditions stipulated in substantive law and the requirement that the private law court must avoid violating fundamental rights at the end of the proceedings create a distinction between which conditions should be taken as the basis in proceedings. When considering the principle of interpretation in accordance with the Turkish Constitution and the ECHR, however, the conclusion cannot be reached that this condition is also required in substantive law by interpreting the legal provisions in private law. When applying to the institutions governing deprivation of inheritance or disinheritance for determining the status of an heir or testamentary creditor within the framework of a private law dispute becomes necessary, the potential will be present to risk violating the presumption of innocence and the right not to be tainted, depending on the nature of the reasons that are alleged to prevent the acquisition of rights arising from inheritance law.When analyzing the grounds for deprivation of inheritance and exclusion from inheritance, these grounds are seen to mostly criminal accusations in some cases. Although a final judgment of conviction is not required in terms of substantive law, in order to avoid violating fundamental rights, the occurrence of a judgment of conviction must be sought in accordance with the principles of interpretation as per the Turkish Constitution and the ECHR in order to rule that the grounds for deprivation of inheritance or exclusion from inheritance have been fulfilled. If a person who has been charged with a criminal offense dies, no obstacle is found to prevent a civil court from issuing a judgment. In cases where rendering a judgment in criminal proceedings would be difficult, having the civil court seek a conviction decision can be said to be appropriate when considering how the presumption of innocence is regulated in the Turkish Constitution.&nbsp;

Mirastan Yoksunluk ve Mirasçılıktan Çıkarma Sebeplerinin  Masumiyet Karinesi ile İlişkisi

Hülya

Whether or not a minor is to be held liable for tort through fault and what the scope of a minor’s liability is remains a legal policy issue. Therefore, the rules on this matter differ in every legal order according to how minors are approached. According to Turkish and Swiss law, minors possessing the capacity of judgment are liable in tort. Thus, with regard to liability in tort, these minors are considered equivalent to adults who possess the full capacity to act. However, this does not mean that the characteristics of minors are not to be considered in terms of any liability in tort. The legal order protecting minors requires their benefit to also be considered in the field of liability law. For this reason, in cases where a minor is liable for damages, the minor’s characteristics need to be considered both in regard to when liability arises and when determining damages.The first phase, which determines when liability arose, requires examining the minor’s characteristics in terms of determining whether the minor possesses the capacity of judgment. In Turkish law, liability of a minor for a fault is based on the presence of the capacity of judgment. Thus, determining a minor’s capacity of judgment in concrete cases becomes a very delicate matter. The Turkish and Swiss civil codes contain no provisions regarding how to determine when a minor possesses the capacity of judgment. Unlike the German Civil Code, the Turkish and Swiss civil codes stipulate no strict age limit regarding a minor’s capacity for tort liability. Therefore, an assessment should be made on this matter in accordance with each concrete case. Age is the most crucial element of this assessment. For this reason, although neither Turkish nor Swiss civil law stipulate a strict age limit in terms of a minor’s capacity for tort liability, in doctrine and judicial practice, some age ratings have been considered for determining the capacity of judgment. In this context, capacity of judgment has been suggested to be ratable, with reduced capacity of&nbsp;judgment having been created as a third category between the presence and nonpresence of capacity of judgment. However, no need is found to create such a concept during the stage of determining when liability arose. This because Turkish law does not differentiate between full and reduced capacity of judgment, and even the presence of a slight fault is sufficient for liability to arise. A minor who has been identified as possessing the capacity of judgment (even at a reduced capacity) is to be held liable for tort. When determining damages, however, being a minor is considered a reason for reducing damages.&nbsp;Consequently, a minor’s capacity of judgment should be determined in Turkish law by considering all the other characteristics of the concrete case, as well as the factor of age. Instead of legally stipulating a strict age rating regarding capacity of judgment, this determination can be based on age ratings that are accepted in doctrine and in judicial practice. These age ratings are supplementary sources for guiding a judge in terms of determining capacity of judgment. This will serve to ensure both justice in the concrete case as well as legal security, as the other characteristics of the concrete case will be able to be considered alongside age.Another characteristic of the liability for tort through fault of a minor as debtor arises at the stage of determining damages. Turkish and Swiss legal doctrines are of the prevailing opinion that, if a child is found liable, damages should be reduced due to being a minor, as based on the doctrine of slight fault. Thus, filling the deficiency that arises from the lack of any explicit legal provision on this matter is expediently attempted through doctrine and judicial practice. However, explaining the doctrine of slight fault as the basis for reducing damages within the scope of “grossness of fault” as stipulated by Art. 51/1 of the Turkish Code of Obligations (see also Art 43/1 of the Swiss Code of Obligations) is unsatisfactory. This is simply because the presence of slight fault does not automatically lead to a reduction in damage as commonly accepted. In order to reduce damages through slight fault, other characteristics of the concrete case should justify the reduction. Therefore, considering the slight fault alone may be insufficient to ensure that being a minor is considered a factor affecting the damage amounts in any case. For this reason, being a minor should be considered a distinct reason for reduction within the scope of the circumstances stipulated by Art. 51/1 of the Turkish Code of Obligations. The basis for reduction should be the distinction between minor and child rather than grossness of fault. From this study’s point of view, accepting being a minor as a reason for reducing damages is based on the idea of protecting the child, which in turn derives from the Constitution and various international treaties and documents. The best interest and protection of a child require the minor’s age to be considered as the reason for reduction when determining the amount of damages, the minor is obliged to pay. The basis for this in liability law should be the circumstance, as stipulated by Art. 51/1 of the Turkish Code of Obligations.&nbsp;

Ayırt Etme Gücüne Sahip Küçüğün Kusura Dayanan Haksız Fiil  Sorumluluğuna Özgü Bazı Değerlendirmeler

Melda

The novel coronavirus, which was first identified in Wuhan, China, on December 1, 2019, subsequently spread to the entire world in a very short time. Following the cases reported in Europe, North America, and the Asia-Pacific region, the World Health Organization declared the virus as a pandemic on March 11, 2020.1 Since the first day the virus began to spread, the pandemic affected many people in different ways, with nearly seven million people having died globally.2 However, the losses caused by the coronavirus pandemic are not limited to health problems and deaths. As it is known, almost every country took a series of similar precautions and restrictions to decrease the losses which could arise from the virus. In this context, although the continuity of some exceptional services which have life-sustaining importance was maintained, especially during the periods when the spread of virus accelerated dramatically, some severe precautions were taken by the governments to decrease the speed of the pandemic. In the frame of these restrictions, legal regulations which set forth the longterm closure of most sectors began to be implemented all over the world.3 Because of these restrictions, such sectors as tourism, transportation, aviation, education, automotive, and catering were unable to operate for many months. Accordingly, many entrepreneurs appealed to their insurers for the loss of revenue caused by the COVID-19 restrictions, referring to their previously signed insurance which provides coverage for business interruption losses. Business interruption insurance could be identified as an insurance agreement which provides coverage to policyholders against losses which are caused by the interference or interruption of business as a result of many factors outside of the hands of the policyholder, such as natural disasters, particularly fires, earthquakes, floods, or epidemic illnesses. However, it is important to emphasize that since nearly all of the business interruption policies provide coverage for losses which are the direct results of “physical damage,” most applications failed to be upheld. Contrary to popular belief, the coverage provided by business interruption insurance is very limited. Because of this, there have been many discussions related to the possibility of payment from insurance companies based on&nbsp;losses caused by COVID-19, with many lawsuits having been filed since the early days of the pandemic.In standard business interruption policies which do not contain any extension clause (non-damage clauses), the main issue related to business interruption losses caused by COVID-19 restrictions is the determination of the meaning of the term “physical damage.” As it is known, most business interruption policies used frequently in practice include some clauses which extend the scope of coverage. Determining the meaning of these clauses has a vital importance to decide whether compensation of the losses related to COVID-19 restrictions is possible or not, regardless of whether these losses can be qualified as physical damage. On the other hand, it is a known fact that in many policies used in practice, the parties can add “extension” or “exclusion clauses” into the agreement.This study aims to examine the extent of the coverage business interruption policies were responsible for as it relates to losses which arose from the COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent restrictions, both in light of the court decisions and the general terms and conditions frequently used in practice in the insurance industry. At this point, it is also so important to emphasize that when deciding the extent of a business interruption policy, the wording of the policy is of vital importance; in many policies used in practice, the parties can add “extension” or “exclusion clauses” into the agreement. Because of this, we also aim to examine “disease,” “denial/prevention of access,” “hybrid,” and “virus exclusion clauses.”

An Appraisal of the Extent of Business Interruption Insurance  Coverage in the Context of the Covid-19 Pandemic

Necati

Accountability takes its source from the obligation to take care of the interests of others, which is one of the important elements of mandate contract. Accountability is a secondary considerations obligation that arises from the law. Although it is a secondary considerations obligation, it has a key role as it directly or indirectly affects many rights and obligations arising from mandate contract. As a matter of fact, from the point of view of the principal, the control of whether the execution of mandate is carried out correctly and properly and the effective use of the right to give instructions are only possible if the accountability obligation is fulfilled correctly. The agent’s ability to demand wages, expenses incurred due to the execution of the power of mandate, the elimination of the damages man has incurred, and the quittance of the debts man has undertaken depends on the fulfillment of the accountability obligation. Accountability exists in both material fact and legal transactions. In cases where the agent acts as both a direct and indirect representative, there is an obligation to be accountable.&nbsp;The regulation on accountability is imperative. The prior waiver of the principal from the right to hold accountability is null and void. Accountability is an obligation that is formed by the combination of many obligations in it. Within this obligation, there are obligations to inform, keep accounting, billing in various scope and degrees for each type of special power of mandate. A limited information obligation arises regarding accountability. The information here basically consists of givig information about the service or transactions carried out within the scope of the execution of mandate. In this respect, it should be considered seperately from the obligations of clarification and notification, which find their source in the obligation of loyalty and care in article 506 of the Turkish Code of Obligations. Clarification and notification obligations are among the obligations that the agent must fulfill spotaneously, without request. If the execution of mandate involves acquiring or spending various asset values, the agent’s obligation to keep accounting becomes important. Accounting can be demonstrated by keeping a systematic record of the values of assets acquired and spent related to execution of mandate and showing a balance. In addition to providing the information about the Money received and given individually, the balance must be displayed in a detailed, understandable and written manner by linking these&nbsp; information to each other. The obligation to issue an invoice arises in cases where the service or transaction that is the subject of the mandate is done for a fee. The agent declares the service considerations s/he has fulfilled on this invoice, together with the price information.&nbsp;Accounting should include a detailed report and descriptive information on the key processes of the service or transaction. A general idea should be given about the results of all the processes and activities carried out. Due to the agent’s obligation to keep records and preserve documents, it will not be sufficient for the agent to add the records and documents s/he has kept to the report. While preparing the account report, these records and documents should be used and they should be clearly linked with the data in the account report. If the scope of the accountability obligation is regulated in the contract between the parties, the agent will fulfill the accountability obligation as agreed. If there is no regulation regarding the ful fillment of the accountability obligation in the contract between the parties, the limit of the accountability obligation is determined by taking into account the principles of good faith.Accounting is carried out in two diffierent ways in relation to the time it is fulfilled. One of these is the accountability, which is called interim accountability, which is performed at any time when the mandate relationship continues; the other is the accountability, which is called final accountability, which is fulfilled when the mandate relationship ends. Except for the cases agreed by the parties or stipulated by a special law provision, there can be no spontaneous interim or final accountability obligation without the request of the agent. Only in certain cases, a limited scope of accountability may arise from some of the other obligations of the agent. Fulfillment of the obligation of accountability directly or indirectly affects many rights and obligations arising from power of mandate contract.Accountability is not an obligation that arises only after the end of the service or transaction subject of the mandate. This obligation may arise at any stage of the execution of the mandate. As a rule, it must be fulfilled in writing. Accountability is a duty of performance that can be fulfilled by the agent herself/himself or by a third party under her/his responsibility. Due to this nature, if this obligation is not fulfilled, it turns into a compensation obligation as it can not be fulfilled by force.&nbsp;

Vekili̇n Vekalet Verene Karşı Hesap Verme Yükümlülüğü

Seda

Prof. Dr.

Conflict is an inseparable part of daily life as a result of individuals’ interactions in communal life. As a necessity of communal and social life, people are need to communicate with each other and live together. Conflicts arise in this communal and social living process when individuals with different purposes and benefits cannot overcome their differences. The important issue here is the effective management and resolution of conflicts among individuals. In this regard, the element that determines the direction of a conflict is thea handling style of the person managing the conflict.Mediation initially became a part of the Turkish legal system through Law No. 6325 on Mediation in Civil Disputes (Turkish Official Gazette, 2012, June 22, Issue No.28331) and is used in disputes that arise out of private law with the aim of resolving an interparty dispute through a neutral third person called a mediator, who is independent of the parties to the dispute and their representatives. Within the scope of Law No. 6325 on Mediation in Civil Disputes, during basic mediation training, candidates who will become mediators learn about conflict theory together with the basic principles of mediation, ethical rules, and legislation. Among the subjects within the scope of basic mediation training, conflict theory is one subject with special importance in terms of how mediators manage and resolve a conflict during mediation discussions and because it is a separate discipline compared to legal matters and legislation.Unless managed by an appropriate conflict management method, conflicts arising out of the various legal problems between parties may create a dynamic interaction that could lead to more detrimental outcomes. In this case, the possibility of litigation alongside other unpredictable uncertainties will be inevitable for disputes not resolved through appropriate conflict management and resolution.Mediation is a process that starts with negotiations and continues by making progress one step at a time. In this process, the mediator’s (or mediators’) experience in terms of conflict management and resolution plays a key role in resolving a dispute between parties. However, only knowing conflict management is not a sufficient component in terms of being a mediator. During mediation discussions and while managing these discussions one stage at a time, a mediator needs to also be able to see and realize the psychological components related to the decision-making process and behaviors of the parties. This different point of view in terms of mediation directs one to look into this matter from a different angle.With regard to this concept, people are creatures that think, analyze, make decisions, and put these decisions into action. All these mental functions (e.g., thinking, analyzing, decision making) are only possible with a healthily functioning human brain. However, an environment that involves concern, anxiety, anger, stress, and other similar feelings requires a mediator to see what the human brain is comprised of, how the threefold brain structure (i.e., primitive, emotional, and thinking brain) functions, and which neurological and psychological aspects affect the parties’ decision-making processes in order for the mediator to accordingly steer and manage the discussions at hand and handle the conflict properly.Article 1 of Law No. 6325 on Mediation in Civil Disputes states, “This law only applies to the resolution of private law related to disputes arising out of activities and transactions over which parties have full discretion, including those involving a foreign element.” Per this, mediation is law based. Even though mediation is accepted for private law-related disputes that arise out of activities and transactions, the study believes that analyzing mediation in terms of managing and resolving conflicts solely from a law-based point of view would be misleading. As a result, all the efforts of a mediator in terms of managing and resolving a conflict will be useless unless the mediator understands the psychology of the parties, builds trust between the parties, and applies effective communication techniques.In this scope, the presence of such feelings as anger, anxiety, devastation, disappointment, and other similar negative feelings will prevent the parties to a dispute who’ve attended the mediation meetings from thinking about the subject of the dispute in a logical sensible way, from analyzing the events in a healthy way, and from deciding accordingly. As a result, the healthy resolution of the parties’ legal problems will also not be possible.The parties to a legal dispute will not be able to reach the best decision regarding their legal dispute without using their mental capabilities. When looked at from this angle, the study believes that the feelings, psychology, and mental structure and functioning of the parties to a conflict that involve anger and anxiety during the mediation proceedings will lead to a flow of feelings during the mediation; while this is the subject of different disciplines, it is also closely related to mediation. For this reason, this article argues within its scope that the idea of building bridges among mediation, neurology, and psychology will contribute to the field in terms of the resolution of legal disputes.&nbsp;

Çatışma Yönetimi, Çatışma Çözümü ve Karar Verme Süreci Ekseninde  Arabuluculuğa Psikolojik Yaklaşımlar

Yasin

Res. Assist.

In accordance with Turkish Commercial Code (TCC) Article 1104/2, a shipmaster has the authority to file a lawsuit on behalf of the shipowner for matters that fall under the shipmaster’s duties. In accordance with TCC Article 1104/3, any lawsuits to be filed against the owner and the bareboat charterer of a foreign ship may also be served against the shipmaster. This study assesses to which institution in civil procedure law the two regulations in question correspond.Firstly, when evaluating a shipmaster’s authority to file a lawsuit on behalf of the shipowner, two different views are present in the doctrine regarding this issue. According to one view, the shipmaster has the competence to conduct litigation. According to another view, the shipmaster has the authority of legal representation and can use this authority to file a lawsuit on behalf of the owner. Competence to conduct litigation refers to the authority to make a decision regarding the outcome of a request. A person with the competence to conduct litigation is also a party to the lawsuit. Legal representation refers to the representation of a person who has not been given the capacity to sue by a person appointed by law. This study is of the opinion that the regulation that gives a shipmaster the authority to file a lawsuit on behalf of the shipowner does not take into account the shipmaster’s competence to conduct litigation or legal representation but is instead an exception to the rule that the lawsuit is to be pursued through a lawyer in voluntary representation. In this regard, the shipmaster can be said to have proxy competence in a lawsuit. In this case, because the shipowner is party to the lawsuit, the judgment will be enforced against the shipowner.Secondly, when evaluating the regulation that enables all kinds of lawsuits to be filed against a shipmaster with reference to the shipowner or bareboat charterer of a foreign ship, a similar conclusion should be reached here as well. Accordingly, the regulation that allows a lawsuit to be filed against the shipmaster provides an exception to the rule that the lawsuit will be pursued through a lawyer in voluntary representation.A shipmaster may have taken legal action on behalf of the shipowner in regard to a matter for which the shipmaster was not authorized to represent the shipowner, or the shipmaster may have exceeded the limits of the shipmaster’s authority to represent the shipowner, or this authority may have expired during the transaction. This undoubtedly affects a shipmaster’s authority to represent the shipowner in court. If a shipmaster takes legal action on behalf of the shipowner as a representative despite not having the authority to represent, this action becomes binding on the owner only upon approval. Therefore, the shipmaster’s authority to file a lawsuit on behalf of the owner in terms of disputes arising from such transactions depends on the shipowner’s approval of said unauthorized legal action.The authority of a shipmaster to file a lawsuit on behalf of the shipowner in disputes arising from transactions that exceed the limits of the power of representation should be evaluated within the framework of TCC Article 1106. Accordingly, the law states that a shipowner who has limited the shipmaster’s authority to represent the owner can claim that the shipmaster did not comply with these restrictions only against those who know about these restrictions. Based on this principle, if a shipmaster exceeds the limits of the shipmaster’s representation authority in the transactions the shipmaster carries out with third parties on behalf of the shipowner, whether or not the third party knows about these limitations plays an important role in determining the shipmaster’s authority to file a lawsuit on behalf of the shipowner.&nbsp;Terminating a shipmaster’s employment contract also terminates the shipmaster’s authority to represent the shipowner in court. Therefore, in cases where the employment contract is terminated, the shipmaster loses the authority to file a lawsuit on behalf of the shipowner, nor is filing a lawsuit against the shipmaster possible anymore by referencing the owner or bareboat charterer of the relevant foreign ship.Finally, it should be noted that the provisions of Article 1104/2 of the TCC and Article 1104/3 of the TCC correspond to § 527 and § 760 of the German Commercial Code. The reason for including these provisions in German Commercial Code is that, at the time the law was being drafted, communications between shipmaster and shipowner were practically impossible, and no companies were found to be engaged in international transportation, nor any foreign representative offices of these companies. With the developments in the field of technology and the emergence of large transportation companies, the need for a legal regulation regarding a shipmaster’s authority to represent the shipowner in court no longer exists. As a result, these provisions were removed from the German Commercial Code.&nbsp;

Kaptanın Davada Temsil Yetkisini Düzenleyen TTK m. 1104 Hükmüne  Eleştirel Bir Yaklaşım

Cihan

In administrative justice, the substitution of parties due to death or any other reason while a process is still pending has important consequences on how proceeding will continue and which rules of procedural law will be applied. Determining whether a change in a party’s qualities or status has occurred is a matter related to civil law, property law, and commercial law, thus requiring the issue to be examined with a multidisciplinary approach. Therefore, the concept of the substitution of parties and its consequences have been interpreted in line with the requirements of public law and have gained an original appearance in the jurisprudence of Türkiye’s Council of State (Danıştay). In addition to its direct relationship with private law, applying a substitution of parties both at the first instance and at appeal proceedings requires finding solutions for many different scenarios. Despite the complex nature of the matter, Article 26 of the Administrative Procedure Act, which regulates the substitution of parties in administrative justice, is quite abstract and far from able to respond to what is needed. Although attempts have been made to fill the gaps through jurisprudence, this situation has led to results that are incompatible with the principles of administrative procedural law, such as administrative stability, procedural economy, equality of arms, and especially the right to access the court; this also creates conflict or competition among these principles.This study first focuses on the consequences of a decision to suspend proceedings. On one hand, this has positive results regarding the right to access the court and compliance with the principle of equality of arms. On the other hand, negative results arise that are incompatible with the principle of procedural economy and administrative stability. Upon suspending proceedings, the court not only suspends the case for a long period of time but also fails to reach a final decision. This legal uncertainty has consequences not only on the rights and interests of the parties to the case but also to those of third parties.The next part of this study analyzes the validity of procedural acts when a substitution of parties occurs. Determining whether or not a change has occurred in a party’s qualities or status is a matter for private law. This is why the administrative judge may sometimes not be informed of this substitution, whether practically or legally, and continues with the proceedings. In such cases, the validity of these procedural acts comes under question. In practice, Türkiye’s Council of State (Danıştay) has interpreted the rules of private law in line with the requirements of public law. However, judicial decisions should be noted as being inconsistent with one another, as well as to also go against the principles of administrative procedural law.&nbsp;The study’s second section concerns cases where the court is unable to suspend proceedings and annuls the petition. In some cases, the court decides to end proceedings pursuant to the changes in the qualities of the party to the case. Petitions that concern only a deceased person are to be annulled. Because the notion of “petitions that concern only a deceased person” is not described in the text of Article 26 of the Administrative Procedure Act, administrative courts and the Council of State decide whether to continue or end proceedings based on a case’s individual circumstances. According to jurisprudence, if the process concerns the rights of the inheritors of the deceased party, the court is to decide to suspend the proceedings. Otherwise, the petition is annulled. In administrative justice, decisions taken regarding actions for the annulment of administrative acts impact not only the parties of the litigation but also the legal status of third parties. In addition, some actions in administrative justice are directly related to the public interest. The current legal framework doesn’t allow for cases that have no monetary interest for the inheritors of the parties to continue, nor those that don’t comply with the aims of the actions for annulment.In conclusion, the current legislation regulating the substitution of parties due to death or any other reason for a process that is still pending is noted as being insufficient. Moreover, jurisprudential solutions are unpredictable and inconsistent. Therefore, this study has attempted to outline the solutions in comparative law and their applicability in Turkish Law, with special emphasis on French Law where the principles of administrative stability, procedural economy, and the right to access the court have been balanced effectively. These solutions are believed to be able to serve as a guide in eliminating some of the deficiencies in the Turkish legislation. In addition, the study underlines that harmonization and unification of the Council of State’s jurisprudence will also provide significant benefits.&nbsp;

İdari Uyuşmazlıklarda Tarafların Kişilik veya Niteliklerinin Değişmesi  Hallerinin Kapsam ve Sonuçlarının İdari Yargılama Usulüne Hâkim  Olan İlkeler Bakımından Değerlendirilmesi

Hüsnü

In Turkish and German law, participants as subjects of a criminal proceeding are entitled to exercise various rights and powers granted to them in the prosecution of an offense from which they have been harmed. Thus, participants can influence and direct a proceeding. Although participants’ position and activities in criminal proceedings are often identified with the public prosecutor, no specific regulation exists that would prevent them from acting independent from all other subjects of said proceeding or from exercising the rights and powers granted to them in line with their personal interests. In this context, the question arises as to whether participants are allowed to exercise the rights and powers granted to them in a criminal proceeding in favor of the accused and to carry out their activities for the acquittal of the accused. In the absence of any specific regulation, the discussions on the subject are made within the framework of the purpose of participation and the conditions required for valid participation.&nbsp;The provisions of the Turkish and German criminal procedure codes that regulate the rights and powers of participants impose no obligation for a participant to take sides with the prosecutor or to defend the allegations put forward by the prosecutor in a criminal case. Likewise, the person having been directly harmed by the offense committed is sufficient for obtaining the status of participant and according to this study, revealing a will to punish the accused is not necessary.The purposes of participation involve public scrutiny and a guarantee of transparency in criminal proceedings as well as the participants’ satisfaction and rehabilitation by having an active role where they can put forward their own ideas for the protection of victims and prevention of secondary victimization. All these purposes are aimed at ensuring that the participant as an independent subject of the criminal proceedings&nbsp; who has various rights and powers is able to act freely in the criminal proceedings in line with their legitimate claims and interests without jeopardizing the objective of achieving material truth. Participants are not organically linked to the public prosecutor’s office, nor are they obliged to consider public interests and balance as the prosecutor is.How to defend the personal interest of participants ideally remains a matter of their own choice and judgment. In this respect, this study believes the scope of participants’ rights, powers and field of the activity should not be narrowed based on the purpose and function of participation. In fact, a recent decision of the German Federal Court emphasized that participants are entitled to rights and powers as independent judicial subjects and are able to independently exercise these rights and powers in line with their own wishes and interests; in addition, participant activities cannot be made conditional in terms of purpose except for the conditions regulated for participation by law.&nbsp;The only legal basis in Turkish law that prevents the possibility for a participant to act in favor of the accused in a criminal proceeding can be said to fall under the “complaint requirement as” specifically regulated in Articles 237 and 238 of the Turkish Criminal Procedural Code (TCPC) No. 5271. In terms of participation procedure, this “complaint requirement is considered to” mean the declaration of will to participate in a criminal case and to punish the accused.This study is of the opinion that legislators have placed participants in the position of individual prosecution through the “complaint requirement mentioned” in the text of Articles 237 and 238 of the TCPC, thus qualifying their field of activity as acting only against the accused. Therefore, a will to participate that does not contain a complaint regarding the offense or the accused, and more specifically a will to participate that contains requests that are likely to result in favor of the accused, do not meet the complaint requirement. Meanwhile, the complaint requirement in German law, known as die Beschwerde, is not required, and the declaration of participation (die Anschlusserklärung) as regulated in Article 396 of the German Criminal Procedural Code is considered sufficient.&nbsp;Lastly, although no specific regulation exists in either the Turkish or German criminal procedure codes that prevents participants from applying for a legal remedy in favor of the accused, such an application has been stated to be incompatible with the legal conditions for participation and the purpose of participation, as well as the fact that the participant has no legal interest. In fact, while both Turkish and German criminal procedure codes are specifically regulated so that the prosecutor can apply for legal remedies in favor of the accused, this has not been regulated for the participant.&nbsp;

Türk ve Alman Ceza Muhakemesi Hukukunda Katılanın Sanık Lehine  Faaliyette Bulunması

Tolga

The article focuses on the poems of the famous poet Nâzım Hikmet Ran and tries to answer how four fundamental concepts of public law are conceived in his verses. These are “freedom”, “government”, “nation” and “county”.The first concept that the article deals with is freedom. The English word freedom has two equivalents in Turkish: Özgürlük and Hürriyet. Of these, özgürlük is a word derived after the Turkish Language Revolution in 1934. On the other hand, hürriyet has been used for a much longer time. Although these two words are considered synonymous, the word hürriyet has multiple connotations. For example, the revolution carried out by the Young Turks in 1908 is referred to as the “Hürriyet Devrimi (“Revolution of Hürriyet”). Likewise, Nâmık Kemal, one of the most important figures of the constitutionalist movements in the Ottoman Empire, is known as the “Poet of Hürriyet” for his writings on freedom. This old meaning of the concept largely means “absence of domination”. In this respect, it has a republican dimension in the sense used today by authors such as Quentin Skinner and Philip Pettit. As it is known, the republican idea of freedom, which stands in a different place from the liberal idea of freedom in the sense of “absence of interference”, seems to be adopted by Nâzım Hikmet. The author sometimes uses the word freedom in the sense of freedom from the despotic domination of the Democratic Party, but more often in the sense of freedom from the economic domination of the bourgeoisie, that is, socialism. These are exemplified in the article.The second concept the article deals with is government. The way Nâzım Hikmet deals with the concept of government in his poems is completely in line with the basic assumptions of Marxism/Leninism. The poet certainly does not view the dictatorship of the proletariat negatively. The poet includes names such as Marx, Engels and Lenin in his poems in a positive way, and he makes positive references to Robespierre, although he is not a socialist. Nâzım Hikmet’s approach towards Atatürk, changes according to time and context. Although he seems to complain about Mustafa Kemal in the case of the murder of Mustafa Suphi (the leader of the Communist Party of Turkey in 1920), which is still shrouded in fog today, the poet defends Kemalism as anti-imperialist and anti-feudal both in the Epic of Kuva-i Milliye and in his later statements. In this respect, Nâzım Hikmet’s criticism of the Kemalist government can be considered as coming from the left rather than the right, that is to say, towards overcoming it. Although it may be thought that Nâzım Hikmet’s favourable attitude towards Mustafa Kemal was due to the fact that he was in prison and was expecting a pardon/amnesty, the poet’s statements in support of Mustafa Kemal even during the years when he was released and abroad invalidate this argument. Although Nâzım Hikmet had a favourable view of Atatürk, he criticised the governments of the Republican People’s Party (CHP) and the Democratic Party (DP) quite harshly. Most of these criticisms were directed against the DP and its leader Adnan Menderes. In his very courageous verses, Nâzım Hikmet criticised the government’s policy of participation in the Korean War from a Leninist ‘revolutionary defeatist’ perspective. The message in Nâzım Hikmet’s verses is that the DP had abandoned the antiimperialist line of Atatürk’s era and had acquired a collaborationist and counterrevolutionary character. In this respect, it can be inferred from the poet’s verses that he was in favour of the military coup d’état of 27 May 1960, which was carried out by the Turkish Armed Forces against the DP government.The third concept analysed in this article is the nation. The word “Türk” in Nâzım Hikmet’s verses is similar to Atatürk’s understanding of nationalism, which is thought to have been grasped not with an objective understanding like the German Johann Gottlieb Fichte, but with a subjective understanding like Ernest Renan. In fact, this is more in line with the approach to nation in the work of Austrian Marxist Otto Bauer. Although in some contexts the word Turk is used in an ethnic sense, the dominant approach is to use the word Turk in the sense of ‘the people in Türkiye’. The poet, whose poems commemorate the Armenian deportation in 1915 with a negative connotation, does not emphasise a special emphasis on different ethnic groups such as Kurds or Laz people. Although his perspective is criticised by some scholars as a social chauvinist attitude, in our opinion, this approach can be considered as an extension of the TKP’s policy in line with the The Communist International (Comintern). Although the poet did not write a Kurdish-specific poem, in the late 1950s he made some statements on the Kurdish issue based on the right of nations to self-determination.The last concept that the article focuses on is the country. The country that appears with great longing in Nâzım Hikmet’s poems is, of course, Turkey. Although this longing of the poet can be seen in many of his poems, this concept is also dealt with as a subject of anti-imperialist struggle.In conclusion, Nâzım Hikmet’s constitutional theses overlap with the constitutional development theses of the international socialist movement. According to this thesis, which is based on the writings of names such as Lenin, Stalin and Mao on Turkey, the Kemalist movement has a bourgeois-revolutionary character with the momentum it derived from the 1908 Revolution. This revolution has the potential to rally the peoples of the east around it in the anti-imperialist struggle and to gain a more progressive character as long as it is realised, but to the extent that it fails to do so, it will be guided by imperialism by struggling with workers and peasants and cooperating with foreign capital. The volatile position of the 1930s was swung in the second direction with the DP government in the 1950s, but the just and patriotic struggle of the people put a stop to this.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Hürriyet, Hükûmet, Millet ve Memleket: Hukukçu Gözüyle Nâzım  Hikmet

Fethi

Dilek

The banks have always been a focus of interest regarding the misuse of their sources for the sake of personal benefits. The main actors of the said misuse, however, are the auditors, who do not fulfil the auditing activity or duty as it should be and as a consequence, impair the affectivity of the audit, and the managers, who try to satisfy their personal benefits and ambitions by way of the use of the sources of the banks via intentional or careless behaviours through the acts and procedures contrary to the applicable laws. Thus, when the mismanagement and lack of audit come together, it will then be inevitable for the banks pertaining thereto to incur substantial scales of losses.On the other hand, the financial markets have been globalised due to the developments in the communication technology our era. In this case, the scope of the losses of banks arisingfrom the activities being designed for the satisfaction of the personal benefits or interests of the bank managers and audits is extended. According to this, a crisis commencing with a bank may spread over other banks in a country through a triggering effect of the social panic environment and throw them into a crisis and through a kind of domino effect and cause the said banks to collapse. Thus, a crisis commenced with a bank can cause a systemic banking crisis nationwide (Article 72 of the Banking Law). Consequently, it becomes possible for crisis of this kind to put the country into a general economic crisis. Even further, a crisis of this kind commencing with a bank is able to create a regional crisis exceeding the boundaries of countries geographically by affecting the countries, taken place within the close proximity of it, having experienced similar economic problems in the world. The concrete examples of this circumstance have been experienced in the banking crises, commenced in Mexico in the year of 1994 and spread over Argentina and Brazil consequently and then, turned into a Latin America financial crisis and subsequently, commenced in Thailand in 1997 and spread over Indonesia, Malaysia and South Korea and finally, turned into the financial crisis of the South-Eastern Asia. This circumstance, explained with ‘’the theory of the contagion effect of the banking crises’’ put forth the dimension and importance of the bank’s loss.&nbsp;In the face of this circumstance, the Governments have been required to necessary measures for preventing banks’ losses or crises. There have been various legal&nbsp;arrangements, expected heavy responsibility in deterrent nature bearing the objective of preventing the activities making the bank incur loss.&nbsp;It was adjudged by the lawmaker at the Turkish law having referred to Article 100 of the Banking Law that it might be possible to remove or invalidate the operating permit of a bank as a result of the decisions and procedures of the managers and auditors of a bank contrary to the applicable law or in case of the determination of the fact that they caused the related bank to be transferred into the Fund, then, it would be possible for the competent court to decide upon their personal bankruptcy directly upon decision of the board of the Fund and following the request of the same.&nbsp;It is necessary to determine on a clear and net basis the scope of this arrangement that adjudges upon a substantially serious responsibility such as personal bankruptcy with relation to the responsibilities of the managers and auditors of a bank as a result of their act(s) having caused their bank to incur loss at a degree that may bring the bank into crisis. This determination appears to be important for the stability of the application.However, the arrangement of Article 110 contains an important gap that makes this determination difficult. Namely:&nbsp;There is not any direct or indirect explanation at all, taken place in the expression and reasoning of the arrangement of the Banking Law, with relation to the nature of the responsibility in the event that the bank’s loss is jointly caused by more than one person. This uncertainty renders the determination of the scope of this arrangement difficult bearing the topic of ‘’Personal Responsibility’’. For this, it is necessary to make a comment, based on the realities of banking and sound legal bases, and present a solution proposal.&nbsp;In the face of this necessity, various evaluations have been made at the doctrine and Turkish Banking Law and different solution proposals have come forth.Within the scope of these evaluations, in case the creation of the bank’s loss by more than one person on a joint basis within the framework of the arrangement of Article 110, of the principle of the differentiated responsibility, accepted in the arrangement of Article 759 of the Swiss Law of Obligations through the reform in the Swiss Law on the Joint Stock Companies in 1991 and transmitted from this arrangement into the arrangement of Article 557 pertaining to the responsibilities of the members of the board of directors of the Joint Stock Companies of the Turkish Commercial Law no. 6102, the question of applicability of the said principle as a general provision through the instrumentality of Article 2/3 of the Banking Law. According to this, in comparison of the principle of the full succession responsibility with its results contrary to the equity that rules out opportunity for the debtors to&nbsp;put forth the causes of personal reduction such as degree of negligence and so on, in an external relationship, is the principle of the differentiated full succession that allows to bring forth the aforementioned causes of personal reductions and therefore, thought to be in conformity with the equity in general, in conformance to the objective for the arrangement of Article 110 and also the willpower of the lawmaker? Even further, in the face of the conviction, indicated by us; and when the principle of the differentiated full succession responsibility is applied within the framework of the arrangement of Article 110 in case the bank’s lost in question is caused by more than one person, will the results in conformance to the equity come forth from the point of view of the responsibilities of the managers and/or auditors and of also the provision of the balance of benefits or interests?The subject of this article is related to the willpower of the lawmaker of the applicability of the principle of the differentiated succession responsibility, and objective of the arrangement in the event that the bank’s loss within the framework of Article 110 and even beyond all these, the evaluation of whether it is in conformance to the establishment of a balance of benefits, required by the equity within the framework of the arrangement of Article 110.&nbsp;In order to make this evaluation, the mentioned legal problem or question will be determined within the content of the article before all else, and the evaluations for the solution of this question at the doctrine of the Turkish banking law and different proposals for solutions thereunder. Subsequently,In this context, our own evaluation and the proposal for solution that we have concluded as necessary to be available hereunder within this direction will be explained within the light of all these evaluations and proposals for solutions.

Türk Hukukunda Banka Yöneticilerinin ve Denetçilerin Şahsi İflas Sorumluluğu Düzenlemesi Çerçevesinde Farklılaştırılmış Teselsül Sorumluluğu İlkesinin Uygulanabilirliği Sorunu

Duygu

After the economic crisis that accelerated in our country following 2018, due to rising inflation and exchange rate shocks, Article 344 of the Turkish Code of Obligations (TCO) regarding the determination of rent for residential and roofed workplaces underwent changes aimed at protecting tenants. Following these changes, starting rental prices have reached exorbitant amounts, comprehensive guarantees have started to be demanded from tenants and renting residential properties without an eviction commitment letter has become nearly impossible. Multiple limitations on the maximum rent increase rate for renewed rental periods has led to excessive differences between the residental rents renewed after the change took effect on June 11, 2022, and rental agreements renewed or established before that date. While the parties determined the starting rental prices and the increase rates for renewed periods based on the ongoing economic data, the rental prices for renewed periods affected by the legal changes, which entered into force due to the economic crisis, have remained below inflation. Due to the strict termination regime for residential rents, lessors unable to terminate the contracts have started filing lawsuits for the determination of rental prices for rents longer than five years that have significantly decreased in real value against inflation, based on Article 344/III of the TCO. In cases where the conditions for these lawsuits are not met, they have begun to file rent adjustment lawsuits based on Article 138 of the same code. It is a well-known fact that this situation reflects a heavy workload on the judiciary and disputes regarding the rental prices increase day by day.The core of our study is the lawsuits filed by lessors regarding adaptation of rental prices. Since adaptation, has the nature of intervention in the contract, is considered as a last resort (ultima ratio) and closely related to the rent amount; it has been preferred to examine the provisions related to the determination of the rental price. During the period governed by the Turkish Code of Obligations No. 6098, the enactment of Article 344, which has special provisions for determining renewed rental amounts in roofed workplaces rents, diminished the significance of lawsuits regarding the adaptation of rental prices in such leases. However, changes made to this provision later have made adaptation of rental prices as a necessary institution again.&nbsp;&nbsp;It is considered that the German law, which is dominated by the theory of the transaction basis, has been used as a reference in the structuring of Article 138 of the TCO regarding adaptation. It is also accepted that when examining the conditions for adaptation under Turkish law, interpretation should be based on this theory. Therefore, in our study, while the conditions for the lessor’s request for adaptation of the rental price under Article 138 of the TCO have been examined, article § 313 of the German Civil Code (GCC) is taken into consideration. Unlike § 313/I of the GCC, the adaptation of contracts to changing circumstances under Article 138 of the TCO is specifically limited to hardship among the groups of events related to the collapse of the basis of the transaction. This distinction is particularly significant regarding the lessor’s claim for adaptation of the rental price. The fact that rental price remains too low in the face of inflation does not indicate hardship for the lessor; rather, it creates an imbalance between the parties’ obligations. The fact that Article 138 of the TCO regulates only hardship has been rightly criticized and caused dissidence regarding its field of application. According to another view that we support, considering that the legal basis for hardship is the theory of the collapse of the transaction basis, the scope of Article 138 of the TCO should be interpreted broadly to include the disruption of the balance between obligations.The purpose of this study is to establish the conditions under which a lessor can request an adaptation of the rental price, using § 313 of the GCC as a reference. The first condition for adaptation is that an unforeseen and unforeseeable event at the time of the conclusion of the contract, must cause a fundamental change in the objective conditions of the transaction. The event that causes the change in circumstances must be objective in nature and capable of leading to the collapse of the transaction basis concerning the contract in question. In this context, the fundamental change refers to the imbalance between the parties’ obligations. Finally, the lessor must not have fulfilled their continuing primary obligation; in other words, the contract must not have ended.

Konut Kiralarında Kira Bedelinin Belirlenmesine İlişkin Düzenlemeler İle Kiraya Verenin Uyarlama Talebinin Değerlendirilmesi

Gül

In trademark law, the average consumer&nbsp;is a measure that represents the target audience of a product or service and is used as a reference in cases of trademark registration or trademark infringement, and has a decisive role in evaluating consumer behaviour and perceptions and deciding on the registrability or infringement of a particular trademark or product. Indeed, one of the most important tools in the registration of a trademark and determination of the scope of protection is the likelihood of confusion between signs, and the registration request of a sign that is likely to be confused, including the likelihood of&nbsp;being associated by the publicise to its sameness or similarity with a registered or previously applied trademark and the sameness or similarity of the goods or services covered by it, is rejected upon objection [Industrial Property Law No 6769 (IPL) Art 6/1]. Again, the registration or unregistered use of such a sign constitutes an infringement of the trademark right with the previous registration date and may be prevented by the trademark right holder [Art 7/2(b) of the IPL, Art 29/1 of the IPL].The IPL has preferred to use the term “by the public” in relation to the similarity assessment of trademarks within the scope of the likelihood of confusion. However, it is accepted in both doctrine and judicial decisions that the expression “likelihood of confusion, including the likelihood of association by the public” used by the legislator does not mean all segments of the society, but the specific environment that faces the danger of association or confusion. In other words, in all these cases, the person whose perception is taken as the basis in determining the likelihood of confusion is the “average consumer”.Although most of the disputes regarding trademark law arise on the axis of likelihood of confusion, the “average consumer”, which is taken as a criterion in the evaluation, is not defined in the IPL or the Regulation on the Implementation of the Industrial Property Law, nor is there any regulation on its scope and limits in the trademark legislation. On the other hand, it is determined that the average consumer is defined in secondary regulations in two different areas. These are the Regulation on Commercial Advertising and Unfair Commercial Practises (Art 4/1-j) and the Turkish Food Codex Regulation on Nutrition Declarations (Art 4/1-f).In the judicial decisions on the subject, the average consumer is formulated as reasonably well-informed and reasonably observant and circumspect, but the level of information, attention and caution required may be evaluated differently within the framework of various criteria such as the nature of the goods/services or the nature of the buyer group[1].Indeed, while the presumptive level is higher in certain groups of goods/services, it may be at an average level in others. As a matter of fact, it is&nbsp;accepted that consumers will generally not act carefully in terms of products that are used by all segments of society in daily life.The average consumer group criterion used in trademark registration and infringement proceedings is the product of a norm-based practise that follows the legal or policy objectives underlying trademark law. Although the average consumer criterion as “a reasonably informed and reasonably cautious and prudent person” provides convenience to the decision-makers, it is insufficient because it does not take into account the scientific data on how consumer perceptions are actually directed. The replacement of traditional commerce by electronic commerce affects the purchasing behaviour of consumers and shapes consumer perception. The criteria determined within this framework make it impossible to make decisions on the subject on an objective and equitable basis.This&nbsp;paper&nbsp;does&nbsp;not&nbsp;aim&nbsp;to&nbsp;eliminate&nbsp;the&nbsp;criterion&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;average&nbsp;consumer,&nbsp;but&nbsp;it&nbsp;may&nbsp;be&nbsp;time&nbsp;to&nbsp;adopt&nbsp;a&nbsp;more&nbsp;empirically&nbsp;grounded&nbsp;approach&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;average&nbsp;consumer.&nbsp;First&nbsp;of&nbsp;all,&nbsp;the&nbsp;norm-infused&nbsp;structure&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;average&nbsp;consumer&nbsp;is&nbsp;fictional&nbsp;in&nbsp;three&nbsp;senses:&nbsp;attention,&nbsp;knowledge&nbsp;and&nbsp;vigilance.&nbsp;This&nbsp;triple&nbsp;artificiality&nbsp;leads&nbsp;to&nbsp;a&nbsp;non negligible&nbsp;disconnect&nbsp;between&nbsp;what&nbsp;trademark&nbsp;law&nbsp;recognises&nbsp;and&nbsp;what&nbsp;reality&nbsp;is.&nbsp;Adding&nbsp;more&nbsp;reality&nbsp;to&nbsp;this&nbsp;remodelling&nbsp;process&nbsp;and&nbsp;interpreting&nbsp;the&nbsp;average&nbsp;consumer&nbsp;as&nbsp;objectively&nbsp;as&nbsp;possible&nbsp;requires&nbsp;an&nbsp;interdisciplinary&nbsp;work&nbsp;between&nbsp;behavioural&nbsp;sciences&nbsp;and&nbsp;legal&nbsp;science.&nbsp;On&nbsp;the&nbsp;other&nbsp;hand,&nbsp;it&nbsp;is&nbsp;considered&nbsp;that&nbsp;the&nbsp;actual&nbsp;use&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;trademark&nbsp;should&nbsp;also&nbsp;be&nbsp;taken&nbsp;into&nbsp;account&nbsp;as&nbsp;part&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;global&nbsp;assessment&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;likelihood&nbsp;of&nbsp;confusion&nbsp;assessment,&nbsp;and&nbsp;a&nbsp;more&nbsp;empirically&nbsp;based&nbsp;structure&nbsp;should&nbsp;be&nbsp;established&nbsp;by&nbsp;applying&nbsp;survey&nbsp;evidence&nbsp;in&nbsp;proving&nbsp;the&nbsp;likelihood&nbsp;of&nbsp;confusion.

Güncel Gelişmeler Işığında Ortalama Tüketici Ölçütünün Yeniden Yorumlanması

Selim

The past decade has witnessed a marked proliferation of autonomous vessels in the commercial context. At the moment, there are at least ten different projects under which autonomous vessels of varying types and sizes are currently in the testing phase and undertaking routine cargo operations. Owing to the obvious differences between these new and conventional vessels, it makes good sense to adopt the novel regulations specifically designed for autonomous vessels. Whilst there is ongoing work on drafting rules applicable to these new types of vessels at both national and supranational levels, slow progress indicates that these vessels will probably be subject to existing regulations for quite some time. Consequently, studies evaluating the applicability of the existing legal rules to autonomous vessels have been on the rise for the past decade. Arguably, the most noteworthy of such large-scale studies is the IMO’s scoping exercise, which was concluded in 2021. The IMO’s work has been rather influential in subsequent studies on the subject. However, perhaps, the most pronounced impact of the IMO’s scoping exercise can be seen in the four degrees of autonomy, devised specifically for the IMO’s inquiry, as virtually all studies conducted on the subject refer to these categories with many adopting them as the yardstick for analysing various rules in the context of autonomous vessels. However, the degrees of autonomy devised by the IMO have not been immune to criticism. Indeed, many commentators have, rightly, pointed out the ambiguity of these categories and their inconsistency with the widely used technical concepts encompassing autonomous vessel designs. The latter is especially problematic in view of the fact that the prevailing technical designs for realising autonomous vessels expect the ship rotating freely between different degrees of autonomy during the same voyage. Accordingly, a vessel, despite not being fully autonomous, might operate at times without any human intervention in higher degrees of autonomy. Equally, the same vessel can also be operated manually by the crew or the remote control centre personnel when the need arises. However, the IMO’s degrees of autonomy are unable to reflect the dynamic autonomy levels crucial to the operation of autonomous vessels. In fact, it is submitted that no static category is without problems as any kind of categorisation&nbsp;involves selecting static combinations between autonomy level, manning and technical capabilities. Since pragmatism dictates including a number of categories and eliminating others, some combinations end up being superfluous because they are not different from conventional vessels and others might prove unrealistic. Moreover, the flexible nature of prospective vessel designs, which may freely mix onboard manning and remote control capability as well as dynamic autonomy levels, means that static categories are generally a poor fit for evaluating the applicability of existing regulations to autonomous vessels and lead to misleading outcomes. Accordingly, focusing on the key differences between conventional vessels and autonomous vessel prototypes that are currently being tested for operation, three questions stand out in evaluating whether an existing rule could also apply to an autonomous vessel: The first is whether the vessel is, ultimately, controlled by a human or a machine. This is significant, as the existing rules are drafted with humans in mind, who are solely making decisions related to navigation and actively participating in or supervising the control of the vessel. However, in higher degrees of autonomy, the decisionmaking and controlling processes are essentially done by the machine and humans are not involved in the process. This vital difference poses certain difficulties, especially with rules relating to fault or other legal concepts based on humans. The second question is whether the vessel has a crew on board, as traditionally the vessel is manned by the crew onboard and this is evident in certain basic rules such as requirements for seaworthiness. Finally, the third question is whether the vessel is controlled onboard the ship or somewhere else. This is also partly connected to the second question because certain rules require the physical presence of humans on board. Therefore, even if it is conceded that the crew could be transferred to land and control the vessel from the remote control centre to ensure functional equivalency, certain rules still remain incompatible with autonomous vessels. In conclusion, it is argued in this article that, instead of centring the analysis on prescribed categories, regard must be had for these three parameters in analysing the applicability of the existing regulations, which ultimately supports more reliable results.&nbsp;

Yeni Tip Gemilerin İşleyiş Esasları Bakımından Otonomi Kavramı ve IMO’nun Otonom Gemi Kategorileri Üzerine Düşünceler

Alican

Mehmet

Climate refugees can be defined as people who are compelled to leave their homes due to climate change-related reasons. As can be understood from the description, the problems that climate refugees (would) face stem from two different but intermingled crises. Namely, the climate crisis and the refugee crisis. Although these two crises have set different obstacles for climate refugees, they are nevertheless related; since the climate crisis constitutes the substructure for the climate refugees. Thus, taking climate action is crucial for reducing the number of possible climate refugees. This structural approach to addressing climate refugees would protect them, even before they become climate refugees, by eliminating the substructure, which would give rise to the superstructure of climate refugees.Nevertheless, an increase in average global temperatures is foreseen even in the most optimistic scientific scenarios that assume the possibility of a relatively successful fight against climate change. Therefore, it is only reasonable to assume that climate refugees will become a part of the future. As a result, these people would need protection in the context of refugee rights. Thus, it is necessary to focus on both the climate crisis and refugee rights to offer a comprehensive solution.&nbsp;In order to deal with the substructure of the climate refugee issue, namely, the climate crisis, two main sets of solutions are suggested in this paper. The first set consists of international agreements aimed at combating the climate crisis. The Paris Agreement (2015) and the Kyoto Protocol (1997) are the two most prominent of those agreements. Although the agreements have been accepted quite widely; they both suffer from issues such as lack of an effective enforcement mechanism, lack of a supranational authority that would monitor the parties and implement the agreement directly, the principle of voluntariness in becoming a party to the agreements, freedom to withdraw from the agreements without any sanctions, and, finally, lack of&nbsp;any real sanction regarding failure to comply with the agreements. The flaws in both agreements stem from the paradigm of national sovereignty that enshrines states’ will and consent. Since it is quite unlikely that 193 member states of the United Nations will agree to take the same climate action, humanity’s fight against climate change is in constant jeopardy. Although public opinion favours climate action, people’s opinions do not seem to affect state policies either. The second set of solutions can be described as the “technological solutions” which refers to technologies, such as carbon capture technology, that are aimed at combating climate change. Unfortunately, these technologies are incapable of replacing the legal and political set of solutions before reaching a tipping point, resulting in an irreversible climate catastrophe.To deal with the superstructure of climate refugees, international refugee law must be examined, despite the fact that there is no legal definition of climate refugees in international law. The Refugee Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (hereinafter, Refugee Convention), the most prominent document on the subject, not only lacks a definition for climate refugees but also does not provide climate refugees with the status of refugee; since the term “refugee” in the agreement can only be applied to those who are persecuted on a political basis. Nevertheless, climate refugees tend to suffer from natural causes rather than political causes. Therefore, it is necessary to draft a new refugee convention or an annexe to the Refugee Convention to transcend the convention’s narrow scope and protect climate refugees. Unfortunately, even if there were more comprehensive legal terms for climate refugees; considering the lack of enforcement in international law, they could not provide real protection. Thus, issues surrounding climate refugees, both in the context of refugee rights and the climate crisis, constitute a conundrum because of the current international legal and political status quo.

Uluslararası Hukuk Bakış Açısından İklim Mültecilerinin Hukuki Konumu ve Korunmasına İlişkin Bir İnceleme

Berk

As is known, the securitisation of the law came to the fore after 9/11. In this article, the balance and the subsequent dilemma of security and freedom were examined on the basis of a verdict of the German Federal Constitutional Court, which was dated in 2006. In the decision of the Court, from time to time, the possibilities of the weighing lives one another were dwelled on by examining “Aerial Security Law” which at one point permitted a hijacked plane to be shot down, in order to save more lives. The court, however, did not open the door of weighing life by invoking the core element of the Bundesgesetz, the German Constitution, namely the human dignity. The verdict, which was translated into Turkish from German, did not solely touch upon the substantive part of the law. In other words, the German Federal Constitution Court has also delved into the procedural part of the law. As is known, in Germany, landers, the States, have a lot saying during the procedure of enacting a law. Therefore, the States have also argued against the Law before the Court not only on the grounds of the substantive part but also on the grounds of the procedural part. It was contested that the Federal government did have the consent of the other part of the legislature.&nbsp;Regarding the substantial part, the issue that the German Federal Constitutional Court focuses on in its decision is the incomparability of human lives. If there is even a 1% chance, human life cannot be put at risk and cannot be compared quantitatively. Similar discussions have arisen in the railway switchman dilemma for years. Accordingly, when a waggon with no brakes is coming quickly and five railway workers are working on the road where the waggon in question travels, they do not have time to escape. However, if the railway switchman notices the situation and turns the switch, he turns it to the side where only one worker is working. With very simple mathematics, the railway switchman would prefer that one person die rather than five. When the criminal liability of the railway switchman is left aside, the issue to be discussed is “ethics”. Because are the lives of five people greater than the life of one? The answer to this question is generally “yes”. The question then asked will be; What if that person is a Nobel Prise-winning doctor who will find the cancer vaccine? Then the answer changes and the scientist’s life becomes more important than the other five people and the railway switchman does not turn the switch. The dilemma begins exactly here. When answering the first question, the background, education, and role of these people on the world stage were not taken into consideration. Directly, these people were reduced to the status of objects, they were forgotten that they were humans, and they turned into “numbers”. An attempt has been made to explain this situation around the concepts of human rights and the fight against terrorism. It was emphasised that the concepts in question are not alternatives to each other and that the fight against terrorism will be carried out more accurately by respecting human rights. This is the issue emphasised in the Court decision in this study. The issues that states should take into consideration when legitimately fighting terrorism within the boundaries of law were also evaluated within the framework of “ethical” principles, both in the decision of the German Federal Court and in the subsequent analysis.Furthermore, while the Court examined the case, many aspects were considered and many actors were given the right to defend their arguments before the Court. In the process, professionals in the topic such as the Association of German Federal Defence, the Association of Pilots and the Independent Flight Attendant Organisation had right to put forward their ideas and arguments. Not only were the non-governmental bodies able to present their arguments, but also the groups at the parliaments could argue the case. In this process, one of the interesting things to observe was the delving into the arguments of the parliament groups/alliances who backed the law during the voting procedure of the law, but argued against it before the Court. Also, the possibilities of these “amicus curiae”, the friends of the court, term in Turkish aspect was dwelled on. In this regard, as it is seen that the working rules of the Turkish Constitutional Court and the German Constitutional Court are different from one another, many aspects of them were discussed. Most importantly, the term “amicus curiae” was used when the first of its kind was made possible by the Turkish Constitutional Court, as the Court accepted the amicus curiae report, which was prepared by the Constitutional Law Research Association (Anayasa-Der) and the Turkish Criminal Law Association (TCHD) and submitted together to the Court.&nbsp;

Alman Federal Anayasa Mahkemesi Kararının Tercümesi ve Bu Karar Üzerinden İnsan Hakları ve Terörizm İlişkisinin Analizi

Ercan

The existence of the principle of irrevocability of phases is almost uniformly accepted by the doctrine and the law practise, but it is not directly mentioned in the Turkish Criminal Procedure Code or in other relevant laws. Although the principle is not directly included in the legislation, there are various regulations that indirectly indicate its existence. At the beginning of these regulations, comes Article 174 of TCPC. According to this article, an indictment that has not been returned within 15 days of its delivery will be considered accepted. According to Article 175 of TCPC, as soon as the indictment has been accepted, the investigation phase ends and the main trial phase (phase of prosecution) starts. Once the main trial phase starts, there is no return to the phase of investigation. The doctrine and practise generally accept that after passing of these 15 days, the return of the indictment is no longer allowed. Because the passing of these 15 days removes the authority, which has been given to the court, to return the indictment. The same conclusion can be reached from article 267 and following articles of TCPC. Because these articles give the opportunity to reconsider the decision which has been made by the court. But even in those cases, there is no return to the investigation phase. This means indirectly that there is no response from the main trial phase to the investigation phase. Generally accepted, there are two phases in criminal procedure; namely, phase of investigation and the phase of the main trial. Although it is not directly mentioned in the current Turkish Criminal Procedure Code, there is an intermediate trial phase. This phase, which allows the return of the indictment with a limited period of time, is not important for our study because it is still considered as the investigation phase in terms of our current law. Because when the irrevocability of the phases is mentioned, what is meant exclusively is the irreversibility from the main trial phase to the investigation phase. Since the intermediate trial phase is also counted as a part of the investigation phase, we can indirectly say that it is not possible to return from the main trial phase&nbsp;to the intermediate trial phase. Since the legislator does not qualify a separate phase, although there is no obstacle in terms of the principle of irrevocability from phases, it is not clear whether the prosecutor can withdraw the indictment independently of the court during the intermediate trial phase; to put it more accurately, it does not seem possible since it is not foreseen in the legislation. For this reason, although it has no place in the legislation, it is rightly defended in our doctrine that the prosecutor’s office should be given such a withdrawal authority. Indeed, with the start of the main trial phase, the phase in which the prosecutor is the emperor comes to an end, and the task of executing and managing the process passes to the court. Thus, when the main trial phase is initiated, the obligation of the court to perform and terminate the process starts. However, in some cases, the lack of prosecution conditions or the emergence of obstacles to judgement may require returning to the investigation phase or making a decision to stop and correcting the relevant deficiencies by out-of-court authorities. For this reason, in some country practises, it is possible to return to the investigation phase during and/or after the main hearing period. The recent annulment decision of the Constitutional Court regarding the accelerated proceeding also necessitates a return to the investigation phase. This study aims to explain within the framework of comparative law that it should be possible to return to the investigation phase in order to eliminate the injustices (problems in the context of a fair trial) that may arise in these and similar cases.

Evrelerden Dönülmezlik İlkesi

Muhammet

The justiciability of international organizations has been a topic of debate, particularly regarding the United Nations’ role in the cholera outbreak in Haiti. The UN’s role is often compared to that of a god who bears no responsibility for actions beyond being above the law. This article discusses the concepts of immunity, autonomy, and responsibility of international organizations, including the effective use of alternative systems to repair the damage caused. The role of personnel working for the UN is compared to that of angels, who are expected to work for the good of humanity. The Haiti Cholera Outbreak serves as a contemporary example through which to understand the UN’s stance towards immunity, responsibility, and justiciability in similar situations or cases. This article analyzes the immunity of the UN and compares it with other international organizations to demonstrate the special position of the UN. Waiver of immunity is tested with extreme examples in which human rights were involved.When the UN was created, there was no legal framework to hold international organizations responsible for damage they could cause. The law developed later through several court decisions and other legal instruments when the personality of international organizations became clear. The law of international responsibility was shaped to hold states to account as the primary actors of international relations. However, this led to some discrepancies in the responsibility of international organizations. To be more specific, jurisdiction of international courts was already developed to hear the cases between states, not covering international organizations.According to section 29 of the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, immunity is waivable (by the UN Secretary General). However, waiver of immunity by the UN is uncommon. What would really happen if the UN did not hide behind its veil of immunity and face liability? Would this lead to more actions against the UN all over the world and render the UN’s functions disrupted?&nbsp;Considering the fact that UN peacekeepers have been involved in sexual abuse of local people in many host states, including Haiti, one can conclude that the UN might have ended up in great trouble if it had no immunity at all.It can be argued that the UN is a vulnerable organization as evidenced by Congo peacekeeping operations. Therefore, the UN needs a shield of immunity to operate properly. In a similar vein, immunity is necessary to ensure that the troop-contributing nations send their contingents more willingly; otherwise, the UN mission might dysfunction and even end up failure. Yet, the UN has expressed its “deep regret” and “moral responsibility” over the cholera outbreak and the subsequent human loss on a number of occasions and finally recognized moral obligation in a Security Council resolution in 2016. However, this has not reached the level of waiver of immunity, acceptance of legal responsibility, and compensation of any damages caused by the UN angels. By failing to undertake legal responsibility as such, the UN will undermine its own legality and sustainabilityIt was also argued that even in extreme circumstances, the UN should preserve its immunity for the sake of ensuring the UN’s independence from the member states. This argument provokes the question of to what extent the UN is independent of the member states? Independence, or, in other words, autonomy is a natural consequence of international personality. Today, it is undisputedly agreed that the UN has international legal personality, as first evidenced by Reparation for Injuries Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice. As such, the UN has the right to operate at the same level as states at the international forum, with similar but not identical rights with those of the states. Thus, the UN is able to enjoy rights and bear responsibilities as a result of its personality. These rights and obligations include the capacity to bring claims before international tribunals, immunity from national jurisdictions as well as the burden to face responsibility for the wrongful acts of its agents.One can argue for the limits of immunity that the UN should have. It follows that should the UN have immunity even when its agents have violated a norm of jus cogens character? Is it necessary for the UN to stick to its immunity even in such extreme circumstances? The question seems to have been answered positively by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in Stichting Mothers, where the UN has been found to have the shield of immunity even in the face of a breach of a norm of jus cogens character. The ECtHR relied on the argument that since the UN was acting under chapter VII, it would be an interference to deny its immunity. Since its establishment the UN as an international organization, in shaping the world order, was trying to reach the goal of peace and security. However, it was hard for the UN to create a balance between peace and justice, which remained an unsolved dilemma. This decision of the ECtHR reaffirms the dichotomy between peace and justice.In conclusion, not waiving its immunity and sticking to its God role the UN, might be said to have staged a non-existent God role by not making any visible alterations to the world to hold those who might be responsible to account. To avoid this image of a non-existent God, the UN should recalculate well when and where to resort to a waiver of immunity, considering its moral obligations and values that it was established to protect.

Melekler Hata Yapınca: Birleşmiş Milletler’in Haiti’deki Kolera Salgını Sebebiyle Yargılanabilirliği

Necip

In this study, court decisions are classified in terms of procedural law and examined in the context of the effect of a court decision on other court decisions. The court decision, as a textual product given by the judge according to law, equity and conscientious conviction, is analysed in terms of containing principles. In a court decision, if the abstract norm is clear and the judge applied it to the concrete case by the deductive method, he/she did not engage in a unique mental action. Such decisions are case decisions or application decisions. In this respect, after it has been demonstrated that not all court decisions have the characteristics of jurisprudence, the court decisions that are taken into consideration in order to ensure similar decisions in precedent cases and therefore are not binding have been evaluated. In this respect, the persuasive power of precedent case law as a requirement of legal stability has been revealed. The value of precedent as a source of law, i.e., the value of a jurisprudence as a source of law, is explained by pointing out the differences between Continental European Law and Common Law. At this point, it has been determined that whether a court decision is bound by other court decisions or not stems from the relationship between the legislature and the judiciary, in other words, from the view of the law and the judge. On the other hand, in addition to the fact that a court decision contains a principle, the notion of a jurisprudence, i.e., the concept of constant jurisprudence, is discussed within the framework of jurisprudence constant (constant jurisprudence), which is a Continental European jurisdictional law theory. While the concept of constant jurisprudence is seen in the decisions of the Council of State as the precedent that courts and even administrations take care to comply with, it has been revealed that this may actually correspond to an institution from French law. In this respect, the doctrine of jurisprudence constant, which is accepted as the Continental European equivalent of the doctrine of stare decisis (precedent decision) in common law, has been analysed within the framework of both an institution and the concept of the case law seen in the decisions of the Council of State. It is analysed how a constant jurisprudence is formed and how this jurisprudence may impact the judge’s decision. There is a need for a certain time for the formation of a constant jurisprudence. Case law applied for a certain time will also prove its durability.&nbsp; The fact that the court-issuing the decision is a higher-ranking court and that the decision is unanimous is important for it to be rendered unanimous. In the decisions of the Council of State, the broad interpretation of the interest of the inhabitants of the town in filing a lawsuit regarding zoning applications, environment, historical and cultural assets, the liability of the administration for acts of terrorism should first be based on fault liability and then, if there are conditions, on strict liability, and in the absence of these cases of liability, an investigation should be conducted according to Law No. 5233. It is argued that the criticism and contributions to be made by the doctrine in the decision review journals will be useful for the follow-up of the constant jurisprudence and criticism of the jurisprudence before it becomes constant. Within the scope of the study, the deviation of the court from the constant jurisprudence in administrative jurisdiction is also discussed in the context of the prohibition of surprise decisions. In one of the decisions of the Council of State, the prohibition of a surprise decision is addressed in the context of the right to be heard, but a surprise decision is a concept that can have a broader meaning. In this respect, making a decision different from the case law without a justifiable reason may violate the prohibition of a surprise decision. The compatibility of the principle of ex officio investigation and the prohibition of surprise decisions has been discussed within the framework of administrative jurisdiction law as a branch of procedural law. It is expected that the judge, who will decide differently from the established jurisprudence, will give the parties the opportunity to present their final statements before rendering his/her decision. The study also evaluates the connection of the unification of case law, which is an institution specific to Turkish procedural law, with the case law considering judicial decisions. As seen in the decisions of the Council of State, if a case law has become a case law, it should not be subject to a unification of the case law decision. In essence, the Council of State wants to prevent the case law from being frozen. This approach of the Council of State also reveals that although the case law is not as binding as the case-law consolidation decisions, it is a case law that is taken care to be followed and has a strong power to convince other courts/judges. Consant jurisprudence is thus explained as a product of the effort to ensure the integrity of case law rather than unifying it.&nbsp;

İdari Yargıda Emsal Karar-Müstakar Karar ve İçtihat Kavramları Hakkında Bazı Mülahazalar

Recep

In criminal proceedings, the law enforcement officers may conduct an investigation to obtain information about the crime. The statement, taken by asking questions to the person who is not the suspect to determine and clarify the crime, may be expressed as information retrieval. Investigation and research activities under the name of information gathering are conducted to find evidence of crime in cases where the suspect is not known. This is lawful because of the investigation stage and the effectiveness of the law enforcement in criminal procedure law. After the suspect is identified, his official statement is taken in accordance with legal requirements. The suspect is the person who is suspected of committing a crime and against whom an investigation has been opened by the investigative bodies. According to the general opinion accepted in doctrine and judicial decisions, a person has the capacity of the suspect when investigative bodies take action to clarify the crime and take measures. In practise, it has been seen that information is obtained from the suspect without recording although the crime has been revealed and the suspect has been identified. The informal information gathering in question is called a preliminary interview because the requirements for statement taking stipulated in the legislation are not complied with. Although the suspect is identified, the law enforcement officer conducts an informal interview with him instead of taking the statement officially. This communication method becomes a rule in practise. The interview with him without complying with the requirements for statement taking can be exemplified as the significant problems seen in law practise in the investigation stage. The aim of this study is to identify the legal nature of the preliminary interview by a law enforcement officer with the suspect after a crime has been committed and to determine whether the information obtained is within the scope of forbidden evidence. In criminal procedure law, an investigation is opened when the suspicion of a crime emerges. A face to face interview with the suspect could be beneficial to&nbsp;obtain criminal evidence during the investigation. In this regard, taking the statement of the suspect is a significant investigation procedure to obtain criminal evidence and to determine the course of the investigation. Also, it is the reasoning process in which the suspect can use his right of defence for the first time. Therefore, he should be reminded of his rights before taking the statement, and the law enforcement should prevent his will from becoming defective during statement taking. In this regard, the preliminary interview by the law enforcement officer with him is called secret statement taking and considered as unlawful because it does not constitute an assurance in favour of the suspect. The statement taking, a technical and legal procedure, is conducted in the law enforcement unit by being recorded. Preliminary interviews, on the other hand, are made at the crime scene or while being taken to the law enforcement units or hospital, and the statement of the suspect is not recorded. The suspect’s will become defective can be shown as reason for the preliminary interview is forbidden evidence. The psychological or actual pressure caused by the unrecorded and informal interrogation prevents the suspect’s free will. This violates the fair trial principle. The principle prohibits investigative bodies from using any means to reach the truth and also prevents the suspect’s being suppressed and compelled to testify against himself and used as a means to obtain evidence. In a lawful statementtaking procedure, it should be stated to the suspect that he is free to make a statement about the accusations against him and that this right is protected by law before being interrogated. It is emphasised with freedom of giving a statement that the personal rights of the suspect are more important than the purpose pursued by the criminal investigation. However, the legal rights of the suspect were not reminded during the preliminary interview. Therefore, the suspect, whose free will is made defective, is compelled to accept the accusations against himself. A preliminary interview may also be made with a third party due to the fear that he will not tell the truth before the law enforcement. The third party’s being present during the preliminary interview does not prevent the suspect’s will from becoming defective. Therefore, it is unlawful to obtain some statements from him with the help of a reliable third party. This preliminary interview by the law enforcement officer with the suspect is an unlawful procedure, and a conviction cannot be obtained based on the statement. The statement taken during the preliminary interview should be considered forbidden evidence even if later confirmed in court by the accused. However, the statement taken after the preliminary interview can be considered a lawful evidence. If the suspect is explained that the statement in the preliminary interview is forbidden evidence and his rights are reminded before his statement is taken officially, the subsequent statement can be considered legitimate.

Türk ve Alman Uygulamasında Soruşturma Aşamasında Bir Usul Garabeti: Şüpheliyle Yapılan Ön Görüşme

Sinan

Legal security requires that the rules of law are certain, that the legal order continues in stability and that individuals can foresee the consequences of the rules to be applied to them. There is no doubt that this predictability must be ensured by the courts. It is clear that it is a requirement of a fair trial that similar decisions are rendered in similar disputes, that the parties can foresee the decision to be rendered in a case, and that certainty is ensured in the application of the rules of law. The European Court of Human Rights, which interprets the principle of the rule of law together with the fundamental rights and freedoms protected by the European Convention on Human Rights, has evaluated the different decisions of the courts on similar issues within the scope of the right to a fair trial and has developed two criteria. The first criterion is the deep and continuing nature of the contradiction, and the second is the existence of a mechanism in national law to resolve this contradiction, whether this mechanism was used in the applicant’s case, and if so, what result was obtained. The Court states that the States Parties are obliged to harmonise their jurisprudence and that the supreme courts in particular are the most important mechanism for resolving conflicts. The Court, which also imposes a responsibility on the high courts in this sense, characterises the issuance of deep and persistent contradictory decisions by the high courts as a practise that undermines the principle of legal security and violates the right to a fair trial. The Court, which evaluates whether a deep and persistent contradiction has occurred in each concrete case, does not consider it a violation if the issue that constitutes a contradiction of jurisprudence is resolved in one and a half years and decisions are rendered in accordance with this resolution in subsequent cases, while it considers the continuation of the contradiction for up to three or four years as a violation of the right to a fair trial. The Turkish Constitutional Court also adopted the criteria and assessments of the European Court of Human Rights regarding the impact of jurisprudential differences in the right to a fair trial. In particular, with regard to the differences of jurisprudence before the higher courts, the Court considers the possibility that a decision will be upheld if it falls within a certain&nbsp;chamber and will be overturned if it is dealt with by another chamber, resulting in conflicting and contradictory outcomes, contrary to the principles of legal certainty and predictability.&nbsp;One of the issues that constitutes a conflict of jurisprudence in Turkish law is the issue of whether the methods of protection of public receivables will be applied to the legal representatives and shareholders of limited liability companies due to the public debt of the company. Although the Council of State Unification of Jurisprudence Board has determined that there are more than one contradictory decisions by the Council of State departments, it has decided that there is no need to unify the jurisprudence by stating that the contradiction in the decisions has not reached a level that would disrupt the legal stability. This decision is open to criticism in many ways. First, the inconsistency in the judgments dates back much further than the judgments cited in the application. When these old decisions are taken into consideration, it is understood that the criterion of deep and persistent contradiction sought in the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights is met. Since Article 3 of Law No. 6183, which creates an interpretation problem between the chambers of the Council of State, has been in force for many years, it is unacceptable that the Council of State cannot develop a uniform interpretation in terms of the application of the norm. Moreover, it is observed that the relevant case chambers have reversed their own decisions on the same issue many times and changed their case law. As such, these decisions create an unpredictable legal order for the legal representatives and shareholders of limited liability companies. In the light of all these explanations, despite the existence of a deep and ongoing contradiction, the failure to eliminate the contradiction by unifying the case law leads to a violation of the right to a fair trial.

Limited Şirket Kanuni Temsilci ve Ortakları Hakkında İhtiyati Haciz Uygulanması Konusunda Oluşan İçtihat Aykırılığının Hukuki Güvenlik İlkesi Bağlamında Değerlendirilmesi: Danıştay İçtihatları Birleştirme Kurulu Karar Eleştirisi

Yahya

The article has two main purposes. First, it sheds light on a few crucial details about the normative hierarchy that are sometimes overlooked by scholars or students. This revisit of the issue also provides me with an opportunity to take a second look at issues associated with the normative hierarchy. The issues clarified in the first part will also help in answering the questions asked in the second part. The second purpose of the article is to raise what seems to be an interesting question only to reject it. The question is whether the normative superiority of morality over law could be claimed based on the explanations made in the first part and whether this could affect the truth of legal positivism. The second part of the article is dedicated to answering these two problems.&nbsp;The first section of the first part reiterates that whether a hierarchy exists between two norms or not should be determined based on the potential normative power of the norms. Therefore, for instance, the fact that at a certain point in time, a norm does not regulate the procedure of creation for another norm does not signify the absence of hierarchy as long as the first norm possesses the power to regulate it at another time.&nbsp;The next section is an answer to a possible critique of normative hierarchy that draws on H.L.A. Hart’s criticism of “validity purport”. Hart thought that the relationship of validity in Kelsen’s theory is reduced to a relationship between the contents of the norms and that this leads to problems for Kelsen’s understanding of the unity of the legal system. The reply stresses that Kelsen’s theory of validity does not merely take into account the contents of the norms but also pays attention to their normative power, i.e., what they can or cannot successfully regulate with their content.&nbsp;&nbsp;The third section reiterates that for the existence of hierarchy, it is not required that a norm need to be invalidated in case of contrariness to another. This is simply irrelevant. The crucial element is the requirement that a legal norm should be in conformity with the other. This is often established by a norm superior to both norms.&nbsp;The last section touches upon the interesting distinction between a source of law and a legal norm to indicate that the hierarchy is between the norms and not the sources. Combined with the fact that a single norm can be constituted by several&nbsp;sources of law, this section offers a way to determine the hierarchy between “multi-sourced” legal norms.&nbsp;The second part of the article opens with an inquiry into the minimum condition of legal positivism. There are differences in opinion among the legal positivists, but what makes them all legal positivists? The first section suggests that a form of the separability thesis is taken to constitute the common ground.&nbsp;The second section asks the following question: Since, as expressed in the first part, the existence of a hierarchical relationship between the norms does not require the invalidity of the inferior norm’s contrariness and finds the existence of a requirement of conformance, could it be claimed that ideal morality is superior to law? The article answers the question in the negative. The first section argues that the existence of a requirement to conform is sufficient for the existence of hierarchy in case a norm superior to both norms in question provides for the requirement of conformance. In the case of morality and law, there is no such common denominator. Just as morality claims to be superior to law, law may claim to be superior to morality. Moreover, it is argued that the legal positivism formulated around the separability thesis manages to survive even when it is granted that it is necessary for the addressees to have moral or prudential reasons to conform to legal norms.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Normlar Hiyerarşisi Teorisi Doğrultusunda Hukukun Ahlaka Uygun Olma Gerekliliğinin Hukuki Pozitivizm Açısından Değerlendirilmesi

@JOURNAL_BOX_CURRENT

@JOURNAL_BOX_EARLYVIEW

Ayşe

Assist. Prof.

One of the principles that Civil Procedure Law based on is the “dispositional control of the parties principle”. Under this principle, parties’ have the right solve private law disputes according to their dispositions. Under the principle, dispute parties are free to decide choose or not to choose litigation as way of resolution. Principle also covers to end the dispute by an settlement (in principle). One of the dispute ending options under the principle is the parties settlement agreement. Settlement agreement, generally, is an agreement in which parties agree to ending the dispute with mutual compromise. In other words, it can be also defined as an agreement in which parties completely or partially ending the dispute mutually. Settlement agreement, regulated as an stand alone regulation for the first time in the Article 313/1 of the Code of Civil Procedure (CCP) numbered 6100. Under the Article, settlement agreement means that the parties agreement on to ending the dispute completely or partially in an outstanding case. This definition only covers the in-judicial settlement. Because the definition requires a settlement in front of the court. Out of judicial/court settlement is not regulated under the CCP. Because, this kind of settlement fall in the area of the Turkish Code of Obligations. Out of judicial settlement is an agreement out of the court in which the parties agreed to end the dispute completely or partially at mutual interest point they considered. There is no necessity of an outstanding ongoing case process at this point. Additionally, an ongoing trial process would not affect the out of judicial settlement. It is needed a transformation of the out of judicial settlement to an in-judicial settlement to affect an ongoing trial at the same dispute. Out of judicial settlement is an substantive law agreement. This agreement is fall in the provisions (General Provisions) of the Turkish Code of Obligations. Out of judicial settlement agreement is not be need to be made in written because of the “freedom as to form” principle of the Turkish Code of Obligations. If the out of judicial settlement transformed to an in-judicial settlement it could affect an ongoing trial at the same dispute. Parties convey the out of judicial settlement to the court and then court get in record the agreement. After that moment, out of judicial settlement is evaluated as an in-judicial settlement. It is not needed that the whole provisions of the out of judicial settlement to get in recorded in the trial documents. Article 315/1 of the CCP regulates the provisions on effects and solutions of settlement agreements. Under this provisions when the out of judicial settlement transformed to an in-judicial settlement it would has the same legal power and&nbsp;solutions of it. The first solution of this transformation is the ending of existing dispute, in other words ending of the existing court trial. The second important outcome of the in-judicial settlement agreement is that it would have the same legal effect of final court decision. In-judicial settlement has an important another legal effect that it would has the power of the final court decisions under the Enforcement and Bankruptcy Code Article 38. If the out of judicial settlement transformed to an in-judicial settlement it would has the same affect as well.

Mahkeme Dışında Yapılan Sulh ve Yargılamaya Etkisi

Involvement of persons with disabilities in business life is extremely important – just as much as in their access to education and health services - and in their enjoyment of social protection because unemployment makes individuals becoming unemployed feel like they are useless. Involvement of persons with disabilities in business life, and pursuing the same eliminates the social effects caused by the risk of unemployment. In addition, working persons with disabilities benefit from social insurance protection based on their work, and thus a decrease occurs in the expenses made for persons with disabilities from the social security budget. While the policies relevant to persons with disabilities started with passive policies such as protecting persons with disabilities, today they have transformed into active policies such as ensuring the complete participation of persons with disabilities in employment. In Turkey, the number of persons with disabilities recorded on the National Database on Persons with Disabilities is 2.461.828 for the first half of the year 2019. And the rate of participation of persons with disabilities in employment is 22.1 percent. When compared with the data for the EU and OECD, this number is very low. Thus, increasing the participation in employment of persons with disabilities is also among the objectives relevant to business life. When the legal regulations in Turkey are examined, it can be observed that rules relevant to the protection of persons with disabilities have taken place in Constitutional Law for the first time. According to Article 17 of Constitutional Law, everyone has the right to live, and to preserve and improve their material and moral presence. And, according to Article 49 of Constitutional Law, working is everyone’s right and obligation. The government takes the required measures to increase the standard of living of employees, protect the unemployed, and support working. The government’s actualization of this obligation is especially important in terms of persons with disabilities who are experiencing many difficulties in involvement in business life. For this reason, it is required that the government should take special measures for persons with disabilities, and to provide the work environment for them. Hence, in Article 50 of Constitutional Law, it has been emphasized that no one could be employed in works not conforming to their strength, and the rule of “the ones having physical and psychological insufficiency are distinctively protected in terms of working conditions” has been established. And the most basic law regarding persons with disabilities is the Law on Persons with Disabilities no 5378. This law intends that persons with disabilities should benefit from fundamental rights and freedoms, and to ensure their participation in social life under equal conditions with other individuals. Article 30 of Labour Law no 4857 regulates the details relevant to the liability of employers to employ persons&nbsp;with disabilities. Article 30 was regulated again in 2008, and new principles were established regarding the employment of persons with disabilities. In accordance with this, employers employing fifty or more employees in the workplace have to employ a specific number of persons with disabilities. When Article 30 of Labour Law is examined, it is observed that the straightforward quota method has been adopted regarding the employment of persons with disabilities. The quota determined within this scope is three percent for workplaces in the private sector, and four percent for workplaces in the public sector. It is required that the following conditions are present for liability of the employer to employ persons with disabilities to arise : i) The workplace’s inclusion in the scope of Labour Law, or Maritime Labour Law, ii) Employment of fifty or more employees in the workplace. In case of the presence of these conditions, the employers are required to employ persons with disabilities whose rate of disability is at least 40 percent. Persons with disabilities should be employed through the Turkish Employment Agency. But the employer may also employ a person with disabilities through his own means. In this case, it is required to inform the Turkish Employment Agency, and to have the person with disabilities recorded at the Agency. An administrative fine is imposed on the employer acting against the liability of employing persons with disabilities. Another method regarding the employment of persons with disabilities is the concept of sheltered employment. Briefly, this method is ensuring the employment of persons with disabilities – for whom it is difficult to bring them in business life - within the frame of special conditions. In this system, there are sheltered workplaces where the working environment is specifically arranged in order to ensure the employment of persons with disabilities. In Turkish Law, the principles of this subject have been regulated in the Law on Persons with Disabilities, and in a certain regulation issued on this subject. That Regulation first came into force in 2006, and it was renewed in 2013. Persons with disabilities who will be employed at sheltered workplaces, are not only persons with physical disabilities but persons with mental and psychological disabilities. In terms of acquiring the status of a sheltered workplace, some conditions have been sought by the Regulation. Above all, it is required that the workplace is one which holds the qualifications determined by the Regulation, and where at least eight persons with disabilities are employed. In addition, the ratio of the number of persons with disabilities who will be employed at a sheltered workplace to the number of total employees shouldn’t be less than seventy five percent. In the Regulation, the physical conditions and equipment that the sheltered workplace has to have (safety, traffic safety, fire protection etc.) were also specified. A specific part of the remunerations&nbsp;of the persons with disabilities being employed at sheltered workplaces is paid by the government. In Turkish law, amendments made in time in Article 30 of Labour Law being the basis of the liability of employing persons with disabilities, and especially the increase in incentives for the employers in private sector are deemed as proper regulations. Again, allowing the employers to find workers who will be employed by their own means is also among those steps which would facilitate employment. Certainly, considering the measures ensuring employment as incentives rather than a quota and fine method would be a more constructive approach.

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Night work has been the subject of many discussions due to its contradictory nature to the biological structure of the human body. This attribute of night work requires that night work and day work should not be handled in the same way in the legal order. The developments in the field of Occupational Health and Safety Law, and the researches regarding the effects of night work on the human health, constantly demand the review and improvement of the regulations regarding night work. In this regard, the most important protective provision regarding the workers working at night could be the limit on the night working time. In accordance with the Article 69 (I) of the Labour Law No. 4857, “night” is defined as the period starting at the latest at 20.00 in the evening, and lasting at the earliest until 06.00 in the morning, which in any case lasts maximum eleven hours. Furthermore, in accordance with Article 69 (III), night work shall not exceed seven and a half hours. However, significant exceptions have been recently adopted to this rule. The amendment, enacted in 2015, allows employers in some sectors (private security, tourism and jobs related to healthcare) to demand night work in excess of seven and a half hours by obtaining written approval from the worker. It should be noted that the regulations concerning night work are particularly important regarding the work carried out by shift work. Taking into consideration the need for governing special procedures and principles on this subject, a regulation specifically on shift work has been issued, and exceptions to the rule on the limit of the night working time are also included in this regulation. In my opinion, the propriety of this change amendment is highly debatable. It can be argued that the service should continue uninterruptedly in the sectors mentioned in the Article (private security, tourism and jobs related to healthcare). However, the employment of the workers for longer periods is not the only way to ensure the continuity of the service. Although written approval of the worker enabling the night work in excess of seven and a half hours is stipulated, the worker-protective approach of the Labour Law which protects the workers even from themselves, especially on the issues regarding occupational health and safety should not be disregarded. It should also be noted that the Regulation on shift work also includes a statement which is not included in the text of the Labour Law. In the Regulation; it is prescribed that the workers employed by the subcontractor in the workplaces, where private security, tourism and health services are carried out, also fall under this scope. If the letter of the statement is followed; it could be concluded that all workers employed by the subcontractor in the health, tourism and private security sectors may be employed at night for more than seven and a half hours. However, it is clear that such an interpretation would be incompatible with the exception regulated in the Labour&nbsp;Law. The provision of the regulation should be interpreted in a manner to cover subcontractor workers who are employed in the sectors referred to in the Labour Law, specifically in cases where subcontracted work is carried out with respect to these sectors. It has been concluded that the recent changes in the field of night work constitute a reversal in terms of workers’ rights. It is clear that the continuity of the services without disruption can be also maintained by increasing the number of shifts. Furthermore, I would like to draw attention to the fact that the regulations regarding night work are quite disorganized. In this regard, it may be suggested that all the rules regarding night work should fall into a single regulation. As a result, it may be stated that there is a need for the review of the regulations on night work in our legislation.

Gece Çalışması ve Gece Çalışma Süresinin Sınırı ile İlgili Değişikliklerin Değerlendirilmesi

Cemile

Assoc. Prof.

This article deals with multi-tier dispute resolution clauses incorporating both mediation and arbitration together under Turkish Law. I use the terminology of “med-arb” not only for the situation where the mediator acts as an arbitrator, but rather in a general meaning covering all instances where the arbitration is commenced following an unsuccessful mediation. The purpose of this article is to discuss the validity of the med-arb agreements, the consequences of starting arbitration before the mediation fails, the effects of the mediation proceedings and of the mediator acting as an arbitrator on the arbitration that follows the mediation as well as the admissibility of the documents and factual evidence exchanged at the mediation. For the purpose of this article, the comparative laws, international ethics rules, international guidelines on the conflict of interest and admissibility of evidence are reviewed along with Turkish law. Turkish Code on Mediation in Civil Law Disputes stipulates some provisions related to the med-arb. These provisions shall apply equally to both domestic and international arbitrations where the place of arbitration is Turkey. Following the jurisprudence of the Turkish Supreme Court, a med-arb agreement is valid only if it reflects, without doubt, both parties’ consents to the arbitration following the failure of the mediation proceedings. Therefore, a multi-tier dispute resolution clause subject to Turkish law needs to be drawn carefully. In this respect IBA Guidelines for Drafting International Arbitration Clauses are of assistance. In cases where one of the parties commences arbitration without a recourse to mediation first, the arbitral tribunal should make a decision on the admissibility of the claim. There is no direct provision related to the question of admissibility under Turkish law. Under Turkish law, in parallel with the practice of international arbitration, the tribunal has to interpret the med-arb agreement to make a decision on the question of whether the recourse to mediation is a pre-condition of the arbitration. If the mediation is a pre-condition, then the tribunal should suspend the arbitral&nbsp;proceedings and direct the parties to the mediation. However, in the case that the mediation fails, the tribunal may resume the arbitral proceedings. There is nothing under Turkish law suggesting that a precondition of arbitration is a jurisdictional issue rather than an admissibility issue. The advantages of the med-arb are subject to heated debates among people holding different perspectives. Such advantages are controversial since when a dispute arises and the arbitration starts without a recourse to mediation, the respondent may object to the jurisdiction of the tribunal or to the admissibility of the claim relying on the fact that the pre-condition to try mediation first is not met. Such an objection may cause arbitration to be delayed and/or the costs of arbitration to increase. Therefore, before opting for a med-arb agreement the parties should evaluate the possibility of settling their dispute at the Med-arb. The parties who are able to consider their commercial interests do not need a med-arb agreement as they are able to settle the disputes without the assistance of a mediator. They first try to settle the dispute, in some cases for years, and to avoid adjudication by an arbitral tribunal. They only start arbitration when there is no possibility of settlement of their dispute and of saving their commercial alliance. In such cases, med-arb agreements become a tool to delay the proceedings and increase the costs for the claimant to force him or her to give up his or her claim. Having said that, for the parties who are unable to consider their commercial interest and unable to avoid adjudication, med-arb agreement may be the right dispute resolution clause. In a med-arb agreement, the parties may wish the mediator to act as their arbitrator if the mediation fails. Neither the Turkish Code of Mediation in Civil Disputes nor the Turkish International Arbitration Code prevents a mediator to act as an arbitrator. Turkish Ethics Rules for Mediators stipulate that a mediator may act as an arbitrator only if the parties have agreement in writing. Therefore, any mediator to act as arbitrator needs to have the parties’ written consent. In international mediation and arbitration practices, the scholars and practitioners widely accept that having an arbitrator who previously acted as a mediator generates a number of serious risks and concerns. First of all, the mediator-arbitrator may not protect his or her impartiality in the arbitration because of the facts that she or he became aware of during the mediation. Secondly, the mediator-arbitrator may rely on the confidential information exchanged in caucus while making the award. Thirdly, the mediator may be too willing to act as an arbitrator and as a result the mediation may prematurely fail. Finally, the mediator may abuse his or her powers and force the parties to settle their disputes as the mediator suggests. The parties may feel that if they are not able to settle their dispute and proceed to the arbitration, the mediator-arbitrator would make an arbitral award in parallel of the recommendations at the mediation phase. Considering the severity of the consequences, if the parties agree to have an arbitrator&nbsp;who previously acted as their mediator, they need to be aware of such consequences and they need to make an informed decision accordingly . The Turkish Code of Mediation in Civil Law Disputes restrains the ability of the mediator-arbitrator to rely on the documents produced during the mediation for the purpose of settlement and defines which documents are in this category. In the case where the mediator-arbitrator relies on these documents while making the award, depending on the extent the document or information has a bearing on the award, the arbitral award may be cancelled, or its enforcement may be refused. In November 2019, Istanbul Arbitration Center (ISTAC) introduced its Medarb Rules. ISTAC Med-arb Rules are the first published institutional Med-arb rules. ISTAC Med-arb Rules reflect the best practices in international mediation – arbitration. I believe that ISTAC Med-arb Rules will be welcomed in the field of international dispute resolution.

Arabuluculuk ve Tahkimi Bir Arada İçeren Uyuşmazlık Çözüm Yolu

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İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi tarafından yayımlanmaktadır.
İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası’nda, hukuk ve/veya hukuk ile ilişki kuran bilimsel disiplinler alanlarında, özgün akademik çalışmalara yaslanan, teorik veyahut uygulamalı; toplum içindeki davranış ve ilişkilerin değerlendirilmesi, hukuk sistemleri, makale, karar incelemeleri, mevzuat tahlili-tahkiki, hukukî matbuatın değerlendirilmesini konu edinen (müspet-menfi) eleştirel metinler, tercümeler dolayısıyla ulusal ve uluslararası ölçeğe teşmil olabilecek çalışmalar yayımlanmaktadır.
Bu çerçevede Hukuk Fakültesi Mecmuası’nda; (i) Hukuk kuramını genişleten ve hukukî uygulamaların teorik zeminini besleyen; (ii) gerek akademik gerekse de bir erk olarak yargının usûllerini (metodoloji) tahlil ve gerektiğinde teşrih edici; (iii) özel ya da kamusal bağlamda topluma geniş çaplı etki eden hukuksal tefekkürün, fiillerin, süreçlerin, simgelerin vb. mevcudiyetini irdeleyen; (iv) başta hukukî olmak üzere ele alınan konuyu sosyolojik, siyasal, psikolojik, felsefî, ahlâkî, coğrafî, tarihsel yanlarıyla da tahlil edebilecek metinlere yer verilmektedir.

Derginin tüm giderleri İstanbul Üniversitesi tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Dergide makale yayını ve makale süreçlerinin yürütülmesi ücrete tabi değildir. Dergiye gönderilen ya da yayın için kabul edilen makaleler için işlemleme ücreti ya da gönderim ücreti alınmaz.

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İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, yayın dili Türkçe, İngilizce olan; yılda dört defa yayınlanan, akademik ve hakemli bir dergidir.İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası‘nda, hukuk ve/veya hukuk ile ilişki kuran bilimsel disiplinler alanlarında, özgün akademik çalışmalara yaslanan, teorik veyahut uygulamalı; makale, karar incelemeleri, mevzuat tahlili-tahkiki, hukukî matbuatın değerlendirilmesini konu edinen (müspet-menfi) eleştirel metinler, tercümeler dolayısıyla ulusal ve uluslararası ölçeğe teşmil olabilecek çalışmalar yayımlanmaktadır.İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası’nda; (i) Hukuk kuramını genişleten ve hukukî uygulamaların teorik zeminini besleyen; (ii) gerek akademik gerekse bir erk olarak yargının usûllerini (metodoloji) tahlil ve gerektiğinde teşrih edici; (iii) özel ya da kamusal bağlamda topluma geniş çaplı etki eden hukuksal tefekkürün, fiillerin, süreçlerin, simgelerin vb. mevcudiyetini irdeleyen; (iv) başta hukukî olmak üzere ele alınan konuyu sosyolojik, siyasal, psikolojik, felsefî, ahlâkî, coğrafî, tarihsel yanlarıyla da tahlil edebilecek metinlere yer verilmektedir.Bu kapsamda özellikle şu konulara öncelik tanınmaktadır:• İnsan hakları hukuku,• Ceza hukuku,• Finans ve mali hukuk,• Medeni hukuk,• Ticaret hukuku,• Borçlar hukuku,• İcra ve iflâs hukuku

Amaç ve Kapsam

Web of Science - Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR Dizin)EBSCO Central &amp; Eastern European Academic SourceEBSCO Legal SourceDOAJERIH PLUSSOBİADGale Cengage

Dizinler

Dergi yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> Gönderilen makaleler derginin amaç ve kapsamına uygun olmalıdır. Orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmayan, her bir yazar tarafından içeriği ve gönderimi onaylanmış yazılar değerlendirmeye kabul edilir. Makale yayınlanmak üzere Dergiye gönderildikten sonra yazarlardan hiçbirinin ismi, tüm yazarların yazılı izni olmadan yazar listesinden silinemez ve yeni bir isim yazar olarak eklenemez ve yazar sırası değiştirilemez.İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir. Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.İntihal Ön kontrolden geçirilen makaleler, iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal/kendi kendine intihal tespit edilirse yazarlar bilgilendirilir. Editörler, gerekli olması halinde makaleyi değerlendirme ya da üretim sürecinin çeşitli aşamalarında intihal kontrolüne tabi tutabilirler. Yüksek benzerlik oranları, bir makalenin kabul edilmeden önce ve hatta kabul edildikten sonra reddedilmesine neden olabilir. Makalenin türüne bağlı olarak, bunun oranın %15 veya %20'den az olması beklenir.Çift Kör Hakemlikİntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Editör, makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakemlikten geçmesini sağlar ve makale biçimsel esaslara uygun ise, gelen yazıyı yurtiçinden ve /veya yurtdışından en az iki hakemin değerlendirmesine sunar, hakemler gerek gördüğü takdirde yazıda istenen değişiklikler yazarlar tarafından yapıldıktan sonra yayınlanmasına onay verir.

Politikalar

Dergi açık erişimlidir ve derginin tüm içeriği okura ya da okurun dahil olduğu kuruma ücretsiz olarak sunulur. Okurlar, ticari amaç haricinde, yayıncı ya da yazardan izin almadan dergi makalelerinin tam metnini okuyabilir, indirebilir, kopyalayabilir, arayabilir ve link sağlayabilir. Bu <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/translations/turkish-translation" target="_blank">BOAI</a> açık erişim tanımıyla uyumludur. Derginin açık erişimli makaleleri Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır.

Derginin tüm giderleri İstanbul Üniversitesi tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Dergide makale yayını ve makale süreçlerinin yürütülmesi ücrete tabi değildir. Dergiye gönderilen ya da yayın için kabul edilen makaleler için işlemleme ücreti ya da gönderim ücreti alınmaz.

Yazarlar dergide yayınlanan çalışmalarının telif hakkına sahiptirler ve çalışmaları  Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır. CC BY-NC 4.0 lisansı, eserin ticari kullanım dışında her boyut ve formatta paylaşılmasına, kopyalanmasına, çoğaltılmasına ve orijinal esere uygun şekilde atıfta bulunmak kaydıyla yeniden düzenleme, dönüştürme ve eserin üzerine inşa etme dâhil adapte edilmesine izin verir.

Editörler, yayınlanan makalede, bulguları, yorumları ve sonuçları etkilemeyen küçük hatalar tespit edilirse düzeltme yayınlamayı düşünebilirler. Editörler, bulguları ve sonuçları geçersiz kılan büyük hatalar / ihlaller söz konusu olduğunda, makaleyi geri çekmeyi düşünmelidir. Yazarlar tarafından araştırma veya yayını kötüye kullanmaya yönelik olasılık söz konusu ise; bulguların güvenilir olmadığına ve yazarların kurumlarının olayı soruşturmadığına dair kanıtlar var veya olası soruşturma haksız veya sonuçsuz görünüyor ise, editörler endişe ifadesi yayınlamayı düşünmelidir. Düzeltme, geri çekme veya endişe ifadesi ile ilgili olarak <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> ve <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> yönergeleri dikkate alınır.Geri ÇekmeDergi geri çekme durumunda <a href="https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/retraction-guidelines-cope.pdf" target="_blank">COPE Retraction Guidelines</a>’ı izler. Editör, aşağıdaki durumlarda bir makaleyi geri çekme hakkına sahiptir: <ul><li>Büyük bir hata (örn. yanlış hesaplama veya deneysel hata), uydurma öğeler  (örn. veri) veya tahrifat (örn. görüntü manipülasyonu) gibi bulguların güvenilmez olduğu sonucunu çıkarmaya dair açık kanıtlar varsa; </li><li>İçerikte intihal varsa; </li><li>Uygun atıf yapılmadan başka bir yerde yayınlanmışsa;</li><li>Kullanım izni olmayan materyal veya veri içeriyorsa;</li><li>Telif hakkı ihlali veya başka bir ciddi yasal sorun varsa;</li><li>Etik olmayan araştırma içeriyorsa; </li><li>Hakem değerlendirme sürecinin bozulduğuna veya manipüle edildiğine dair kanıt varsa;</li><li>Yazar(lar), editörün görüşüne göre, çalışmanın yorumlanmasını veya editörlerin ve hakemlerin tavsiyelerini önemli derecede etkileyebilecek, kritik bir çıkar çatışmasını açıklamamış ise.</li></ul>Geri çekme durumunda aşağıdaki adımlar izlenir:<ul><li>Makale başlığını da içeren geri çekme bildirimi derginin bir sonraki sayısında yayınlanır. Geri çekme bildirimi  içindekiler tablosunda sayfa nosu verilerek listelenir. </li><li>Elektronik versiyonda geri çekme bildirimi ile orijinal makale arasında link sağlanır. </li><li>Online makaleden önce geri çekme bildirimini içeren sayfa gelir; okuyucu daha sonra makalenin kendisine geçebilir.</li><li>Orijinal makale, her sayfadaki .pdf üzerinde “geri çekildiğini” belirten bir filigran dışında değişmeden kalır.</li></ul>Yasal Nedenlerle Makalenin KaldırılmasıAşağıdaki durumlarda, üst veriler (başlık ve yazarlar) hariç olmak üzere, makale metni kaldırılır ve makalenin yasal nedenlerle kaldırıldığını bildiren bir sayfa makalenin yerini alır. <ul><li>Makalenin karalayıcı içerik ihtiva ettiği veya başkalarının yasal haklarını ihlal ettiği tespit edilir ve geri çekmenin yeterli bir çözüm olmadığı düşünülürse;</li><li>Makale bir mahkeme kararına konu olmuşsa veya olacağına dair makul bir neden varsa;</li><li>Kamu sağlığı açısından önemli bir risk söz konusu ise;  </li></ul>

Dergide yayınlanan tüm yazıların korunmasını ve kalıcı olarak erişilebilir olmasını sağlamak için makaleler, ulusal bir arşiv sitesi olarak hizmet veren ve aynı zamanda LOCKSS'in içeriği toplamasına, korumasına ve sunmasına izin veren Dergipark'ta saklanmaktadır.Ek olarak, yazarların kendilerinin makalelerinin son PDF sürümünü Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>) standartlarına uygun açık elektronik arşivlerde arşivlemeleri önerilir. Yazarlar, yayınladıkları arşiv versiyonundan, İ.Ü. Yayınevinin dergi web sitesinin URL'sine bağlantı sağlamalıdır.

İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için adres: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>Gönderilen tüm makaleler orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmamalıdır. Her bir makale editörlerden biri ve en az iki hakem tarafından çift kör değerlendirmeden geçirilir. İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir.Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.

Etik

Dergi araştırma etiğinde en yüksek standartları gözetir ve aşağıda tanımlanan uluslararası araştırma etiği ilkelerini benimser. Makalelerin etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır.-    Araştırmanın tasarlanması, tasarımın gözden geçirilmesi ve araştırmanın yürütülmesinde, bütünlük, kalite ve şeffaflık ilkeleri sağlanmalıdır.-    Araştırma ekibi ve katılımcılar, araştırmanın amacı, yöntemleri ve öngörülen olası kullanımları; araştırmaya katılımın gerektirdikleri ve varsa riskleri hakkında tam olarak bilgilendirilmelidir.-    Araştırma katılımcılarının sağladığı bilgilerin gizliliği ve yanıt verenlerin gizliliği sağlanmalıdır. Araştırma katılımcıların özerkliğini ve saygınlığını koruyacak şekilde tasarlanmalıdır.-    Araştırma katılımcıları gönüllü olarak araştırmada yer almalı, herhangi bir zorlama altında olmamalıdırlar.-    Katılımcıların zarar görmesinden kaçınılmalıdır. Araştırma, katılımcıları riske sokmayacak şekilde planlanmalıdır.-    Araştırma bağımsızlığıyla ilgili açık ve net olunmalı; çıkar çatışması varsa belirtilmelidir.-    Deneysel çalışmalarda, araştırmaya katılmaya karar veren katılımcıların yazılı bilgilendirilmiş onayı alınmalıdır. Çocukların ve vesayet altındakilerin veya tasdiklenmiş akıl hastalığı bulunanların yasal vasisinin onayı alınmalıdır.-    Çalışma herhangi bir kurum ya da kuruluşta gerçekleştirilecekse bu kurum ya da kuruluştan çalışma yapılacağına dair onay alınmalıdır.-    İnsan öğesi bulunan çalışmalarda, “yöntem” bölümünde katılımcılardan “bilgilendirilmiş onam” alındığının ve çalışmanın yapıldığı kurumdan etik kurul onayı alındığı belirtilmesi gerekir.

Makalelerin bilimsel ve etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır. Yazar makalenin orijinal olduğu, daha önce başka bir yerde yayınlanmadığı ve başka bir yerde, başka bir dilde yayınlanmak üzere değerlendirmede olmadığı konusunda teminat sağlamalıdır. Uygulamadaki telif kanunları ve anlaşmaları gözetilmelidir. Telife bağlı materyaller (örneğin tablolar, şekiller veya büyük alıntılar) gerekli izin ve teşekkürle kullanılmalıdır. Başka yazarların, katkıda bulunanların çalışmaları ya da yararlanılan kaynaklar uygun biçimde kullanılmalı ve referanslarda belirtilmelidir.Gönderilen makalede tüm yazarların akademik ve bilimsel olarak doğrudan katkısı olmalıdır, bu bağlamda “yazar” yayınlanan bir araştırmanın kavramsallaştırılmasına ve dizaynına, verilerin elde edilmesine, analizine ya da yorumlanmasına belirgin katkı yapan, yazının yazılması ya da bunun içerik açısından eleştirel biçimde gözden geçirilmesinde görev yapan birisi olarak görülür. Yazar olabilmenin diğer koşulları ise, makaledeki çalışmayı planlamak veya icra etmek ve / veya revize etmektir. Fon sağlanması, veri toplanması ya da araştırma grubunun genel süpervizyonu tek başına yazarlık hakkı kazandırmaz. Yazar olarak gösterilen tüm bireyler sayılan tüm ölçütleri karşılamalıdır ve yukarıdaki ölçütleri karşılayan her birey yazar olarak gösterilebilir. Yazarların isim sıralaması ortak verilen bir karar olmalıdır. Tüm yazarlar yazar sıralamasını <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/E53FB0CE54514A729F14BBA673C58319" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu'nda</a> imzalı olarak belirtmek zorundadırlar.Yazarlık için yeterli ölçütleri karşılamayan ancak çalışmaya katkısı olan tüm bireyler “teşekkür / bilgiler” kısmında sıralanmalıdır. Bunlara örnek olarak ise sadece teknik destek sağlayan, yazıma yardımcı olan ya da sadece genel bir destek sağlayan, finansal ve materyal desteği sunan kişiler verilebilir.Bütün yazarlar, araştırmanın sonuçlarını ya da bilimsel değerlendirmeyi etkileyebilme potansiyeli olan finansal ilişkiler, çıkar çatışması ve çıkar rekabetini beyan etmelidirler. Bir yazar kendi yayınlanmış yazısında belirgin bir hata ya da yanlışlık tespit ederse, bu yanlışlıklara ilişkin düzeltme ya da geri çekme için editör ile hemen temasa geçme ve işbirliği yapma sorumluluğunu taşır.

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, cinsel yöneliminden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder. Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve Dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemlerin araştırmayla ilgili, yazarlarla ve/veya araştırmanın finansal destekçileriyle çıkar çatışmaları olmamalıdır. Değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme çift taraflı kör hakemlik ile değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.

Hakemlik Hakkında

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, cinsel yöneliminden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder. Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve Dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemlerin araştırmayla ilgili, yazarlarla ve/veya araştırmanın finansal destekçileriyle çıkar çatışmaları olmamalıdır. Değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir.Baş Editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.Hakemlerin değerlendirmeleri objektif olmalıdır. Hakem süreci sırasında hakemlerin aşağıdaki hususları dikkate alarak değerlendirmelerini yapmaları beklenir.-Makale yeni ve önemli bir bilgi içeriyor mu?-Öz, makalenin içeriğini net ve düzgün bir şekilde tanımlıyor mu?-Yöntem bütünlüklü ve anlaşılır şekilde tanımlanmış mı?-Yapılan yorum ve varılan sonuçlar bulgularla kanıtlanıyor mu?-Alandaki diğer çalışmalara yeterli referans verilmiş mi?-Dil kalitesi yeterli mi?Hakemler, gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir.

<ol><li>İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, ESCI ve ULAKBİM tarafından taranan “Hakemli Dergi” statüsünde yılda dört sayı (Mart, Haziran, Eylül, Aralık) olarak yayımlanır.</li><li>Mecmua’ya gönderilen yazılar, başka bir yerde yayımlanmamış ve yayımlanmak üzere gönderilmemiş olmalıdır. Bu hususta yazarlardan ayrıca taahhütname talep edilecektir.</li><li>Editörler Kurulu tarafından ilk değerlendirilmesi yapılan ve işbu yayın ilkelerine uygun olmadığı saptanan yazılar, hakeme gönderilmeden önce, buradaki kurallar doğrultusunda düzeltilmesi için yazara iade edilir. Yazım yanlışlarının olağanın dışında bulunması, incelenen konu bakımından gerekli olan yerli ve yabancı kaynakların tüketilmemiş olması, bilimsel ölçütlere ve akademik etik prensiplere uyulmaması, makale konusunun teori ve/veya uygulama açısından güncel bir değerinin/öneminin bulunmaması, yazının Editörler Kurulu tarafından reddi için yeterlidir.</li><li>Yazı, hakemlere gönderilmeden önce özel bilgisayar programları yardımı ile intihal incelemesine tabi tutulur. İlgili yazılım raporunun editöryel incelemesi kapsamında, dijital benzerlik oranının % 20’nin üzerinde çıkması, yazının reddi için yeterlidir.</li><li>Mecmua’da yayımlanacak makalenin, en üstün akademik standartlara uygun şekilde kaleme alınmış olması esastır. Bu çerçevede yazarlardan/yazılardan doktora/doçentlik tezi seviyesinde bir entelektüel çaba ve katkı beklenir.</li><li>İlk değerlendirmede uygun bulunan yazılar, yazar adları metinden çıkarılarak hakemlere gönderilir. Yazarlara yazının hangi hakemlere gönderildiği ile ilgili bilgi verilmez. Hakemlerden gelen raporlar doğrultusunda yazının yayımlanmasına, düzeltilmesine ya da geri çevrilmesine karar verilir. Hakem aşamasının asgari ve/veya azami bir süresi yoktur. Bu konunun takibi, münhasıran Editörler Kurulu’na ait bir görev ve yetki olup, yazı sahiplerinin doğrudan veya dolaylı şekilde bu aşamaya müdahale etmeleri etik ihlal sayılır.</li><li>Hakem raporlarının sonucunda yazının/eserin nihai olarak yayımlanıp yayımlanmayacağı ve yayımlanacaksa yazının Mecmua’nın hangi sayısında yer alacağı hususunda nihai takdir yetkisi ve sorumluluğu, Editörler Kurulu’na aittir. Tek bir olumsuz hakem raporunun varlığı, makalenin yayımlanmaması için yeterlidir.</li><li>Hakem aşamasının tamamlanmış olması, yazarlara makalenin yayımlanacağını gösterir özel/resmi bir belge talep etme yetkisi vermez. Yazarlar, bu konunun bilincinde ve sorumluluğunda olarak makalelerinin Mecmua’da yayımlanması ve hakem incelemesine tâbi tutulması başvurusunda bulunmaktadırlar. </li><li>Yazarlar; unvanlarını, görev yaptıkları kurumları, iletişim adresleri ile telefonlarını ve e-posta adreslerini bildirmelidirler.</li><li>Mecmua’nın yazı dili Türkçe ve İngilizcedir. Makalelerde 250 kelimeden oluşan Türkçe öz ve İngilizce abstract bölümlerine yer verilmeli ve en az 5 en çok 15 anahtar kelimenin de Türkçe ve İngilizce olarak yazıya eklenmesi gerekmektedir. Özetleri takiben Türkçe ve İngilizce dilindeki tüm makaleler için ayrıca 600-800 kelimelik İngilizce genişletilmiş özet yer almalıdır. Yayım başvurusuna konu edilen makalenin -dipnotlar dâhil olmak üzere- en fazla 20.000 kelimeden oluşması gerekir. Asgari bir kelime sınırı yoktur.</li><li>Makale metni, Times New Roman yazı tipinde, 1,5 satır aralığı ve 12 punto, dipnotları ise, tek satır aralığı ve 10 punto olarak hazırlanmalıdır. Dipnotları sayfa altında gösterilir. Atıflar OSCOLA atıf sistemi esas alınarak yapılmalıdır. Aksi takdirde makale hakem ataması yapılmaksızın yazara düzeltmeleri yapması için geri gönderilir. Türkçe makalelerdeki kısaltmalar ve diğer hususların ilan edilen yazım kuralları uyarınca yapılması gerekmektedir. Söz konusu atıf kurallarına https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ihm adresi üzerinden ulaşılabilir.</li><li>Yazar isimleri Türkçe ve İngilizce konu başlığının altında ve sağ tarafında yer almalı ve soyadının bitiminde yıldız konulmalıdır. Yıldızlı dipnotta yazarın unvanı, çalıştığı kurum, alanı ve e-posta adresi bildirilmelidir.</li><li>Makalenin sonunda, makalede kullanılan kaynakların, yazarların soyadlarına göre sıralandığı bir kaynakça bulunmalıdır.</li><li>Fakülte tarafından yayımlanan nüshalarla sınırlı kalmak üzere; yayına kabul edilen makalenin Fikir ve Sanat Eserleri Kanunu ve ilgili mevzuat çerçevesinde çoğaltma, yayma, umuma iletim, işleme ve çeviri konusundaki mali hakları, basılı, görsel, işitsel, sayısal/dijital vb. ortamlarda yurt içinde ve yurt dışında kullanılmak üzere Fakülte’ye devredilmiştir. Telif ücreti ödenmeyeceği yazarlar tarafından kabul edilmiştir.</li><li>Mecmua’da, makalelerin yanı sıra çeviri de yayımlanabilir. Bu nitelikteki yazılar Editörler Kurulu tarafından kabul edilebilir veya geri çevrilebilir. Çeviri metni ile birlikte asıl metin ve hak sahiplerinin (asıl eser sahibi ve yayınevinin) muvafakati de iletilmelidir. Çeviriler de hakem değerlendirilmesine tâbi tutulur.</li><li>İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası’nda yayımlanması istenen yazıların iuhfdergiler@istanbul.edu.tr e-posta adresine Microsoft Word yazılımı formatında (*.doc, *.docx) ve işbu yayın kurallarına uygun şekilde gönderilmesi gerekmektedir.</li><li>Bir başvurucunun aynı yayın yılı içerisinde (4 sayılık süreçte) sadece bir makalesi hakem incelemesine konu edilebilir.</li><li>Editörler Kurulu, derginin bir sayısında yer alacak makaleleri, Özel Hukuk – Kamu Hukuku dengesini koruma amacı, makalenin Mecmua’ya gönderilme ve hakem aşamasının tamamlanma tarihleri, makale konusun güncelliği, yazarların İstanbul Üniversitesi mensubu olup olmaması noktasındaki oransal denge gibi kriterleri gözeterek belirler.</li><li>Editörler Kurulu, tüm sayıların mümkün olduğunca eşit sayıda makale ile çıkması noktasında azami gayreti gösterir. Bir sayının çıkma tarihi itibarıyla, mizanpaj aşaması da dahil olmak üzere, yayım için gerekli tüm aşamaları tamamlamış olan bir makale, makale sayısı itibarıyla ilgili sayıda yayımlanamaz ise, ancak bu şartla, ilgili sayıdan belli bir süre sonra Online-First adı verilen sistem çerçevesinde bir sonraki sayı çıkmadan önce dijital olarak yayımlanır.</li></ol>

Yazım Kuralları

Makale başvuruları doğrudan <a href="mailto:iuhfdergiler@istanbul.edu.tr" target="_blank">iuhfdergiler@istanbul.edu.tr</a> adresine yapılmaktadır.

Derleme yazıları, okuyucular için bir konudaki kaynaklara ulaşmayı kolaylaştıran bir araç olsa da, her zaman orijinal çalışmayı doğru olarak yansıtmaz. Bu yüzden mümkün olduğunca yazarlar orijinal çalışmaları kaynak göstermelidir. Öte yandan, bir konuda çok fazla sayıda orijinal çalışmanın kaynak gösterilmesi yer israfına neden olabilir. Birkaç anahtar orijinal çalışmanın kaynak gösterilmesi genelde uzun listelerle aynı işi görür. Ayrıca günümüzde kaynaklar elektronik versiyonlara eklenebilmekte ve okuyucular elektronik literatür taramalarıyla yayınlara kolaylıkla ulaşabilmektedir.Kabul edilmiş ancak henüz sayıya dahil edilmemiş makaleler Early View olarak yayınlanır ve bu makalelere atıflar “forthcoming” şeklinde verilmelidir. Genel bir kaynaktan elde edilemeyecek temel bir konu olmadıkça “kişisel iletişimlere” atıfta bulunulmamalıdır. Eğer atıfta bulunulursa parantez içinde iletişim kurulan kişinin adı ve iletişimin tarihi belirtilmelidir. Bilimsel makaleler için yazarlar bu kaynaktan yazılı izin ve iletişimin doğruluğunu gösterir belge almalıdır. Kaynakların doğruluğundan yazar(lar) sorumludur. Tüm kaynaklar metinde belirtilmelidir. Kaynaklar alfabetik olarak sıralanmalıdır.Referans Stilli ve Formatıİstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, makalelerinde referans sistemi olarak OSCOLA kullanımını benimser. OSCOLA (Oxford Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities), Oxford Üniversitesi tarafından yayınlanmış bir sistemdir. Ayrıntılı bilgi ve örnekler için:<a href="https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/research-subject-groups/publications/oscola" target="_blank">https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/research-subject-groups/publications/oscola</a>OSCOLA Referans Stili ÖrnekleriGenel HususlarKısaltmalarda nokta kullanmayınız. Bir dipnotta birden fazla esere atıf yapılıyorsa her bir eseri noktalı virgül ile ayırınız.Atıflarda supra, infra, ante, id, loc cit, op cit, contra kısaltmaları kullanılmayacaktır.İçindekiler kısmına yer verilmeyecektir.Kısaltmalar cetveline yer verilmeyecektir.Öz / AbstractMakalelerde 250 kelimeden oluşan Türkçe öz ve İngilizce abstract bölümlerine yer verilmelidir.Anahtar Kelimeler / KeywordsÖz bölümünün altında Türkçe en az 5 en çok 15 anahtar kelime kullanılmalıdır.Abstract bölümünün altında İngilizce en az 5 en çok 15 keywords kullanılmalıdır.Extended SummaryMakalelerde, makaleye yabancı yazarlar tarafından atıf yapılmasını sağlayacak ölçüde, makalede yer verilen bilgi ve görüşlerin derlendiği en az 600 en fazla 1000 kelimeden oluşacak İngilizce bir extended summary yer almalıdır.Mevzuata Yapılacak AtıfTürk mevzuatına atıf, aşağıda gösterildiği şekilde yapılmalıdır:•    Nüfus Hizmetleri Kanunu, Kanun Numarası: 5490, Kabul Tarihi: 25.4.2006, RG 29.4.2006/26153Yabancı devlet mevzuatına ve AB mevzuatına yapılacak atıflarda OSCOLA’nın 2.4, 2.6.1 ve 2.8.2 numaralı bölümlerinde gösterildiği şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır.KitaplarDipnotlarda öncelikle yazarın adı/soyadı atıfta bulunulan eserde yer aldığı şekilde yazılmalıdır. Dipnotlarda önce yazarın adı verilmeli, bunu bir virgül takip etmeli ardından kitap ismi italik olarak verilmelidir.Birbirini takip eden birden fazla sayfaya yapılan atıflarda ff kısaltması kullanılır.Ad Soyad, Kitap Adı (Kaçıncı Bası Olduğu, Yayınevi Yılı) Atıf Yapılan Sayfa.Makalenin yazım dili Türkçe iseTek yazarlı kitaplarda:•    3B Bahadır Erdem, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku (6. Bası, Beta 2017) 165.Çok yazarlı kitaplarda:•    Aysel Çelikel ve Günseli Öztekin Gelgel, Yabancılar Hukuku (24. Bası, Beta 2019) 86 vd.•    Cemal Şanlı, Emre Esen ve İnci Ataman-Figanmeşe, Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk (6. Bası, Beta 2018) 322.Editörlü Kitaplarda:Ad Soyad, ‘Eser (Bölüm) Adı’ iç Editör(ler) Adı (ed / birden çok editör olması halinde edr), Kitap Adı (Yayınevi Yıl) Atıf Yapılan Sayfa.•    Rumeysa Partalcı, ‘Türkiye’nin Çocuk Haklarına Dair Sözleşme’ye Koyduğu Çekincelerin İncelenmesi’ iç Günseli Öztekin Gelgel ve Faruk Kerem Giray (edr), Milletlerarası Aile ve Çocuk Hukukuna İlişkin Seçilmiş Makaleler (Beta 2017) 5.Makalenin yazım dili İngilizce iseTek Yazarlı kitaplarda:•    3B Bahadır Erdem, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku (6th, Beta 2017) 165.Çok yazarlı kitaplarda:•    Aysel Çelikel and Günseli Öztekin Gelgel, Yabancılar Hukuku (24th edn, Beta 2019) 86 ff.•    Cemal Şanlı, Emre Esen and İnci Ataman-Figanmeşe, Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk (6th edn, Beta 2018) 322.Editörlü KitaplarAd Soyad, ‘Eser (Bölüm) Adı’ in Editör(ler) Adı (ed / birden çok editör olması halinde eds), Kitap Adı (Yayınevi Yıl) Atıf Yapılan Sayfa.•    Rumeysa Partalcı, ‘Türkiye’nin Çocuk Haklarına Dair Sözleşme’ye Koyduğu Çekincelerin İncelenmesi’ in Günseli Öztekin Gelgel ve Faruk Kerem Giray (eds), Milletlerarası Aile ve Çocuk Hukukuna İlişkin Seçilmiş Makaleler (Beta 2017) 5.MakalelerAd Soyad, ‘Makale Adı’ (Yıl) Cilt (Sayı) Dergi Adı İlk Sayfa Numarası, Atıf Yapılan Sayfa•    Sevin Toluner, ‘Kıbrıs’ın Avrupa Birliği’ne Üyelik Başvurusunun Hukuki Geçerliliği ve Sonuçları’ (2002) 22(2) MHB (Prof. Dr. Ergin Nomer’e Armağan) 857, 860.•    Ayşe Nur Tütüncü, ‘Montreux Convention and Canal Istanbul’ (2017) 37(1) MHB 113, 116.Elektronik KaynaklarMakalenin yazım dili Türkçe iseYazar Adı Soyadı, ‘Eser Adı’ (Yıl) Cilt(Sayı) Dergi Adı Erişim Tarihi.•    Graham Greenleaf, ‘The Global Development of Free Access to Legal Information’ (2010) 1(1) EJLT &lt; http://ejlt.org//article/view/17 &gt; Erişim Tarihi 27 July 2010.Makalenin yazım dili İngilizce ise•    Graham Greenleaf, ‘The Global Development of Free Access to Legal Information’ (2010) 1(1) EJLT &lt; http://ejlt.org//article/view/17 &gt; Date of Access 27 July 2010.Web Siteleri ve BloglarMakalenin yazım dili Türkçe iseSarah Cole, ‘Virtual Friend Fires Employee’ (Naked Law, 1 May 2009) Erişim Tarihi 19 November 2009Makalenin yazım dili İngilizce iseSarah Cole, ‘Virtual Friend Fires Employee’ (Naked Law, 1 May 2009) Date of Access 19 November 2009Aynı Yazarın Birden Fazla Eserine AtıfAynı yazarın birden fazla eserine yapılacak atıflarda eser adları uygun şekilde kısaltılmalıdır:•  15 Erdem, Vatandaşlık Hukuku (n 3) 142.    23Erdem, ‘Cinsiyet Farkı’ (n 9) 297.Aynı Esere Birden Fazla Atıf YapılmasıAynı esere birden fazla atıf yapılması halinde:Makalenin yazım dili Türkçe ise1 Aysel Çelikel ve Günseli Öztekin Gelgel, Yabancılar Hukuku (24. Bası, Beta 2019) 86.…26 Çelikel ve Öztekin Gelgel (n 1) 112.27 ibid 114-115.Makalenin yazım dili İngilizce ise1 Aysel Çelikel and Günseli Öztekin Gelgel, Yabancılar Hukuku (24th edn, Beta 2019) 86.…26 Çelikel and Öztekin Gelgel (n 1) 112.27 ibid 114-115.Yargı Kararları - DavalarTürk mahkeme kararlarına aşağıda yer alan örneklerde gösterildiği şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır:Ankara 3 Sulh Mahkemesi, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Ankara 1 İdare Mahkemesi, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Ankara 3 BAM, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Ankara 3 BİM, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Danıştay 10 D, 2247/5111, 25.11.2011.Yargıtay 2 HD, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Anayasa Mahkemesi, 2014/13044, 11.11.2015.Yabancı mahkeme kararlarına OSCOLA’nın 2.1 ilâ 2.3 numaralı bölümlerinde gösterildiği şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır.Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi kararlarına aşağıda yer alan örneklerde gösterildiği şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır:•    Omojudi v UK (2009) 51 EHRR 10.•    Osman v UK ECHR 1998–VIII 3124.•    Balogh v Hungary App no 47940/99 (ECHR, 20 July 2004).•    Simpson v UK (1989) 64 DR 188.KaynakçaKaynakçada öncelikle yazarın soyadına daha sonra adının ilk harfine yer verilir. Makalelerin sayfa aralığı gösterilir:Makalenin yazım dili Türkçe ise•    Erdem BB, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku (6. Bası, Beta 2017) 165.•    Çelikel A ve Öztekin Gelgel G, Yabancılar Hukuku (24. Bası, Beta 2019).•    Şanlı C, Esen E ve Ataman-Figanmeşe İ, Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk (6. Bası, Beta 2018).•    Tütüncü AN, ‘Montreux Convention ve Canal Istanbul’ (2017) 37(1) MHB 113-123.Makalenin yazım dili İngilizce ise•    Erdem BB, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku (6th, Beta 2017) 165.•    Çelikel A and Öztekin Gelgel G, Yabancılar Hukuku (24th edn, Beta 2019).•    Şanlı C, Esen E and Ataman-Figanmeşe İ, Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk (6th edn, Beta 2018).•    Tütüncü AN, ‘Montreux Convention and Canal Istanbul’ (2017) 37(1) MHB 113-123.Atıf kuralları hakkında ayrıntılı bilgi için bkz. OSCOLA 4th Edition.

<div><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/2991A311942E454E8B4DBF4B271350E3" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/5750CB1484324495A8C74D69447BFD44" target="_blank">Kapak Sayfası</a></div>

Aşağıdaki listede eksik olmadığından emin olun:●    Editöre mektup<ul><li>Makalenin türü</li><li>Başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu bilgisi</li><li>Sponsor veya ticari bir firma ile ilişkisi (varsa belirtiniz)</li><li>İstatistik kontrolünün yapıldığı (araştırma makaleleri için)</li><li>İngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığı</li><li>Yazarlara Bilgide detaylı olarak anlatılan dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiği</li><li>Kaynakların OSCOLA 4’e göre belirtildiği</li></ul>●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/E53FB0CE54514A729F14BBA673C58319" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a>●    Daha önce basılmış ve telife bağlı materyal (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/31F96BBD2789401F92877085635FE53C" target="_blank">Kapak sayfası</a><ul><li>Makalenin türü</li><li>Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığı</li><li>Yazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonra şehir ve ülke bilgisi de yer almalıdır), e-posta adresleri</li><li>Sorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosu</li><li>Tüm yazarların ORCID’leri</li></ul>●    Makale ana metni<ul><li>Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığı</li><li>Özetler: 250 kelime Türkçe ve İngilizce</li><li>Anahtar Kelimeler: 5-15 adet Türkçe ve 5-15 adet İngilizce</li><li>Makale Türkçe ise, 600-800 kelime İngilizce genişletilmiş özet (Extended Summary)</li><li>Finansal destek (varsa belirtiniz)</li><li>Çıkar çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)</li><li>Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)</li><li>Kaynaklar</li><li>Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)</li></ul>

Sayı Türü	Regular
Editör(ler)	Fethi Gedikli, Ali Paslı
Kapak (PDF)
Tam Metin (PDF)
Ön Sayfalar (PDF)

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