Rahime

Öğretim Görevlisi

In today’s world, media is significantly transforming with the emergence of new communication technologies. The traditional media has lost its place to digital media, through which individuals can now access their contents and transmit to their own mass. While direct communication is important, indirect communication is becoming more prominent. Sharing of information through social sites is not only appealing to digital entrepreneurs who were born into social media, but also to digital immigrants who are over 40 years old and were born and grew up with the traditional media and encountered social media in their later years. Users who encountered Facebook and other social networking websites at an older age are producing their own contents in unimaginable numbers. Using Facebook, users express themselves, appreciate, see interests, and satisfy curiosity and the need for approval. The sharing of shared contents increases information sharing, and to increase popularity, more interesting content has to be uploaded. Information that has previously been hidden or not shared with others can thus be transmitted. The majority of social media users do not find it inconvenient to share their private concerns. Being that they are not significantly famous in the social media environment, they aim get popular in the media to protect their specific areas of interest, and in the process, they show off their private lives to ordinary people, oblivious of the consequent risks. The purpose of this research is to reveal whether the changes observed in the definition of privacy and private domain caused by Facebook shares in all users, are also present in users of this age group, (or not). This study focuses on female digital immigrants in Turkey. Previous research has indicated that in Turkey, there are approximately 16,670 female Facebook users aged 35–65 years. The survey technique enables the acquisition of the highest possible sampling within the study area and to determine the attitudes of female digital immigrants. To obtain more data, a semi-structured in-depth interview was conducted with eight female digital immigrants with different characteristics, and then a questionnaire of 25 questions was prepared. The&nbsp;questionnaire consists of questions aimed at revealing a certain attitude considering the focus of the study. The survey was completed by 367 users. According to the survey findings, female digital immigrants are represented on Facebook by contents related to their private lives. They do not see any disadvantage in sharing knowledge about their neighborhoods with their Facebook friends, who average 100–300. The reactions given to uploaded photographs of couples are very important, but more important is the amount of comments and likes on these photos. Research has shown that many female digital immigrants using social media are unaware that the personal information they share in public space narrows their private spaces. In addition, they are unaware of the dangers that could arise from social media such as Facebook, and as such, they are not conscious of the prescribed precautions and most importantly, how to function in these media.

Relationship Between Privacy and Facebook Usage of Female Digital Immigrants

Fatih

Res. Assist.

Zühal

The concept of self-presentation subsumes the human desire to be liked; by extension it also pertains to the human tendency to accord importance to first impressions. While self-esteem, self-admiration, and self-righteousness are commonly associated with narcissism, self-presentation mainly refers to our tendency and need to influence others’ opinion of ourselves. Kağıtçıbaşı and Cemalcılar (2014, p. 256) argue that the strategies we commonly employ to present ourselves are mainly effective and beneficial. Social media is an appropriate means, which gives individuals changes to express themselves and to shape others’ impressions. Self-presentation also involves the masking of negative traits—in fact, humans are also known to ignore their negative traits altogether.Online communication is not bound by time and place constraints, and social networks also address people’s need for entertainment and information. Moreover, people have also learnt how to use social networks in a beneficial manner. That is, users are very adept at sharing positive information about themselves, enhancing their reputation or social standing, winning others’ approval, and drawing attention to themselves.The amount of time people spend accessing social media has increased steadily since the advent of social media applications during the early-2000s. Today, people use these applications not only to access information and stay in touch with others but also for self-presentation. Interestingly, Nosedive focuses on technological addiction and the prospects of self-presentation in a dystopic world. The science fiction genre is mainly known, among other things, for its tendency to present a dystopic view of the world, and since the 2000s, the number of dystopian films and television shows has increased (Altınkaya, 2016, p. 96). Dystopian films and shows are typically characterized by their pessimism about the future. They mainly deal with issues such as the interplay between humans and technology and the end of life on Earth, or the demise of the universe. This study aims to identify the similarities between the community depicted in Nosedive and contemporary societies, especially in relation to self-presentation in the digital world. The study also focuses on questions such as privacy and peeping culture, which are especially salient given the widespread sharing of photos on social media. To this end, the study presents a detailed semiotic analysis of select scenes from the series. In addition, these scenes are also described and evaluated using Goffman’s dramaturgical approach. The following parameters were used to select scenes from the series: dramatic realization, idealization, maintenance of expressive control, misrepresentation, mystification, representation of reality and falsehoods, and teams.Today, more than ever, people tend to tailor their lives and choices in order to make themselves more presentable on social networks. To this end, people even tend to share photos of their meals on social networks, and these photos are typically shot at certain angles and modified using filters. Arguably, we do so to be liked and approved. Unfortunately, however, these qualities tend to make us especially vulnerable to internet and social media addiction.In this context, Nosedive serves as a timely warning about our overdependence on the digital world. Today’s society, which is characterized by decreased face-to-face communication and increased online communication, is not very different from the dystopic society depicted in Nosedive.&nbsp;

Dystopias, Self-Presentation, and Social Networks: An Analysis of the Black Mirror Series

Nurten

Prof.

Nuray

Assist. Prof.

Privacy is an important concept playing a major role in healthcare practices, policies, and law. It has become increasingly common for patients, families, health professionals and institutions to be made aware of health-related privacy policies. In the light of recent studies, it seems that university students studying in the area of health have not studied honesty within the concept of privacy. In this study, one step further, the perspective of the concept of honor between students of health sciences and midwifery students, who are all female, was evaluated.The study was carried out using a survey in order to determine the attitudes of students of health sciences towards honor and violence against women for honor within the context of the concept of privacy, and to examine whether the attitudes of the Department of Midwifery students were different from those of the students in other departments. The population of the research consisted of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd grade students studying in a faculty of Health Sciences (N=962). 472 students from this population were included in the study by stratified random sampling method (departments and classes were taken as stratum criteria). The faculty was established in 2010 and began to admit students in 2011; therefore, there were no 4th grade students in the faculty in 2014 when the data of the study were collected. Sampling calculations showed that if the study were conducted with 422 respondents, the error rate would be 0.07, and the real rate could be reflected by a confidence level of 0.98. It was predicted that there would be data loss, and 50 students were added to a sample account as a substitution. Thus, it was decided to have a study population of 472 and to use stratified random sampling method. All students in the Department of Midwifery were female. A Student Information Form, the AHS and AVWPHS were used as data collection tools. Before starting the research, informed consent both from the institution and the students was received, in written form from the former and in both verbal and written form from the latter.&nbsp;The average age for each category of interviewees was 19.92 for midwifery students (SD=2.37), 20.18 for female students in other departments (SD=1.68) and 20.84 for male students (SD=1.55), and there was a statistically significant difference between the groups (p&lt;0.05). 54.6% of midwifery students, 57.7% of female students in other departments and 75% of male students in other departments said that their families did not interfere in the time they spent outside the home, and there was a&nbsp;statistical difference between the groups. This difference was thought to have arisen from the ratio of male students whose time spent outside the home was not interfered with (p≤0.001). The ratio of students’ extramarital sexual experience was 3.1% in the Department of Midwifery, 1.3% in females in other departments and 18.2% in males in other departments and there was statistical difference between the groups. This difference was thought to have arisen from the fact that the ratio of male students with extramarital sexual experience was much higher than the other groups (p&lt;0.001). 15.5% of midwifery department students, 15.9% of female students in other departments and 29.1% of male students in other departments stated they found extramarital sexual experience acceptable, and there was statistical difference between the groups. This difference was thought to have arisen from the fact that the ratio of male students who found extramarital sexual experience appropriate was much higher than the same ratio in other groups (p&lt;0.01). The students’ average scores were obtained from AHS representing their attitudes towards honor and there was statistically significant difference between the groups (p&lt;0.05). As a result of further analysis carried out to determine where the difference between the groups was derived from, it was observed that AHS scores of male students were higher than the scores of the other two groups of female students and that the midwifery department students’ scores were similar to the scores of female students in other departments. The students’ average scores they obtained from AVWPHS representing their attitudes towards violence against women for honor and there was a statistically significant difference between the groups (p&lt;0.05). As a result of further analysis carried out to determine whence the difference between groups was derived, it was observed that AVWPHS scores of male students were higher than the scores of the other two groups of female students and that the midwifery department students’ scores were similar to the scores of female students in other departments.In conclusion, age, marital status, educational level, the place where a considerable part of life is spent (villages, towns, cities, etc.), family types, and income level, all of which are important elements of cultural and socio-economic status, affect attitudes of and perceptions towards honor. Moreover, gender is the most significant factor in these attitudes and perceptions.

Attitudes toward Honor and Violence against Women for Honor in the Context of the Concept of Privacy: A Study of Students in the Faculty of Health Sciences

Dilge

This paper contains some parts of the doctoral thesis entitled “Transformation of Privacy Within the Context of Reflexive Modernity: Intergeneration Differences from The Media Perspective,” which was completed in 2016. These parts also represent the distinct, yet interrelated, concerns of the thesis, namely the phenomenon of privacy; the three different generations experiencing changing natural and short-run historical processes in the historical process of thought-modernity; and facts, concepts, and situations directly and indirectly related to the question of privacy. In addition, it argues that modernity determines the extent to which the question of privacy can be discussed effectively. In its broadest sense, modernity refers to the forms of social, political, and cultural organization that began in Europe during the 17th century and whose effects have settled over time. Notably, modernity has historical charm as it is typically associated with notions such as ‘civility’ and ‘civilization’. Nonetheless, a large number of contemporary sociopolitical problems can be associated with the unfinished and continuing nature of modernity. Therefore, to discuss the transformational nature of the concept of privacy in the context of ongoing modernity—which is often called ‘thoughtful modernity’—it is necessary to develop flexible and dynamic methods of analysis. To this end, this study actively draws from arguments used to posit distinctions between public and private spheres and questions such as social religion and surveillance, as well as a number of related physical phenomena. The frameworks are flexible and dynamic because this study also employs a vehicle-based approach. Previous studies have discussed a number of relevant dynamics in the context of modernity. However, given the emergence of new communication technologies and their impact on our social lives, this study aims to examine these above&nbsp;frameworks in relation to privacy. Since privacy is a historical phenomenon, different generations view privacy and other essential questions related to privacy differently. This study mainly aims to highlight discuss the ways in which the concept of privacy has changed over time. The study also involves in-depth interviews of people from different generations. These interviews focus on privacy in the context of family relations. In addition, these interviews have also been used to identify the ways in which privacy and other related concepts have transformed over time.In other words, the focus of this study is primarily historical. By adopting a historical perspective, this study also aims to identify the ways in which discussions about religion, the public sphere, the private sphere, surveillance, and the human body have changed over time. The study argues that the historical changes (especially generational changes) in the concept of privacy are manifested in gender differences, and that new communication technologies feed on this disparity. Ultimately, the study aims to ascertain how privacy is transformed within relevant headings. Therefore, it is mainly based on a qualitative methodology. More accurately, this study uses the “Phenomenological Approach.” The sample for this study included men and women living in Turkey. Participants were selected using the “Criterion Sampling” (Yıldırım &amp; Şimşek, 2013, p. 140) method, a purposeful sampling technique. Participants were divided into two groups—’male’ and ‘female’—to effectively determine the gender gap in the conception of privacy. Accordingly, participants were also classified as follows: ‘Grandmother, mother, female grandchild’ and ‘grandfather, father, male grandchild’. This classification enabled us to focus on the generational differences in the conception of privacy.The research also involved structured, in-depth interviews, and questions were prepared according to the ‘interview form approach’. Questions were prepared based on themes identified through a careful literature survey (body, public sphere, private sphere, social religion, surveillance). All questions involved probes. The interviews were digitally recorded. The collected data were analyzed using the ‘descriptive analysis’ method.The analysis revealed that only some conceptions changed over generations. In particular, privacy has transformed the meaning of reflexive modernity into privacy. In other words, privacy has become a polyphonic concept within the framework of&nbsp;reflexive modernity. The research also points to the existence of two different dimensions: (i) the collective dimension resulting from the use of new communication technologies and (ii) the individual dimension in which the individual personally characterizes himself / herself within a social environment.

Redefining Privacy in Reflexive Modernity: An Intergenerational Research

Andrej

Assoc. Prof.

Martin

Stefan

Digitalization, virtualization and transformation of everyday activities into the digital environment amplified by the globalized barrier-free world has led to the evolvement and enhancement of products and services. Media publishers have been forced to transform their traditional publication processes, with the content being published not only in print but also on their websites. Consumers of content were used to paying for printed versions, however, they are often not used to- and more importantly - not willing to pay for content consumed on the internet. Thus, the only monetization model for online content is dependent on displaying advertisements in their various forms. Digitalization and technologically advanced processes allow for the tracking of user behavior, for the development and mining of user information, and for the utilization of the data for enhancing user experience on websites. Even if the publisher is not able to create this data by himself, it is possible to obtain it from a third-party company. However, the mined data often also contains some form of personal information about users, leading to the need for change in the current concept of privacy. Displaying advertisements efficiently using this data offers an acceptable monetization model for content publishers on the one hand and an enhanced user experience for consumers thanks to better targeting on the other. Media publishers employ various approaches in terms of banner advertisements, with some of them disrupting consumers of the content and invading their privacy. Users have developed banner blindness and are protecting themselves by utilizing ad-blocking software solutions. These create great obstacles for displaying banner advertisements and thus, negatively affect revenue streams of content publishers.The main aim of this article is to introduce a framework that enables publishers of digital content to maximize the visibility of online advertising in its various forms across multiple devices. To achieve the main aim, three sub-goals were defined. The first sub-goal focuses on determining the situation in displaying advertisements of diverse types on websites of selected American and European publishers. The research unveils the current banner advertisement approaches in various markets and determines the reasons leading to the banner blindness phenomena and the increased usage of ad-block software. The second sub-goal aims at determining what type of information marketing subjects possess about their users and how this is utilized. The research focuses on cookie files which represent a powerful source of information for advertisers, yet can be controversial when it comes to data privacy and protection. The third sub-goal aims at introducing components of the framework usable for maximizing the income from advertising. The framework can be employed by every digital content publisher struggling with ensuring a sufficient revenue stream from online advertising.To achieve these goals, the authors have used empirical research in the form of a case study analysing 105 websites located in seven countries across North America and Europe. The research sample was selected by using purposive sampling and the websites were placed into one of these categories: cars; entertainment; technology; gaming; lifestyle — general, men, parenting, and women; movies; news — general and political; sports; and weather. These websites belong to the most visited websites in selected countries in terms of monthly real users and brand awareness. Furthermore, each website was assigned one of two categories, either premium or non-premium, with 51% being premium and 49% non-premium. The method of content analysis was applied to assess the content of each website with the focus on advertising formats, their frequencies, and responses to detecting an ad blocker. To secure a high relevancy and precision of research results, each website was visited at least ten times. The homepage of the website and one other page were visited five times each and analyzed. Both the homepage and the other page were visited three times with an ad blocker enabled and twice with an ad blocker disabled. Four different categories of advertisements were observed and assessed on each of the websites: standard banners, invasive banners, retargeting formats, and native advertising.The article introduces a framework which, when implemented by publishers, should lead to increased advertising revenues by considering the current privacy protection issues of their readers and creating a platform for dialogue between them and the publisher. The framework contains three group actions which should be taken consecutively, focusing on the marketing approach, technical approach and conversational approach. The conducted literature review shows that published papers to date offer typically no or very limited solutions to address the consequences of increasing usage of ad-blockers and banner blindness both for users and publishers. Thus, this article introduces a very specific action scheme leading to improved user experience on content websites, while enhancing the online advertising monetization model as the main source of online content publishers’ revenues.

Privacy Protection Versus Advertising Revenues: The Case of Content Publishers

The purpose of this article is to apply societal discourses on ‘big data’ to the growing practice of the collection of individual information and behavioral patterns of video game players to create virtual player representations. Game developers make use of such data to enhance the gameplay experience, and publishers can learn more about their customers. This article explains technical backgrounds and reasons why developers and publishers have an interest in gathering such a vast load of data. It also explains server gaming and game metrics technologies, takes a look at methods of consumer research, and discusses a critical standpoint from a civil rights perspective. For the monetization of video games, real-time analytics are extremely important, and this soon became the business of specialized companies, which act as service providers to many major publishing companies in the games industry. Leading game developers are now making more money from so-called ‘player recurring investments’ (or ‘microtransactions’) than from the sales of digital games.While single aspects of the topic like big data or data mining have been researched and discussed before, the fact that many of today´s video games are constantly retrieving, collecting and maintaining personal data about the players to learn about their patterns of behavior has had much less coverage thus far. Video games today analyze the behavioral and even emotional profiles of their individual users, making the planning and prediction of their next moves possible. In traditional software development a videogame had to be developed in an often visionary, forwardlooking manner based on past gaming and sales experiences. This process was constantly overshadowed by the risk of commercial failure. Today game development is increasingly becoming a real-time task and involves players in the development from an early stage on - either participating in Kickstarter or Crowdsourcing campaigns or as public beta-testers.Cloud technologies make their data accessible to the publishers or developers, and keep them beyond the subsequent control and influence of the players. The latest generation consoles Playstation 4 and Xbox One work according to this principle. Even users of finally released products are still - often without their knowledge - involved in active development as their data and activity patterns become analyzed. Players slowly slide into the role of sparring partners for developers. The reactions of the players, analyzed in real time, now form the basis for innovation and change. This&nbsp;means nothing less than that development tasks become delegated to the users, which in the past had to be done by the in-house product quality departments.From a civil rights perspective new dangers arise beyond the widely discussed topics of virtual violence or obsessive gaming and gambling. Critically put, server games tie players temporary and emotionally to artificial worlds. At the same time they get analyzed by ‘Game Metrics’, leaving behind emotional and mental ‘fingerprints’ deep within the systems. Today, the gameplay of registered users is constantly being recorded, comprehensively and completely. The technical system knows who focuses on criminal acts in the game and to what degree, who likes to slaughter orcs or who uses which weapons, who kills just as many people as possible in an open-world-game, who decides to fight for certain army units or terrorist groups, or who plays a particular war scenario.Collecting personal and emotional data to be able to actually understand the previously unknown entity ‘player’ is also what intelligence services have always been interested in. If traces of individual credit card or cellphone use lead criminals or security agencies onto the trail of individuals and if social networks are already extensively being used by HR accountants to sculpt a model of characteristics of applicants before they have even had the chance to show up by accessing and using data which such applicants might have posted or uploaded (or created by accident) years ago, what profile will videogamers leave behind, whose actions over all the years of gaming provide a near perfect psychological and emotional fingerprint?As for any other personal information there is a huge demand of commercializing even the most inner thoughts of a person. As a result, it highlights the necessity that modern computer game players should view themselves as vital parts of information networks and, in return for being entertained, provide important personal information that can help to make their individual behavior transparent and usable for third parties and probably information brokers. Not only do providers of games benefit from the socioeconomic information users give, but ‘invisible third parties’ also share a vital interest in any behavioural data that makes an individual become transparent and predictable. Intelligence services, corporations and social networks generate user profiles from data previously submitted during gameplay. This could have a significant impact on future job and life prospects and aid the economic and political control of individuals since character traits like cowardize or courage and sociality become traceable.

Winners or Victims? Discussing Identity Tracking and Behavior Analysis in Next-Gen Video Games from a Digital Civil Rights Perspective

Hülya Semiz

At the same time in which social media connects individuals, it also engenders a new form of communication. In networks where a virtual reality exists, individuals can create different profiles for themselves, representing themselves as different from their true selves. Apart from this differentiation type, social value judgments have also begun to effect change and transformation in social media. It is important to discuss change and transformation in terms of the perception of privacy, which is a concept that is very different when considered within the bounds of social media.The concept of confidentiality is very different online than it is within a community gathering environment. Online, the concept of confidentiality is treated differently by different groups even within the same society. In addition, privacy changes all the time. Individuals who participate in online sharing do not want to be excluded from the society. They also want to be part of the individual community, to share private things, and to open up their private lives to some degree, even as they also want to control what they share from their private lives. This situation reveals a lot of meaning about privacy. The right to privacy describes not only the individual’s positive obligations, but also the responsibility to protect the privacy of other individuals. This means that the individual has to stay away from other individuals’ private information in order to protect their own privacy as well as to protect the other individuals’ privacy. According to Simone Fischer-Hübner, privacy has three main characteristics: privacy of information, protection from unjust interference, and protection of an individual’s personal data. Privacy of information includes spatial privacy, which is the expression of the close physical area around the individual and includes their intimate space. Protection from unjust interference includes an individual’s right to&nbsp;be protected from interference by others. Lastly, protection of an individual’s personal data and decisions refers to the collection, preservation, and distribution of these data (Tanılır, 2002, p. 43).Although the concept of privacy can be sub-divided into spatial and information confidentiality, the definitions of these categories differ by culture; there are different perspectives, boundaries, and perceptions that encompass cultural, social, and collective differences. Social media has become a popular source of information sharing, especially among young people. Young people use social media to maintain these relationships by establishing virtual connections. The structural features of social media contribute to confidentiality concerns with regard to the sharing of information in public spaces. Stein and Sinha define privacy as the individual’s right to be independent, to be left alone, and to decide how information about them will be available to others (Livingstone, 2016, p. 99).The concept of accessibility has gained a new meaning because individuals want to socialize and still protect their privacy through social media. This situation leads to the human being’s mobilization through social networks and all kinds of communication being networked, causing confidentiality to be unprotected and semantically empty. The analysis of privacy on social media provides a framework to define three structured levels for privacy and confidentiality values. The questionnaire format was used to examine the privacy aspects of young people’s lives and their opinions about the future structure of privacy. In this study, changes in privacy and accessibility awareness are examined through social media. In addition, a survey was conducted on the transformation in the perception of privacy and privacy with regard to the use of social networking sites for social interaction. In this context, Istanbul University Communication Faculty and Istanbul University Hasan Ali Yücel Faculty of Education used a questionnaire to identify the areas of confidentiality in the use of social media and evaluated the results. For this purpose, we measured the change, transformation, and the privacy awareness of people who are living in confrontation with social media applications. In a more concrete way, 386 university students participated in answering the questionnaire so that we were able to attempt to explain the collected data.The questionnaire asked students about their social media usage and habits. According to the results, 89.4% answered “Yes” to the question “Do you have a social&nbsp;media account?” The answer to the question about the reason for not closing social media accounts to the students was answered as “I am getting my time” by 13.0 percent. The reason for the general closure of social media accounts is the excessive time spent on social media.We see that the information students do not hesitate to share when they answer the questions about sharing behavior via social media are ‘Photo / Video’, ‘School Name’, and ‘My place of residence (home)’. We also learned that the sharing of photographs, videos, school names, and location–location information in social media as used for students’ purposes is not considered objectionable.Shares that students never made through their social media accounts included ‘Political Opinion’, ‘Mobile Phone’, and ‘Private Life’. Therefore, we see that information that is thought to be confidential is kept private and is never shared through accounts.According to the questionnaire, social media provides ‘Friendship’ and ‘Time’ for what the user gets, and ‘Time’ for the question of what the user loses. Therefore, we see that social media can be advantageous when used correctly over time and disadvantageous when used incorrectly.“I am concerned about seeing or reaching third parties that I do not know with personal information on social media,” “I am afraid to come face-to-face with someone I meet on social media,” and “I see social media as a private field” are all collected observations. These responses show that students are internalizing social media and that they consider it to consist of private areas and therefore think they should protect their social media accounts.What is the general meaning of student privacy? They were asked to respond to this question with ‘Confidentiality’, ‘Private domain’, and ‘Respect for personal rights’. In response to the question “What is your private area where you can choose more than one option?” they answered “Private Life,” “Home,” and “Workplace.” In answer to “What is privacy in social media?” student responses included “Do not share private,” “Private domain,” “Do not use unauthorized photographs and videos,” and “Do not make unauthorized interpretations.” In the light of these answers, we see that the sharing of private information describes the state of the sharing of privacy, the&nbsp;sharing of private space, and the sharing of the space belonging to the person. The research results show that the “province” describes the individual’s private areas. Cultural codes opened the door to a house to only the nearest people, family members, and relatives. However, while the priority is approached with sensitivity, it is no longer a problem to share images of our houses on social media, even though they are important private places. It is common now to see all photos and videos taken inside a house shared on social media.Looking at others’ photos and videos has become the most important ritual of human life. Social networks provide the easiest way to see into the lives of others. It is interesting that seeing others’ lives does not actually give anything new to the user; it only gives information. In turn, individuals who feel knowledgeable about what is happening attach importance to themselves and live in the happiness of simply seeing and knowing. People are known by as much as they exist in social networks, where popularity is measured.In summary, our questionnaire data shows how the perception of privacy in social media has changed and transformed. While students generally regard privacy as confidential information, they have changed the meaning of the concept of privacy.

The Effective Investigation on Measurement of Exclusion and Difference with the Concept of Social Media

Cemile

Figen

Emrah

The use of the Internet is an integral part of our lives. Its structure appeals to all age groups and brings with it a broad participation of society. This effect is increased based on the widespread use of smart phones and the development of mobile internet. However, along with its increased usage and the advantages and benefits we enjoy, being online also carries risks. Once uploaded to the Internet, the smallest item of personal data becomes owned generally at that moment. One often neglected and forgotten aspect of Internet and social media use is the threat to privacy and the possibility of damage to one’s private life. The concept of privacy states that individuals have the right to determine to what extent they will share information about their life with other individuals (Yüksel, 2003).One could argue that because technological developments tend to affect new generations the most, it is important to know where teacher candidates stand with regard to privacy, especially those who will train future generations. Understanding their online privacy concerns is important not only because they are role models for their students, but also because it affects the elements of trust in communication with them. As revealed in the research literature, it is thought that emotional intelligence is a matter worthy of examination for teacher candidates because of its importance in all aspects of social life. Emotional intelligence is defined as the ability to correctly perceive, evaluate, and express feelings; the ability to understand emotions and emotional intelligence; and the ability to regulate emotions (Mayer &amp; Salovey, 1997). Recent research on the human brain shows that the true measure of human intelligence is not just cognitive intelligence, and that people’s emotional intelligence is the main determinant of life success (Goleman, 1995). When the literature is examined, there is research about online privacy concerns and emotional intelligence in terms of various variables, but there are no studies that examine these two variables together in our country.This study was conducted as a relational screening model to investigate whether university students’ anxiety and emotional intelligence levels with regard to online privacy are significantly related to various variables. The study group for this research consisted of 442 teacher candidates (147 females and 295 males) studying at Bursa Uludağ University Faculty of Education in the 2017-2018 academic year. The data collection tools used included the Online Privacy Anxiety Scale, the Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale-33-Tr, and the demographic information questionnaire. In order to investigate the differences in gender variables in our analyses, we used the Mann-Whitney U test with T-test. To analyze the variances in groups with more than two numbers, we used the Kruskal-Wallis test with one way variance analysis (ANOVA). Correlation analysis was performed using the Spearman Sequential Differences correlation analysis. The study used the Online Privacy Anxiety Scale developed by Buchanan, Paine, Joinson and Reips (2007) and adapted to Turkish culture by Alakurt (2017); the Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale developed by Schutte at al. (1998) and adapted to Turkish culture by Tatar, Tok, Tekin Bender and Saltukoğlu (2017); and personal information forms. As a result of the analysis of differentiation, we found that the level of anxiety for university students with regard to using e-mail was significantly different according to the comments on social media sharing and the changes in social life. We also found that the level of online trust anxiety was significantly different depending on the social recognition of the right people and age. We determined that the levels of emotional intelligence of university students were significantly different according to the variables of age and academic achievement perception. As a result of the correlation analyses, we found no significant relationship between university students’ levels of emotional intelligence and anxiety with regard to online privacy.As we examined and discussed the results of the research, we established a parallel relationship between the lack of a relationship between online privacy concerns and emotional intelligence levels. Derin and Yurtdaş’ (2017) study findings show that people with higher levels of emotional intelligence prefer face-to-face communication over connecting online. The finding that university students’ concerns about online trust increased in proportion to their age was supported by&nbsp;Bergström’s (2015) findings. The finding that university students with high anxiety about e-mail usage anxiety also have high anxiety about making comments on social media sharing platforms can be explained by the concept of the privacy paradox. The privacy paradox explains the contradiction that users don’t take action to protect their privacy despite their concerns about the abuse of their personal information (Gross &amp; Acquisti, 2005; Norberg, Horne, &amp; Horne, 2007). The finding that the level of emotional intelligence increases as academic achievement increases is supported by the findings of Yeşilyaprak (2002) and Titrek (2004). The knowledge that emotional intelligence levels increase as age increases is also supported by the literature (Asi Karakaş, &amp; Küçükoğlu, 2011; Dicle, 2006; Goleman, 1996). In addition, when evaluating the research results, more information is provided about what limitations users should consider with regard to their Internet use.

Investigating the Relationship between Anxiety and Emotional Intelligence with Regard to Online Privacy

Call for Papers - Issue 71

Call for Papers for Issue 68

Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences “Health Communication” Conference Program (March 4-5, 2025)

Special 69th Issue “Health Communication” Call for Papers

Television in the Global South  Call for Papers: Special Issue of Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences and Online Conference

Ayşen

About the 68th issue

Fırat

İlkay

Special issue editors’ introduction

Pınar

Esra

‘Instagram affects everyone but me’: A study on the social media  mindset in western Türkiye

Serkan

Haldun

Cross-cultural adaptation of the digital literacy scale among Arab  immigrants in Türkiye

Gülden

Melek

Use of generative AI in news production in Türkiye: ‘A threat or an  opportunity?’

Kemal

Yeşim

Climate communication through dialogic communication: How  non-governmental organizations and ministries foster public  engagement

Hayat

Seyfullah

Traces of TOGG’s social media ads in the brain: A neuromarketing  study with EEG

Rukiye

Barışkan

Patriarchal discourse, episodic journalism, and ideological stances  in newspapers’ feminicide news in Türkiye: A case study of Başak  Cengiz murder

İlker

Polat

Evaluation of the use of ChatGPT from the perspective of  technology acceptance models: A research on Youtube videos

Onur

Heritiana

Daniele

Adapting Porter’s five forces model to digital streaming platforms:  A framework for the audiovisual ecosystem

@JOURNAL_BOX_CURRENT

@JOURNAL_BOX_EARLYVIEW

Liana

Maia

Manipulative mechanisms and reasons behind sharing fake news during Russo-Ukrainian War: A three-fold study

Erkan

Prof. Dr.

Abdullah

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

The optimal time-lag for media’s third-level agenda-setting effect

@JOURNAL_BOX_FEATURED

Chloe

The impact of user-generated content in the  fashion industry: A case study of SHEIN and  PrettyLittleThing

Alparslan

Nation branding and sustainability: A comparative analysis of European countries

@JOURNAL_BOX_MOSTREAD

Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences is an open access, peer-reviewed, scholarly and international journal that has been published biannually in June and December since 1992.  The articles submitted for publication in the journal must be scientific and original works in English or Turkish. 

Connectist publishes articles both from national and international communities, and focuses on systems, theories, methods, and applications in communication. Research articles and reviews covering all aspects of communication are published to provide a platform for scientific knowledge exchange between academic researchers, communication professionals and policymakers. Contributions from anthropology, philosophy, history, political science, psychology, and all other fields are welcome, provided they offer relevant and insightful commentary on communication. 

The target audience of the journal includes academics, researchers, professionals, students, and relevant academic and professional organisations. 

Istanbul University covers all expenses for the journal. No article processing charges or submission fees are required for submitted or accepted articles. A rigorous double-blind peer-review evaluation is implemented in the journal.

ProQuest

Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)

EBSCO

ERIH PLUS

TR Dizin

DOAJ

SOBIAD

Gale Cengage

Ulrichsweb

@METRIC_VOLUMES

@METRIC_ISSUES

@METRIC_ARTICLES

@METRIC_OPENACCESS

Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences

@INFO_TAB_ABOUT

Editor in Chief

Guest Editor

Co Editor in Chief

Ethics Editor

Section Editor

Editorial Relations Manager

Publicity Manager

Statistics Editor

Editorial Board Member

@INFO_TAB_BOARDS

Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences is an open access, peer-reviewed, scholarly and international journal that has been published biannually in June and December since 1992.  The articles submitted for publication in the journal must be scientific and original works in English or Turkish. The aim of the journal is to publish research articles and reviews from both international and national communities, providing an intellectual platform for academic researchers, communication professionals, and policymakers to share scientific knowledge across all fields of communication sciences. To encourage academic dialogue on an international scale, the journal has organised virtual international meetings and conferences in collaboration with esteemed universities and colleagues worldwide since 2022.  As such, the journal aims to expand international contributions, collaborations and authorship opportunities. Additionally, the journal provides its authors with international visibility, as it is indexed in several international research databases: Web of Science Core Collection - Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI), Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Erih Plus, EBSCO Communication Source, ProQuest Central, ProQuest Turkey Database, ProQuest Social Sciences Database, and ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection. The journal is indexed in TUBITAK ULAKBIM TR Index as well. Connectist focuses on systems, theories, methods, and applications in communication and publishes research articles and reviews covering all aspects of communication. Theoretical and/or applied research articles that explore current debates in the social sciences, humanities, and contemporary communication research fields, both disciplinary and interdisciplinary are welcome. A rigorous double-blind peer-review evaluation is implemented in the journal. The target audience of the journal includes academics, researchers, professionals, students, and relevant academic and professional organisations.

Aim and Scope

Web of Science Core Collection - Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)TUBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR Index EBSCO Communication SourceProQuest Central, ProQuest Turkey DatabaseProQuest Social Sciences DatabaseProQuest Social Sciences Premium CollectionDOAJErih PlusSOBIADGale Cengage<a href="https://about.proquest.com/en/products-services/Ulrichsweb/" target="_blank" style="font-size: 14.6667px;">Ulrichsweb</a>

Indexing and Abstracting

Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences is committed to abide by the highest standards of publication ethics. It adopts the ethical publishing principles of the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a>. For the principles expressed under the heading of “Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing”, please visit the link below: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publishers) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.All submissions must be compatible with the aim and scope of the journal. Only the manuscripts that are original, not published (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under review of any other publication simultaneously are accepted for evaluation. The manuscripts must also be approved by each author in terms of its content and submission.The name of any author cannot be deleted from the manuscript without the permission of all authors. A new author name cannot be included in the manuscript, and author order cannot be changed without the permission of all authors.Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are accepted as unethical behaviors. All manuscripts that do not comply with the accepted ethical standards are removed from the publication. If a manuscript with illegal and/or unethical features is realized after its publication, it is also removed from the publication.Plagiarism Check Pre-controlled manuscripts are scanned for plagiarism via using iThenticate software. If plagiarism/self-plagiarism is detected, the authors are informed. If necessary, editors might check the manuscript for plagiarism at various stages of the evaluation or production process. High similarity percentages might cause a manuscript to be rejected before or even after it is accepted.For a manuscript to be published the similarity percentage must be less than 15% depending on the category of the manuscript.Double-Blind Peer Review Process <div>After the plagiarism check, the appropriate manuscripts are evaluated by the editor-in-chief in terms of originality, method, importance of the subject and the compatibility with the scope of the journal. The editor-in-chief presents the manuscripts complying with the formal principles to the evaluation of at least two referees from Turkey and / or abroad, and ensures that they pass through a fair double-blind refereeing. The editor-in-chief approves the publication of the manuscript after the necessary changes requested by the referees are done by the author(s).</div>

Policies

Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences is an open access journal which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This principle is compatible with BOAI definition of open access. The articles in Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences are open access articles licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en</a>)

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

Authors publishing with the journal retain the copyright to their work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC 4.0) (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a>) and grant the Publisher non-exclusive commercial right to publish the work. CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Editor should consider publishing correction if minor errors that do not effect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper are detected. Editor should consider retraction if major errors and/or misconduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected.Editor should consider issuing an expression of concern if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive. The guidelines of <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> and <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.RetractionJournal follows <a href="https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/retraction-guidelines-cope.pdf" target="_blank">COPE’s Retraction Guidelines</a> in case of retraction. The editor has the right to retract an article if: <ul><li>There is clear evidence that the findings are unreliable; either as a result of a major error (e.g. miscalculation or experimental error), or as a result of fabrication (e.g. of data) or falsification (e.g. image manipulation).</li><li>It contains plagiarised content. </li><li>It has been published elsewhere without proper attribution. </li><li>It contains material or data without authorisation for use.</li><li>There is copyright infringement or there is some other serious legal issue.</li><li>It reports unethical research. </li><li>There is evidence that the peer-review process is compromised or manipulated.</li><li>The author(s) failed to disclose a significant competing interest (also known as a conflict of interest) that, in the opinion of the editor, would have unduly influenced the interpretation of the work or the recommendations of the editors and peer reviewers.</li></ul>In case of retraction the following steps are followed:<ul><li>Retraction notice including article title is published in a subsequent issue of the journal. The retraction notice is paginated and listed in the table of contents. </li><li>A link is provided between the retraction notice and the original article in the electronic version. </li><li>The online article is preceded by a page containing the retraction notice; the reader can then proceed to the article itself.</li><li>The original article remains unchanged, except for a watermark on the .pdf on each page stating that it has been &#34;retracted”.</li></ul>Article Removal for Legal ReasonsIn the following circumstances, except the metadata (title and authors), the text of the article is removed and a page informing that the article has been removed for legal reasons replaces the article. <ul><li>The article is found to be defamatory or to infringe the legal rights of others, and retraction is not deemed to be an adequate solution.</li><li>The article has been, or is reasonably likely to be the subject of a court order.</li><li>There is a significant risk to public health. </li></ul>

To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

The Artificial Intelligence Policy, prepared in light of developments in artificial intelligence (AI) and practices in scholarly publishing, sets out the editorial and ethical principles that authors, reviewers, and editors should follow when using such technologies. The following sources have been considered in the preparation of the AI policy:Committee on Publication Ethics <a href="https://publicationethics.org/guidance/cope-position/authorship-and-ai-tools" target="_blank">(COPE) - Authorship and AI tools</a>; International Committee of Medical Journal Editors <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html#four" target="_blank">(ICMJE) - Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Assisted Technology; World Association of Medical Editors  (WAME) Chatbots, Generative AI, and Scholarly Manuscripts</a><a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html#four"></a>AI-assisted technologies (such as large language models [LLMs], chatbots, or image generators) can develop and produce a wide variety of content, including text, images, audio, and synthetic data. When used ethically and safely, these capabilities can increase productivity and foster innovation, but when used without human guidance, they pose risks such as inaccurate and biased results, omissions and errors in citations, deficiencies in protecting privacy and intellectual property rights, and potential violations of authors' and publishers' rights. IUPress adopts the following core principles to avoid these risks in the use of AI:  <ul><li>Details of any AI used in the production of content (including but not limited to text, figures, images, and code) must be declared and clearly explained in the appropriate section of the paper (as an acknowledgement and/or in the methods section). </li><li>No AI tool may be listed as an author in any scientific paper. </li><li>Authors are responsible for the accuracy, completeness, and originality of their work, even if AI is used in any way; they are responsible for the proper referencing and attribution of others' ideas, data, words, or other materials. </li><li>Reviewers and editors must not upload submitted work, in whole or in part, to any generative AI application.</li></ul>In the editorial processes of IUPress publications, tools are available to assist editors in identifying AI-generated content. On the other hand, it is common to use AI tools that provide suggestions for improving and enhancing readability, language, and grammar, and such AI tools can be used in IUPress publications under the supervision of editors and authors.

Artificial Intelligence Policy

<ul><li>Authors are required to declare if they have used AI-assisted technologies (such as large language models [LLMs], chatbots, or image generators) in the creation of their submitted work. </li><li>Authors should explain, both in the cover letter and in the appropriate section of the submitted paper (as a footnote and/or in the methods section), which AI tool and which version of it they have used and for what purpose. </li><li>Authors should also indicate how they used the AI tool and how they assessed the validity of the results obtained using this technology, and what aspects of the paper, manuscript content, data or supporting files were influenced by the use of the AI tool or were generated by AI.</li><li>It is the authors' responsibility to ensure the accuracy, validity and appropriateness of content and citations generated by AI-assisted technologies and to eliminate potential errors, inconsistencies and biased results. </li><li>Authors should always check the original sources to eliminate possible plagiarism, recognising that there is a potential for plagiarism in texts produced with AI-assisted technologies. They should confirm that they have checked and that the sources are original.  </li><li>AI-assisted tools (such as ChatGPT) cannot be listed as authors because they cannot be responsible for the accuracy, integrity, and originality of the work, and these responsibilities are essential to authorship. Therefore, authors are responsible for all material involving the use of AI-assisted technologies. Authors should ensure that all statements in the article that state the hypotheses, interpretations, conclusions, limitations, and implications of the study represent their own opinions.  </li><li>Studies created by authors using AI tools in the following ways, which substitute for the basic researcher's and author's responsibilities, violate the principles of scientific publishing and publication ethics, and such studies are not eligible for inclusion in publications: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Generation of text or code without rigorous review, </li><li>Generation of synthetic data to replace missing data without a robust methodology, </li><li>Creation of any inaccurate, synthetic content, including abstracts or supplementary materials, </li><li>Creation and manipulation of images and figures (pictures, graphs, data tables, medical images, image snippets, computer codes and formulae) or original research data (enhancing, hiding, moving, removing or adding a particular feature within an image or figure) using AI.</li></ul></ul>

It is essential to maintain confidentiality in the peer review process and not to share or use the reviewed work in this process. <a href="https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/ethical-guidelines-peer-reviewers-cope.pdf" target="_blank">(COPE – Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers</a>)<ul><li>Reviewers should not upload a manuscript or part of a manuscript submitted to them for review to generative AI tools or large language models to assist in the review, evaluation or decision-making process, as uploading content to such AI tools by reviewers violates the authors' privacy and property rights.  </li><li>Reviewing a scientific paper is a responsibility that can only be undertaken by human beings. The critical thinking and original evaluation required for peer review is beyond the scope of this technology, and there is a risk that the technology will produce inaccurate, incomplete or biased conclusions about the paper. The peer review report and decision letters should reflect the personal assessment of the reviewers and editors of the submitted content. The reviewer is responsible and accountable for the content of his/her report. </li><li>AI tools may be used in a limited way to improve the quality of the language of the peer review report (for translation or language editing) in the context of peer review. If such use is made, the reviewer must declare the use when submitting the report. </li><li>Reviewers who suspect inappropriate or undisclosed use of generative AI in a submission should report their concerns to the editor.</li></ul>

Editors are obliged to ensure that the confidentiality of the manuscripts submitted to the journal is maintained during the evaluation process, and it is essential that the peer-reviewed work is not shared or used outside the parties involved in that process. (COPE - Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors) <a href="https://publicationethics.org/files/Code_of_conduct_for_journal_editors_Mar11.pdf" target="_blank">(COPE – Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors)</a>.<ul><li>Editors should not upload a submitted article, or any part of it, to generative Artificial Intelligence tools or Big Language Models to assist in the review, evaluation or decision-making process, as this may violate authors' privacy and property rights. </li><li>Managing the editorial review of a scientific article implies responsibilities that can only be attributed to humans. Generative AI or AI-assisted technologies should not be used by editors to assist in the evaluation or decision-making process of an article, as the critical thinking and original evaluation required for this task is beyond the scope of this technology and there is a risk that the technology will produce inaccurate, incomplete or biased conclusions about the article. The editor is responsible and accountable for the editorial process, the final decision and its communication to the authors.</li><li>Editors should not use generative AI tools to compose decision letters or abstracts of unpublished research. </li><li>Editors may use generative AI tools to help find appropriate reviewers.</li><li>If editors suspect the use of generative AI in a submitted manuscript or a submitted referee report, they should conduct an editorial review of the matter and consider the policy.</li></ul>

Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publishers) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

Ethics

The journal adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.-    Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.-    The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.-    The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.-    Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.-    Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.-    The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.-    In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.-    If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.-    In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/57A4F95E9D1C4811BB98807DDDE88FDE" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>. The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two referees from abroad or from Turkey. After accomplishing necessary revisions requested by referees, the authors resubmit the manuscript by highlighting the changes made. Publication decisions are made by Editor-in-Chief after authors make necessary revisions requested by referees and the peer-review process is completed.Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing. Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed. Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal. Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective. Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side. A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process. The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Peer Review

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by Editor-in-Chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two external referees from abroad or from Turkey. After accomplishing necessary revisions requested by referees, the authors resubmit the manuscript by highlighting the changes made. Publication decisions are made by Editor-in-Chief after authors make necessary revisions requested by referees and the peer-review process is completed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.- Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?- Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?- Is the problem significant and concisely stated?- Are the methods described comprehensively?- Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?- Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?- Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

The language of the journal is both Turkish and English. -    All correspondence will be sent to the first-named author unless otherwise specified. Manuscpript is to be submitted online via http://connectist.istanbul.edu.tr and it must be accompanied by a cover letter indicating that the manuscript is intended for publication, specifying the article category (i.e. research article, review etc.) and including information about the manuscript (see the Submission Checklist). In addition, a Copyright Agreement Form that has to be signed by all authors must be submitted. -    Only one manuscript of each author is published in the same year (excluding special issues). -    Papers accepted but not yet included in the issue are published online in the Early View section. -    Authors are responsible for all statements made in their work submitted to the Journal for publication. -    Studies that are not prepared in accordance with the rules of the journal are directly rejected without the need for peer review. -    The manuscripts should be in A4 paper standards: having 2.5 cm margins from right, left, bottom and top, Times New Roman font style in 12 font size and line spacing of 1.5. -    Word count must be 6500 – 8500 words for “research articles”, 6500 – 8500 words for “review articles” and 2000-6400 words for “short notes”. -    Before the introduction part, there should be an abstract between 180 and 200 words in English and an extended abstract only in English between 600-800 words, summarizing the scope, the purpose, the results of the study and the method used. Underneath the abstracts, 5 keywords that inform the reader about the content of the study should be specified in Turkish and in English. Extended abstract in English is mandatory for all manuscripts. -    The manuscripts should contain mainly these components: title, abstract and keywords; extended abstract in English, sections, end notes and references. -    Tables, graphs and figures can be given with a number and a defining title only if it is necessary to follow the idea of the article. Otherwise features like demographic characteristics can be given within the text. Tables and figures in the studies should be placed within the text. -    Emphasis of the author(s) in the studies should be indicated with single quotes; only book, movie, newspaper names should be written in italics. Quotations exceeding 40 words should be given inside, single spaced and without quotation marks. -    In line with the Editorial Board decision and referee reports, the authors may be asked to make some changes in the text. -    The studies that were sent to the journal will not be returned whether they are published or not. -    The studies -according to their categories- should be prepared in line with the following flow:1. RESEARCH ARTICLES INTRODUCTION -The problem of the research should be defined by making references to the relevant literature. In the last paragraph before moving on to the sub-headings, the importance of the study, its difference from other studies, namely its originality, the purpose and method of the study should be specified and its boundaries should be drawn. Subheading(s) related to the topic AIM AND METHODOLOGY Introductory remarks for the aim and methodology Aim After the major aim of the study is indicated, research (sub)questions and/or hypothesis/hypotheses should be formulated. Method The following elements should be given in this section as content, even if they are not given as a title. •    Research Model •    Universe, Sample / Subjects/ Participants •    Data Collection Tool •    Operation The types of scale, questionnaire, interviews etc. should be clarified, and especially the research including statistical analyses should have reliability and viability coefficients. FINDINGS DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION After restating the aim of the study in short, findings should be summed up very briefly and discussed with reference to the relevant literature. Then the original opinions related to the research findings should be stated by the author as concluding remarks. Before finalizing the study some suggestions should be formulated for future research to contribute to the relevant field. ENDNOTES REFERENCES 2. REVIEW ARTICLES​INTRODUCTION​The problem of the research should be defined by making references to the relevant literature. In the last paragraph before moving on to the sub-headings, the importance of the study, its difference from other studies, namely its originality, the purpose and method of the study should be specified and its boundaries should be drawn.​Subheading(s) related to the topic DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION After restating the aim of the study in short, findings should be summed up very briefly and discussed with reference to the relevant literature. Then the original opinions related to the research findings should be stated by the author as concluding remarks. Before finalizing the study some suggestions should be formulated for future research to contribute to the relevant field. ENDOTES REFERENCES3. SHORT NOTES Within the scope of short notes, a critical evaluation of any subject, audio-visual/written text, an event or phenomenon that concerns the field of communication is presented. Unlike original research articles, short notes do not include field research but may include book criticism, film criticism, or evaluation of other audio/visual/written products or critical evaluations of organized events. Originality of the short notes is expected to be created via new and different perspectives of the experts and veteran scholars. There is no title system that authors must comply with for short notes. Authors may adopt a title system appropriate to their subject.

Author Guidelines

Before beginning the online submission process please read the Information for Authors and make sure you have the followings available:Article Submission <div>•    The article must be sent to https://iupress.istanbul.edu.tr/tr/journal/connectist/home •    While uploading Main Document, make sure that the main document has no information that clarify the author’s identity. Due to double blind peer review, Main Document must not include Title Page, the name of author or any other detail that can disclose the author identity (such as acknowledgements or headers including the author(s) name). •    Additionally, Supplemental File for Review must not include any detail that can disclose author identity as well. Files to be uploaded separately •    Copyright Agreement Form •    Permissions obtained for previously published material if used in the present manuscript •    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/8C1F7EDE4B1D461BB63BC7A2EE2E9C39" target="_blank">Title page</a> -    Category of the article -    The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English -    Authors' names, surnames, titles and affiliates (after the university and faculty information, the city and country information should also be included) and e-mail addresses. -    Corresponding author's e-mail address, open correspondence address, business phone, GSM, fax number -    ORCID numbers of the authors •    Main Manuscript Document -    The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English -    Abstracts (180-200 words) both in Turkish and in English -    Keywords: 5 words both in Turkish and in English -    Extended abstract (600-800 words) in English (only for Turkish articles) -    Main article sections -    Financial support (if applicable) -    Conflict of interest (if applicable) -    Acknowledgement (if exists) -    References -    All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</div>

References-    Author(s) are expected to cite primary sources in their studies.-    References to articles published as Early View should be given as &#34;publication in preparation&#34;.-    The author(s) are responsible for the accuracy of the references. All sources should be cited in the text and listed alphabetically.Reference Style and Format -    Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, adopts 7th edition of APA (American Psychological Association) style for in-text citation and references. The rules for this style can be found at the link below:-    https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/-    References should be cited as indicated in the examples below.In-Text CitationSources should be indicated in the text by writing the surnames of the authors and the publication date in parentheses. If more than one source is to be shown, a semicolon (;) should be inserted between the sources. References should be listed alphabetically.Citations in the Text <div>Citations must be indicated with the author surname and publication year and page number within the parenthesis. If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;). References should be listed alphabetically </div><div>Samples: Citation with one author; (Carpentier, 2011) Carpentier (2011) </div><div>Citation with two authors; (Deleuze &amp; Guattari, p. 1992) Deleuze and Guattari (1992) aim to explain schizophrenia in a positive manner (p. 45). </div><div>Citation with three or more authors; (Curran et al., 2009) Citation with abbreviation: First Citation: (World Health Organisation [WHO], 2020) Next Citations: (WHO, 2020) First Citation: World Health Organisation (WHO, 2020) Next Citations: WHO (2020) </div><div>To avoid ambiguity in in-text citations If the same author published more than one study in the same year: (Fiske, 2010a) (Fiske, 2010b) &#8288;If the first authors of multiple references share the same surname but have different initials, include the first authors’ initials in all in-text citations, even if the year of publication differs. (A.    A. Berger, 2010; J. Berger, 2010) If the authors of the same publication have the same surname, there is no need to include the first letters of their names. (Chen &amp; Chen, 2019) </div><div>Direct quotations When citing directly, sentence(s) are enclosed in quotation marks and page numbers are also indicated in in-text quotations. According to Luhmann (1982), “Subjectivity is an abstract term invented by philosophers which does not refer to human beings. The real subject of social action is the social system” (p. 324). If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;). References should be listed alphabetically. (Mulvey, 2012; Ryan &amp; Kellner, 2012, p. 152). </div><div>Citations in the Reference All the citations done in the text should be listed in the References section in alphabetical order of author surname without numbering. Below given examples should be considered in citing the references. </div><div>Book a) Citation with one author; Berger, A. A. (2017). Media analysis techniques. Sage Publications. Kamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. McGraw-Hill Education. </div><div>b) Translated book Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punishment: The birth of the prison. (A. Sheridan, Trans.). Vintage Books. </div><div>c) Book with Multiple Authors Bordwell, D. &amp; Thompson, K. (2010). Film Art: An Introduction. McGraw-Hill. </div><div>ç) Edited book Miller, T., &amp; Stam, R. (Eds.). (2004). A companion to film theory (Vol. 18). John Wiley &amp; Sons. </div><div>d) Chapter in an Edited Book Jenkins, H. (2004). The work of theory in the age of digital transformation. T. Miller &amp; R. Stam (Eds.), A Companion to Film Theory (pp. 234-261). Blackwell. </div><div>e) Chapter in the translation book Schmeder, G. (2015). İşbölümü dinamiğinde kopmalar ve kesintiler. C. Vercellone (Ed.) ve D. Kundakçı (Trans.). Bilişsel kapitalizm. (1st ed., 61-75). Otonom Yayıncılık. </div><div>Piaget, J. (1988). Extracts from Piaget’s theory (G. Gellerier &amp; J. Langer, Trans.). In K. Richardson &amp; S. Sheldon (Eds.) Cognitive development to adolescence: A reader (pp. 3-18). Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum. (Reprinted from Manual of child psychology, pp. 703-732, by P.H. Myssen, Ed., 1970. Wiley) </div><div>f) Book Review Gül Ünlü, D. (2018). Kitap incelemesi [Şeffaflık toplumu: Şeffaf toplumun eleştirisi üzerine bir okuma]. Galatasaray Üniversitesi İletişim Dergisi, 28, 279-290. http://iletisimdergisi.gsu.edu.tr/tr/pub/issue/37677/436058 </div><div>Seo, S. (2016). [Review of the book Journalism and Human Rights: How Demographics Drive Media Coverage by John C. Pollock]. Journal of Communication, 66 (6), E-15-E-17. https://academic.oup.com/joc/article-abstract/66/6/E15/4082402?redirectedFrom=fulltext </div><div>g) Book with Organization as Author American Psychological Association. (2009). Crediting sources: Citing references in text. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed., p. 177). </div><div>Article </div><div>a) Article Seyidov, I. (2020). On conceptual and methodological deficiencies of data journalism-related studies in Turkey. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, 58, 273-289. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2020-0070 </div><div>b) Online article without DOI Grist, L. (2007). Masculinity, violence, resistance: A new psychoanalytic reading of Raging Bull. Atlantis, 29(1), 11-27. Retrieved from https://go.gale.com/ </div><div>c) Popular magazine article Salmon, C. (2016, Oct). Ken Loach is right: British film and TV has become too cosy and conservative. Little White Lies. https://lwlies.com/articles/ken-loach-fake-nostalgia-tv-period-dramas/ </div><div>Thesis, Symposium </div><div>a)    Thesis Kendrick, J. (2005). Screen violence and the new Hollywood [Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation]. Indiana University. https://www.proquest.com/openview/433bbaa0b9973dad53d0aa735d1f941a/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;cbl=18750&amp;diss=y </div><div>b) Symposium contribution Gündüz, U. &amp; Pembecioğlu N. (2021, October, 26-27). Covid-19. H. Adıyaman (Chairs), The health agenda of media in the lights of information ethics and the Covid-19 sentiment analysis of garlic news [Symposium]. 18. International Communication in the Millennium Symposium, Erzurum, Turkey. </div><div>Other Sources </div><div>a) Newspaper Article Lee, E. (2019, February 1). Digital Media: What Went Wrong. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/01/business/media/buzzfeed-digital-media-wrong.html </div><div>b) İnternet sayfası kaynakları Bordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized. http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/ adresinden 15 Eylül 2020 tarihinde alınmıştır. </div><div>c) Official publications and press release Turkish Statistical Institute (2022). Foreign Trade Statistics (Publication number: 45536). https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Foreign-Trade-Statistics-January-2022-45536&amp;dil=2 The White House, Office of the Press Secretary. (2010, August 4). Administration officials continue travel across the country holding “Recovery Summer” events [Press release]. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/realitycheck/the-press-office/administration-officials-continue-travel-across-country-holding-recovery-summer-eve </div><div>ç) Dictionary Oxford University Press. (n.d.). Communication. In Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved January 1, 2022, from https://www.lexico.com/definition/communication </div><div>d) Podcast West, S. (2020, December). On Media pt. 1- Manufacturing Consent (Episode 148) [Audio podcast]. In Philosophize this!. https://open.spotify.com/episode/04YIh1REL6KOxlnaJWlvfh?si=86782f420d744114 </div><div>e) Video/Film Zizek, S. (2008). Violence [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_x0eyNkNpL0 Scorsese, M. (Director). (1976). Taxi Driver [Film]. Columbia Pictures.</div><div> </div><div>f) TV series Chase, D. (Producer). (1999-2007). The Sopranos [TV Series]. HBO. </div><div>g) Social Media Manovich, L. [@manovich]. In the late 1990s South Korea became the leader in Internet connections, and they launched one of the first social networks Cyworld. Next, they used YouTube to create k-pop global popularity. Can they repeat their success in metaverse? [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/manovich/status/1462405978356207626  [Tweet] for Twitter, [Twitter profile] etc., [Facebook status] for Facebook, [Timeline] etc., [Picture] for Instagram, [Highlight] can be used.</div>

Make sure that the information in the list below is complete: * Cover letter to the editor * The category of the manuscript * Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”. * Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement. * Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed. * Confirming that last control for fluent English was done. * Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed. * Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA 7. * Copyright Agreement Form * Permission of previously published copyrighted material if used in the present manuscript * Title page * The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English * All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses * Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax number * ORCIDs of all authors. * Main Manuscript Document * Abstracts (180-200 words) both in Turkish and in English * Extended Abstract (600-800 words) in English * Keywords: 5 words both in Turkish and in English * Financial support (if applicable) * Conflict of interest (if applicable) * Acknowledgement (if applicable) * References * All tables, illustrations (figures) should be placed within the text including their title, description, footnotes.

<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/FCB0E9A7360F4750B5088DDB0ACBF536" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/8C1F7EDE4B1D461BB63BC7A2EE2E9C39" target="_blank">Title Page</a>

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