Atalay

Today, the phenomenon of the fight against drugs is becoming an important issue in Turkey, as is the case all over the world. Drugs adversely affect the lives of individuals by initially giving pleasure, then becoming a habit, and finally by making people addicted and causing family-related and social damage. In both reactive and proactive approaches, the main duty of law enforcement officers is to prevent drug possession, use, and trafficking, while bringing those responsible to justice. However, a more rational approach is to tackle drug trafficking with multidimensional methods and the dedicated involvement of stakeholders.Considering the deductive method, the number of drug crimes is observed to have increased in our country for years. In the ten year period between 2006 and 2016, the number of people who have gone to court regarding drugs in our country is approximately 11,000; while in 2016, this number reached about 693,000. In 2017,&nbsp;35,000 individuals were prosecuted in Istanbul for crimes related to drug possession and use. The most striking feature of the data is that approximately 16.450 people have committed this crime, with a large proportion (47%) in the 16–25 age range. Statistical ratios indicate that young people are used at the forefront of the dissemination and trafficking of drugs.Regarding the process of substance abuse, the first step involves behavioral curiosity and experimentation. When curiosity wins out over fear, the individual decides to try the substance. There is a significant and strong relationship between substance use/addiction and the personality structure/psychological states of individuals. A feeling that thoughts are not shared sufficiently within the family, that control mechanisms are not formed or are perhaps too rigid, inconsistencies in behavioral patterns, and overall blockages in communication channels are dragging adolescents and young people to places where drugs are found.In interviews about drug addiction, the circle of friends appears to be a determinant in the steps of demonstrating, encouraging, and initiating drugs. Of the 1453 individuals interviewed, approximately 68% (985) accounted for the negative environment of their friends due to their tendency to use drugs, which then led to their use and dependency.The use of effective communication methods in the fight against drugs constitutes the main scope of this study. In the literature review and drug addiction interviews, important data about the addiction process and its causes has been acquired. Communication paradigms affecting the statistical results of these data have been determined. As the basic structure and functions of life are formed within the family, communication within the family is considered as the first communication model in the fight against drugs. In social communication, the interaction of individuals with their socio-cultural environment and the codes of behavior within the context of drugs are mentioned. Role model communication focuses on the influence of parents as positive role models in keeping children away from drugs.In this study, data obtained from 24 drug users, interviewed face to face in police investigations, was evaluated as field studies. These in-depth interviews were analyzed by categorical analysis under eight main headings, which can be listed as: family, role models, emulation, friend environment, social collapse, entertainment,&nbsp;curiosity, disease prevention, and easy access to social media/internet. According to the analysis obtained from a verbal examination of the cases, the most prominent among these causes was the family-related cause.One of the factors that lead to drug use in these cases concerns the behaviors and direction of family members who are seen as role models. Curiosity is also a leading topic among the reasons for drug use, and in some cases, it is stated that drugs are used to contribute to fun. Social collapse and psychological problems are among the strong reasons for an orientation towards drug use among these cases.&nbsp;The desire to integrate into the environment of friends, to trust and not refuse a friend who directs the individual toward drug use, makes the friendship environment decisive. Using drugs to relieve pain or to relax is another one of the reasons found in these cases, and drug trafficking through social media and the internet is yet another reason that facilitates the supply of drugs and increases its use and addiction.One of the most important pieces of information that will contribute to the fight against drug use is an understanding of what led individuals to use drugs. For this reason, it is of great importance that drug addicts express these events firsthand. It is clear that the conclusions drawn from these statements would greatly contribute to the fight against drugs as mentioned in the study.

Causes of Drug Use and the Role and Importance of Communicative Approaches during the Addiction Period: A Case Study through Police Records

Hatun

Assoc. Prof.

Public relations has received criticism throughout its history as a function that focuses on corporate benefits and ignores mutual benefit and public welfare. The discipline that has been critically billed as “a whole series of strategies and practices that only serve the profits and interests of corporations” is still thought to perform no function apart from answering the needs of corporations. According to this point of view, public relations is considered as a field that manipulates realities in line with a corporation’s interests and profits and dictates the target audiences to behave in favor of corporations, ignoring public welfare or interests. On the other hand, frequently used and investigated public relations concepts and practices, such as symmetrical public relations, dialogical public relations theory, relational paradigm, corporate social responsibility, and corporate sustainability, can answer criticisms against the discipline. Mainstream public relations studies encompassing these notions and practices emphasize that public relations focuses not only on the profits of corporations but also works for the interests of society by underlining the principle of public welfare. However, studies criticizing public relations continue to claim that the function of public relations in serving the public welfare is improbable in practice while underlining that entire strategies and endeavors on public relations only work for corporate interests rather than the public good.This study is designed to present how contemporary and ethical public relations strategies and practices center on creating, maintaining, and reinforcing positive relationships between corporations and target audiences function in practice. The study has also discussed whether the argument that public relations is a management function that only benefits corporations is supported by Turkish public relations professionals. It has aimed to determine whether Turkish public relations professionals ignore public welfare.This article aims to contribute to the discipline empirically:(1) Dialogical public relations, symmetrical public relations, relational paradigm, corporate social responsibility, corporate sustainability, and similar significant practices and theories that echo public relations’ purpose of serving for public good have been explored in a detailed manner.(2) The critical point of view, which suggests that public relations ignores target audiences and public welfare is implemented in practice, has been discussed.&nbsp;This article is important in that it evaluates the concepts and approaches of contemporary public relations answering criticism towards the discipline such as symmetrical public relations, dialogical public relations, relational paradigm, corporate social responsibility, and corporate sustainability. Besides it reveals how these concepts and approaches are evaluated by public relations professionals in practice.In light of this information, within the scope of the study, a research has been carried out with the participation of 107 Turkish public relations practitioners. A questionnaire form has been designed and participants have been asked to answer the questions which aim to determine professional perceptions of public relations practitioners. The data obtained during the study by quantitative research method has been saved online via a coding system and has been analyzed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Such information has been evaluated and interpreted with multiple perspectives to obtain concrete results and output in line with the aims of the study.Findings have demonstrated that Turkish public relations practitioners perceive their profession as a whole series of strategies and practices that serve for the mutual benefit of corporations and target audiences. Turkish professionals disapprove public relations as a management function which only benefits corporations.

Key Issues in Turkish Public Relations Practitioners’ Perception of the Profession: Relational Paradigm, Dialogic Public Relations, Symmetrical Public Relations, Corporate Social Responsibility, and Corporate Sustainability

Bülent

Prof.

Oğuzhan

There were 54 communication faculties in Turkey between 2016 and 2017, when we collected data for this study. We managed to obtain information from 50 of them (92%). Of those 50, 20 did not have any freestanding ethics courses. Since 12 out of the 20 were been established within the last couple of years, they have not developed their curricula yet, so there is no information on whether they are planning to offer such a course in the future. The remaining eight faculties have recently changed their curricula, replacing freestanding courses with general ethics courses offered to all university students. In addition, 30 of the 50 facilities have a total of 48 freestanding courses offered in 66 different programs. We collected and analyzed 48 syllabi of these courses for this study.The common components, in descending order of the frequency with which they appear in the syllabi, are listed as follows: Ethics and morality (73%); Self-regulation in the media (44%); Professional ethics (41.5%); Theories of Ethics (33%); New communication technologies/New Media/Internet (31%); Human Rights/Individual Rights/Privacy (31%); Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct (30%); Media Industry/Ownership (30%); The Responsibility of News Media (27%); Ethical Problems of Media in Turkey (27%); Freedom of Information (23%); Reporting Crisis and War (14.5%); Political Communication (14.5%); Discrimination and Hate Speech (14.5%); and Tabloid Journalism (10.5%). It should be noted that the list above provides a composite picture of the components in the 48 syllabi and no one course contains all the components on the list.On closer scrutiny of the components and topics in the 48 syllabi, there seems to be a fairly consistent pattern, at least in terms of subject matter: how ethics is being taught in the classroom. However, there seems to be a widespread confusion about “how to teach ethics.”- Some courses are structured according to the academic interests of their instructors (e.g., theories of communication, philosopy, law, and news journalism) instead of being planned for specific qualifications to be earned. - Concern about covering as many topics as possible leads to overloaded course schedules, which seem quite unsuited to examine any issues in detail. - Individual approaches in moral theory are considered to be a ready-made package of knowledge that can be dealt within one or two course weeks. As far as we deduced from course schedules, they are generally conveyed in the first few weeks and hardly mentioned again thereafter. - Journalistic ethics dominates over other moral issues of communication media. Particularly, when one speaks of “practical norms of profession,” it usually refers to the conduct of news journalism. Moral issues regarding television production, drama, or entertainment media are largely ignored. This is striking for a culture of media where a great majority of the audience pays too much attention to television shows.This study is limited to what is explicitly mentioned in the syllabi. Since syllabi are typically very concise, details are often left out. Therefore, first, the syllabi reviewed in this study were not explicit enough about the content of topics, content of theories, selection of cases for classroom discussions, and assignments to draw any clear conclusions about which standards they exercised. Secondl, this study did not (and in most cases could not) consider the amount of time spent on the topics in each course represented by the syllabi. So, this study gives some evidence for the state of freestanding ethics courses in general. We believe that a survey dealing with instruction content and teaching methods administered to instructors of freestanding ethics courses is necessary to obtain more information about the subject.

Problems in Media Ethics Education: An Assessment of Syllabi of Undergraduate Courses in Turkey

Şadiye

Elif

Search engine optimization, performed by turning into news the most-searchedfor words or topics on Google, is one of the newest and most widespread journalistic practices to appear in digital journalism. So-called “Google journalism” appeared in response to the news consumption habits of a large segment of internet users who tend to find everything in Google. This content, known as SEO news, is produced by SEO editors in line with Google trends. The aim of journalists is to turn the keywords and sentences searched for by Google users into news, and the search results into front page fodder.Although they are now widespread journalistic practices in Turkey and the rest of the world, search engine optimization and SEO journalism are still relatively new, and have been considered very little in the literature. The ethical problems created by SEO news have been only minimally assessed, and this study aims to make a contribution to the field. Thus, it considers the troubled relationship between SEO news and professional journalistic principles and ethics in the light of journalists’ direct experience. The study was conducted by means of semistructured interviews with 15 professional journalists working at Hürriyet, Sabah, Habertürk, Sözcü, A Haber, T24 and Diken in Istanbul between the dates of 15-20 January 2018 and 16-22 April 2018. Eight of the journalists were employed as SEO editors, and seven were internet newspaper/news portal managers/editors. In interviews with the journalists, a prepared form was used, and open-ended questions were asked.A significant result obtained from the study was that Google-focused journalistic practice was seen by the journalists as necessary for survival in the digital world, despite the ethical problems which it created or could create. In the digital world, page views (clicks) are still the first condition for obtaining advertising, and to a significant extent, newspapers take account of page views from readers accessing the news via Google. According to the journalists, worries about advertising and news consumption habits force newspapers into search engine optimization and “Google journalism.” One of the journalists described SEO news as a “necessary evil.”According to the journalists, the most widespread ethical problem created by SEO news items on web sites and news portals is the use of click bait headlines. Click bait headlines attract the reader’s attention to the news item in the form of a question, yet the article itself does not contain anything of true relevance to the topic, or anything new. All of the journalists interviewed stated that the lack of an answer in the news item to the headline question in SEO news was the most widespread ethical infringement and the one which made them most uncomfortable.&nbsp;According to the journalists, another frequently encountered ethical infringement in SEO news was the production of spam content by constantly repeating keywords in the news item text in order to be visible on Google. This SEO strategy was characterized by the journalists as disrespect to the reader. They said it was effective in boosting it to the top of search results, but that it made articles hard to read.One of the most important strategies used by SEO editors to place news items atop Google search results is to include in the headlines actual questions from user searches. However, headlines citing sensitive events such as death or rape made the journalists most uncomfortable. They remarked upon a headline, “Is he dead?” in a story of a child who was still alive as “exploitation of a traumatic situation.”Although emphasized by fewer journalists, other ethical problems mentioned were the creation of information pollution by SEO news, thus reducing the visibility or readability of important items, the manipulation of public opinion by creating artificial expectations which could not be met in real life, and the robotization of journalists by Google-focused journalism.Another important problem mentioned by the journalists was that in SEO news, the only ethical limits were those of the journalists’ conscience. The journalists emphasized that different practices might exist in other organizations, but they stressed that SEO news, like other news, must be prepared with primary consideration to ethics and human values.The journalists were asked whether SEO content carried traditional news factors and whether it was of public benefit. Some of the journalists said that although SEO news might not have the same news value or public benefit as traditional journalism, they did not perceive this as an ethical problem. Because, according to the journalists, although hard news generally appears on the main page of the news portals, SEO news item mostly doesn’t appear directly on the interface. On the other hand, according to the journalists, SEO item diversifies content.In conclusion, the journalists ranked the ethical problems relating to SEO news as follows: a) the creation of Google-focused journalistic practice; b) the use of click bait headlines, not answering the question in the news item; c) spam content: the excessive repetition of keywords; d) the exploitation of shocking news; e) the robotization of journalists; f) the creation of information pollution; g) the manipulation of public expectations, and h) leaving ethical principles to journalists’ conscience. Despite these negative aspects, the journalists accepted SEO journalism as a new journalistic practice which had grown out of the conditions of competition.&nbsp;

Google Journalism: SEO News as a ‘Necessary Evil’ in the Digital Age and the Deformation of News for the Sake of ‘Clicks’

Murat

Büşra

Res. Assist.

It is important that brands and corporations should maintain continuity and integrity in their communication with their target groups. This continuity and integrity is one of the most important elements that enable them to survive effectively in the market. Today, it has been observed that many brands and corporations benefit from a wide variety of sponsorship activities which enable them to communicate with their target groups. Sponsorship activities are investments that brands and corporations have made for a wide range of applications in their future. Sponsorship activities are divided into public relations, advertising and marketing based on the targeted objectives. However, it is impossible to say that there is a sharp distinction between them. Public relations, advertising and marketing activities complement each other, and have similar sponsorship objectives, just as a coherent flow is expected between brand and corporate communication elements. That is to say that if increasing the brand or corporate recognition or acquiring the goodwill of the community, which are among the public relations objectives of sponsorship, are not achieved by the brand or corporation as an outcome, promoting the use of products or increasing client loyalty can be challenging. In other words, advertising, public relations, and marketing objectives of sponsorship should be targeted together through continuous and integral communication of sponsorship. Such integrity is also essential for brand equity creation. The institutions or brands that&nbsp;desire to dominate the consumer’s world should primarily create brand equity in their mind map. Brand equity is a concept with various sub-dimensions including brand awareness, brand association, brand loyalty, perceived quality and general brand equity. With the sponsorship applications aimed at marketing, such as introducing a new product, supporting the use of an existing product, positioning the product, supporting the dealers, creating a change in the marketing strategy, and supporting the international marketing strategy, awareness of, and association with a brand name can be developed in the target groups; the perceived quality can be raised, and client loyalty towards the brand can be achieved. In other words, the results of many scientific researches have shown that sponsorship practices are beneficial towards increasing the equity of a brand in general terms.This study consists of three main sections. In the first part, the concepts of sponsorship for marketing and related subheadings are given. In the second part, the concept of brand equity and its sub-dimensions are mentioned. In the third and last section, the practical results of the research are described. Accordingly, information about the research method, data collection method and tools, and limitations, are given first. The findings of the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants, factor, correlation and regression analyzes of the variables are included in the final part.This study was conducted to measure the impact of sponsorship activities for marketing purposes on consumer-based brand equity over the dates ranging from February 2018 to May 2018. The purpose of the study is to determine whether there is a meaningful relationship between the concept of brand equity at the consumer level and the sponsorship activities for marketing purposes, as well as to determine the direction and strength of the relationship between the two. The research was conducted with over 412 participants using a survey technique. In the two-part survey questionnaire, the scales developed by Speed and Thompson (2000) for measuring participants’ perceptions on sponsorship for marketing purposes was used together with another scale by Yoo and Donthu (2001); Taşkın and Akat (2010) for measuring brand equity perception of consumers. The questionnaire was prepared as a Likert scale with 32 variables. Scale expressions of the research were prepared through the sponsorship of A National Teams of Arçelik brand. SPSS was used in the realization of the research analyses. According the factor analysis results, the sponsorship scale for marketing was perceived by the participants in one&nbsp;dimension while the brand equity scale was perceived by the participants in 4 subdimensions namely, brand awareness / brand association, perceived quality, brand loyalty and general brand equity.According to the results of the correlation analysis, it was determined that there is a moderate strength and meaningful correlation between the sponsorship for marketing factor and the brand equity factor. According to these results, there is a significant positive relationship and strength of β=500 between the sponsorship for marketing factor, and the brand awareness / association factor; β=462 between sponsorship for marketing factor and the perceived quality factor; β=480 between sponsorship for marketing factor and the brand loyalty factor; and β=508 between the sponsorship for marketing factor and the general brand equity factor. When looking at the regression results, it was understood that the model is meaningful. According to the regression coefficient results, the correlation between brand awareness / brand association dependent variable and the sponsorship for marketing independent variable was 25%. The perceived quality and the sponsorship for marketing purposes perception were found to 21.3% correlated. The rate of explaining the brand loyalty dependent variable of the sponsorship perception for marketing purposes variable is 23%. Lastly, the link between the general brand equity and the sponsorship for marketing perception was 25.8%. According to the results of both the previous study, which was obtained through literature review, and this study, which was carried out to determine the effect of sponsorship activities for marketing purposes on the consumer-based brand equity, sponsorship for marketing and brand equity significantly affect each other.

Investigation of the Relationship between Marketing Purpose Sponsorship Activities and Consumer Based Brand Equity: Consumer Research on a Turkish Brand

Bilge

The Internet is extensively based on hypertext, a nonlinear, computer-based or digital text that is now used along with conventional, linear printed text as a relatively new text type (Voss et al., 2009, p. 62). Moreover, hypertextuality is among the characteristics which differentiate online news from printed news (Heinonen, 1999). While digital writing has become more advanced with hypertextuality, its impact on users’ reading habits has gained importance as an underlying matter. In this context, the present research aims to provide an analysis of users’ experiences of reading digital news in the context of hypertextuality. This research examines how the department of communication students read, interact with, and learn from digital news in the context of hypertextuality. The students were allowed to identify their digital reading habits with an online questionnaire rather than through experimentation. Users were also questioned about their methods of dealing with fake links while reading online news within the context of hypertext ethics.This study begins by summarizing the studies on hypertextuality and news users. Following this, a case study is presented analyzing newspaper users’ reading habits in a digital setting to propose empirical evidence for the theoretical ideas of poststructuralist thinkers on hypertextuality. This part focuses on the hypertext reception practices of UMASS/Amherst Department of Communication undergraduate students through analysis of their news consumption patterns via an online survey. Interested participants, solicited through an open-call email, were prescreened for the study by completing the questionnaire. The sample of the present study shares similar features with the population of the Department of Communication / UMass (which has 1000 students) in terms of average age, average education, and attendance. A total sample of 152 undergraduate students participated in the study through random sampling in January and February of 2018.&nbsp;Based on the findings, this study contributes to the literature regarding journalism, technology, and digital writing by identifying the advantages and disadvantages of reading digital news. Although hypertextuality invites both writers and users to think in a nonlinear and cooperative way, it also leads to polarized opinions and newly emerging ethical issues.Although the students preferred to read news online, their preferred text type was basic linear text. Additionally, students were reluctant to share news by adding their comments. For this reason, it was observed that the students did not practice reading cooperatively. Most of them are neither cowriters or rewriters as poststructuralist thinkers’ claimed. Additionally, hypertextuality did not prevent semantic closure as predicted by poststructuralist thinkers. On the contrary, it has become a form of technology that only accelerates the circulation of certain ideas.&nbsp;Those participants who paid a lot of attention to visual digital news items were not interested in the zoom and color features– features that are especially useful to people with disabilities and senior citizens in helping them access digital news. Since the digital divide is beyond simply having access to technology, it is considered that the topics of critical media literacy may include themes related to the principles of universal design and web accessibility.Furthermore, even though mainstream media may be mostly unreliable and may even make up facts, it is still seen as reliable by a considerable amount of communication students. In addition, social influence is still influential in the debate on the truth of the news.Lastly, it was determined that hypertextuality does not cause opinion polarization at the moment of choosing a link to click. Rather, an interesting topic and a reliable source are more important factors in the participant’s choice. However, students tend to share links that often support their own views, rather than balanced news that covers all perspectives. This shows the relationship between the echo-chamber effect and hypertextuality that allows the news to be easily disseminated through the sharing of links.

Reading Digital News: Hypertextual Usage Habits and Learning Practices Among U.S. Communication Undergraduates

Ezel

Internet and web-based applications have created an interactive environment for communication that enables new means of developing relationships between corporations and their target groups. Today, social media has penetrated into every aspect of life, creating more interactive communication between corporations and their target groups. Thanks to social media, especially social networking sites, target groups no longer consider themselves just as consumers and no longer receive corporate messages passively. That is why it is valuable to determine how Facebook can be best used by corporations as an interactive medium. To reveal this, the purpose of Facebook use and contents of Facebook posts need to be examined first and then the interactivity should be studied. For that reason the study has been designed in two parts, one of which was published by the researcher and revealed that Facebook was mostly used for publicity and promotion. In particular, product and service promotion rose into prominence together with campaigns and special offers (Türk, 2018).Besides publicity and promotion, social networking sites can be used for building and retaining relationships with target groups through their interactive structure. It is&nbsp;worthwhile to determine how Facebook, having the leading role among social networking sites, can be used by corporations as an interactive medium. That is why this study, as a follow-up study and the second part of the study, aims to reveal the use of Facebook as an interactive tool by airline companies with domestic capital operating in Turkey. It attempts to reveal whether these corporations take advantage of Facebook for corporate communication by using it in an interactive way including participation, responsiveness and feedback. Specifically, the study aims to answer these two questions: 1) Do corporations use Facebook interactively and encourage users to participate in Facebook with the content they share? 2) Are they able to provide a cycle of feedback by asking questions and are they able to respond to the questions and comments of the users?worthwhile to determine how Facebook, having the leading role among social networking sites, can be used by corporations as an interactive medium. That is why this study, as a follow-up study and the second part of the study, aims to reveal the use of Facebook as an interactive tool by airline companies with domestic capital operating in Turkey. It attempts to reveal whether these corporations take advantage of Facebook for corporate communication by using it in an interactive way including participation, responsiveness and feedback. Specifically, the study aims to answer these two questions: 1) Do corporations use Facebook interactively and encourage users to participate in Facebook with the content they share? 2) Are they able to provide a cycle of feedback by asking questions and are they able to respond to the questions and comments of the users?The results revealed that corporations have used Facebook inadequately within the scope of interactivity for corporate communications. The airlines studied failed to provide participation on their corporate Facebook accounts, leading to a failure to fulfill the participation component of interactivity. Nor did the corporations ask users any questions about their products, services, or the users’ preferences for providing feedback, which is the other component of interactivity. Communication via feedback and responses are other significant components in ensuring interaction. Since&nbsp;corporations responded to a mere one-fourth of their user comments and questions, it can be asserted that they did not adequately communicate with their target groups. Responses given by corporations were informative, however, which indicates that people who seek information from the companies were sincerely considered. The companies tried to meet the need for information through Facebook. They also attempted to provide answers to either solve problems on Facebook or direct them to the relevant units for professional support.Since they are ineffective in encouraging users to participate via Facebook, to provide a cycle of feedback and to be responsive on Facebook, which social media platform is used interactively? There is no doubt that social networking sites are popping up by the day, thanks to mobile technologies, and it is clear that in the near future this trend will continue even more intensively. Therefore, future research could investigate which social media platform is used to engage with target groups in an interactive way. Likewise, future studies should also find out how Facebook can be best used for engagement, not only by providing feedback and responsiveness but also encouraging participation. Only if corporations appreciate the use of Facebook will they be able to interact and communicate effectively with target groups. Thus, building and maintaining positive relationships between corporations and target groups will become more feasible.

Inadequate Use of Facebook as an Interactive Tool with the Dimensions of Participation, Feedback and Responsiveness for Corporate Communications: A Survey on Airline Companies with Domestic Capital in Turkey

Serdar

As an interdisciplinary field, advertising is closely related to art as well as to various branches of science. Researchers have been investigating this relationship using methods such as content analysis (Hetsroni &amp; Tukachinsky, 2005), semiotics (Okat Özdem &amp; Geçit, 2013), literary analysis (Stern, 1991; Etienne &amp; Vanbaelen, 2006), art and literary criticism (Stern &amp; Schroeder, 1994), textual analysis (Stern, 1996), and multimodal analysis (Periasamy, Gruba &amp; Subramaniam, 2015). Most of these studies are grounded in the theories and concepts of art, literature, and narratology.The art of theatre also shares similarities with advertising, particularly in audiovisual forms such as TV commercials. Esslin (1996) argues that a great deal of television content, such as advertisements, should be considered within the field of drama. Drama theory and dramaturgy has been adapted to marketing and consumer behavior studies using a variety of different perspectives. Stern (1990) used dramaturgy to analyze advertisements as dramatic texts and discussed absurdity in advertising in terms of theme, action, setting, character, language, and tone.In this study, we analyzed a TV commercial of Eti Tutku, in terms of absurd dramaturgy. In this way, we presented an example of advertisement analysis in dramatic framework and evaluated absurdity in advertising on a theatrical basis. Using a commercial that is considered an absurd narrative, we discussed the term absurd on the field of mass communication.The term absurd is often used to describe meaningless, bizarre, extraordinary or irrational events and situations. Beyond that, absurdism represents an existentialist philosophical thought based on the idea that humanity and the universe cannot be explained by reason, logic, and congruity. This idea happened as a response to the collapse of the great ideals such as rationalism and modernism, which were&nbsp;presented to humanity in the 20th century. Absurdism had a great influence on different literary and artistic fields, and also created the modern theatre movement called “Theatre of the Absurd” (Esslin, 1999). To describe the absurd state of humanity, absurd plays depict bizarre characters, unrealistic settings, nonsense language, and events that do not rely on cause-and-effect relationships. Eventually, absurdist expression crossed the boundaries of theatre and can now be seen in cinema, television, and advertising.Stern (1990, p. 192) argues that absurdity is used as a dramatic form in advertising. Advertisers often take advantage of creative elements such as absurdity to capture consumers’ attention and gain a place in their minds in the advertising clutter. AriasBolzmann (1993, p. 3) defines absurdity in advertising as “the incongruous juxtaposition of pictorial images, words, and/or sounds that viewers perceive to be unique, irrational, bizarre, illogical, or disordered.” Stern (1990, p. 197) states that absurd dramas depict non-rational, ambiguous, and meaningless worlds rather than orderly, meaningful, and value-laden ones found in traditional realistic dramas. Accordingly, a playwright of the absurd shows the true nature of the world and lets the audience decide how best to cope with it. According to Stern, a brand that claims to be absurdist, acknowledges that the world and its own are imperfect. By making fun of this situation, an absurdist brand seeks to inspire trust and sympathy and lets the consumer choose whatever is personally best in an environment of uncertainty.The commercial that is subject to analysis in this study (Image 1) begins with opening a door on which is written “Eti Tutku Customer Services.” The opening of the door, which evokes the opening of a theatre curtain, prepares the viewer for an advertising narrative that depicts events between the brand and the customer. As understood from the dialogue, a customer is here for a kind of coffee fortunetelling. The customer representative acts as a fortuneteller by using the fluid chocolate cream of Tutku biscuit. The other characters, including the customer and a bizarre man and woman, respond to her senselessly. The commercial ends with a description of the product features, such as “delicious fluid chocolate cream.”The theme of the advertisement is based on meaningless and ambiguous messages like absurd narratives. The brand presents the product feature, fluid cream, in an unrelated manner to its real benefit. Thus, the brand makes use of a sympathetic way of persuasion by making fun of itself and the advertising world’s idealized promises.The main action in the ad is the act of fortunetelling by using the cream of a biscuit, and this seems meaningless and purposeless. It is totally unclear why the characters do that, or what happens as a result. The only meaningful message of the ad is that the Tutku biscuit’s chocolate cream is fluid and delicious. This is also the most important promise of the brand to consumers.As in an absurd play, the setting is discordant because the place that resembles a spaceship or an empty studio is decorated like a living room of an ordinary house. It is seen that the place presented as a customer service unit is a strange and unreal place with a very low probability to be encountered in everyday life.&nbsp;Characters can be regarded as absurd with their appearance, speech and behaviors. In particular, the male and female characters that appear like copies of each other seem as if they were taken from an absurd theatre play. These characters, which resemble car crash test dummies with biscuit images on their temples, act in exaggerated and meaningless behaviors and contribute to the perception of uncertainty in the ad. Acting is also in an exaggerated style in accordance with absurd plays.The language used in the ad can be considered absurd with regard to dialogues and mimes, which do not make any sense to the audience. Dialogues are full of ambiguous and meaningless words. Characters respond to each other’s meaningless words as if they are very important. The contradiction between the spoken words and their meaning is remarkable.The ad has a sarcastic and humorous tone as is found in absurd plays. With this ad, the brand subjects itself and its product to ridicule and humor. The brand also makes fun of the advertising world’s idealized promises. This can be considered parody, which is another characteristic of absurd plays.As a result of the analysis, we can see that the commercial uses the absurd narrative form in terms of dramaturgical framework and shares similar characteristics with absurd plays. The brand conveys an absurd and ambiguous message, contrary to many brands that present ideal values like happiness, trust, freedom, or being the best. It seems inexplicable why the brand chose to use a worthless, meaningless, or absurd theme. However, in the cluttered advertising environment, it is possible that&nbsp;absurdism may be the right choice for attracting consumers who are weary of idealized promises.In summary, we can argue that Eti Tutku adopted the absurdist strategy and preferred absurd narration in its ad. This can be considered a literary or artistic reflection on mass communication. In addition to this study, future research that focuses on different literary and artistic aspects such as narrative formats, metaphor, musical elements, graphic design, photography, and visual arts will contribute significantly to the field of advertising.

Analysis of Advertisement within a Dramatic Framework: A TV Commercial in Terms of Absurd Dramaturgy

Television in the Global South  Call for Papers: Special Issue of Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences and Online Conference

Special 69th Issue “Health Communication” Call for Papers

Ayşen

About the 66th issue

Badran

Tevhide

Remarks from the guest editors

Adwoa

Lecturer

Role of digital media as political communication tools in elections: A study on political science students at a public university in Ghana

Melis

Cihan

A field research on the effect of consumer sensitivity to equality in gender roles on their involvement in advertisements

Sertaç

Assist. Prof.

Use of free labour in the media within the scope of citizen journalism: A case study of the main news bulletin on Show TV

Salvatore

New media and communication in creative society: A systematic review of articles published between 2012 and 2024, indexed in Web of Science

Çiçek

Meral

Prof. Dr.

The view of political knowledge gap among social media users in Türkiye

Simge

Mert

A bibliometric analysis of extended reality research trends in communication studies written in English: Mapping the increasing adoption of extended reality technologies

Derya

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

Assist. Prof. Dr.

From pandemic to post-pandemic: Understanding the digital platform usage experiences of older people

Yusuf

Recep

A study on Kahramanmaraş Earthquake survivors : “Social media platforms were more effectively used than the traditional media”

Erkan

Abdullah

The optimal time-lag for media’s third-level agenda-setting effect

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Sevda

Mutlu

How past-present-future interconnect in China: CDramas as a tool of cultural governance and the possibility of a ‘Chinese wave’ in the case of GenZ

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Ulaş Başar

Our era of surveillance capitalism is characterized by pervasive rather than targeted surveillance. Currently, the big brother is not watching the dissidents but everybody for a tiny probability of disobedience. In the past there were mainly two kinds of surveillance: Physical chase which means undercover agents following the target anti-government figures in person and technical chase which mostly corresponds to phone taps. However nowadays there is no need for physical chase, as technical chase replaced it and expanded the areas and ‘opportunities’ of surveillance through ubiquitous surveillance devices including CCTVs, mobile tracking, net tracking etc.&nbsp;Citizenship education offered in schools that can form the basis of antisurveillance activism is usually from the governments’ perspective. A critical sense of citizenship is rarely promoted in these official contexts. Thus, acquisition of critical citizenship consciousness is usually through peer learning at informal and nonformal settings. In many countries, adults and especially young adults join protests, and usually they acquire citizenship education skills and knowledge in a blended way whereby offline and online political activisms support each other. Thus ICTs usually utilized for entertainment are educationalized to serve the pedagogical interests of the citizens. They learn more on social media about citizenship education than the formal citizenship education courses.&nbsp;We should reflect on informal and non-formal forms of critical citizenship education via ICTs including but not only limited to social media platforms. We propose that in order not to formalize and institutionalize citizens’ actively acquired critical citizenship skills and knowledge, the disconnect between formal non-critical, official forms of citizenship education and informal, non-formal, blended and citizen-based critical citizenship education should continue. Under the funding of governments or corporations, the criticality of citizenship education will be limited. That is why, citizens should support and develop their own citizenship initiatives and resources in both online and offline settings. The citizen and consumer rights movements are the perfect matches for such an endeavor.&nbsp;In the case of activist uses of social media, a remarkable point is the fact that most of the Internet users voluntarily release personal information on the web. They are&nbsp;fulfilling their needs for recognition, reputation, socialization etc. Thus, activist use of social media should be able to identify the motivations behind voluntary release of personal information and be cautious about what to share and not to share on social media. This brings up the notion of social media literacy. However, since social media literacy is not necessarily critical, as it may develop on the basis of conservative reactions to the corruption of traditional society by the influence of computers and internet, this literacy should be critical. Hence we have the term ‘critical social media literacy’ as a better match.&nbsp;Even under ubiquitous surveillance capitalism, either through literacies or by other means, we should still find the ways to resist. Citizen data activism can be about surveilling the corporate surveillers themselves. Data activist citizens can feed a website with corporate surveillance practices that they find unethical. Unlike the government who justifies surveillance on the basis of security, corporations have no excuse for surveilling other than maximizing profits. Under pre-big-data capitalism, a number of initiatives were successful to protect and promote consumer rights. For citizen data activism, those websites need upgrades to surveil the surveillers.&nbsp;&nbsp;Citizen data activism should be in close collaboration with citizen science movements which capitalize on crowdsourcing for scientific purposes. We need to develop alternatives to surveillers by collecting and interpreting our own data –to break ‘the monopoly of interpretation’ as stated previously.&nbsp;We urge data activists and rights movements to unite their forces for mutual benefit. The search on Google Scholar for ‘data activism’ and ‘consumer rights’ bring out almost no results. Same holds for ‘data activism’ and ‘rights movements’, and for ‘data activism’ and ‘social solidarity’, while a higher number of results are listed for ‘data activism’ and ‘human rights’ although the number is far from satisfactory considering the possible links between the two. This picture clearly shows that the links mentioned here are uncharted and understudied.&nbsp;To conclude, the resistance against big data, the new big brother is not in vain and neither hopeless. Instead, there are potentials not even utilized and links not considered. Through this article on data activism, our hope has been to show a way of resistance to be argued, elaborated on and ultimately evaluated in terms of its merits and demerits by the decision makers of the rights movements.

Data Activism: Reviving, Extending and Upgrading Critical Citizenship Education and Consumer Rights Movements

Ebru

Ezgi

Cammaerts (2007, p. 217) defines activism as the ability to create or change history. Digital technologies help to create a new channel for activism. Internet activism or rather, social media activism, is a sub-type of digital activism. According to the literature there are certain types of digital activism such as slacktivism, clicktivism, and hacktivism. Considine (2003, p. 134) refers to two types of digital activism strategies. The first one supports real life activism via digital content, and the second one is content created by activists just for the digital media and the Internet. Celebrities have been important figures in activism for a long time. Celebrity activism can be seen as the celebrity endorsement strategy of non-governmental organisations. Celebrities can be helpful for different issues such as raising awareness, fundraising, etc. However, if the celebrity activism and the celebrity involved in the cause are not sincere then this strategy does not work well. Celebrity activism is associated with role modeling, and McCracken’s meaning transfer model. According to McCracken’s (1989) meaning transfer model, consumers have certain perceptions of celebrities and those perceptions are transfered to the brand through celebrity endorsement. This also works for non-governmental organisations and social causes. Huddart (2005) developed a model for celebrity and civil society engagement. According to his model there are 4 types of celebrities in activism, namely; Patron, Spokesperson, Ambassador/Author, and Visionary Leader. Digital technologies are now serving as a new tool for activism. They are also serving as a new tool for celebrityactivism. Being a celebrity can only be possible through constant interaction with the public, and social media provides a good channel for interaction. Celebrities can join activist movements via their social media accounts by tweeting, using hashtags, etc. or they can start their own. Moreover, celebrities have a chance to reach a wider audience on their social media accounts.This study aims to examine celebrities’ reflections of their activist efforts and their activist celebrity identities on their social media accounts. In line with this objective, Haluk Levent’s (a Turkish singer) official Twitter account was examined using purposive sampling. There are multiple reasons for this choice of celebrity. First of all, Haluk Levent’s popularity has increased through his celebrity activist image. Secondly, it is seen that his number of Twitter followers is increasing steadily. This can be interpreted as his growing ability to reach more people, and to be reached by more people. The analysis was conducted using the content analysis technique. The analysis was limited to the period between October 15, 2018 and December 15, 2018. In total, 513 posts were examined.As a result of the study, it was determined that the majority of the posts belonged to the official Twitter account and 8.1% of the posts were retweets. The majority of the retweets belonged to the non-governmental organization established by Haluk Levent. This can be interpreted as his efforts to focus attention on his organization and the efforts of volunteers. The majority of the tweets had visual content. Visuals are considered as helpful tools to attract followers’ attention. The majority of the tweets were related to ‘Health’ issues, followed by ‘Donations and Scholarships’. When the text tone was examined it was seen that a warm tone was used in both activist content and non-activist content. This can be interpreted as him attempting to establish intimacy with his followers and to encourage them to work cooperatively. Finally, according to the celebrity activism model and his Twitter usage, he can be categorized as a ‘Spokesperson’.As a result, it can be said that the findings of the content analysis are consistent with the literature. First of all, he is known as a person who supports social aid on social media, and this is supported by his tweets. In the literature it is said that being a celebrity relies on the interaction and intimacy between the celebrity persona and the audience. This also applies to celebrity activism. His Twitter usage shows just such an example of establishing intimacy between the celebrity, audience, and activism.

Celebrities in Digital Activism: An Evaluation of  ‘Ahbap Platformu’

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Övünç Meriç

This article focuses on how the influence of online new media ecology has affected disability activism in Turkey. The framework of this article is ‘network society’ (Van Dijk, 2016) and ‘digital activism (Joyce, 2010). Van Dijk (2016) has observed the rise of the network society and according to that, he defines network society as communication networks that shape the most important forms of an organization in a society.&nbsp;New media technologies bring new ways for citizens and movements to mobilize and to organize. Joyce (2010) stated that citizens around the world have become increasingly aware of and interested in the expanding use of digital technologies - mobile phones and internet-enabled devices for example - in campaigns for social and political change. These practices, which we refer to as ‘digital activism’ have been reported by journalists, dissected by bloggers and eagerly studied by scholars. Students’ activities and enthusiast wish to understand and replicate the most effective tactics (Joyce, 2010).&nbsp;The transformation of traditional media into new media has initiated a new userdominated content publishing/broadcasting era. In the rise of the social media era, activists have made less dependent on traditional media like newspapers or televisions. Some researcher claim that new media offers some opportunities for&nbsp;‘non-elite’ actors and marginalized or disadvantaged groups to acquire visibility in the public sphere (Chadwick, 2013). In the west, some research shows that although the growth in digital activism has initiated new strategies for disability protest, its ability to influence traditional news media debates remains pivotal to its effectiveness and power to represent the voice of disabled people (Pearson &amp; Trevisan, 2015).&nbsp;Within the context of the literature reviewed, this article examines six main research questions:1. What are the socio-demographic characteristics of users who produce the digital content related to disability? 2. What are the occupations and interests of users who produce digital content on disability? 3. What is the geographical distribution of digital content produced on disability in Turkey? In which areas is the right to disability advocacy concentrated? 4. What kind of content has been produced by sharing the disabled hashtag in the digital environment? 5. What types of online media distribution in disability-related content produced in Turkey? Which platforms are used mostly to generate content? 6. How and for which purposes do disabled activists use new media?There are a growing number of options open to researchers seeking to capture and analyze online content. Network analysis tools increasingly used – reflecting a shift in the understanding and practice of the Web as a dynamic social context. In this study, open source new media monitoring tool is used. Monitoring tools allow for collecting and analyzing real-time information. In this article, content analysis technique was used to evaluate the data sets and the findings were evaluated through descriptive method. The notion ‘disabled’ as a term is searched through newspapers and online news, TV / Radio, news agencies, blogs, forums, Twitter, Google+, YouTube, EkşiSözlük. Data for the research is collected between 19-26th of January 2019.&nbsp;According to the results of the web content analysis: young adults between 18 and 34 years of age produced more content for disabled people than older adults aged between 55 and 64+. The gender distribution of the content about disability in the online environment, it was found that male users produced more content (61.5%). The percentage of women in content production is 38.5%. According to the&nbsp;conversation map, most active users in Turkey, live in Ankara, İstanbul, İzmir, and Eskişehir (73.2%). The share of media types analyze has shown that the most popular online environment and digital activist tool is Twitter (84.8%).Disabled people produced the content with the same theme (for example, they want to increase disabled quota from the 3 percent to 5 percent than shared a tweet with #disabledquota5percent) in Twitter to spread this content throughout the country and has contributed to creating well-targeted online networks. This analysis has shown how disabled activists have positioned themselves beyond the traditional activism and mainstream media barriers which have using online environments like Twitter and other social network platforms.

Online Outsiders: A Research on Digital Disabled Activism in Turkey

Akan

Mikail

The most obvious benefit of the new media emerging as a result of convergence is that it begins to easily convey all the information, ideas and facts, without any political, social and geographical boundaries. Although this benefit more often enables the transformation and globalization of communication systems, it has also made possible the rise of global protest networks (Ayers &amp; Maccaughey, 2003). Today, the potentials offered by the new media for social collective movements are more likely seen in practices such as co-ordinating activities, meeting and mobilizing new activists, planning protests and publicizing highly strategic information. However, recent studies emphasize that new media should focus not only on cost-effective solutions created in communication techniques, but also on new motivations, creative and tactical potential, propagation speed, participation frequency and power of legitimacy which are added to the collective actions. However, the detailed literature review in this study shows that although the technical and functional relationship between new media and activism is explicit, its effects on activist participation psychology and the capacity to create sustainable solutions are highly controversial. While the studies focusing on the intensity of online participation and&nbsp;the frequency of messages created by the new media in social movements shows an optimistic table, studies focusing on offline participation forms, sustainability and psychological details emphasize pessimistic results.According to techno-supporters who focus on the process of technologysupported cognitive demonstrations and who are optimistic about the relationship between activism and new media, the new media has created an activist approach that forms creative collective identities with the opportunities it offers, calls for transnational support by transcending borders, and organizes demonstrations against political pressures. Thus, the new media is the new intersection point between the social context, the political objective and the actional stance, which create social movements. At this point of intersection, the new media first settles into daily practices with functional benefit and then transforms the practices of creating needs, ideas, and actions with new usage behaviours and transformed media literacy. In other words, as a result of mobility, advanced interface and multimedia supported infrastructure, firstly the practices and media literacy changes, and subsequently the typographic and phonetic signification practices in communication begin to transform. Techno-supporters argue that this transformation process directly supports the idealistic concepts such as multicenterism, liberty, disconnection, cooperation and accessibility in the ideological infrastructure of social movements (Tarrow, 2011). The techno-supporter front, who views the new media as the most important center of media democracy and symbolizes it as ‘media carta’, supports this argument by the emergence of new types of digital activism and by the fact that the actions it carries out can create sensational effects. The optimistic approaches of the techno-supporters have been tried to be conveyed under the umbrella of cyber activism via new activist methods such as clicktivism, netactivism, smartmob, cyberdisobedience, hacktivism, cybervigilantism, netwarism and cyberterrorism.Techno-critics address the new media with the critical theories put forward by the representatives of Marshall McLuhan and the Frankfurt School, and seeing it as a global ideological device, state that it is an area that needs to be carefully managed. In addition, it is emphasized that the level of autonomy that the new media, which is announced as the new instrument of revolution in the events like Arab Spring and seen as the new fourth force, provides for such powerful promises is highly controversial. That is to say, the liberties and the opportunities offered for the production of content provide an asymmetric autonomy for the access and&nbsp;distribution of the created content. For example, it is completely enigmatic when a content spreading through popular monopolized platforms such as Google, Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter will pass through Sandbox-style filter algorithms placed on search consoles, and on which page or how often it will be accessed after being ranked. According to Horkheimer and Adorno (2002), as the sovereignty of this intelligent digital status quo, developed by algorithms, becomes legitimate, the presentations in the media will be seen as the only reality, and this situation, as predicted by techno-supporters, will result in a homology that imposes uniformity under the name of harmony rather than diversity of ideas. From this point of view, some techno-critics consider the analogous mass, called the new subject, as populist intellectuals with low self-consciousness and interpret cyber activism as ‘slacktivism’, i.e. activism of the lazy (Christensen, 2011). Consequently, two basic facts lie in the essence of the techno-critics’ thoughts. First, focusing on the potential benefits of the new media with complex adaptive and SPIN characteristics but ignoring the tyrannies it might legitimize may cause huge fallacies and consequences. The second point of criticism emphasized by the techno-critics is ignoring the fact that the change that the media will initiate in the reading style would cover a large area such as media literacy and have psychological effects. Techno-critics, pointing out to conformist individualization as those rushing to leave a mark behind by Gramsci (1997) emphasize that an activism that develops based on the belief in feeling good and not the belief in making a difference is a conformist approach and the enthusiasm and motivation directed by the media as the subject cannot make the actions sustainable.In conclusion, this study provides a technical and theoretical explanation that focuses on the effect of new media on the social, communicative, psychological and ideological dynamics underlying the collective social movements. Therefore, the perceptions and motives that enable the individual to participate in collective or individualistic networks in contemporary society, the debates between passive digital participation and active participation suggested as the new model of activism, and the important paradoxes in digital collective social movements will be further clarified.

Rich (New) Media Poor Activism Debates on Activism Movements in New Media

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Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences is an open access, peer-reviewed, scholarly and international journal that has been published biannually in June and December since 1992.  The articles submitted for publication in the journal must be scientific and original works in English or Turkish. 

Connectist publishes articles both from national and international communities, and focuses on systems, theories, methods, and applications in communication. Research articles and reviews covering all aspects of communication are published to provide a platform for scientific knowledge exchange between academic researchers, communication professionals and policymakers. Contributions from anthropology, philosophy, history, political science, psychology, and all other fields are welcome, provided they offer relevant and insightful commentary on communication. 

The target audience of the journal includes academics, researchers, professionals, students, and relevant academic and professional organisations. 

Istanbul University covers all expenses for the journal. No article processing charges or submission fees are required for submitted or accepted articles. A rigorous double-blind peer-review evaluation is implemented in the journal.

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Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)

EBSCO

ERIH PLUS

TR Dizin

DOAJ

SOBIAD

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Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences

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Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences is an open access, peer-reviewed, scholarly and international journal that has been published biannually in June and December since 1992.  The articles submitted for publication in the journal must be scientific and original works in English or Turkish. The aim of the journal is to publish research articles and reviews from both international and national communities, providing an intellectual platform for academic researchers, communication professionals, and policymakers to share scientific knowledge across all fields of communication sciences. To encourage academic dialogue on an international scale, the journal has organised virtual international meetings and conferences in collaboration with esteemed universities and colleagues worldwide since 2022.  As such, the journal aims to expand international contributions, collaborations and authorship opportunities. Additionally, the journal provides its authors with international visibility, as it is indexed in several international research databases: Web of Science Core Collection - Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI), Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Erih Plus, EBSCO Communication Source, ProQuest Central, ProQuest Turkey Database, ProQuest Social Sciences Database, and ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection. The journal is indexed in TUBITAK ULAKBIM TR Index as well. Connectist focuses on systems, theories, methods, and applications in communication and publishes research articles and reviews covering all aspects of communication. Theoretical and/or applied research articles that explore current debates in the social sciences, humanities, and contemporary communication research fields, both disciplinary and interdisciplinary are welcome. A rigorous double-blind peer-review evaluation is implemented in the journal. The target audience of the journal includes academics, researchers, professionals, students, and relevant academic and professional organisations.

Aim and Scope

Web of Science Core Collection - Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)TUBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR Index EBSCO Communication SourceProQuest Central, ProQuest Turkey DatabaseProQuest Social Sciences DatabaseProQuest Social Sciences Premium CollectionDOAJErih PlusSOBIAD

Indexing and Abstracting

Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences is committed to abide by the highest standards of publication ethics. It adopts the ethical publishing principles of the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a>. For the principles expressed under the heading of “Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing”, please visit the link below: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publishers) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.All submissions must be compatible with the aim and scope of the journal. Only the manuscripts that are original, not published (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under review of any other publication simultaneously are accepted for evaluation. The manuscripts must also be approved by each author in terms of its content and submission.The name of any author cannot be deleted from the manuscript without the permission of all authors. A new author name cannot be included in the manuscript, and author order cannot be changed without the permission of all authors.Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are accepted as unethical behaviors. All manuscripts that do not comply with the accepted ethical standards are removed from the publication. If a manuscript with illegal and/or unethical features is realized after its publication, it is also removed from the publication.Plagiarism Check Pre-controlled manuscripts are scanned for plagiarism via using iThenticate software. If plagiarism/self-plagiarism is detected, the authors are informed. If necessary, editors might check the manuscript for plagiarism at various stages of the evaluation or production process. High similarity percentages might cause a manuscript to be rejected before or even after it is accepted.For a manuscript to be published the similarity percentage must be less than 15% depending on the category of the manuscript.Double-Blind Peer Review Process <div>After the plagiarism check, the appropriate manuscripts are evaluated by the editor-in-chief in terms of originality, method, importance of the subject and the compatibility with the scope of the journal. The editor-in-chief presents the manuscripts complying with the formal principles to the evaluation of at least two referees from Turkey and / or abroad, and ensures that they pass through a fair double-blind refereeing. The editor-in-chief approves the publication of the manuscript after the necessary changes requested by the referees are done by the author(s).</div>

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Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences is an open access journal which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This principle is compatible with BOAI definition of open access. The articles in Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences are open access articles licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en</a>)

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

Authors publishing with the journal retain the copyright to their work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC 4.0) (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a>) and grant the Publisher non-exclusive commercial right to publish the work. CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publishers) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

Ethics

The journal adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.-    Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.-    The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.-    The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.-    Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.-    Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.-    The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.-    In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.-    If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.-    In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/57A4F95E9D1C4811BB98807DDDE88FDE" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>. The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two referees from abroad or from Turkey. After accomplishing necessary revisions requested by referees, the authors resubmit the manuscript by highlighting the changes made. Publication decisions are made by Editor-in-Chief after authors make necessary revisions requested by referees and the peer-review process is completed.Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing. Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed. Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal. Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective. Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side. A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process. The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Peer Review

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by Editor-in-Chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two external referees from abroad or from Turkey. After accomplishing necessary revisions requested by referees, the authors resubmit the manuscript by highlighting the changes made. Publication decisions are made by Editor-in-Chief after authors make necessary revisions requested by referees and the peer-review process is completed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.- Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?- Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?- Is the problem significant and concisely stated?- Are the methods described comprehensively?- Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?- Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?- Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

The language of the journal is both Turkish and English. -    All correspondence will be sent to the first-named author unless otherwise specified. Manuscpript is to be submitted online via http://connectist.istanbul.edu.tr and it must be accompanied by a cover letter indicating that the manuscript is intended for publication, specifying the article category (i.e. research article, review etc.) and including information about the manuscript (see the Submission Checklist). In addition, a Copyright Agreement Form that has to be signed by all authors must be submitted. -    Only one manuscript of each author is published in the same year (excluding special issues). -    Papers accepted but not yet included in the issue are published online in the Early View section. -    Authors are responsible for all statements made in their work submitted to the Journal for publication. -    Studies that are not prepared in accordance with the rules of the journal are directly rejected without the need for peer review. -    The manuscripts should be in A4 paper standards: having 2.5 cm margins from right, left, bottom and top, Times New Roman font style in 12 font size and line spacing of 1.5. -    Word count must be 6500 – 8500 words for “research articles”, 6500 – 8500 words for “review articles” and 2000-6400 words for “short notes”. -    Before the introduction part, there should be an abstract between 180 and 200 words in English and an extended abstract only in English between 600-800 words, summarizing the scope, the purpose, the results of the study and the method used. Underneath the abstracts, 5 keywords that inform the reader about the content of the study should be specified in Turkish and in English. Extended abstract in English is mandatory for all manuscripts. -    The manuscripts should contain mainly these components: title, abstract and keywords; extended abstract in English, sections, end notes and references. -    Tables, graphs and figures can be given with a number and a defining title only if it is necessary to follow the idea of the article. Otherwise features like demographic characteristics can be given within the text. Tables and figures in the studies should be placed within the text. -    Emphasis of the author(s) in the studies should be indicated with single quotes; only book, movie, newspaper names should be written in italics. Quotations exceeding 40 words should be given inside, single spaced and without quotation marks. -    In line with the Editorial Board decision and referee reports, the authors may be asked to make some changes in the text. -    The studies that were sent to the journal will not be returned whether they are published or not. -    The studies -according to their categories- should be prepared in line with the following flow:1. RESEARCH ARTICLES INTRODUCTION -The problem of the research should be defined by making references to the relevant literature. In the last paragraph before moving on to the sub-headings, the importance of the study, its difference from other studies, namely its originality, the purpose and method of the study should be specified and its boundaries should be drawn. Subheading(s) related to the topic AIM AND METHODOLOGY Introductory remarks for the aim and methodology Aim After the major aim of the study is indicated, research (sub)questions and/or hypothesis/hypotheses should be formulated. Method The following elements should be given in this section as content, even if they are not given as a title. •    Research Model •    Universe, Sample / Subjects/ Participants •    Data Collection Tool •    Operation The types of scale, questionnaire, interviews etc. should be clarified, and especially the research including statistical analyses should have reliability and viability coefficients. FINDINGS DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION After restating the aim of the study in short, findings should be summed up very briefly and discussed with reference to the relevant literature. Then the original opinions related to the research findings should be stated by the author as concluding remarks. Before finalizing the study some suggestions should be formulated for future research to contribute to the relevant field. ENDNOTES REFERENCES 2. REVIEW ARTICLES​INTRODUCTION​The problem of the research should be defined by making references to the relevant literature. In the last paragraph before moving on to the sub-headings, the importance of the study, its difference from other studies, namely its originality, the purpose and method of the study should be specified and its boundaries should be drawn.​Subheading(s) related to the topic DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION After restating the aim of the study in short, findings should be summed up very briefly and discussed with reference to the relevant literature. Then the original opinions related to the research findings should be stated by the author as concluding remarks. Before finalizing the study some suggestions should be formulated for future research to contribute to the relevant field. ENDOTES REFERENCES3. SHORT NOTES Within the scope of short notes, a critical evaluation of any subject, audio-visual/written text, an event or phenomenon that concerns the field of communication is presented. Unlike original research articles, short notes do not include field research but may include book criticism, film criticism, or evaluation of other audio/visual/written products or critical evaluations of organized events. Originality of the short notes is expected to be created via new and different perspectives of the experts and veteran scholars. There is no title system that authors must comply with for short notes. Authors may adopt a title system appropriate to their subject.

Author Guidelines

Before beginning the online submission process please read the Information for Authors and make sure you have the followings available:Article Submission <div>•    The article must be sent to https://iupress.istanbul.edu.tr/tr/journal/connectist/home •    While uploading Main Document, make sure that the main document has no information that clarify the author’s identity. Due to double blind peer review, Main Document must not include Title Page, the name of author or any other detail that can disclose the author identity (such as acknowledgements or headers including the author(s) name). •    Additionally, Supplemental File for Review must not include any detail that can disclose author identity as well. Files to be uploaded separately •    Copyright Agreement Form •    Permissions obtained for previously published material if used in the present manuscript •    Title page -    Category of the article -    The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English -    Authors' names, surnames, titles and affiliates (after the university and faculty information, the city and country information should also be included) and e-mail addresses. -    Corresponding author's e-mail address, open correspondence address, business phone, GSM, fax number -    ORCID numbers of the authors •    Main Manuscript Document -    The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English -    Abstracts (180-200 words) both in Turkish and in English -    Keywords: 5 words both in Turkish and in English -    Extended abstract (600-800 words) in English (only for Turkish articles) -    Main article sections -    Financial support (if applicable) -    Conflict of interest (if applicable) -    Acknowledgement (if exists) -    References -    All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</div>

References-    Author(s) are expected to cite primary sources in their studies.-    References to articles published as Early View should be given as &#34;publication in preparation&#34;.-    The author(s) are responsible for the accuracy of the references. All sources should be cited in the text and listed alphabetically.Reference Style and Format -    Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, adopts 7th edition of APA (American Psychological Association) style for in-text citation and references. The rules for this style can be found at the link below:-    https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/-    References should be cited as indicated in the examples below.In-Text CitationSources should be indicated in the text by writing the surnames of the authors and the publication date in parentheses. If more than one source is to be shown, a semicolon (;) should be inserted between the sources. References should be listed alphabetically.Citations in the Text <div>Citations must be indicated with the author surname and publication year and page number within the parenthesis. If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;). References should be listed alphabetically </div><div>Samples: Citation with one author; (Carpentier, 2011) Carpentier (2011) </div><div>Citation with two authors; (Deleuze &amp; Guattari, p. 1992) Deleuze and Guattari (1992) aim to explain schizophrenia in a positive manner (p. 45). </div><div>Citation with three or more authors; (Curran et al., 2009) Citation with abbreviation: First Citation: (World Health Organisation [WHO], 2020) Next Citations: (WHO, 2020) First Citation: World Health Organisation (WHO, 2020) Next Citations: WHO (2020) </div><div>To avoid ambiguity in in-text citations If the same author published more than one study in the same year: (Fiske, 2010a) (Fiske, 2010b) &#8288;If the first authors of multiple references share the same surname but have different initials, include the first authors’ initials in all in-text citations, even if the year of publication differs. (A.    A. Berger, 2010; J. Berger, 2010) If the authors of the same publication have the same surname, there is no need to include the first letters of their names. (Chen &amp; Chen, 2019) </div><div>Direct quotations When citing directly, sentence(s) are enclosed in quotation marks and page numbers are also indicated in in-text quotations. According to Luhmann (1982), “Subjectivity is an abstract term invented by philosophers which does not refer to human beings. The real subject of social action is the social system” (p. 324). If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;). References should be listed alphabetically. (Mulvey, 2012; Ryan &amp; Kellner, 2012, p. 152). </div><div>Citations in the Reference All the citations done in the text should be listed in the References section in alphabetical order of author surname without numbering. Below given examples should be considered in citing the references. </div><div>Book a) Citation with one author; Berger, A. A. (2017). Media analysis techniques. Sage Publications. Kamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. McGraw-Hill Education. </div><div>b) Translated book Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punishment: The birth of the prison. (A. Sheridan, Trans.). Vintage Books. </div><div>c) Book with Multiple Authors Bordwell, D. &amp; Thompson, K. (2010). Film Art: An Introduction. McGraw-Hill. </div><div>ç) Edited book Miller, T., &amp; Stam, R. (Eds.). (2004). A companion to film theory (Vol. 18). John Wiley &amp; Sons. </div><div>d) Chapter in an Edited Book Jenkins, H. (2004). The work of theory in the age of digital transformation. T. Miller &amp; R. Stam (Eds.), A Companion to Film Theory (pp. 234-261). Blackwell. </div><div>e) Chapter in the translation book Schmeder, G. (2015). İşbölümü dinamiğinde kopmalar ve kesintiler. C. Vercellone (Ed.) ve D. Kundakçı (Trans.). Bilişsel kapitalizm. (1st ed., 61-75). Otonom Yayıncılık. </div><div>Piaget, J. (1988). Extracts from Piaget’s theory (G. Gellerier &amp; J. Langer, Trans.). In K. Richardson &amp; S. Sheldon (Eds.) Cognitive development to adolescence: A reader (pp. 3-18). Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum. (Reprinted from Manual of child psychology, pp. 703-732, by P.H. Myssen, Ed., 1970. Wiley) </div><div>f) Book Review Gül Ünlü, D. (2018). Kitap incelemesi [Şeffaflık toplumu: Şeffaf toplumun eleştirisi üzerine bir okuma]. Galatasaray Üniversitesi İletişim Dergisi, 28, 279-290. http://iletisimdergisi.gsu.edu.tr/tr/pub/issue/37677/436058 </div><div>Seo, S. (2016). [Review of the book Journalism and Human Rights: How Demographics Drive Media Coverage by John C. Pollock]. Journal of Communication, 66 (6), E-15-E-17. https://academic.oup.com/joc/article-abstract/66/6/E15/4082402?redirectedFrom=fulltext </div><div>g) Book with Organization as Author American Psychological Association. (2009). Crediting sources: Citing references in text. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed., p. 177). </div><div>Article </div><div>a) Article Seyidov, I. (2020). On conceptual and methodological deficiencies of data journalism-related studies in Turkey. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, 58, 273-289. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2020-0070 </div><div>b) Online article without DOI Grist, L. (2007). Masculinity, violence, resistance: A new psychoanalytic reading of Raging Bull. Atlantis, 29(1), 11-27. Retrieved from https://go.gale.com/ </div><div>c) Popular magazine article Salmon, C. (2016, Oct). Ken Loach is right: British film and TV has become too cosy and conservative. Little White Lies. https://lwlies.com/articles/ken-loach-fake-nostalgia-tv-period-dramas/ </div><div>Thesis, Symposium </div><div>a)    Thesis Kendrick, J. (2005). Screen violence and the new Hollywood [Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation]. Indiana University. https://www.proquest.com/openview/433bbaa0b9973dad53d0aa735d1f941a/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;cbl=18750&amp;diss=y </div><div>b) Symposium contribution Gündüz, U. &amp; Pembecioğlu N. (2021, October, 26-27). Covid-19. H. Adıyaman (Chairs), The health agenda of media in the lights of information ethics and the Covid-19 sentiment analysis of garlic news [Symposium]. 18. International Communication in the Millennium Symposium, Erzurum, Turkey. </div><div>Other Sources </div><div>a) Newspaper Article Lee, E. (2019, February 1). Digital Media: What Went Wrong. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/01/business/media/buzzfeed-digital-media-wrong.html </div><div>b) İnternet sayfası kaynakları Bordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized. http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/ adresinden 15 Eylül 2020 tarihinde alınmıştır. </div><div>c) Official publications and press release Turkish Statistical Institute (2022). Foreign Trade Statistics (Publication number: 45536). https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Foreign-Trade-Statistics-January-2022-45536&amp;dil=2 The White House, Office of the Press Secretary. (2010, August 4). Administration officials continue travel across the country holding “Recovery Summer” events [Press release]. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/realitycheck/the-press-office/administration-officials-continue-travel-across-country-holding-recovery-summer-eve </div><div>ç) Dictionary Oxford University Press. (n.d.). Communication. In Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved January 1, 2022, from https://www.lexico.com/definition/communication </div><div>d) Podcast West, S. (2020, December). On Media pt. 1- Manufacturing Consent (Episode 148) [Audio podcast]. In Philosophize this!. https://open.spotify.com/episode/04YIh1REL6KOxlnaJWlvfh?si=86782f420d744114 </div><div>e) Video/Film Zizek, S. (2008). Violence [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_x0eyNkNpL0 Scorsese, M. (Director). (1976). Taxi Driver [Film]. Columbia Pictures.</div><div> </div><div>f) TV series Chase, D. (Producer). (1999-2007). The Sopranos [TV Series]. HBO. </div><div>g) Social Media Manovich, L. [@manovich]. In the late 1990s South Korea became the leader in Internet connections, and they launched one of the first social networks Cyworld. Next, they used YouTube to create k-pop global popularity. Can they repeat their success in metaverse? [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/manovich/status/1462405978356207626  [Tweet] for Twitter, [Twitter profile] etc., [Facebook status] for Facebook, [Timeline] etc., [Picture] for Instagram, [Highlight] can be used.</div>

Make sure that the information in the list below is complete: * Cover letter to the editor * The category of the manuscript * Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”. * Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement. * Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed. * Confirming that last control for fluent English was done. * Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed. * Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA 7. * Copyright Agreement Form * Permission of previously published copyrighted material if used in the present manuscript * Title page * The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English * All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses * Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax number * ORCIDs of all authors. * Main Manuscript Document * Abstracts (180-200 words) both in Turkish and in English * Extended Abstract (600-800 words) in English * Keywords: 5 words both in Turkish and in English * Financial support (if applicable) * Conflict of interest (if applicable) * Acknowledgement (if applicable) * References * All tables, illustrations (figures) should be placed within the text including their title, description, footnotes.

<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/FCB0E9A7360F4750B5088DDB0ACBF536" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/811D1051F5084CB8B481E976F315C37F" target="_blank">Title Page</a>

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