Ümit

Assoc. Prof.

Şebnem

Selim

Prof.

Determinants of Industry and Region Based Open Innovation in Turkey

Hazal

Esin

The Evolution of Diversity Climate Research: A Review and Synthesis

Mehmet

Lecturer

Sabahat

Although organizations consist of employees with different perspectives, different cultures and different characteristics, these employees come together for the purpose of the organization to form a common system of beliefs and values. The name of this system is organizational culture. Organizational culture is a paradigm of intellectual structure that allows the reality of the organization to be seen. In this context, organizational culture is an important phenomenon that separates organizations, gives them identities and brings employees under the same roof. The Denison Organizational Culture Model, which is given special value in the business environment especially because of the language and ease it provides in practice, is the model based on this study. This study was intended to be carried out in order to see the extent to which this model, which is behavior-based, directly connected with the application and has an accountable approach (Denison and Mishra, 1995; Denison and Nieminen, 2014), has gained its place in organizations. In this context, culture can have an impact on many organizational variables and can also have an impact on organizational power used in organizations. Most of the research sees the concept of organizational power in terms of the power of the manager. In this study, French and Raven's (1959) organizational power sources, reward power, coercive power, legitimate power, expertise power, charismatic power and knowledge power, are considered as the power sources of employees who control and manage organizations, and aims to demonstrate the perception of employees towards these power sources.The topic of this study is to reveal the dimensions in which organizational culture affects the perceptions of organizational power and managerial power. Within the scope of the study, the top 1000 organizations in Turkey were selected to determine the level of influence of the organizational culture on organizational power. In the context of the Denison Organizational Culture Model, it was aimed to analyze the relationships between organizational culture and the sub-dimensions of organizational power. As a sampling method, the method was selected with the convenience sampling method.The survey method was used for the purpose of collecting research data. 418 questionnaires were collected through interviews by providing questionnaire forms to firms. The reliability coefficient for organizational culture is 0.94, and for organizational power it is 0.92. Reliability coefficients for sub-dimensions of organizational power are 0.90, 0.86, 0.85, 0.73, 0.83, 0.72, respectively. The results obtained as a result of the structural equality model established to reveal the relations between variables determined that the Organizational Power predict variable of organizational power significantly improved the level of 0.05 (B = .22, Beta = .26). According to the results of the analysis obtained within the framework of the model, findings on the sub-dimensions of the organizational power variable (0.75, 0.76, 0.86, 0.73, 0.63, 0.68) were the results to support our other hypotheses. It is observed that the organizational culture also predicts the sub dimensions of the organizational power. In this&nbsp;context, all hypotheses have been accepted. Goodness of fit indexes (RMSEA;0.7, GFI;0.95, SRMR;0.2) which indicate how well they explain the data obtained in the structural equality model for testing our hypotheses have also been acceptable. The results are similar to those previously made regarding organizational culture and organizational power issues.The results of the analysis show that the legitimate, coercive and reward power of managers is highly perceived according to their expertise, knowledge and charismatic power. In other words, it is observed that managers use their position-based power more than their individual power. In terms of organizational culture, the emphasis on the use of legitimate, coercive and reward power of managers overlaps with the fact that managers use these powers. Although expertise, knowledge and charismatic power were also emphasized in this study, it was observed that managers used these powers less than other power resources. It is considered that the reason for this is that the power distance is perceived more precisely by the employees rather than the managers, and therefore, the individual power resources of the employees are perceived in the secondary plan compared to the position power resources. When we examined all the organizational culture and organizational power variables discussed in the study and all the relationships between the sub-dimensions of these variables, it was determined that there was a positive relationship between them. In other words, organizational power tends to increase as changes in organizational culture increase. When all evaluations and analysis results were considered, it was concluded that all of the hypotheses in the model were accepted.A number of proposals may be put forward to shed light on the work to be done next. The first of these proposals may be to carry out more research taking into account the social structure of our country and to determine new types of power in accordance with the cultural structure of our country. New research involving participants in companies in different sectors, regions and countries can produce important and useful results. It is assessed that the research carried out in this direction will contribute to the literature by following different methods to demonstrate organizational culture and organizational power, and to do so in different organizational and managerial issues.

Denison Örgüt Kültürü Modeli Bağlamında Örgüt Kültürü ve Örgütsel Güç İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Şirin

Res. Assist.

Kenan

The concern towards the adverse effects of fast fashion on the environment and people working in the industry has increased in recent years. The awareness of these effects has also increased consciousness in general. Nowadays, the negative effects of the fashion industry are recognized by producers, retailers and consumers. These movements have made the fashion industry take steps to be more sustainable.&nbsp;The dynamic and complex nature of the fashion industry makes the markets change rapidly. The need for constant renewal requires the actors of the industry to be sensitive to changes. Retailers are specifically crucial for the supply chain since they are in front of this chain. Therefore, retailers play a more significant role in terms of sustainability in the fashion industry. Besides, integrating sustainability into practices also creates a sustainability culture. Therefore, the steps retailers take for sustainability have the potential to change consumption habits. The environmental, social and ethical changes that retailers face can be approached as value-creating opportunities. Researching how consumers perceive sustainable fashion retailing can help retailers, which are a bridge between consumers and producers, to pursue more conscious action plans. Furthermore, consumers play a significant role in the sustainability of the fashion industry with their adoption and consumption decisions. Hence, investigating consumers’ perspectives on sustainable fashion is fruitful for fashion companies, society, consumers and literature.&nbsp;&nbsp;This study aims to investigate consumers' perceptions of sustainability in the fashion industry and to research how consumers evaluate sustainable fashion retailers. Another purpose accompanying these aims is to determine the effect of the sustainability concept on buying and disposing of clothes. In line with these purposes, this study analyzed consumers’ opinions on sustainable fashion and investigated how consumers position sustainability and fashion concepts in their minds. Furthermore, consumers’ purchase intentions for these fashion retailers were also questioned.&nbsp;The study follows a qualitative approach to gain a better understanding of consumers’ perceptions. Therefore, the data were gathered from 31 participants through in-depth interviews. As a result of these interviews, themes were obtained, and models were constructed about the&nbsp;consumers’ perception of sustainable fashion, the effect of sustainable fashion activities on the retailers’ image, and the sustainability effect on clothing purchasing and disposal.Research results show that consumers are aware of the adverse effects of the fashion industry, and they are conscious of their responsibility together with retailers. Although they have some doubts, the consumers think every little effort is necessary, and they claim that it is necessary to be involved in sustainability practices. It is crucial to specify that consumers are not just “ordinary consumers,” but they are an essential factor in this process. Fashion companies should show consumers their affecting power. Furthermore, there is a lack of information regarding the content of the sustainability activities and the companies carrying out these activities. When considering the importance of education for encouraging sustainable consumption, it is essential to disseminate information about not just purchasing clothes, but also the disposal of clothes. Furthermore, participants underlined that being interested in sustainability practices and buying sustainable materials make them feel good. Focusing on consumers’ emotions and targeting consumers that are interested in sustainability issues have the potential to make the movement toward sustainable fashion easier.Consumers have favorable opinions on sustainable fashion retailing, and they think that sustainability actions support fashion retailers’ image. Sustainability practices also affect consumers’ trust in the retailer. Participants perceive the sustainable retailers as dynamic, sensitive and friendly. All of the participants indicated favorable judgments about the retailers that are engaged in sustainability practices. This point is noteworthy because consumers may approach the responsibility actions with doubts since they sometimes think these actions are, in fact, for the sake of the company. In order to convert the positive opinions into purchase behavior, communication activities, not compromising quality, design, and having a fair price are important.&nbsp;In conclusion, fashion retailers can strengthen their brand image while creating unique target customers and a positioning strategy by emphasizing sustainability practices. The sustainable fashion concept can be a way of being distinctive in the competitive fashion industry. Together with these, this concept can be approached as a communication activity that is beneficial for society, consumers and companies.

Sürdürülebilir Moda Perakendeciliği: Tüketici Algıları Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Burcu

Serdar

Yonca

The way that businesses obtain the human resources they need and protect natural resources, is through the concept of sustainable development. The idea of sustainable development was defined by the Brundtland Commission (1987) as “a development that meets today’s needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. Corporate sustainability is a business approach that focuses on sustainable development. It is defined as the integration of economic, social, and environmental responsibilities with corporate governance principles into business management (Azapagic, 2003; Borsa İstanbul, 2014). The nature of the corporate sustainability paradigm argues that, by its very nature, these three responsibilities should be handled together without neglect. From this point of view, it is quite clear that enterprises should adopt strategies and activities that can meet the needs of themselves and their partners by protecting, maintaining, and developing both human and natural resources. To do this, it is vital that they regulate management tools, concepts, and systems. In the light of this, businesses adopt sustainability as an organizational culture, and formulate, and implement corporate sustainability strategies in line with the sustainability axis, considering the views of all stakeholders. They also publish their results in the form of sustainability reports on the principle of transparency and accountability. Moreover, businesses set up a sustainability committee to address economic, social, and environmental issues in terms of risk and strategic opportunities, and discuss their mission, vision, and strategies and their short- and long-term objectives in line with the sustainability paradigm.The importance of human resources, which is one of the most important elements of intellectual capital, is an undeniable fact in the realization of the vision and mission of corporate sustainability. It is critically important for an enterprise to manage its human resources in line with the sustainability paradigm to achieve sustainability-oriented change. Among the various management systems involved in sustainability-driven transformation, the belief that human resources management has a central role in facilitating and supporting this transformation is striking in the current literature (Ramus &amp; Steger 2000; Daily &amp; Huang 2001; Vickers 2005; Jabbour &amp; Santos 2008; Preuss, Haunschild &amp; Matten 2009). In this context, the concept of sustainable human resources management gains importance for the enterprises to perform their activities in line with corporate sustainability. From this point of view, the purposes of this research are three-fold, namely, to ascertain the reason for the use of sustainability studies/projects carried out by the enterprises included in the BIST Sustainability Index, to determine which stakeholders are involved in this process, and to investigate the impact of sustainability studies on the human resources function and practices and their level. Also, it will be analyzed whether human resources managers play a strategic role in sustainability studies. According to Ehnert (2009), sustainable human resources management is the prolongation of strategic human resources management. It is, therefore, clear that the strategic role of human resources management should also be questioned and uncovered.The sample of this study, which was conducted to measure the impact of corporate sustainability efforts on human resources practices and the strategic contribution and level of human resources management to these studies, involved 44 companies included in the BIST Sustainability Index between November 2017 and October 2018. These companies are preferred because their corporate sustainability performance levels are high.In this study, the questionnaire technique was used as a data collection tool. The questions in the survey, which also includes a detailed literature review and the CRANET 2015-2016 Report on Turkey, were formed utilizing expressions which are accepted as an indication of the strategic role of this research. 18 of the 44 companies included in the BIST Sustainability Index (41%) participated in the survey. The results of the research show that the participant enterprises have integrated sustainability into their corporate policies. It can be said that businesses internalize sustainability to increase the corporate reputation and brand value, contribute to economic and social development, develop relations with stakeholders, and gain public confidence. Furthermore, it is understood that sustainability has an impact on human resources functions and practices, and it can be stated that the human resources department plays a strategic role.

Sürdürülebilirlik Perspektifinden İnsan Kaynakları Uygulamalarının İncelenmesi: Görgül Bir Çalışma

Hazar

Assist. Prof.

Review Subject: This systematic review examines studies in credit risk assessment field, that apply metaheuristic algorithms for classification and optimization purposes. Objective of these algorithms is to improve performances of credit applicants’ classifications as good or bad, which are predicted and interpreted as non-defaulters and defaulters, respectively.&nbsp;Study Questions: The review aims to shed light on the examples of metaheuristic algorithms usages in credit classification analyses and exhibit a contemporary framework. In this sense, answers to the following four questions are searched:&nbsp;1. What is the trend of metaheuristic algorithm applications over 2000-2018 period and which algorithms are used specifically? 2. What are the main classifiers in the analyses with metaheuristic optimization improvement? 3. How are the performances of analyses with metaheuristic improvements are evaluated? 4. What is the most recent situation in credit risk classification with metaheuristic optimization?Methodology: Prisma systematic review process is followed. Articles found in Web of Science, Scopus and ProQuest databases are included. Reviews, conference proceedings, patents and theses are not included. Three group of keywords are used for searching:Group 1: “credit scoring”, “credit evaluation”, “credit assessment”, “credit risk assessment”, “credit decision”; Group 2: “classification”, “data mining”, “machine learning”, “statistical learning”, “soft computing”, “computational intelligence”; Group 3: “metaheuristic”, “evolutionary computing”, “heuristic”, “genetic algorithm”, “genetic programming”, “swarm intelligence”, “evolutionary programming”All included studies’ objectives are either classification and/or improvement of classification performances.Results and Conclusions: By following the systematic process, a total of thirty articles are found over the examination period. Publishing trend shows at least one article is presented to the literature each year after 2005 and there is a strong positive trend after 2015. It seems like more and more researchers are attracted to make use of metaheuristic algorithms to optimize credit classification analyses. Studies report improved performances with metaheuristic algorithm utilizations.Most metaheuristic algorithm designs are not suitable to classify observations in data sets. For this reason, they are used as an optimization technique rather than classifier itself. In the examined studies, only Genetic Programming is found to be used as both a classifier and optimization method, by virtue of its solution representation and solution space searching design. In credit risk assessment, as the first empirical studies used statistical learning methods like classical linear regression, logistic regression and discriminant analysis, machine learning and unsupervised methods became more popular in the last two decades. Neural network models, support vector machines, tree-based methods, Bayesian networks, fuzzy logic and k-nearest neighborhood models are preferred classifiers, while the former two are dominating the field.Frequently used metaheuristic in the studies is Genetic Algorithm, which is also well-known in other research fields with intense data analysis. Genetic algorithm is followed by Genetic Programming, Particle Swarm Optimization, Tabu Search and Simulated Annealing. Choice of metaheuristic seem to be focused only on a few alternatives, though there are many other suggestions available in optimization literature.Metaheuristics contribute to classifier performances in several ways. More widely, they are used for variable selection, to find optimum set of variables to teach the main classifier in the analyses. This selection provides classifier with a smaller set of variables and thus improve efficiency and effectivity. Parameter optimization comes after feature selection; in which several parameters of the classifiers are optimized. It is important to configure parameters in a proper way to achieve best results. Optimizing variables to be included and method parameters are both complex in nature, and best or near to best solution finding cannot be done by more conventional optimization techniques that aim to find exact solutions. Metaheuristics’ main advantage is their solution space searching mechanisms and can provide feasible solutions in reasonable times. Therefore, implementation of metaheuristic search algorithms into analyses significantly contributes to credit risk assessments/scorings.This review shows that a solid literature is formed for metaheuristic applications in credit classification. More and more studies are expected to be presented in the future. There lies a huge potential by widening the choice of algorithms and hybrid/combined forms. By following this pace, credit risk management activities in banks may continue to benefit from developments in data analysis field.

Modern Kredi Sınıflandırma Çalışmaları ve Metasezgisel Algoritma Uygulamaları: Sistematik Bir Derleme

Seda

COMMUNICATION STATEMENT

Beril

Prof. Dr.

Hüseyin

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

Murat

Behind the Youtube Addiction and Online Stickiness. Does Fear of Missing Out Count?

Fethi

Model Proposal for Evaluation of Technology Development Process: Conceptualisation and Scale Development

Behice

Ayşe

Gökhan

Dynamics of Digital Financial Inclusion in Türkiye

Zeynep

Ahmet

Changes in Capital Structure in Seasoned Equity Offerings: BIST Implementation

Aydın

Meltem

Emre

The Impact of Fintech on Economic Growth: Evidence from Panels of Turkic and Southeast Asian Countries

Serkan

Fatma

Lean Management’s Effect on Industry 4.0 Regarding Innovation

@JOURNAL_BOX_CURRENT

@JOURNAL_BOX_EARLYVIEW

Sevtap

Tuğba

Öğretim Görevlisi

Do We Know Organic Food Consumers? The Personal and Social Determinants of Organic Food Consumption

Hakan

Süleyman

In this study, the relationship between inflation and interest rates for Turkey’s economy and whether this is a long-term relationship were tested out using the Fisher hypothesis for the period of 2002:M1-2018:M6. In the study, it was tested if there is a long-term relationship from demand-pull inflation toward Individual Loan Rates (ILRs), and from cost-push-to-supply inflation toward Commercial Loan Rates (CLRs) using Fisher’s hypothesis. Subsequently, Perron (1997) structural break unit root test was performed in order to determine if there is structural breakage in the economy. According to Granger Causality test results for the period, there was a unidirectional causality for Turkey’s economy from both the Consumer Price Index (CPI) to the ILRs and from the Producer Price Index (PPI) to CLRs. In addition, the results of the ARDL bound test for co-integration showed that, there is no long-term cointegrated relationship from CPI to ILRs, while a long-term cointegrated relationship is seen from PPI toward CLRs. Therefore, this long-term relationship is not one-to-one as stated by Irving Fisher, and implies that a 1% shock to PPI affects the CLRs by 0.45% in the long term. On account of the fact that Turkey’s economy has not been able to reach its full employment level, the pass-through effect from CPI, -which measures demand-pull inflation-, toward ILRs, was not cointegrated in the long-term and thus, the Fisher effect did not occur even in the longterm. Hence, Turkey’s economy in the long-term was in conditions of underemployment, and changes in monetary variables influenced real variables due to unexpected fluctuations in the CPI. Due to the nominal interest rates being adjusted according to the expected (or, ex-ante) CPI, the real interest rates fluctuated due to the fact that the CPI was realized outside of the range of the end-of-term (or, ex-post) expectations. The reason behind the CPI being realized outside of expectations in these periods was due to the fact that this index did not reflect a pure demand inflation and was under the effect of PPI series. The pass-through effect from CPI towards PPI, -which occurs depending on external shocks such as foreign exchange rates, oil prices, and food prices-, causes the deterioration of the long-term equilibrium between the CPI and nominal interest rates and thus, this leads a reflection in real interest rates. Therefore, this result indicates that monetary variables affects real variables and in this context, the Central Bank’s monetary policies may affect real variables such as real interest rates, real wages, investments, savings and employment. It is concluded that there is a cointegrated relationship along with long-term positive direction from supply side-cost push inflation toward nominal interest rates and a 1% shock to supply-side inflation reflects itself in nominal interest rates by 0.45% in the longterm. Considering the economic structure of our country, the Turkish Lira currency has an extremely fragile structure when faced with external shocks and is dependent on foreign financing because of its lack of sufficient level of domestic saving to finance its invesments. Thus, the fagility factor of the Turkish Lira in the face of sudden portfolio outflows affects&nbsp;foreign exchange rates immediately and this means that it invites supply-side inflation to the country, and hence, the Central Bank is forced to raise interest rates to curb this expected inflation. This leads to the emergence of the Fisher effect. According to these results, in this context of the emergence of the Fisher effect on Turkey’s economy, it usually indicates that supply-side (cost-push) inflationist effects reveal themselves because external shocks are more prepotent. Consequently, while determining interest rates, it is noted that supply-side pricing will be more effective than demand-side pricing. In conclusion, taking into account PPI will be more rational. In conclusion, the production structure of Turkey’s economy is dependent on imports. In fact, Turkey’s economy for the period was composed on average of 70 % import of intermediate goods and raw materials, and 15-20 % import of invesment goods. That is to say, 85-90 % of the aggregate imports comprised input (production goods). This situation makes our country’s economy highly dependent on foreign financing and increases the Turkish economy’s sensivity to foreign currency due to the lack of a sufficient level of domestic saving to finance its invesments because of the currency mismatch (borrowing with foreign currency and earning with national currency). Therefore, the Turkish Lira becomes extremely fragile against international reserve monies ( $, €, ₤). This fragility of the Turkish Lira can be managed with policies on structural adjustment along with conjunctural policies (monetary policy, fiscal policy, and foreign exchange policy). Domestic production should be promoted by structural reforms and herewith, the Turkish economy can achieve a comparative advantage of input manufacturing in the long-term. Therefore, by reducing the high dependency on foreign financing it can also reduce the fragility of the Turkish Lira. Consequently, the Turkish economy can achieve a stable structure so that foreign exchange rates, the overall price level and interest rates can reach a more stable and predictable level.

Enflasyon ve Kredi Faizleri Arasındaki Uzun Dönemli İlişkinin Fisher Hipotezi Çerçevesinde Değerlendirilmesi: Türkiye Uygulaması (2002-2018)

Seniye

Oktay Zihni

Endüstri 4.0 Yolculuğunda Trendler ve Robotlar

@JOURNAL_BOX_FEATURED

Atılhan

The survival of organizations operating in an ever-changing and complex environment significantly depends on the positive perceptions of stakeholders regarding the organization, or, in other words, on organizations’ abilities to manage their corporate reputations and make them part of the strategic management processes. The reason for this is that awareness of a company’s reputation provides stakeholders with the opportunity to compare the products, jobs, strategies and image of said organization with its rivals. Within this context, important duties fall to the strategic leaders who play an active role in the strategic management process for the effective and careful management of the corporate reputation. First of all, strategic leaders should aim to change the perceptions regarding reputation of the employees who are perfectly placed to influence the perceptions of other stakeholders. However, the existence of strategic leaders may not always create a positive perception among employees. For this reason, employees should be made aware that the organization performs CSR activities. With CSR, organizations provide a service to society, improve the quality of life, manage its economic-legal-ethical-volunteer activities in accordance with the expectations of society and try to find solutions to social problems. Therefore, stakeholders can reach a general conclusion about the organization based on its CSR activities, and they may develop certain expectations for the future. In this context, the aim of this study is to examine the role of CSR activities in the impact of strategic leadership behaviors of managers on the corporate reputation perception of employees. The survey method was used in this study. The study group consisted of 517 employees in three private hospitals operating in Trabzon in 2016. Firstly, strategic leadership, corporate reputation and CSR scales were subjected to explanatory and confirmatory factor analyses.&nbsp;Secondly, correlation analysis was performed across the variables. The correlation analyses showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between strategic leadership and corporate reputation, between strategic leadership and CSR and between CSR and corporate reputation at 99% confidence level in general. Thirdly, a three-stage regression analysis, as proposed by Baron and Kenny (1986: 1177), was carried out to explain the mediating role of CSR in the impact of strategic leadership behaviors on the corporate reputation perception of employees. At the first stage, it was seen that the independent variable (SL) had a significant impact on the dependent variable (CR) (β=.552; p&lt;.001). At the second stage, the impact of the independent variable (SL) on the mediator variable (CSR) was examined (β=.589; p&lt;.001). At the third stage, the impact of the mediator variable (CSR) on the dependent variable (CR) was examined (β=.719; p&lt;.001). Finally, the independent variable (SL) was included in the model with the mediator variable (CSR) and attempts were made to explain the dependent variable (CR). When the last step was examined, it was observed that there was no insignificance&nbsp;in the association between strategic leadership and corporate reputation, but the impact strength decreased (β=.196; p&lt;.001) and that the impact of CSR on corporate reputation continued (β=.603; p&lt;.001. This finding shows that CSR plays a partial mediation role in the impact of strategic leadership on corporate reputation. The Sobel test was performed to determine the significance level of the mediation impact and this was confirmed given that the result was significant (z=13,574; p&lt;.001). The study was limited to three private hospitals in Trabzon. Similar studies could be conducted in different geographical regions and the possible impacts of regional differences could be examined in terms of the research subject. In addition, this study, which was conducted in the health sector, might equally be applied to organizations operating in different industries. In this study, the variables that make up the research subject were evaluated from the perspective of the employees. Other stakeholder groups that organizations interact with could be included in the study to compare evaluations of stakeholder groups.

Yöneticilerin Stratejik Liderlik Davranışlarının Kurumsal İtibar Algısı Üzerine Etkisinde Kurumsal Sosyal Sorumluluğun (KSS) Rolü

Esra

Ünal

A market in which prices always “fully reflect” the available information is called “efficient”. According to Fama (1970), there are three types of efficiency. First, weak form tests, in which the information set is just historical prices. Second, semi-strong form tests, in which the concern is whether prices efficiently adjust to other information that is obviously publicly available (i.e., announcements of annual earnings, stock splits, etc.). Third, strong form tests, concerned with whether the given investors or groups have monopolistic access to any information relevant to pricing formation. In the relevant literature, there are several studies which have addressed Efficient Market Hypothesis by testing different markets. Some of these studies focused on stock markets, foreign exchange markets, several commodity markets, and crypto currency markets. Additionally, a number of researchers have examined the housing markets as well. Housing wealth accounts for the highest proportion of non-financial wealth owned by households. Therefore, the house is an investment good as well as a consumer good. Houses may provide wealth stock, an increase in loan facilities and rent gains. Hence, house prices may affect the wealth of homeowners and so it becomes significant to analyze whether historical prices fully reflect all available information and whether making profit above the average price is possible or not. The statistics on the Turkish housing market provided by the Turkish Statistical Institute (i.e., home ownership ratio, change in the number of households, number of first-time buyers) indicate that households’ demand may reflect an investment motive other than buying just for consumption. To the best of our knowledge, no previous study has investigated the efficiency of the Turkish housing market and in this context, our study fills the gap in the literature. The key research question of this study is whether or not the Turkish housing market, which has been one of the prominent sectors of the Turkish economy in recent years, is an efficient market. We aim to answer this question by testing the Efficient Market Hypothesis in weak form for the Turkish housing market. With this purpose, we utilized both traditional unit root tests and unit root tests with structural breaks. Our dataset consists of the House price index, hedonic house price index, new housing price index and existing housing price index series, provided by the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey (CBRT). Our sample covers the 2010M01-2018M07 period.&nbsp;&nbsp;We employed the traditional unit root test of Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Kwiatkowski, Phillips, Schmidt and Shin (KPSS) and unit root tests with two structural breaks of Lee- Strazicich (LS) and Clemente, Montañés and Reyes (CMR). The CMR unit-root test classifies structural breaks into two types. In a model with additive outliers (AO model), changes are assumed to take place rapidly, allowing for a break in the slope. In a model with innovative outliers (IO model), changes are assumed to take place gradually and allow for a break both in intercept and slope. In both LS and CMR unit root tests structural breaks are determined as endogenous. Unit root tests were applied to the natural logarithm of the series. The results of both the traditional unit root tests and unit root tests with structural breaks, indicate the presence of unit root in all series, that is, all unit root tests’ results are consistent with&nbsp;each other. Structural break dates were different in the LS and CMR tests and also the dates in the AO model varied from the IO model. A possible explanation for this difference may be related to different assumptions of the models. There are various factors that cause structural breaks in the series which affect housing supply and demand. For instance, financial wealth, construction costs, access to housing (mortgage) credits, volatility of interest rates and households’ expectations on future prices and interest rates may affect housing supply and demand which thus dominates price variations in the housing market. Consequently, the overall results imply that prices in the Turkish housing market follow a random walk This evidence suggests that the Turkish housing market is efficient in its weak form. This is an important issue for future research. A further study with more focus on testing the semistrong form and strong form of efficiency is therefore suggested.

Türkiye Konut Piyasasında Etkinlik Analizi

Volkan

Canan

Reklamlarla Marka Kişiliği Geliştirmek: Arketipler Tüketicileri Yakalayabiliyor Mu?

@JOURNAL_BOX_MOSTREAD

Dear colleagues,

Welcome to the official journal of the School of Business of Istanbul University. Formerly known as Istanbul University Journal of the School of Business, our peer reviewed journal begun its publication life in 1972. The online journal publishes biannually and has been renamed as Istanbul Business Research (IBR), beginning with V. 47 (1) 2018.

Dear authors,

Thank you for your interest in publishing with us. We would like to mention that IBR accepts articles written only in English, since being indexed in Web of Science Emerging Science Citation Index (ESCI) beginning with V. 46 (1) 2017. Thus, all communication regarding articles must be done in English and only via Dergipark system for our records. We reserve the right to terminate article processing in case of a failure to comply.


Many thanks for your interest in IBR.
Best,
IBR Editorial Team

RePEc IDEAS

ProQuest

RePEc EconPapers

ASOS Index

Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)

EBSCO

ERIH PLUS

TR Dizin

DOAJ

SOBIAD

Gale Cengage

@METRIC_VOLUMES

@METRIC_ISSUES

@METRIC_ARTICLES

@METRIC_OPENACCESS

Istanbul Business Research

Dear colleagues,

Welcome to the official journal of the School of Business of Istanbul University. Formerly known as Istanbul University Journal of the School of Business, our peer reviewed journal begun its publication life in 1972. The online journal publishes biannually and has been renamed as Istanbul Business Research (IBR), beginning with V. 47 (1) 2018.

Dear authors,

Thank you for your interest in publishing with us. We would like to mention that IBR accepts articles written only in English, since being indexed in Web of Science Emerging Source Citation Index (ESCI) beginning with V. 46 (1) 2017. Thus, all communication regarding articles must be done in English and only via Dergipark system for our records. We reserve the right to terminate article processing in case of a failure to comply.


Many thanks for your interest in IBR.
Best,
IBR Editorial Team

@INFO_TAB_ABOUT

Editor in Chief

Co Editor in Chief

Editorial Management Board Member

Editorial Assistant

English Language Editor

Editorial Board Member

@INFO_TAB_BOARDS

Istanbul Business Research (IBR) is an international academic and peer-reviewed journal published by Istanbul University Business School.As an academic journal that strives for excellence, IBR exclusively publishes high-quality articles in English, covering a broad range of business-related topics. Our main objective is to maintain high academic standards and welcome exceptional contributions from scholars and professionals in the field. IBR publishes novel, theoretical, and research-based studies, including articles that feature robust qualitative and quantitative analysis.Thank you for your interest and considering IBR as a venue for publishing your research. We encourage scholars and professionals to send high-quality articles that meet our rigorous academic standards.IBR is published triannually (in April, August and December), providing a platform for multi-disciplinary studies from the fields of business administration and economics. Its scope includes a wide range of subjects such as finance, production, marketing, accounting, strategy, human resources, organizational theory, and decision sciences. However, we also encourage studies that explore innovative or interdisciplinary approaches to the study of business-related issues.

Aim and Scope

<a href="https://mjl.clarivate.com/search-results" target="_blank">Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) - Web of Science</a><a href="https://trdizin.gov.tr/publication/journal/detailJ/TWpVek9Uaz0=" target="_blank">TR Index</a>EBSCO Business Source Elite EBSCO Business Source Ultimate EBSCO Central &amp; Eastern European Academic Source ProQuest Central ProQuest Turkey Database <a href="https://doaj.org/toc/2630-5488?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22filtered%22%3A%7B%22filter%22%3A%7B%22bool%22%3A%7B%22must%22%3A%5B%7B%22terms%22%3A%7B%22index.issn.exact%22%3A%5B%222630-5488%22%5D%7D%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%22query%22%3A%7B%22match_all%22%3A%7B%7D%7D%7D%7D%2C%22size%22%3A100%2C%22sort%22%3A%5B%7B%22created_date%22%3A%7B%22order%22%3A%22desc%22%7D%7D%5D%2C%22_source%22%3A%7B%7D%7D" target="_blank" style="font-size: 14px;">DOAJ</a>Erih Plus <a href="https://ideas.repec.org/s/ist/ibsibr.html" target="_blank">RePEc IDEAS</a> <a href="https://econpapers.repec.org/article/istibsibr/" target="_blank" style="font-size: 14px;">RePEc EconPapers</a> <a href="https://asosindex.com.tr/index.jsp?modul=journal-page&amp;journal-id=798" target="_blank" style="font-size: 14px;">ASOS Index</a>SOBIAD<a href="https://go.gale.com/ps/dispAdvSearch.do?userGroupName=anon~84c5a0c7&amp;prodId=AONE" target="_blank">Gale Cengage</a>

Indexing and Abstracting

The journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> The subjects covered in the manuscripts submitted to the Journal for publication must be in accordance with the aim and scope of the Journal. Only those manuscripts approved by every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Changing the name of an author (omission, addition or order) in papers submitted to the Journal requires written permission of all declared authors.Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unethical behaviors. All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. Plagiarism Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. If plagiarism/self-plagiarism will be found authors will be informed. Editors may resubmit manuscript for similarity check at any peer-review or production stage if required. High similarity scores may lead to rejection of a manuscript before and even after acceptance. Depending on the type of article and the percentage of similarity score taken from each article, the overall similarity score is generally expected to be less than 15 or 20%. Double Blind Peer-Review After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by the editors-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The editor provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles and hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Policies

The journal is an open access journal and all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read" target="_blank">BOAI</a> definition of open access.The open access articles in the journal are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) license.

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

Authors publishing with the journal retain the copyright to their work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a>) and grant the Publisher non-exclusive commercial right to publish the work. CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Editor should consider publishing correction if minor errors that do not effect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper are detected. Editor should consider retraction if major errors and/or misconduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected.Editor should consider issuing an expression of concern if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive. The guidelines of <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> and <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.

To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

Istanbul Business Research is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publishers) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

Ethics

The journal adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.-    Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.-    The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.-    The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.-    Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.-    Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.-    The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.-    In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.-    If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.-    In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/E970DDFCF3974EB09FD2EA9EBCBB3477" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form.</a> The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by editor-in-chief  upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing. Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed. Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal. Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective. Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side. A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process. The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Peer Review

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by Editor-in-Chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international external referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by Editor-in-Chief upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.- Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?- Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?- Is the problem significant and concisely stated?- Are the methods described comprehensively?- Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?- Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?- Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

LanguageThe language of the journal is English.Manuscript Organization and SubmissionAll correspondence will be sent to the first-named author unless otherwise specified. Manuscpript is to be submitted online via <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ibr" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ibr</a> and it must be accompanied by a cover letter indicating that the manuscript is intended for publication, specifying the article category (i.e. research article, review etc.) and including information about the manuscript (see the Submission Checklist). Manuscripts should be prepared in Microsoft Word 2003 and upper versions. In addition, <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/E970DDFCF3974EB09FD2EA9EBCBB3477" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a> that has to be signed by all authors must be submitted.1. The manuscripts should be in A4 paper standards: having 2.5 cm margins from right, left, bottom and top, Times New Roman font style in 12 font size and line spacing of 1.5.2. The manuscripts should contain between 4500 and 8500 words and the page numbers must be at the bottom and in the middle.3. The name(s) of author(s) should be given just beneath the title of the study aligned to the left. Also the affiliation, title, e-mail and phone of the author(s) must be indicated on the bottom of the page as a footnote marked with an asterisk (*).4. Submitted manuscripts in English must have before the introduction section, the abstract in English, between 180 and 200 words, summarizing the scope, the purpose, the results of the study and the methodology used. Underneath the abstracts, 3 to 5 keywords that inform the reader about the content of the study should be specified in English.5. The manuscripts should contain mainly these components: title, abstract and keywords; extended abstract, body text with sections, footnotes and references.6. The 6th version of the APA (American Psychological Association) reference style should be used for in-text citation and references list. For information and samples on the APA 6 style please refer to http://ibr.istanbul.edu.tr/en/content/information-for-authors/references and/or REFERENCES section in the Information for Authors.7. Tables, graphs and figures can be given with a number and a defining title if and only if it is necessary to follow the idea of the article. the article. The title of table should be placed above the table; caption of figure should be placed beneath the figure. Features like demographic characteristics that can be given within the text should not be indicated as tables separately.8. Please submit tables as editable text and not as images. When preparing tables, please avoid using vertical rules and shading in tables cells. If you are using a table grid, use only one grid for each individual table and not a grid for each row. If no grid is used, use tabs, not spaces, to align columns.9. It is important that the file be saved in the native format of the word processor used. You are strongly advised to use the &#34;spell-check&#34; and grammer-check&#34; functions of your word processor to avoid unnecessary errors.10. The text should be in single-column format. Keep the layout of the text as simple as possible.11. A <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/8119AD1C82B84211A8C9765B349DF9F9" target="_blank">title page</a> including author information must be submitted together with the manuscript. The title page is to include fully descriptive title of the manuscript and, affiliation, title, e-mail address, postal address, phone and fax number of the author(s) (see The Submission Checklist).12. Authors are responsible for all statements made in their work submitted to the Journal for publication.13. The author(s) can be asked to make some changes in their articles due to peer reviews.14. A copy of the journal will be sent to each author of the accepted articles upon their request.

Author Guidelines

Before beginning the online submission process please read the Information for Authors and make sure you have the followings available:Cover letter to the editor<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.</li> <li>Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement.</li> <li>Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.</li> <li>Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA 6.</li> </ul> </ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/E970DDFCF3974EB09FD2EA9EBCBB3477" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>Permission of previous published material if used in the present manuscript<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/5D8C90B4863E4B308B2617A05EBDEA89" target="_blank">Title Page</a><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses</li> <li>Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax number</li> <li>ORCIDs of all authors.</li> </ul> </ul>Main Manuscript Document<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The title of the manuscript </li> <li>Abstracts (180-200 words)</li> <li>Key words: 3 to 5 words </li> <li>Main article sections</li> <li>Grant Support (if exits)</li> <li>Conflict of Interest (if exists)</li> <li>Acknowledgement (if exists)</li> <li>References</li> <li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li> </ul> </ul>Manuscript Submission<ul type="disc"> <li>Dergipark manuscript submission site of the journal is: <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ibr" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ibr</a></li><li>While uploading Main Document, make sure that the main document has no information that clarify the author’s identity. Due to double blind peer review, Main Document must not include Title Page, the name of author or any other detail that can disclose the author identity. </li> <li>Additionaly, Supplemental File for Review must not include any detail that can disclose author identity as well.</li> </ul>Files to be uploaded separately<ul type="disc"> <li>Copyright Agreement Form</li> <li>Permissions obtained for previously published material if used in the present manuscript</li> <li>Title page</li> <li>Main Manuscript Document</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The title of the manuscript </li> <li>Abstracts (180-200 words) </li> <li>Key words: 3 to 5 words </li> <li>Main article sections</li> <li>Grant Support (if exists)</li> <li>Conflict of Interest (if exists)</li> <li>Acknowledgement (if exists)</li> <li>References</li> <li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li> </ul> </ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>

Figures, graphics, and photographs should be submitted as separate files (in TIFF or JPEG format) through the submission system. The files should not be embedded in a Word document or the main document. When there are figure subunits, the subunits should not be merged to form a single image. Each subunit should be submitted separately through the submission system. Images should not be labeled (a, b, c, etc.) to indicate figure subunits. Thick and thin arrows, arrowheads, stars, asterisks, and similar marks can be used on the images to support figure legends. Like the rest of the submission, the figures too should be blind. Any information within the images that may indicate an individual or institution should be blinded. The minimum resolution of each submitted figure should be 300 DPI. To prevent delays in the evaluation process, all submitted figures should be clear in resolution and large in size (minimum dimensions: 100 × 100 mm). Figure legends should be listed at the end of the main document.

Tables should be included in the main document, presented after the reference list, and they should be numbered consecutively in the order they are referred to within the main text. A descriptive title must be placed above the tables. Abbreviations used in the tables should be defined below the tables by footnotes (even if they are defined within the main text). Tables should be created using the“insert table” command of the word processing software and they should be arranged clearly to provide easy reading. Data presented in the tables should not be a repetition of the data presented within the main text but should be supporting the main text.

Although references to review articles can be an efficient way to guide readers to a body of literature, review articles do not always reflect original work accurately. Readers should therefore be provided with direct references to original research sources whenever possible. On the other hand, extensive lists of references to original work on a topic can use excessive space on the printed page. Small numbers of references to key original papers often serve as well as more exhaustive lists, particularly since references can now be added to the electronic version of published papers, and since electronic literature searching allows readers to retrieve published literature efficiently. Papers accepted but not yet included in the issue are published online in the Early View section and they should be cited as “advance online publication”. Citing a “personal communication” should be avoided unless it provides essential information not available from a public source, in which case the name of the person and date of communication should be cited in parentheses in the text. For scientific articles, written permission and confirmation of accuracy from the source of a personal communication must be obtained.Reference Style and FormatIstanbul Business Research complies with APA (American Psychological Association) style 6th Edition for referencing and quoting. For more information:-   American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.-   <a href="http://www.apastyle.org" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org</a>Citations in the TextCitations must be indicated with the author surname and publication year within the parenthesis.If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;).Samples:More than one citation;(Esin, et al., 2002; Karasar, 1995)Citation with one author;(Akyolcu, 2007)Citation with two authors;(Sayıner &amp; Demirci, 2007)Citation with three, four, five authors;First citation in the text: (Ailen, Ciambrune, &amp; Welch, 2000) Subsequent citations in the text: (Ailen, et al., 2000)Citations with more than six authors;(Çavdar, et al., 2003)Citations in the ReferenceAll the citations done in the text should be listed in the References section in alphabetical order of author surname without numbering. Below given examples should be considered in citing the references.Basic Reference TypesBooka) Turkish BookKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8th ed.) [Preparing research reports]. Ankara, Turkey: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Book Translated into TurkishMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler [Mindsets] (A. Kotil, Trans.). İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim Yayınları.c) Edited BookÖren, T., Üney, T., &amp; Çölkesen, R. (Eds.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi [Turkish Encyclopedia of Informatics]. İstanbul, Turkey: Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Turkish Book with Multiple AuthorsTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y., &amp; Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme [Performance evaluation in Turkish search engines]. Ankara, Turkey: Total Bilişim.e) Book in EnglishKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.f) Chapter in an Edited BookBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.g) Chapter in an Edited Book in TurkishErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi [Organization culture: Its functions, elements and importance in leadership and business management]. In M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi [Organization sociology] (pp. 233–263). Bursa, Turkey: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Book with the same organization as author and publisherAmerican Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American psychological association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Articlea) Turkish ArticleMutlu, B., &amp; Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri [Source and intervention reduction of stress for parents whose children are in intensive care unit after surgery]. Istanbul University Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 15(60), 179–182.b) English Articlede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002c) Journal Article with DOI and More Than Seven AuthorsLal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184d) Journal Article from Web, without DOISidani, S. (2003). Enhancing the evaluation of nursing care effectiveness. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 35(3), 26–38. 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