Mustafa

Prof.

Cultural, Social, Emotional and Cognitive Aspects of Corruption in Turkey

Nurcan

Assoc. Prof.

Markets and Collective Action: A Case Study of Traditional Wheat Varieties in Turkey

Nuran

Mine

Res. Assist.

Elif

The Relationship Between Employee Jealousy, Job Satisfaction, Burnout and Vigor: A Study of White-Collar Employees

Selçuk

Uğur

Assist. Prof.

It was proposed for the first time by Becker (1965) that time allocation should be included in the decision processes of economic agents and also that time is a production factor. Together with Granou (1977), the economic analysis of the components of household production and of the time the individuals spent outside the market became important. Among OECD countries, Turkey is the leading country for paid work hours completed by men, while women are top in terms of household labor burden. In this way, Turkey is a special case for time allocation and gender difference. In this study, Turkey’s leisure time demands were analyzed. With this in mind, leisure time demand for all employees - working men and working women - were estimated separately using Time Use Data (TUS) 2014-2015 provided by TURKSTAT. Given that a large number of individuals reported not spending any time on leisure, the truncated Tobit method was used to determine the factors that affect leisure time demand. The gender gap in leisure time is quite evident, the main reason being that women’ s leisure demand elasticity is reduced by their unpaid work burden. However, the most important determinants of leisure time demand are wages and education level, which is the usual price of leisure time. Another important consequence of the study is that leisure time has negative income elasticity. Therefore it can be said that leisure time can be classified as an inferior good.The first pilot applications for the systematic compilation of data in Turkey for Time Use was carried out in 1996 by TSI. Turkey’s Time Use Survey (ZKA) by TSI was carried out twice - the first time in 2006, and the second time in 2014-2015. The studies about the Turkish time use characterictics is also limited, although the data is relatively old. Erdil et al. (2006) examined the distribution of time in the inhabitants living in rural areas with their own data set. However, there are no studies with a direct approach to Turkey in terms of leisure demands. The purpose of this study is to fill the gap in available literature and to encourage other studies in this regard. In this study, leisure time demands and socio-economic and indiviuals’ economic determinants were examined using the 2014-2015 Time Usage Questionnaire (ZKA) data compiled by TURKSTAT. To facilitate this, the time preferences of working individuals were taken into account first. The reason for this is that it is accepted that the time distributions of unemployed (job seekers or retired) individuals are more than a preference or economic decline (Hamermesh, 2006). In addition, this study is also important in that it is the first study conducted by TURKSTAT based on the data from the 2014-2015 Time Use Questionnaire.Turkey’s most important determinants of leisure time demand are wages and education. The wage is almost like a price in leisure time, and individuals pay leisure by the wages that give up. From this point of view, there appears to be a strong relationship between the price of leisure time and the quantity expected. Education, on the other hand, increases the demand for leisure time, and this effect is particularly pronounced in highly educated individuals. The main reason for this is that highly educated individuals are employed in jobs with better conditions in the labor market and therefore have less working hours. In summary, as the individual’s level of education individual increases, so too do their leisure time demands thanks to improved working conditions, while the leisure time demand decreases as the wage increases. A similar positive effect occurs when the household has a non-labour income. If household has any income aside from wages, the leisure demands of household members increases.

Leisure Time Demand and Determinants in Turkey

Nazife

Poverty – with reference to the lowest layers of social hierarchies - can be defined as not having sufficient resources and income. In recent years, together with the increase in gender studies, researchers have started to use the conceptualization of female poverty, which emphasizes the gender differences in the ways women experience poverty. This concept differentiates between the poverty experiences of women and those of men, depending on their role and status in society. The main focus of this study is the poverty experiences of women who lived in Diyarbekir in the second half of the 18th century. The main data source of this study, which is a historical sociology research, was the seven registration books of the Amid Courts, which used to be located in the center of the province of Diyarbekir in that era. The aim of this study was to portray the lives of 119 women that (according to inheritance records obtained from the registration books), were determined as poor and thus shed light on the historical background of female poverty. It is possible to form an opinion regarding consumption habits and lifestyles by examining the contents of these inheritance records. This study attempts to understand what conditions these women lived in by investigating the household items that were listed in the inheritance records. In addition, through these records, it was possible to visualize their lifestyles and clothing choices and determine their eating habits by investigating the utensils listed in the records. According to the inheritance documents in the court records, out of 297 poor people, 119 were women and possessed 51% of the general wealth, whereas men possessed 57.5%. This is an indicator that women were the poorest in the society. The areas in which poverty was apparent were nutrition, shelter and clothing, all of which provides an insight into consumption patterns and daily life practices. Houses, in which everyday practices take place, and which contain important clues about life styles and consumption patterns, are important poverty symbols. The common feature of these houses which stands out as an indication of both poverty and distress is that they were dilapidated. Such dilapidated houses can be seen as the reflection of class differentiation in terms of shelter due to the value of these houses, their physical conditions and the fact that they contain cheap and very little furniture. Nutrition and eating habits is another area in which poverty and deprivation are symbolized and class differentiation becomes clear. A reflection of this differentiation in the kitchen is evidenced by both the scarcity and low value of kitchenware. It was observed that poor women had either little or no kitchenware in their houses.Clothes, which are significant as they reflect the social position of individuals as an exterior image of their financial wealth, present important clues about the socio-economic structure of an individual. The clothes of the poor women, like their kitchenware, were old and worn out. The fact that the clothes were old lowers their usage value and also symbolizes the expression of poverty which decreases their symbolic value. Thus, the houses of poor women were ruined houses in which there were cheap and few goods. The people living alone in these houses were poor, who didn’t have anything apart from some poor-quality clothes. In summary, it can be said that women, being the poorest element of society, experienced serious poverty and demonstrated that the phenomenon of “the feminization of poverty” also existed in the past.

Unlocking the Doors on the History of Women’s Poverty A Social View of Women’s Poverty in The Second Half of the 18th Century

Hicabi

Tuğça

The Second Sociology in Turkish Higher Education: A Quantitative Analysis of 30 Introductory Sociology Textbooks

Mehmet

Perception of technology exempt from its relation to social milieu restricts its meaning. Technology is about techniques but approaching technology in terms of social relations reveals other peculiarities of it. Workers have been the subjects of a technical outlook in their relation to technology yet industrial social relations are contextual and flexible challenging any such outlook. Workers of all positions in the hierarchy are encouraged to take responsibilities and decisions and subject to high control owing to adoptations of technology.The theory of industrial sociology explains the change dating back to the last quarter of the twentieth century in the workplace from Fordism to Post-Fordism. Fordism and Taylor’s scientific management changed the workplace dramatically highlighting the Weberian rationality principles andthe Marxist labour concept but it was challenged by Mayo’s Human Relations approach which focuses on psychology, societal qualities and relations instead of material motivators. This argument is in line with the qualities of Post-Fordism, prioritising horizental organization types and skills of workers. Some other qualities include the importance of information, flexibility, technology, instant production, flexible production, deskilling, specialization and increase in the number of service jobs. In addition to the above mentioned theories, Foucaultian power and authority perspective and recent literature on technology studies provide theoretical body to build on in this study.Nevertheless, the perspective is partly challenged by a reconsideration of agency and autonomy. The study is about civil aviation because it reflects recent developments in technology and industry. It has been on a growth trend in Turkey.In order to have a deep understanding of the social reality, a qualitative approach is adopted. How technology effects responsibilities of workers and control over workers is the main research question. In collection of the data, focal points, which are otherwise not easily observable because of the technical terminology and peculiarity of the workplace, are determined with the help of participation experience. The analysis of the data was simultaneous with the data collection due to non-linear research path. An initial open coding of the concepts is followed by a second coding in which relations among initial codes led to categories and the themes emerged. A third phase included selection of the data to support the predetermined categories and revision of previous codings. Some significant details are presented in a descriptive way.Purposively selected participants are eight Turkish civil aviation workers of an airline company and seven handling company workers who provide services for passengers and aircrafts.Findings demonstrate responsibility and control as the key concepts. “Responsibility” was chosen because of its relation to the authority and control as its Latin root connotate obligation and responding. Responsibility provides a perspective which reconciles agency-structure and captures contextuality and relations. It enables one to move beyond approaches emphasizing roles or rationality. Control takes an indirect form characterized by centreless authority contrary to the direct control. As a main part of the responsibilities, being controlled and controlling are constant states of work for the workers belonging to different stratas of the hierarchy. Responsibilities are for customers, colleagues, managers and workers themselves. Responsibilities include decision-making and attention as choosing necessary from excessive information which is about taking risks and competition. Technology challenges workers to be more attentive in a constant flow of information and requires to be a lot more dominant in time and space control. Taken all together with time pressure and attention in contemporary society, responsibilities highlight tendencies in industry. Responsibilities and control require horizental organization, flexibility, appealing to skills andthey mostly proliferate in service jobs. They lead us to open the door into industry 4.0. Such a conceptualization of responsibility and control canmake a genuine contribution to the existing literature.

A Research on Airline Workers in Terms of Responsibility and Control

Adem

Pınar

The aim of the study is to critically read the transformation of academic/scientific journal publishing as one of the basic tools in which knowledge has produced. At the centre of the transformation, electronic publishing, supported by digitalization, was placed. The crisis of periodical publication faced by the academy after the developments in science and the rise in the number of scientists in the last century was the forerunner of the transition to the electronic publication system. In this context, the information and information technologies has become an important key of going out of the crisis. The path of way going to the crisis has been intertwined with the information explosion, increasing costs, prolongation of publication processes and breakdowns in distribution work. The digital field removed the entire path and created a new form of knowledge/ information. The digitalization has led to changes in the working processes of journals, which describes the communications between the journals and their authors and the interactions between the other journals and the institutions. The transition from the published journal to the electronic journals has led to a wide range of publications. The transfer of the old volumes of published journals to digital ones with open archive systems was another stage of the process. The electronic journal publication is essential in terms of expressing the natural history of journal publishing now the limits of time and place removed.&nbsp;The study is framed by the assumption that the transition from the press to the digital has also changed the meanings of the knowledge. The study pointed out that the nonresistance in which digital transformation is inevitable, positively affected the increase in academic production. The publication process, which is facilitated by electronic journalism, increases academic production and exposes some disadvantageous situations. For example, the electronic journal focuses only on the number of volumes getting the ISSN number required to have the property, but it might be caused to neglect the quality of the journal. It is necessary to attract attention to that the digitalization has changed the meaning of making an academic study. The books and periodicals are tended to lose their primary meaning facing the digitalization. Moreover, the fact that some of the national and international journals, which already published in, have an electronic version is an example of the transformative power of the new system.In the study, it is critical to make questionable where journal publishing will modify. In this respect, the elements that affected, managed, controlled and suppressed in the processes in which academic knowledge is produced, are discussed through the problematic of academic knowledge on the basis of publishing context. The meaning of the information in the publishing process has also changed. It is an important indicator that the academic production forms with pragmatist motive. These motivations are sometimes on the focus of money and publishing incentive and sometimes on the centre of&nbsp;being associate professorship. Such factors affecting the process in which information has produced, have discussed in the title of the ‘kitchen’ as associate professorship, academic promotion, congress and citation system. The criteria of an associate professorship, academic incentives and appointment were directly related to journal publishing. In the kitchen part of the study, the issue of academic incentives has given a little more importance. Because, it is observed that for a long time, the publication process is managed by the scoring system. From time to time, it is possible to claim that the subject of incentives even precedes the criteria of associate professorship. For example, it is a disadvantage in academic production that reviewer and editorial scoring in the incentive system have the same scoring qualification as the international article publication. The case, which equates review and writing an article with each other and reduces the value given to information in academic production processes, has been removed from the review score under the publication rating in the academic incentive regulation published in June-2018.Finally, in the study, it is claimed that one of the issues that will determine the academic debate in the production process in the coming years in Turkey is electronic journal publishing. In this field, the debate will come out the triangulation of academia, knowledge production and researcher in the context of interactions/relationships and an identity building process. The determinism of digital space in academic production processes will keep investing in information and information technologies on the agenda. It is possible to argue that the academic incentive system will be constantly changed and renewed in the context of current debates. One of the possible outcomes is the prediction that academic incentives will be abolished as the non-ethical behaviours differ and increase. It might argue that the lack of a satisfactory science and information policy of producing information. Therefore, the incentives of academic production processes, which are the primary source of knowledge within the framework of policies, will continue to be discussed. As a new problem will be come out about digitalization, it will be discussed as a need for framing intellectual property rights with legal regulations and producing regulations defining copyright rights. In this context, the validity or reliability of information subject to the control of academic plagiarism checker programs will be discussed in the near future. In addition to the need to establish mechanisms to prevent violations of publishing ethics and publishing processes, it will be on the agenda to provide solutions for transparent and auditing of the digital field.

Transformation of Academic Production Mechanisms in Respect to Digitalization of Information: Journal Publishing From Press to Digital Environment

Onur

Süphan

Social status - the relative position on the social ladder - is usually how the individual is perceived by the group and society. However, similarities or differences may occur between the individual’s perception of himself and how he is perceived by society. People naturally seek an equilibrium and strive to maintain this balance. This effort emerges as an attempt to raise awareness by creating awareness in society by means of various means where the individual’s own perception of social status is higher than the perception of society.Social status is the opinions of the individual about their position in society. Objective social status (OSES) can be defined as how others see the individual and Subjective social status (SSS) can be defined as how the individual sees himself. Subjective social status is the perception of the individual in the social position. Objective social status is the status that is set out by taking into consideration the objective criteria. Studies have shown that there is a relationship between subjective social status and objective social status. This study distinguishes itself by being the first study on this subject in Turkey.The aim of this study was to show whether the social status of the individual varies according to objective and subjective criteria. In addition, the effects of individual demographic characteristics were also investigated. The results obtained from regression analysis show that individual objective characteristics are significantly related to self-assessment of position on the social ladder. There is a relationship between the income, education, occupation and subjective social social status of the individual. Gender, marital status, and age play an important role in explaining how an individual evaluates himself/herself. In addition, men, married individuals and home owners are more likely to figure more elevated on the social ladder.According to responses given regarding the question of position on social ladder (where individuals evaluated themselves), there is no subjective social status difference between men and women. One of the most important results of this study is that women have a lower objective social status compared to men, especially in terms of income and occupation. The reason for this difference is that subjective social status can reveal that a person is the result of a better evaluation of the past and the present situation and their future expectations, opportunities and resources. It can also be considered that women only rely on the evaluation of other women. The results can be interpreted as saying that the degree of self-evaluation of the individual depends on their socioeconomic characteristics. However, gender, marital status, age, home and car ownership can be differentiated from other observable features that may affect the social ladder positioning of individuals.The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between subjective social status and objective social status. In order to determine the relationship between the social status of consumers, a survey study was conducted on 954 people. According to the results of the analysis, a positive relationship was found between subjective social status and objective social status.

Investigation of the Relationship Between Objective Social Status and Subjective Social Status

İbrahim

Deniz

Mustafa Murat

Migration and the impact of immigrants in receiving countries have been a key concern in many countries. The USA’s restrictions on rights of Mexican immigrants, the role of anti-immigration propaganda behind the Brexit decision in the UK, European countries efforts to curb migration by erecting walls are reflections of increasing xenophobia. The rise in the anti-immigration sentiment is also fuelled by neo-liberal policies and understanding of migration. Such understanding places a lot of emphasis on the destination and benefits in the destination while also focusing mostly on economic aspects. The rights are also open for commodification and applied in a selective fashion while excluding most of ‘others’. Such restrictive approach towards the rights of ‘others’ is leading to what is called ‘neo-liberal paradox’ and immigration in this context formulated as a problem to be ‘curbed’.&nbsp;In this study, we draw attention to the roots of migration in the origin, not in the destination in contrast to the neoliberal approaches. Cohen and Sirkeci’s (2011) ‘Conflict Model of Migration’ aims at a holistic approach to migration and examines the factors affecting migration decision making. The root causes of conflict is formulated as reflection of conflict resulting from inequalities, deficits in three areas: The 3Ds (Democratic Deficit, Development Deficit and Demographic Deficit). The 3Ds are in the roots of individuals perception of human insecurity. We statistically show the impact of 3Ds on international migration flows. Thus this study contributes to migration studies by offering empirical analysis of macro level influences on international migration with reference to the Conflict Model.In this system, nation-states need to establish new walls, adopt strict border controls by focusing on the concepts of ‘security’ and ‘interest’. What is more, by defining some as ‘others’ –and producing several similar arbitrary concepts, such as economic migrant, refugee, and asylum seeker, these countries try to curb migration and want to select migrants. These classifications of migrants also pave the way for discriminatory practices. Despite the fact that motivations behind migration are categorically the same, this approach favours some migrants over others.By creating dichotomous migration categories, focusing on destination countries and their economic prosperity and largely overlooking the conflicts triggering migration, neo-liberal approaches, perhaps unintentionally, pave the way for othering and discriminatory discourses. Consequently migration is considered as a ‘problem of receiving countries’. Then governance of migration focuses on efforts in border security and control. At the end, such focus on secure borders leads to human rights abuses, crime and vulnerability. In such a picture, migration is often associated with ‘crisis’ ‘problem’ ‘threat’ with a focus on the destination. The conflicts in the countries of origin are largely overlooked. Therefore such approaches fail to capture the whole picture as well as missing the dynamic nature of mobility.&nbsp;This study critically approaches neo-liberal stereotypes that define the migration as a problem and examines human mobility with a focus on the country of origin. In the light of ‘Conflict and Culture of Migration Model’ (Cohen and Sirkeci 2011), we aim at understanding the macro level indicators of migration. According to the ‘Conflict and Culture of Migration Model’ migration is a function of conflicts therefore all categorizations of migration are arbitrary. These categorizations often hide the importance of the beginning of migration processes. Perceived level of human insecurity is the key driver for human migration and of central importance in the Conflict Model of Migration. In this regard, we investigate the role of conflicts leading to insecurity in relation to the 3Ds. 3Ds corresponds democratic, development and demographic deficits. 3Ds pave the way for the emergence of an environment of human insecurity in the origin countries. Due to the demographic, development, democratic deficits that people in the countries of origin face, migration pressures rise. These deficits individually or cumulatively affect the conditions in the origin countries and create concerns for those living there. We show statistically that there are correlations between these 3Ds and international migration.

An Appraisal of the Conflict Model of Migration with Reference to Democratic, Development and Demographic Deficits

Selda

Violence is a social matter of fact that we face with at every stage of daily life. Violence against women and children, as one of the forms of violence, is a very important problem in Turkey as it is seen in many part of the world. In general, while each person has the right to have a life far away from violence, millions of women and children in the world are exposed to physical, sexual, economical and/or emotional forms of violence every year and particularly children have to witness violence. Children, who have to witness the violence against women as the subject of violence and who are sometimes exposed to various forms of violence, and their mothers take shelter in women’s shelters as an important instrument to intervene in violence against women. As it can be observed from women’s shelter practice, the interventions for prevention of violence against women and domestic violence are generally considered from the part of women and children and the individual who commits violence is usually excluded from those interventions. Because women and children are the people who are the most affected from the problem of violence. The children, who grow up in a violent environment and begin to stay in women’s shelters, move away from their own social environment, and are faced with various problems in their adulthood since they witness violence and/or experience violence. It is seen that the individuals who live in a violent environment as children may experience problems such as alcoholism, depression, drug addiction, suicide, aggression and also may be under risk as they may be the perpetrators or victims of domestic violence (Nadir, 2017). In addition, children are the ones who are in the worst situation in violent environments in every way. Children turn into mere objects and are rejected by their mothers and/or fathers, who consider them as the source of negative situations and problems, and as a result they are subjected to violence.Women’s shelters are the temporarily living spaces for women who are exposed to domination of gender ideology in various forms and do not have the material and moral support for them and their children in order to struggle with this domination of gender ideology (Bayrakçeken-Tüzel ve Gediz-Gelegen, 2010, p. 44). This study aims to reveal the types of services and support programs (psychological, economical, health and education services, etc) provided for children staying in women’s shelters subjected to local administrations in Ankara and the qualifications of these provided services. In this scope, the in-depth interviews were made with 43 women staying in a women’s shelter by using semi-structured questionnaire forms. The goal-oriented method was followed in the selection of participants in the study. The women, who were exposed to violence and had been staying in women’s shelter for at least two weeks, were included in the study. The length of stay in women’s shelter was determined as an important criterion for selection of participants. The interviews lasted until any new and different was not obtained from the women who were interviewed. Also, the assessments of the staff working in the women’s shelter were included in order to have information about the support and services provided for children staying in the shelter.After the theoretical background of questions of the research was presented and the existing condition was analysed by using various reports and similar literature, the assessments and experiences of the women staying in women’s shelter and the professionals working in women’s shelter related to the services and support provided for children were analysed.It was determined as a result of this research that the children are the most affected by violence against women and become subjects of secondary abuse since they are exposed to the violence, witness it before moving to the shelter and have to listen to stories about violence when they stay in the shelter. The most important outcomes of this research are that the qualification of many services and support such as psychological, economical, health and education services for children in the women’s shelter in which the research was conducted is not sufficient, the women are prioritized and the children are the forgotten subjects in the women’s shelter. These insufficient support and services prevent children staying in this women’s shelter from showing their own potential. Because, experiencing or witnessing violence is a factor that affects many children at school such as their academic success and their relationships with peers or social environment and the risk/probability to become the perpetrators or victims of violence as adults in the future. In this study, it is considered that this barrier and risk condition is the ‘structural violence’ referred to by Galtung and violence against children, who are the forgotten subjects in women’s shelter, may be considered in this frame. In addition, there are very few studies and research conducted in Turkey related to the children who experience violence together with their mothers and who live in women’s shelters and the services provided for these children in women’s shelters. This study aims to pioneer for future studies in this very limited field of research, and to determine policies and practices to be developed for children staying in women’s shelters.

Forgotten Subjects of Violence Against Women: Children in Women’s Shelters

Hülya

Zeynep

The aging of the world population is a concern of all developed and developing countries, including Turkey, owing to the increasing financial burden of providing care and social services to the elderly. According to Eurostat 2018 data, 19.4% of the population in the EU-28 countries is 65 or more years old; in 2050, this share will reach 29.1%. France has the second highest number of immigrants in EU-28 countries. While the overall proportion of elderly immigrants living in European countries is 14.3%; France has a rate of 21.8%.European countries started accepting mass numbers of migrant workers from developing countries in the 1950s and 1960s with bilateral agreements to address labor shortages in Europe. Initially, migrant “guest workers” were perceived favorably for their contributions to the workforce. However, once migrants ceased working, grew older and more settled in their host countries, they were seen as problems due to the cost of social and health care services. Although population aging represents a demographic problem, elderly immigrant populations are in a more disadvantaged position due to their language, financial and cultural isolation in the host countries.In this study, we offer a definition of old age. Then we will discuss the problems of elderly immigrants living in France along three dimensions: On a macro level, we focus on structural origins of the aging migrant problem such as low salaries and housing problems; on a mezzo level, the role of family, neighborhood, and associations; and at the micro level we look at how individual elderly immigrants experience these problems.Old age, which was a symbol of respectability in the traditional family structures in pre- industrial societies, has changed its meaning and form in today’s modern societies. Recent research addresses the problems experienced by elderly immigrants, and the social construction of the elderly immigrant figure as social problem in Europe, specifically France.Following the report about “Elderly Migrants” presented in the French National Assembly in 2013, elderly migrants’ problems entered the public agenda as a problem with which there needs to be intervention. This report was a turning point in the view of the problems of elderly migrants living in France. According to this report, the most important problem for successful aging is determined as low income. We determined that the problems experienced by elderly immigrants in France can be grouped under 3 headings:(1) Living in limbo between the country of origin and the country of immigration: Belongingness Issues. Immigrants who define themselves as “workers” in their country of immigration, after leaving employment and aging, move into the unworthy position as “elderly migrant” in France. As such, they are not fully integrated and the need for reconnecting with the country of origin increases. As a result, immigrants search for a solution to the “double absence, double asset” dilemma. Migrants who have lost their reasons for existence in the country after retirement cannot return to their countries of origin. On the one hand, based on psychological, social, cultural and physical factors, they are shifting in between while living in social isolation in France. On the other hand, they feel useful in sending money back to the country of origin. In this case, staying in France is not a choice, but a must. In the discussion of aging and migration phenomenon, cultural influences are also important.(2) Socioeconomic problems: Social exclusion and isolation. According to the 2013 the report, elderly migrants contend with low income, language barriers and poor housing conditions in migrant workers’ lodgings. These problems result in the economic and social isolation of immigrants from society. To deal with this social exclusion, Muslim migrants use mosques to socialize and feel connected.&nbsp;(3) Inequalities in health outcomes and access to health care social services. Exposure of migrant workers to challenging work conditions throughout their careers contributes to premature health deterioration and poor health outcomes. Yet they are disadvantaged in accessing health care and social services. One of the reasons for this is that culturally sensitive services are not sufficiently provided in European countries. The study entitled “Transition of Immigrants into Old Age” portrays the poor health outcomes for migrants in France. According to this research, one of every two migrants has experienced an occupational illness, work-related health problems, or on-the-job accidents.For future social interventions, policy makers should take into account that older migrants are not homogenous. They differ significantly based on their gender, socio-economic status, and cultural characteristics. The highlight of this study is that problems should be dealt with using a holistic perspective. Elderly migrants are too often seen as having outlived their usefulness in France to the extent that their social needs are either relegated to internal support networks or ignored by the larger society. We call for their full integration in the French social contract through policy changes.

From “Guest Worker” to “Elderly Immigrant” Problems of Aging Migrants in Europe: The Example of France

Metehan

The crisis of 2007-2008 has provided fertile ground for questioning the adequacy of theoretical tools to examine economic crises. This study, therefore, suggests alternative interpretations of the ‘Great Recession’ to understand the inner dynamics of the crisis by opposing the form of casual relationships in academic literature. In many respects, ‘Great Recession’ was an unprecedented phenomenon that the capitalist system has experienced. Therefore, arising from the fact that there are a variety of different explanations for the causes of the crisis, the main aim of this study is to develop a better understanding of the ‘Great Recession’. To that end, the first chapter intends to summarize the main arguments of mainstream economics on a conceptual basis. Not surprisingly, mainstream economics asserted that the capitalist system is not inherently unstable, thereby embracing a vision that is based on the metaphor, “black swan”. According to this vision, crises are exogenous to the capitalist system and very rarely occur. However, there might be several theoretical arguments to explain the roots of economic crises, such as excessive government intervention, misguided policies, and agency problems. What remains clear in this theoretical framework is that the crisis is not a systemic failure, thereby rejecting alternative explanations. Such expositions are unsatisfactory because the concept of economic crisis, irrespective of their causes, is an inevitable fact in the capitalist system. As a consequence of challenging mainstream insights and adopting a heterodox vision, this study seeks to provide alternative explanations for interpreting the crisis beyond well-known stories. The first section, therefore, summarizes main arguments of Marxist theories by both focusing on conventional explanations and relating them to the current crisis. Having its roots in heterodox arguments, the study highlights possible alternative explanations for the ‘Great Recession’. First point, combining Radice and Brenner’s theories, addresses the neoliberalism and class theory as the cause of the crisis by pointing out that the capitalist system is already in crisis. In the second explanation, Dumenil and Levy, additional to neoliberalism, locate their emphasis on the notion of hegemony and argues that the crisis is an outcome of neoliberalism and hegemony in an US-driven capitalist world. Unlike abovementioned mechanisms, Lapavitsas offers an analytical apparatus to understand the crisis, ‘financialization’. According to Lapavitsas, it is not possible to envisage a crisis without putting emphasis on the notion of financialization. The study, focusing on the current literature, draw attention to the Streeck’s and Varoufakis’ arguments, respectively, “buying time” and “global Minotaur”. According to Streeck, the history of capitalism should be seen as a series of crises and treated crises as historical normals for capitalism. Capitalism enters a new phase with each crisis, and new phases form the starting points of new crises. Conceptualizing historical process in three different periods; “tax state, debt state, and consolidation state”, Streeck clearly shows that capitalism, in each phase, delays its crisis by “buying time” and with different policy options, such as public debt, private debt, and austerity measures. Based on the concept of “parallax”, Varoufakis mainly tries to grasp the reality despite of the fact that many observations regarding the crisis might be both accurate and misleading. For that purpose, he uses the mythological figure, “the Minotaur” to understand the inner dynamics of the crisis. According to Varoufakis, the US,&nbsp;as a “global vacuum cleaner”, increased their twin deficits and absorbed world’s leading surplus economies and mass profits in a global scale transferred back in the form of capital inflow to the US through Wall Street: “The Crash of 2008 was what happened when a beast I call the Global Minotaur was critically wounded”.As argued by Harvey (2015a), “[t]he manner of exit from one crisis contains within itself the seeds of crises to come”. Based on Harvey’s expression, this study seeks to shed light on the possible mechanisms underlying the ‘Great Recession’, and making recommendations for future works. The main reason behind this dissertation is twofold. Firstly, the study shares the belief that crises “… can be a fecund source of both personal and social change from which people emerge far better off than before. We do not always succumb to and get lost in them. We can use them creatively” (Harvey, 2015a), therefore, conceptualizing the crisis in an accurate way is pivotal. Secondly, and lastly, as Gramsci (1992) argues, the world is in an interregnum period, “the old is dying and the new cannot be born”. That is to say that, in this interregnum period, a better future will be only possible by understanding and challenging the present moment.

Understanding the Great Recession: In Search of Alternative Interpretations

Tuğba

Conditions which were valid in solid modernity like consuming more as a means for becoming superior to others, and possessing more as a means to conspicuous consumption are gradually disappearing in liquid modern times. Today consumption has become more communal, collaborative and depends more on accessing goods and services. The idea of having possessions has left its place to access with liquid consumption. In liquid consumption instead of buying or possessing, consumers pay for their access to things as accessing to goods and services becomes more common than owning them. Access which plays an important part in the everyday life of consumers, is a kind of consumption in which an increasing number of consumers prefer to temporarily use the products and services for a certain period instead of purchasing them. Although access becomes widespread all over the world, liquid consumption has received relatively little attention from researchers. Therefore, the liquid consumption concept will be more understandable as the research in this area increases in quality and quantity.Accordingly, this paper evaluates liquid consumption in terms of the changes in consumer behavior in liquid modern times. The study consists of four chapters not including the introduction and conclusion sections. The introduction section associates the liquid consumption with liquid modernity. It is argued that with liquid modernity, the consumer becomes the individual who avoids developing permanent and solid social ties that require responsibility. The consumer seeks happiness in a constantly changing liquid culture where solidity gave its place to flexibility, and certainty gave its place to relativity and uncertainty. It is also argued that consumers develop more ephemeral relations with consumption objects rather than attaching them. Developing ephemeral relationships with objects makes it possible to constantly access and consume new objects in liquid consumption. Thus, the search for status of the consumer can no longer be achieved by having a product or a brand, but rather with more ephemeral and situational experiences. This means, consumers identify themselves with their temporary consumption experiences rather than their possessions.Following the introduction, the first chapter focuses on the theoretical background of liquid consumption by examining Bauman’s liquid modernity theory in terms of instrumentality, individuality, risk and uncertainty, and fragmentation of social life and identity. The second chapter offers a broader understanding of liquid consumption by redefining the notion of consumption in liquid modern times. The chapter argues that immateriality of consumption, and more access-based and ephemeral relationships with objects all provide a basis for liquid consumption. The transition from ownership to access, and the spread of access all over the world shows that consumers attach more importance to accessing things than having possessions. Moreover, liquid consumption is also characterized with immateriality that is a feature of the digital environment in which consumer can freely move from one identity to&nbsp;another. The chapter also argues that immaterial experiences gradually become more important for consumers than consuming material goods.The third chapter introduces dimensions of consumption as liquid and solid. In this chapter, solid consumption and liquid consumption is compared in the product and consumption practices level. The chapter argues that in liquid modern world that is dominated with ephemerality and flexibility, a more liquid/fluid form of consumption has emerged. This liquid form of consumption represents a consumption orientation around values of flexibility, mobility and detachment which provides an alternative to solid consumption that is enduring, ownership based and materialist.The fourth chapter revisits identity and consumption relation in liquid modernity. Liquid consumption has also some implications for researching consumer identity. However, consumer identity under liquid conditions has not been adequately researched. Therefore, this chapter attempts to answer how consumer identity is transformed with liquid consumption in liquid modern conditions. The chapter argues that in liquid modern times, consumer identity has become more liquid as the objects that consumers value are not long-lasting and constantly changing. This makes attachment to possessions more problematic with liquid identity projects. Thus, contrary to ownership where solid relationships are developed with possessions, access becomes a more temporary form of consumption that provides flexibility and adaptability to liquid consumer identity.The conclusion section evaluates liquid consumption by offering a deeper understanding of consumer object relationships in liquid modernity. In this section, it is pointed out that liquid consumption has dramatically altered the consumer behavior. In last decade consumers who were identifying themselves with the consumption objects they own, now express their identity through accessing, sharing or collaborating with almost no possessions. This means, what we experience is becoming more important than what we have in defining ourselves in a world where ownership is no longer the ultimate expression of consumer desire. This may also implicate that there may be an increase in the consumption of access-based goods and services in the near future.

Escape from Burdens of Ownership to Freedom of Access: A Conceptual Framework for Liquid Consumption

Ebulfez

The rich ideas of Ibn Khaldun, one of the most important thinkers in Islamic history, on subjects like society, history, politics, city, country, and civilization have influenced many thinkers and scholars in the East and the West. Ibn Khaldun’s political and social thought has aroused great interest in the Eurasia region, where the Russian language is commonly spoken. A large number of books, theses, and papers have been written about Ibn Khaldun during the USSR and post-USSR periods in different countries in the region. During the Soviet period, Ibn Khaldun’s ideas were tackled in philosophical, historical, and sociological dimensions, and his views on state and society were analyzed by scholars such as Batsiyeva, Barthold, Kirabayev, İgnatenko, and Smirnov. It is seen that the majority of the works from that period bear the ideological forms of that period, especially the historical materialist perspective. Studies which approached Ibn Khaldun from a Marxist perspective treat mainly his views on economics and history. Those who examined Ibn Khaldun’s views on economics claimed that economics constitutes the main dynamics of social change/transformation in his thought. However, Ibn Khaldun has been studied by relying generally on disciplines such as philosophy, sociology, politics, and economics.A significant part of the analyses on Ibn Khaldun during the Soviet era were about his works concerning methodology and philosophy of history. Ibn Khaldun’s works have an important place particularly in scientific research about the history of Islam. Likewise in the post-USSR period, there is a growing interest in Ibn Khaldun’s scientific (ilim) tradition, and several works and dissertations were produced on the subject in both Russia and the newly independent Turkic Republics. In this period, many studies have elaborated Ibn Khaldun’s thoughts on the state, economics, society, and education. Besides, it should be noted that not all parts of Muqaddimah were examined. Researchers have usually emphasized only a certain part of Muqaddimah while trying to present a holistic picture of his concept. It also appears that may researchers tend to compare Ibn Khaldun’s ideas with European philosophers, sociologists, political economists, and culturalists of later periods. In these studies, analyses were done about the conceptualizations of Ibn Khaldun on power and state. In addition, an emphasis was put on his social-philosophical and historical-philosophical views by investigating their place in Ibn Khaldun’s philosophy. In this respect, Zolotuhin’s dissertation should be highlighted. Indeed, he attempts to handle the concepts in Muqaddimah in a holistic approach and, relying on Smirnov’s methodology, determines their relations and connections by revealing the meanings of the main concepts.At the same time, considering that Muqaddimah has not yet been translated to Russian, it can be said that Russian studies on Ibn Khaldun are not adequate. This situation is due to the fact that it is very difficult to translate Ibn Khaldun’s terminology to translate from Arabic to other languages. This hardship is experienced in approaching his works as well. That is why the analyses about Ibn Khaldun remain in a narrow scope in which scholars’ views happen to be repetitive in various aspects. It is observed that there has been a growing interest for Islamic thinkers as a return to tradition in Turkic Republics that gained independence after the collapse of USSR in 1991. Accordingly, Ibn Khaldun has been one of those figures. Especially his concept asabiyyah has been frequently used in order to clarify new circumstances emerged after these countries have become independent. It should be pointed out that in Azerbaijan more studies done on Ibn Khaldun as researchers from Azerbaijan have the means to benefit from Turkish sources along with the Russian ones. Besides Azerbaijan, researchers from the Republic of Tajikistan are also interested in Ibn Khaldun’s thought. However, in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, Ibn Khaldun-related works are limited to the sections about his views on state government in political science books, and encyclopedia entries.

Studies on Ibn Khaldun and His Thought in Eurasia: Soviet and Post-Soviet Periods

Tahsin

Ulusun Ölümü ve Arap Devriminin Geleceği

Veysel

CALL FOR PAPER

Aykut

Nihal

Effects of February 6, 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes on Housing Preferences vis-à-vis Sociology of Disasters

Filiz

Ömür

Assist. Prof. Dr.

Mert

Prof. Dr.

Süleyman

A New Era of Capital Structure Choices in Technology Firms: Insights on Cultural Dimensions

Leyla

Özlem

Dynamics of Fulfillment: A Comparative Exploration of Life Satisfaction in European Muslim and Christian Communities

Serpil

Stress and Quality of Life: The Mediating Role of Happiness

Gülçin

Lecturer

Role of Green Taxes on Economic Growth Goals of Sustainable Development Directly and Through Environmental Performance: A System GMM Approach

Yaroslava

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

Natalya

Olena

Tetiana

Kateryna

Evaluating the Influence of Taxation Levels on the Degree of Economic Freedom of Countries

Ozan

Tacit Racism Toward Roma Students: The Case of a Turkish Public School

Sedat

Ahmet

A Scale Development Study Regarding the Effects of Organized Industrial Zones on Regional Development: The Organized Industrial Zones Perception Scale

Gökhan

Şenay

Sibel

Is COVID-19 an Advantage to Disadvantaged Groups? Evidence from Administrative Data on Working Hours in Turkey

Visama

Dheeba

COVID-19 and Emergency Migration to Remote Teaching in a Public University in the Maldives: Challenges, Solutions, and Lessons Learned

Umut

Öğretim Görevlisi Dr.

Osman

A Novel Operationalization Approach in Generation Phenomenon: Insights  and Implications from Turkey’s Generational Dynamics

Mohammad

Hacı

Tavakkol

Ebrahim

Analysis of Liquid Migration as a Manifestation of Migration-based Lifestyle in the Third Millennium Using a Qualitative Approach

Mahmut

Matjaz

Hayri

Artificial Intelligence Bias and the Amplification of Inequalities in the Labor Market

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Fatma

Atılhan

The Effect of Psychological Contract Breach on Organizational Silence: The Moderating Effect of Psychological Capital

Mesut

Strategic Management in IT Companies in Türkiye: Examining Strategic Statements

Kemal

Şenol

The Working Class Culture in Bursa

Gamze

Fuat

Strategies of Refugee Children in Response to Ethnic Categorization and Social Exclusion in Konya

Adviye

Berrin

Hakan

Working and Living Conditions of Women Migrant Domestic Workers in Istanbul during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Abdullah

Measuring Beliefs in Conspiracy Theories: Developing the Turkish Conspiracy Mentality Scale (TCMS)

Betül

Zuhal

Sulukule Transition: Impact on Municipal Destigmatization and Stigma Stickiness

Nabila

The Problem of Early-Age Marriage in Afghanistan

Roza

The Shadow of Crime: Impact on Prison Experiences and Recidivism Tendency

Hatice

Senay

Şehnaz

The Nexuses between Community Attachment, Tourism Support, and Cultural Heritage Protection in the Bektashi Faith Destination: The Roles of Perceived Tourism Impacts and Residency Length

Mithat

Analyzing Symbolic Violence Phenomenon in Project Schools

Deepfake Dilemmas: Imagine Tomorrow’s Surveillance Society through Three Scenarios

Terence

Nilüfer

Aslı

Aging Well and the Intersection of Flourishing, Connectedness, and Sense of Meaningfulness in a Changing World: Implications for Personal and Societal Responsibility

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Philip L.

President Trump and Migration Policy

For various migrant groups, Turkey has been a transit country for many years. However, due to the ongoing civil war in Syria, Turkey has become the number one destination for Syrian refugees, and now hosts the largest refugee group in the world. This transformation has attracted the attention of different academic disciplines such as law, social policy, social work, psychology and sociology, and especially in politics and media, it has emerged as one of the most debated subjects in recent years. As a result, scholarly researches in increasing numbers have attempted to examine the phenomenon of forced migration from different dimensions, such as security, policy, education, health and gender. However, when considering studies examining forced migration from a gender perspective, it is seen that the studies mostly focus on women because they are more exposed to problems. This situation, which is added to the negative representation of refugee men in the host societies, causes the experience of male refugees to be invisible, and the social aid practices directed towards refugees are less susceptible to the problems of men. Based on this point, this study aims to analyze the problems of male refugees that cannot be seen because of their negative representations, and to discuss them based on social work and aid policies. In line with this purpose, the study was designed as a qualitative research. The working sample of the study consists of 17 male refugees from various nationalities residing in Eskişehir and five specialists who are working in the field of humanitarian aid. Data were collected by semi-structured interviews. The findings of the study indicate that some refugee men are exposed to many social problems, like women, such as discrimination and violence with reference to their gender. Male refugees are experiencing tensions because of their responsibility to support the family. At the same time, they are excluded from migration regulations and social aids aimed at solving these tensions. According to the findings, most of the participants have difficulties in accessing basic needs, such as employment and housing, because of the misrepresentation of masculinity of the male refugees. Although providing for the family is accepted as a male responsibility especially in economic terms, tensions arise because male refugees cannot fulfill this responsibility alone. This situation increases the problems of male refugees in the asylum process, while imposing a passive role at home for refugee women. In addition to difficult situations male refugees experience only because of their gender, their exclusion from migration regulations and social benefits makes their asylum process even more difficult. As a result, it can be concluded that social aid policies and the above-mentioned researches consider the masculinity of male refugees as a typical category in the form of constant hegemonic power against femininity. For this reason, it should primarily be accepted that there is no universal masculin ity that is always advantageous over femininity. The masculinity is also shaped and harmed by patriarchy. For masculinity is not a universal category, it is a dynamic gender identity shaped by historical and cultural conditions, just like femininity. In this respect, it is necessary to think of masculinity as a heterogeneous structure. Indeed, males with different conditions, just like women, may also be in exploited positions. Forced migration is one of these conditions. The forced migration process can make men and women suffer. Of course, it is wrong to say that in the process of forced migration, all male refugees could be in disadvantaged positions. However, social aid policies and researches seeing the masculinity as a universal category rather than a culturally constructed phenomenon, miss an important point: not all males can be equally advantageous in the patriarchal order. In other words, the idea that gender perceptions may have negative effects on men as much as they have on women should be a starting point for gaining further insights into the matter. Scholarly inquiries in this context should be aimed at a better understanding of the multiple structures of masculinity during the course of forced migration, and the inclusion of male refugees in social aid practices as visible actors.

The Invisible Actors of Forced Migration: Male Refugees in The Context of Representation and Gender

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Halil

Semanur

Although there has been an environment in which global neo-mercantilist protectionist policies have increased in recent times and the countries have further tightened immigration policies, the increase in bilateral trade and migration among the countries remains the two most important results of globalization. Some authors who address the relationship between these two outcomes of globalization have developed a theory that a country’s migration affects trade activities between the host country and the emigrant source country. Gould (1991) stated that this relationship could be realized through two mechanisms. The first is the increase in the import of the host country from the source country as a result of migrants carrying their consumption habits to the host country. The other mechanism is that transaction costs incurred in the process of acquiring information and establishing a trade relationship will be reduced due to immigrants. This is the reason why immigrants’ native language is frequently used and known in the host country and that migrants carry information about their consumption preferences in their own countries to the host country. It is stated that bilateral trade between countries will increase by means of these interaction mechanisms.In the literature, a large number of empirical studies were encountered, which examined the relationship between international trade and international migration for different countries. In these studies, the bilateral trade relations between the immigrant-receiving country, which is a center of attraction, and the emigrant countries were analyzed. From this point of view, this study aims to examine the relationship between international trade and migration for Germany, which is the center of attraction of Europe. Germany is the country with the highest number of immigrants among the European Union countries and the share of Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries is very high among the emigrant countries in Europe. In view of this situation, in the study, it was aimed to examine whether the migration of Germany from the mentioned countries was effective in the foreign trade activities with these countries.CEE countries, based on the definition of the OECD have been determined as Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. In the study covering the data set from 2000 to 2016, a panel gravity model was used.In the study the dependent variables are export and import while the independent variables are the number of immigrants, GDP and per capita GDP of the emigrant countries, the distance between the host country and emigrant countries, and the dummy variable which represents the Customs Union memberships of the countries.In the study, which was modeled for both export and import, findings showed that there was not any significant relationship between the migration and foreign trade of Germany. In the study, which was modeled for both export and import, findings showed that there was not any significant relationship between the migration to Germany and the foreign trade of Germany with CEE countries. On the other hand, GDP, per capita GDP, distance and dummy variables were found to be significant in the model in which export is the dependent variable. According to this, a positive relationship was found&nbsp;between the GDP level of CEE countries and Germany’s exports in accordance with theoretical expectation. On the other hand, there is a negative relationship between GDP per capita in CEE countries and Germany’s exports, contrary to theoretical expectation. Accordingly, per capita income, which represents the level of welfare in CEE countries, reduces imports from Germany. This situation, which is contrary to theoretical expectation, is thought to be related to the fact that these countries are former Soviet Union countries. The distance variable has a negative effect on the export, in line with the expectation. The dummy variable added to determine the impact of the Customs Union membership of the CEE countries revealed a statistically significant and positive relationship. In other words, countries’ membership to the Customs Union positively affects the export of Germany. In the import model, only the Customs Union dummy variable was significant. Accordingly, the membership of the CEE countries to the Customs Union has an increasing impact on Germany’s imports.In summary, it can be stated that Germany did not see an increase in exports from migration. On the other hand, it can be stated that both sides of the relationship are benefiting from regional integration through Customs Union membership.

Analysis of Gravity Model on the Relationship Between Foreign Trade and Immigration: The Case of Germany

Reyhan

Introduction The aim of this study was to reveal the effects of internal migration on poverty in Turkey. In other words, in addition to the many factors that affect poverty, determining how and on what level interregional migration affects poverty is one of the main purposes of the study. The focus of the study were 12 regions in Level 1 and qualitative and quantitative methods were applied together using secondary data. The main purpose of the study is to reveal how migration that took place in the recent past and the differentiation between the regions had an effect on poverty and thus, to guide the policymakers and relevant actors. The aim of the study was to suggest opinions about which regions the individuals, who were forced to migrate due to socio-economic reasons, should incline towards and thus, to reveal alternative migration routes. Another aim of this study is to reveal the final outcomes of migration for the individuals who were living in relatively behind regions and whose poverty had become chronic in creating added value. Thus, it might be possible to determine the impact on individual wealth for those who migrate or those who choose an alternative to migration and to suggest policies.&nbsp;Literature Summary The following studies, which analyze the relationship between poverty and migration, were used as a reference in this study: Bustillo and Anton (2009), Chapman and Bernstein (2003), Güneş (2009), Martin and Taylor (2003), Raphael and Smolensky (2008), Tümtaş (2009), Suro et al. (2011), Tümtaş and Ergun (2014), and to Yıldız and Alaeddinoğlu (2011). In all of this research, it was emphasized that poverty changes with migration and most of the studies drew attention to the effect of migration from rural areas.&nbsp;Econometric Analysis The aim of this study was to reveal the effects of migration in 12 regions in Level 1 segregation of TSI on national and regional poverty. Accordingly, the necessary data set was obtained by determining indicators in accordance with the studies conducted on the relationship between poverty and migration. The used data is from 2008-2014 and was obtained from TSI on Level 1. Subsequently, the created model was estimated with panel data analysis. The econometric problems that were encountered during the analysis were corrected with necessary operations and thus, efficient estimators were obtained.InNumberOfPoorPeopleit= α + β1 lnDependencyit+ β2 lnMigrationit+ β3 lnAgricultural_Empit + β4 lnGNPPCit+ β5 lnAgricultural_Migrationit+ eit InNumberOfPoorPeopleit Number of poor individuals lnDependencyit Total age dependency ratio lnMigrationit The migration that the region receives lnAgricultural_Empit Agricultural employment lnGNPPCit Gross national product per capita (dollar) lnAgricultural_Migrationit Migration from the regions in which the agricultural sector has 6% or more share in the regional GDP (regions in which agricultural employment and production have become relatively prominent) to other regions. i Region t Date (Year)Findings and Evaluation The obtained results reveal that the relationship between the dependency ratio, migration and GNPPC are not statistically significant. However, it was observed that agriculture-based migration decreases the total number of poor people. In other words, an increase in agricultural migration by 100%, decreases the number of poor people in the country by approximately 49%. This result proves that a good number of individuals who migrate from rural to urban areas do not bring their poverty with them by finding new job opportunities. That is, by leaving the agriculture sector, the migration into regions where industry and services are prominent significantly decreases the number of poor people in the country. As a result of the analysis, it can be stated that the autonomous poverty in the discussed regions which can’t be explained with independent variables are different from each other. In other words, the effect of independent variables, such as rural migration, differs in regions in the reduction of poverty with the TR1-Istanbul region ranking first in terms of the magnitude of this effect. According to this ranking which is followed by the TR-3 Aegean and TR6-Mediterranean Regions, it can be stated that other factors which were not included in the model affected the poverty of these regions. This study in which the relationship between poverty and migration was discussed indicates that rural-based migration has a significant effect on poverty. At this point, it should not be overlooked that the knowledge-skill levels of migrated individuals would change the magnitude and direction of this effect. In other words, since agricultural-based migration is effective in the reduction of the number of poor people, this effect can be positively increased by educating the migrating population.

The Effect of Internal Migration on Regional Poverty in Turkey: The Determining Role of the Agricultural Sector

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Journal of Economy, Culture and Society is an open access and peer-reviewed scholarly journal published biannually in June and December. It has been the official publication of the Methodology and Sociology Research Center at the Istanbul University Faculty of Economics since 1960. Starting from the 57th issue, published in 2018, the journal changed its name from “The Istanbul Journal of Sociological Studies / Sosyoloji Konferansları” to Journal of Economy, Culture and Society.
 
As of 2022 the publication language of the journal is only English and the print version has been stopped; the journal continues as an electronic only journal. The manuscripts submitted for publication in the journal must be scientific work in English.

Journal of Economy, Culture and Society is dedicated to the unlimited circulation of high quality academic contributions relevant to the field of Sociology, with an international focus. The journal provides a forum for exploring issues mainly in Sociology, but also welcomes manuscripts from other disciplines that are suitable for international and interdisciplinary audiences. The target group of the journal comprises academicians, researchers, professionals, students, related professionals and academic bodies and institutions.

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TR Dizin

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Journal of Economy Culture and Society

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Journal of Economy, Culture and Society is an open access and peer-reviewed scholarly journal published biannually in June and December. It has been the official publication of the Methodology and Sociology Research Center at the Istanbul University Faculty of Economics since 1960. Starting from the 57th issue, published in 2018, the journal changed its name from “The Istanbul Journal of Sociological Studies / Sosyoloji Konferansları” to Journal of Economy, Culture and Society. Journal of Economy, Culture and Society aims to provide a forum for exploring social, economic and cultural issues with an international focus. Because of the interdisciplinary and international character of the journal, manuscripts that are not suitable for an interdisciplinary and international audience should be submitted to more appropriate venues.  As of 2022, the publication language of the journal is only English. Therefore, the manuscripts submitted for publication must be scientific and original work in English. Preference will be given to manuscripts that make clear empirical contributions and/or comprise methodological and theoretical innovations.

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<ul><li>Web of Science - Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)</li><li>TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR Dizin</li><li>DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals)</li><li>ProQuest Central   </li><li>ProQuest Turkey Database    </li><li>ProQuest Social Sciences Database     </li><li>ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection​</li><li>EBSCO Central &amp; Eastern European Academic Source</li><li>EBSCO Sociology Source Ultimate</li><li>RePEc IDEAS</li><li>RePEc EconPapers</li><li>Erih Plus</li><li>SOBİAD</li></ul>

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The journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> The subjects covered in the manuscripts submitted to the Journal for publication must be in accordance with the aim and scope of the Journal. Only those manuscripts approved by every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Changing the name of an author (omission, addition or order) in papers submitted to the Journal requires written permission of all declared authors.Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unethical behaviors. All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. Plagiarism Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. If plagiarism/self-plagiarism will be found authors will be informed. Editors may resubmit manuscript for similarity check at any peer-review or production stage if required. High similarity scores may lead to rejection of a manuscript before and even after acceptance. Depending on the type of article and the percentage of similarity score taken from each article, the overall similarity score is generally expected to be less than 15 or 20%. Double Blind Peer-Review After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by the editors-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The editor provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles and hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

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The journal is an open access journal and all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read" target="_blank">BOAI</a> definition of open access.The open access articles in the journal are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) license.

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Journal of Economy Culture and Society is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publishers) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

Ethics

The journal adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.-    Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.-    The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.-    The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.-    Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.-    Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.-    The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.-    In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.-    If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.-    In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/58A51CDB5B23462FBD0E47E0A50DCDF2" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>. The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.The editor hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for double-blind peer review evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Peer Review

Issue Type	Regular
Editor(s)	Veysel Bozkurt
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