References

• Abbas, J., Wang, D., Su, Z., & Ziapour, A. (2021). The role of social media in the advent of COVID-19 pandemic: Crisis management, mental health challenges and implication. Risk management and healthcare policy, 14, 1917. https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S284313 google scholar
• Ahmad, A. R., & Murad, H. R. (2020). The Impact of social media on panic during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Iraqi Kurdistan: Online questionnaire study. Journal of medical Internet research, 22(5), e19556. https://doi. org/10.2196/19556 google scholar
• Al-Dmour, H., Masa’deh, R., Salman, A., Abuhashesh, M., & Al-Dmour, R. (2020). Influence of social media platforms on public health protection against the COVID-19 pandemic via the mediating effects of public health awareness and behavioral changes: Integrated Model. J Med Internet Res 2020;22(8):E19996 Https:// Www.Jmir.Org/2020/8/E19996, 22(8), e19996. https://doi.org/10.2196/19996 google scholar
• Anzai, A., Kobayashi, T., Linton, N. M., Kinoshita, R., Hayashi, K., Suzuki, A., Yang, Y., Jung, S. M., Miyama, T., Akhmetzhanov, A. R., & Nishiura, H. (2020). Assessing the impact of reduced travel on exportation dynamics of novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19). Journal of Clinical Medicine 2020, Vol. 9, Page 601, 9(2), 601. https:// doi.org/10.3390/JCM9020601 google scholar
• Austin, L., Fisher Liu, B., & Jin, Y. (2012). How audiences seek out crisis information: Exploring the social-mediated crisis communication Model. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 40(2), 188–207. https://doi.org/10. 1080/00909882.2012.654498 google scholar
• Basoglu, N., Daim, T. U., Atesok, H. C., & Pamuk, M. (2010). Exploring the impact of information technology on health information-seeking behaviour. International Journal of Business Information Systems, 5(3), 291-308. google scholar
• Bavel, J.J.V., Baicker, K., Boggio, P.S. (2020) Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nat Hum Behav 4, 460–471 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z google scholar
• Bento, A. I., Nguyen, T., Wing, C., Lozano-Rojas, F., Ahn, Y. Y., & Simon, K. (2020). Information seeking responses to news of local COVID-19 cases: Evidence from internet search data. arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.04591. google scholar
• Boon-Itt, S., & Skunkan, Y. (2020). Public perception of the COVID-19 pandemic on twitter: Sentiment analysis and topic modeling Study. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2020;6(4):E21978 Https://Publichealth.Jmir.Org/2020/4/ E21978, 6(4), e21978. https://doi.org/10.2196/21978 google scholar
• Brailovskaia, J., & Margraf, J. (2021). The relationship between burden caused by coronavirus (Covid-19), addictive social media use, sense of control and anxiety. Computers in Human Behavior, 119, 106720. google scholar
• Brailovskaia, J., Cosci, F., Mansueto, G., Miragall, M., Herrero, R., Baños, R. M., ... & Margraf, J. (2021). The association between depression symptoms, psychological burden caused by Covid-19 and physical activity: An investigation in Germany, Italy, Russia, and Spain. Psychiatry Research, 295, 113596. google scholar
• Burki, T. (2021). Understanding variants of SARS-CoV-2. The Lancet, 397(10273), 462. google scholar
• Case, D. O., & Given, L. (2016). Looking for information: A survey of research on information seeking, needs and behavior (Fourth ed.). Bradford, UL: Emerald Group Publishing. google scholar
• Cerra, V., Fatas, A., & Saxena, S. C. (2021). Fighting the scarring effects of COVID-19. Industrial and Corporate Change, 30(2), 459–466. https://doi.org/10.1093/ICC/DTAB030 google scholar
• Chan, A. K., Nickson, C. P., Rudolph, J. W., Lee, A., & Joynt, G. M. (2020). Social media for rapid knowledge dissemination: early experience from the COVID‐19 pandemic. https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S284313 google scholar
• Chaudhary, M., Sodani, P. R., & Das, S. (2020). Effect of COVID-19 on economy in India: Some Reflections for Policy and Programme: Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/0972063420935541, 22(2), 169–180. https://doi. org/10.1177/0972063420935541 google scholar
• Chauhan, P., Ansari, S., & Sharma, N. K. (2021). Exploring Information seeking behaviour of the people during COVID-19 outbreak in India. Library Philosophy and Practice, 1-13. https://www.proquest.com/scholarlyjournals/exploring-information seeking-behaviour- people/docview/2552127257/se-2? Account id=16470 google scholar
• Chew, C., & Eysenbach, G. (2010). Pandemics in the age of Twitter: Content analysis of tweets during the 2009 H1N1 outbreak. PLoS ONE, 5(11). https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0014118 google scholar
• Chin, C., & Wang, C. (2020). Effectiveness of COVID-19 pandemic prevention: A cross- country comparison of digital footprint of Google search data. Advances in Management and Applied Economics, 10(4), 23-34. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly google scholar
• Cook, C. (2020). COVID-19: Social media in the spotlight after misinformation. Retrieved from https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/423694/covid-19-social-media-in-the-spotlight-after-misinformation google scholar
• Comp, G., Dyer, S., & Gottlieb, M. (2021). Is TikTok the next social media frontier for medicine? AEM Education and Training, 5(3), aet2.10532. https://doi.org/10.1002/aet2.10532 google scholar
• Cress, U., Barquero, B., Buder, J., & Hesse, F. W. (2005). Social dilemma in knowledge communication via shared databases. In barriers and biases in computer-mediated knowledge communication (pp. 143-167). Springer, Boston, MA. google scholar
• Dadaczynski K, Okan O, Messer M, Leung A, Rosário R, Darlington E, Rathmann K (2021). google scholar
• Digital health literacy and web-based information seeking behaviours of university students in Germany during the COVID-19 pandemic: Cross-sectional Survey Study J Med Internet Res, 23(1): e24097 google scholar
• De Coninck, D., d’Haenens, L., & Matthijs, K. (2020). Perceived vulnerability to disease and attitudes towards public health measures: COVID-19 in Flanders, Belgium. Personality and Individual Differences, 166. https:// doi.org/10.1016/J.PAID.2020.110220 google scholar
• Demuyakor, J. (2020). Social media and COVID-19 pandemic: Enhancing panic or preventing it? International Journal of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, 6(5), 211–222. https://doi.org/10.20469/IJHSS.6.20005-5 google scholar
• Depoux, A., Martin, S., Karafillakis, E., Preet, R., Wilder-Smith, A., & Larson, H. (2020). The pandemic of social media panic travels faster than the COVID-19 outbreak. Journal of Travel Medicine, 27(3). https://doi. org/10.1093/JTM/TAAA031 google scholar
• D’Souza, R. S., D’Souza, S., Strand, N., Anderson, A., Vogt, M. N., & Olatoye, O. (2020). google scholar
• YouTube as a source of medical information on the novel coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Global public health, 15(7), 935-942.https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2020.1761426 google scholar
• Eghtesadi, M., & Florea, A. (2020). Facebook, Instagram, Reddit and TikTok: A proposal for health authorities to integrate popular social media platforms in contingency planning amid a global pandemic outbreak. Canadian Journal of Public Health = Revue Canadienne de Santé Publique, 111(3), 389. https://doi. org/10.17269/S41997-020-00343-0 google scholar
• Etta, G., Galeazzi, A., Hutchings, J. R., Stirling, C., Smith, J., Conti, M., Quattrociocchi, W., Valentino, G., & Riva, D. (2022). COVID-19 infodemic on Facebook and containment measures in Italy, United Kingdom and NZ. PLoSONE, 17(5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267022 google scholar
• Ezebuilo, R. F. D. H. C. (2021). COVID-19 Pandemic: The socio-economic and health challenges to Africa. Aquino Journal of Philosophy, 1(2) google scholar
• Fraser, M. R., & Blumenstock, J. (2021). Lessons relearned? H1N1, COVID-19, and vaccination planning. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 27, S106–S110. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000001289 google scholar
• Firouzbakht, M., Omidvar, S., Firouzbakht, S., & Asadi-Amoli, A. (2021). COVID-19 preventive behaviours and influencing factors in the Iranian population; a web-based survey. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 143. https://doi. org/10.1186/s12889-021-10201-4 google scholar
• Fridman, I., Lucas, N., Henke, D., & Zigler, C. K. (2020). Association between public knowledge about COVID-19, trust in information sources, and adherence to social distancing: Cross-sectional survey. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2020;6(3):E22060 Https://Publichealth.Jmir.Org/2020/3/E22060, 6(3), e22060. https://doi.org/10.2196/22060 google scholar
• Gates, B. (2020). Responding to COVID-19—a once-in-a-century pandemic? New England Journal of Medicine, 382(18), 1677-1679. 10.1056/NEJMp2003762 google scholar
• González-Padilla, D. A., & Tortolero-Blanco, L. (2020). Social media influence in the COVID-19 pandemic. International braz j urol, 46, 120-124. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2020.S121 google scholar
• Griffin, R. J., Dunwoody, S., and Neuwirth, K. (1999a). Proposed model of the relationship of risk information seeking and processing to the development of preventive behaviours. Environ. Res. 80, S230–S245. doi: 10.1006/enrs.1998.3940 google scholar
• Griffin, R. J., Dunwoody, S., Neuwirth, K., and Giese, J. (1999b). “The relationship of information sufficiency to seeking and processing risk information,” in Annual Convention of the International Communication Association (San Francisco, CA) google scholar
• Griffin, R. J., Yang, Z., Ter Huurne, E., Boerner, F., Ortiz, S., and Dunwoody, S. (2008). After the flood: Anger, attribution, and the seeking of information. Sci. Commun. 29, 285– 315. doi: 10.1177/1075547007312309 google scholar
• Griffin, R.J.; Yang, Z.; Boerner, F.; Bourassa, S.; Darrah, T.; Knurek, S.; Ortiz, S.; Dunwoody, S. (2005). Applying an information seeking and processing model to a study of communication about energy; Annual Convention of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication: San Antonio, TX, USA, 2005; Volume 2005. google scholar
• Guidry, J. P., Jin, Y., Orr, C. A., Messner, M., & Meganck, S. (2017). Ebola on Instagram and Twitter: How health organizations address the health crisis in their social media engagement. Public relations review, 43(3), 477-486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2017.04.009 google scholar
• Gunderson J, Mitchell D, Reid K, Jordan M. COVID-19 (2020). Information seeking and prevention behaviours in Florida. Prev Chronic Dis. 2021 Feb 25;18: E17. doi: 10.5888/pcd18.200575. PMID: 33630730; PMCID: PMC7938963. google scholar
• Hassounah, M., Raheel, H., & Alhefzi, M. (2020). Digital response during the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia. J Med Internet Res 2020;22(9):E19338 Https://Www.Jmir.Org/2020/9/E19338, 22(9), e19338. https://doi.org/10.2196/19338 google scholar
• Hesse, B. W., Nelson, D. E., Kreps, G. L., Croyle, R. T., Arora, N. K., Rimer, B. K., & Viswanath, K. (2005). Trust and sources of health information: The impact of the Internet and its implications for health care providers: Findings from the first Health Information National Trends Survey. Archives of internal medicine, 165(22), 2618-2624. google scholar
• Hinton, T. (2021). NZ: social media penetration 2021. Tatista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/680698/newzealand-social-media-penetration. google scholar
• Hu, M., Lin, H., Wang, J., Xu, C., Tatem, A. J., Meng, B., Zhang, X., Liu, Y., Wang, P., Wu, G., Xie, H., & Lai, S. (2021). Risk of coronavirus disease 2019 transmission in train passengers: An epidemiological and modeling study. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 72(4), 604–610. https://doi.org/10.1093/CID/CIAA1057 google scholar
• Hunter, P. (2020). The spread of the COVID-19 coronavirus. EMBO Reports, 21(4), e50334. https://doi.org/10.15252/ EMBR.202050334 google scholar
• Ittefaq, M., Hussain, S. A., & Fatima, M. (2020). COVID-19 and social-politics of medical misinformation on social media in Pakistan. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/01296612.2020.1817264, 47(1–2), 75–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 01296612.2020.1817264 google scholar
• Jacobs, W., Amuta, A. O., & Jeon, K. C. (2017). Health information seeking in the digital age:An analysis of health information seeking behavior among US adults. Cogent Social Sciences, 3(1), 1302785. google scholar
• Jefferies, S., French, N., Gilkison, C., Graham, G., Hope, V., Marshall, J., McElnay, C., McNeill, A., Muellner, P., Paine, S., Prasad, N., Scott, J., Sherwood, J., Yang, L., & Priest, P. (2020). COVID-19 in NZ and the impact of the national response: A descriptive epidemiological study. The Lancet Public Health, 5(11), e612--e623. https:// doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30225-5 google scholar
• Jin, Y., Liu, B. F., & Austin, L. L. (2014). Examining the role of social media in effective crisis management: The effects of crisis origin, information form, and source on publics’ crisis responses. Communication research, 41(1), 74-94. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650211423918 google scholar
• Kalayou, M. H., Tilahun, B., Berhanu, F. E., Nurhussien, F., Melese, T., & Guadie, H. A. (2020). Information seeking on COVID-19 pandemic: Care providers’ experience at the University of Gondar Teaching Hospital, Northwest of Ethiopia. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 13, 1957-1964. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/JMDH. S283563 google scholar
• Kaplan, L. J., Bleck, T. P., Buchman, T. G., Dellinger, R. P., Deutschman, C. S., Marshall, J. C., Maslove, D. M., Masur, H., Parker, M. M., Prough, D. S., Sarwal, A., Sevransky, J. E., Vincent, J. L., & Zimmerman, J. J. (2020). Pandemicrelated submissions: The challenge of discerning signal amidst noise. Critical Care Medicine, 48(8), 1099. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000004477 google scholar
• Kenzhin, Z. B., Tulegenova, A. U., Zolkin, A. L., Kosnikova, O. V, Shichkin, I. A., & Khan, Z. (2021). Labour market under economy digitalization. E3S Web of Conferences, 311, 08007. https://doi.org/10.1051/E3SCONF/202131108007 google scholar
• Khalesi, S., Vandelanotte, C., Thwaite, T. L., Alley, S. J., Williams, S. L., To, Q. G., ... & Stanton, R. (2021). How are COVID‐19 knowledge and concern associated with practising preventive behaviours in Australian adults? Australian and NZ journal of public health, 45(5), 523-525. google scholar
• Khamis, R. M., & Geng, Y. (2021). Social media usage in health communication and its implications on public health security: A case study of COVID-19 in Zanzibar. Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies, 11(1), e202101. https://doi.org/10.30935/OJCMT/9575 google scholar
• Kim, H. K., Ahn, J., Atkinson, L., & Kahlor, L. A. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 misinformation on information seeking, avoidance, and processing: A multicountry comparative study. Science Communication, 42(5), 586–615. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547020959670 google scholar
• Lal, A., Ashworth, H. C., Dada, S., Hoemeke, L., & Tambo, E. (2020). Optimizing pandemic preparedness and response through health information systems: Lessons learned from Ebola to COVID-19. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1017/DMP.2020.361 google scholar
• Lambert, S. D., & Loiselle, C. G. (2007). Health information—seeking behavior. Qualitative health research, 17(8), 1006-1019. google scholar
• Li, S., Feng, B., Liao, W., & Pan, W. (2020). Internet use, risk awareness, and demographic characteristics associated with engagement in preventive behaviors and testing: Cross-sectional survey on COVID-19 in the United States. J Med Internet Res 2020;22(6):E19782 Https://Www.Jmir.Org/2020/6/E19782, 22(6), e19782. https://doi. org/10.2196/19782 google scholar
• Liu, B. F., Austin, L., & Jin, Y. (2011). How publics respond to crisis communication strategies: The interplay of information form and source. Public relations review, 37(4), 345-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. pubrev.2011.08.004 google scholar
• Lovari, A. (2020). Spreading (Dis)Trust: COVID-19 misinformation and government intervention in Italy. Media and Communication, 8(2), 458–461. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v8i2.3219 google scholar
• Maher, P. J., MacCarron, P., & Quayle, M. (2020). Mapping public health responses with attitude networks: the emergence of opinion-based groups in the UK’s early COVID-19 response phase. British Journal of Social Psychology, 59(3), 641–652. https://doi.org/10.1111/BJSO.12396 google scholar
• Mao, Y., Chen, H., Wang, Y., Chen, S., Gao, J., Dai, J., Jia, Y., Xiao, Q., Zheng, P., & Fu, H. (2021). How can the uptake of preventive behaviour during the COVID-19 outbreak be improved? An online survey of 4827 Chinese residents. BMJ Open, 11, 42954. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042954 google scholar
• Medlock, S., Eslami, S., Askari, M., Arts, D. L., Sent, D., De Rooij, S. E., & Abu-Hanna, A. (2015). Health information– seeking behavior of seniors who use the Internet: a survey. Journal of medical Internet research, 17(1), e3749 google scholar
• Merchant, R. M., & Lurie, N. (2020). Social media and emergency preparedness in response to novel coronavirus. JAMA, 323(20), 2011–2012. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMA.2020.4469 google scholar
• Merchant, R. M., South, E. C., & Lurie, N. (2021). Public health messaging in an era of social media. JAMA, 325(3), 223–224. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMA.2020.24514 google scholar
• Ministry of Business, Innovation & Employment. (July, 2020). NZ’s Covid-19 research response. Retrieved from https://www.mbie.govt.NZ Aotearoa/dmsdocument/11621-new-zealands-covid-19-research-response-pdf google scholar
• Ministry of Health (March 31, 2020). COVID-19 modelling provides a clear warning of consequences of not acting swiftly and decisively. Retrieved from https://www.health.govt.NZ Aotearoa/our-work/diseases-andconditions/covid-19- novel-coronavirus/covid-19-data-and-statistics/covid-19-current-cases google scholar
• Mishra, J., Allen, D., & Pearman, A. (2015). Information seeking, use, and decision making. Journal of the association for information science and technology, 66(4), 662-673. google scholar
• Mitchell, S., Maynard, V., Lyons, V., Jones, N., & Gardiner, C. (2020). The role and response of primary healthcare services in the delivery of palliative care in epidemics and pandemics: A rapid review to inform practice and service delivery during the COVID-19 pandemic. Palliative Medicine, 34(9), 1182–1192. https://doi. org/10.1177/0269216320947623 google scholar
• Moradi, F., Enjezab, B., & Ghadiri-Anari, A. (2020). The role of androgens in COVID-19. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 14(6), 2003-2006. google scholar
• Musarezaie, N., Samouei, R., Shahrzadi, L., & Ashrafi-Rizi, H. (2019). Prediction of health information-seeking behavior components based on health anxiety among users of public libraries. Journal of education and health promotion, 8. 10.4103/jehp.jehp_262_19 google scholar
• Myllylahti M, Treadwell G. (April 29, 2021). Trust in news declines, RNZ Aotearoa and TV NZ Aotearoa the most trusted for COVID information. google scholar
• Neely S, Eldredge C, Sanders R (2021). Health information seeking behaviours on social media during the COVID-19 pandemic among American social networking site users: Survey Study J Med Internet Res;23(6): e29802URL: https://www.jmir.org/2021/6/e29802DOI: 10.2196/29802 google scholar
• NZ Government (n.d.). Unite against COVID-19. Retrieved from https://covid19.govt.nz google scholar
• Nguyen, N. P. T., Hoang, T. D., Tran, V. T., Vu, C. T., Fodjo, J. N. S., Colebunders, R., Dunne, M. P., & van Vo, T. (2020). Preventive behavior of Vietnamese people in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. PLOS ONE, 15(9), e0238830. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0238830 google scholar
• Niedzwiedz, C. L., Green, M. J., Benzeval, M., Campbell, D., Craig, P., Demou, E., Leyland, A., Pearce, A., Thomson, R., Whitley, E., & Katikireddi, S. V. (2021). Mental health and health behaviours before and during the initial phase of the COVID-19 lockdown: longitudinal analyses of the UK Household Longitudinal Study. J Epidemiol Community Health, 75(3), 224–231. https://doi.org/10.1136/JECH-2020-215060 google scholar
• Obilor, N. M., & Awogu, C. O. (2021). COVID-19 protocols and the spread of corona virus in Awka. African Journal of Social and Behavioural Sciences, 11(2). google scholar
• Pakpour, A. H., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 and its role in preventive behaviours. Journal of Concurrent Disorders, 2(1), 58-63. google scholar
• Patil, U., Kostareva, U., Hadley, M., Manganello, J. A., Okan, O., Dadaczynski, K., ... & Sentell, T. (2021). Health literacy, digital health literacy, and COVID-19 pandemic attitudes and behaviors in US college students: Implications for interventions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 3301. google scholar
• Pohjola, V., Nurkkala, M., & Virtanen, J. I. (2021). Psychological distress, oral health behaviour and related factors among adolescents: Finnish School Health Promotion Study. BMC Oral Health, 21(1), 1–9. https://doi. org/10.1186/S12903-020-01357-3/TABLES/5 google scholar
• Pramiyanti, A., Mayangsari, I. D., Nuraeni, R., & Firdaus, Y. D. (2020). Public perception on transparency and trust in government information released during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research, 8(3), 351–376. https://doi.org/10.15206/AJPOR.2020.8.3.351 google scholar
• Ramesh, N., Siddaiah, A., & Joseph, B. (2020). Tackling Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID 19) in Workplaces. Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 24(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.4103/IJOEM. IJOEM_49_20 google scholar
• Rabby, I. I., Hossain, F., Akhi, I. J., Amin, S. S., & Khan, A. (2020). Understanding of general people about COVID-19: A cross-sectional online survey and qualitative presentation. Türkiye Klinikleri. Tip Bilimleri Dergisi, 40(2), 203-219. https://doi.org/10.5336/medsci.2020-75605 google scholar
• Raude, J., Lecrique, J. M., Lasbeur, L., Leon, C., Guignard, R., Roscoät, E. D., & Arwidson, P.(2020). Determinants of preventive behaviors in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in France: Comparing the sociocultural, psychosocial and social cognitive explanations. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 3345. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fpsyg.2020.584500 google scholar
• Robson, A., & Robinson, L. (2013). Building on models of information behaviour: Linking information seeking and communication. Journal of documentation. google scholar
• Rodríguez-Morales, A. J., MacGregor, K., Kanagarajah, S., Patel, D., & Schlagenhauf, P. (2020). Going global – Travel and the 2019 novel coronavirus. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 33, 101578. https://doi.org/10.1016/J. TMAID.2020.101578 google scholar
• Roselina, E., & Asmiyanto, T. (2021). Health information-seeking behavior on The COVID-19 pandemic: Social media usage by Gen Z in Jakarta, Indonesia (pp. 1–7). google scholar
• Sandhu, R., Sood, S. K., & Kaur, G. (2016). An intelligent system for predicting and preventing MERS-CoV infection outbreak. Journal of Supercomputing, 72(8), 3033–3056. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11227-015-1474-0 google scholar
• Sarwar, A., & Imran, M. (2021). Prioritizing infection prevention and control activities for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): A multi-criteria decision-analysis method. Journal of Healthcare Leadership, Volume 13, 77–84. https://doi. org/10.2147/JHL.S292606 google scholar
• Saxena, S. K. (2020). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutics. Germany: Springer Singapore. google scholar
• Shrestha, R. M., Khanal, S., & Gupta, A. (2021). Knowledge and practice of preventive behavior on COVID-19 among school-children of Kathmandu Valley. J Kantipur Dent Coll, 2(1), 11–14 google scholar
• Sommariva, S., Vamos, C., Mantzarlis, A., Đào, L. U. L., & Martinez Tyson, D. (2018). Spreading the (fake) news: Exploring health messages on social media and the implications for health professionals using a case study. American journal of health education, 49(4), 246-255. https://doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2018.1473178 google scholar
• Song, S., Yao, X., & Wen, N. (2021). What motivates Chinese consumers to avoid information about the COVID-19 pandemic? The perspective of the stimulus-organism- response model. Information Processing & Management, 58(1), 102407 google scholar
• Soroya, S. H., Farooq, A., Mahmood, K., Isoaho, J., & Zara, S. E. (2021). From information seeking to information avoidance: Understanding the health information behaviour during a global health crisis. Information processing & management, 58(2), 102440. google scholar
• Stats, NZ (2020). Retrieved from https://www.stats.govt.nz/topics/population google scholar
• Tejada, J. B. (2020). Awareness, facts, and fallacy about Coronavirus in Duba community. IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science, 9(4), 43–51. https://doi.org/10.9790/1959-0904094351 google scholar
• Thai, C. L., Gaysynsky, A., Falisi, A., Chou, W.-Y. S., Blake, K., & Hesse, B. W. (2018). Chapter 2: Trust in health information sources and channels, then and now: Evidence from the Health Information National Trends Survey (2005–2013). In T. M. Hale, W.-Y. S. Chou, S. R. Cotten, & A. Khilnani (Eds.), {eHealth}: Current evidence, promises, perils and future directions (Vol. 15, pp. 43–67). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi. org/10.1108/S2050-206020180000015002 google scholar
• Thirumaran, K., Mohammadi, Z., Pourabedin, Z., Azzali, S., & Sim, K. (2021). COVID-19 in Singapore and NZ: Newspaper portrayal, crisis management. Tourism Management Perspectives, 38, 100812. https://doi. org/10.1016/J.TMP.2021.100812 google scholar
• Thornton, K. (2021). Leading through COVID-19: NZ secondary principals describe their reality. Https://Doi. Org/10.1177/1741143220985110, 49(3), 393–409. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143220985110 google scholar
• Tiirinki, H., Tynkkynen, L. K., Sovala, M., Atkins, S., Koivusalo, M., Rautiainen, P., Jormanainen, V., & Keskimäki, I. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic in Finland – Preliminary analysis on health system response and economic consequences. Health Policy and Technology, 9(4), 649–662. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HLPT.2020.08.005 google scholar
• Ting, D. S. W., Carin, L., Dzau, V., & Wong, T. Y. (2020). Digital technology and COVID-19. Nature Medicine 2020 26:4, 26(4), 459–461. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0824-5 google scholar
• Wang, T., & Lund, B. (2020). Announcement information provided by United States’ public libraries during the 2020 COVID-19 Pandemic. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/01616846.2020.1764325, 283–294. https://doi.org/10.108 0/01616846.2020.1764325 google scholar
• Watt, R. G., & Sheiham, A. (2012). Integrating the common risk factor approach into a social determinants framework. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 40(4), 289–296. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.2012.00680.x google scholar
• Weekes, J. (September 13, 2020). Coronavirus: Mt Roskill Evangelical fellowship leader speaks about church at centre of Auckland COVID-19 cluster. Retrieved from https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/ coronavirus/300106245/coronavirus-mt-roskill-evangelical-fellowship-leader-speaks-about-church-atcentre-of-auckland-covid19-cluster google scholar
• Whitworth, J. (2020). COVID-19: A fast evolving pandemic. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 114(4), 241. https://doi.org/10.1093/TRSTMH/TRAA025 google scholar
• Wise, T., Zbozinek, T. D., Michelini, G., Hagan, C. C., & Mobbs, D. (2020). Changes in risk perception and selfreported protective behaviour during the first week of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Royal Society Open Science, 7(9), 200742. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200742 google scholar
• Yang, X. Y., Gong, R. N., Sassine, S., Morsa, M., Tchogna, A. S., Drouin, O., Chadi, N., & Jantchou, P. (2020). Risk perception of COVID-19 infection and adherence to preventive measures among adolescents and young adults. Children, 7(12), 311. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7120311 google scholar
• Yang, H. L., Ying, C. P., & Lim, J. F. (2020). The Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Pandemic SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic-Li Yang Hsu et al. 49(3). https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.2648 google scholar
• Yemer, D. B., Yisak, H., Anidualem, D. M., Workie, M. B., Degie, W. G., Dawud, H. Y., & Kululo, N. W. (2021). Haobin Bruce Fan, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 33(41B), 321–334. https://doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i41B32372 google scholar
• Zakar, R., Iqbal, S., Zakar, M. Z., & Fischer, F. (2021). COVID-19 and health information seeking behavior: Digital health literacy survey amongst university students in Pakistan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(8), 4009. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084009 google scholar
• Zhang, X., Wen, D., Liang, J., & Lei, J. (2017). How the public uses social media wechat to obtain health information in China: A survey study. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 17(2), 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1186/ S12911-017-0470-0/TABLES/6 google scholar
• Zhang, Lei, Yusha Tao, Mingwang Shen, Christopher K. Fairley, and Yuming Guo. “Can self-imposed prevention measures mitigate the COVID-19 epidemic?” PLoS medicine 17, no. 7 (2020): e1003240. https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003240 google scholar
• Zhao, Y., & Zhang, J. (2017). Consumer health information seeking in social media: A literature review. Health Information & Libraries Journal, 34(4), 268-283. google scholar
• Zanin, M. G., Gentile, E., Parisi, A., & Spasiano, D. (2020). A preliminary evaluation of the public risk perception related to the COVID-19 health emergency in Italy. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(9), 3024. google scholar

Citations