Philip L.

President Trump and Migration Policy

Evgenii

Migration and Security in Northeast Asia: Political Aspects

Olga

The Entrepreneurial Activity of Chinese Migrants on the Border Areas of Russia and China at the Turn of the Centuries: the Features of “Shuttle” Migration in the Context of State and Regional Policy

Pınar

Assist. Prof.

Adding the “New” Inhabitant to the Design of Urban Area and Social Work for Refugees

Filiz

Assoc. Prof.

Mehmet

For various migrant groups, Turkey has been a transit country for many years. However, due to the ongoing civil war in Syria, Turkey has become the number one destination for Syrian refugees, and now hosts the largest refugee group in the world. This transformation has attracted the attention of different academic disciplines such as law, social policy, social work, psychology and sociology, and especially in politics and media, it has emerged as one of the most debated subjects in recent years. As a result, scholarly researches in increasing numbers have attempted to examine the phenomenon of forced migration from different dimensions, such as security, policy, education, health and gender. However, when considering studies examining forced migration from a gender perspective, it is seen that the studies mostly focus on women because they are more exposed to problems. This situation, which is added to the negative representation of refugee men in the host societies, causes the experience of male refugees to be invisible, and the social aid practices directed towards refugees are less susceptible to the problems of men. Based on this point, this study aims to analyze the problems of male refugees that cannot be seen because of their negative representations, and to discuss them based on social work and aid policies. In line with this purpose, the study was designed as a qualitative research. The working sample of the study consists of 17 male refugees from various nationalities residing in Eskişehir and five specialists who are working in the field of humanitarian aid. Data were collected by semi-structured interviews. The findings of the study indicate that some refugee men are exposed to many social problems, like women, such as discrimination and violence with reference to their gender. Male refugees are experiencing tensions because of their responsibility to support the family. At the same time, they are excluded from migration regulations and social aids aimed at solving these tensions. According to the findings, most of the participants have difficulties in accessing basic needs, such as employment and housing, because of the misrepresentation of masculinity of the male refugees. Although providing for the family is accepted as a male responsibility especially in economic terms, tensions arise because male refugees cannot fulfill this responsibility alone. This situation increases the problems of male refugees in the asylum process, while imposing a passive role at home for refugee women. In addition to difficult situations male refugees experience only because of their gender, their exclusion from migration regulations and social benefits makes their asylum process even more difficult. As a result, it can be concluded that social aid policies and the above-mentioned researches consider the masculinity of male refugees as a typical category in the form of constant hegemonic power against femininity. For this reason, it should primarily be accepted that there is no universal masculin ity that is always advantageous over femininity. The masculinity is also shaped and harmed by patriarchy. For masculinity is not a universal category, it is a dynamic gender identity shaped by historical and cultural conditions, just like femininity. In this respect, it is necessary to think of masculinity as a heterogeneous structure. Indeed, males with different conditions, just like women, may also be in exploited positions. Forced migration is one of these conditions. The forced migration process can make men and women suffer. Of course, it is wrong to say that in the process of forced migration, all male refugees could be in disadvantaged positions. However, social aid policies and researches seeing the masculinity as a universal category rather than a culturally constructed phenomenon, miss an important point: not all males can be equally advantageous in the patriarchal order. In other words, the idea that gender perceptions may have negative effects on men as much as they have on women should be a starting point for gaining further insights into the matter. Scholarly inquiries in this context should be aimed at a better understanding of the multiple structures of masculinity during the course of forced migration, and the inclusion of male refugees in social aid practices as visible actors.

The Invisible Actors of Forced Migration: Male Refugees in The Context of Representation and Gender

Ayşe

Despite recent advances, critical areas in the analysis of European migration remain underdeveloped. We have only a limited understanding of the consequences of migration for migrants and their descendants, relative to staying behind; and our insights of intergenerational transmission is limited to two generations of those living in the destination countries. These limitations stem from a scarcity of studies and data that include comparisons with those left behind and return migrants – in origin countries and which trace processes of intergenerational transmission over multiple generations in the migration context. Typical research on migrants and their descendants compares their whereabouts to natives or other migrant groups in the destination countries. However, to understand and reveal the impact of migration and change and stability after migration, research should take into account how migrants and their offspring compare to those non-migrants in the origin societies.This paper outlines the theoretical and methodological discussions in the field, design and data of the 2,000 Families: Migration Histories of Turks in Europe study. It is estimated that more than five million people of Turkish descent live in Western Europe, making it one of the largest migrant groups in Europe. The fact that it is so large makes it of real interest, because research shows that the larger the migrant group, the slower the integration processes. Furthermore, Turks in Europe are predominantly Muslims or have Islamic background, which forms another important feature to investigate their migration, dissimilation and integration trajectories.The 2000 Families research is an unprecedented study that has interviewed some 50,000 Turkish people – both migrants and non-migrants about their education, jobs, marriage, religion, friendships and family, and attitudes to gender and tradition. It begins with 2,000 Turkish men born between 1920 and 1945 from five distinct regions in Turkey. It then tracks the journeys of 1,600 of them to nine European countries as guest workers, and continues to follow their lives and those of their children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren. It furthermore traces the family genealogies of approximately 400 non-migrant ancestors from the same sending regions (Sarkışla, Akçaabat, Kulu, Emirdağ and Acıpayam) of the pioneer guest workers.This paper introduces the unique design of the 2000 Families study, and its datasets, and discusses the research potential for future research. It provides some core findings from the study, framed within a theoretical perspective of “dissimilation from origins”, and reflects on its potential for future migration research in all fields of the social sciences. By tracing the family lineages of both migrants and non-migrants, the survey broadens the scope of research to include multi-generational transmission and the influence of grandparents on grandchildren. By covering early labour migrants and their descendants spread across eight host societies, it allows an exploration of the likely cross-country differences in the economic, social, cultural and/or political integration of a sizeable migrant Muslim group in Europe. The survey captures return migrants, providing a rare opportunity to shed light on an understudied area.The rich datasets are stored in the GESIS data archive and are open for researchers to explore and answer hitherto unanswerable research questions on multigenerational transmission, international migration, Turkish migration, (transnational) family relations, friendship, socioeconomic, cultural, political, religious behaviour, attitudes, values and relations.Initial findings from the 2000 Families study show that migrants and their descendants do benefit from moving to Europe. Migrants and their three generations of descendants have higher education and occupational status, especially women gain more educational and employment benefits than men. They are also less likely to be in an arranged marriage, tend to have fewer children and demonstrate more gender equalitarian attitudes. The research also shows the migrants’ attachment to their home country’s culture and traditions decreased slightly over family and migration generations. The 2000 Families study illustrates how important and enlightening it is to compare migrants with non-migrants across multiple family and migration generations, rather than predominantly with natives in the destination country.

2000 Families Research: Some Findings and Potential for Future Research

Hatice Yaprak

A Critical Discussion on Turkish Students’ Thoughts about Syrians over Nation-State Teachings

Halil

Semanur

Although there has been an environment in which global neo-mercantilist protectionist policies have increased in recent times and the countries have further tightened immigration policies, the increase in bilateral trade and migration among the countries remains the two most important results of globalization. Some authors who address the relationship between these two outcomes of globalization have developed a theory that a country’s migration affects trade activities between the host country and the emigrant source country. Gould (1991) stated that this relationship could be realized through two mechanisms. The first is the increase in the import of the host country from the source country as a result of migrants carrying their consumption habits to the host country. The other mechanism is that transaction costs incurred in the process of acquiring information and establishing a trade relationship will be reduced due to immigrants. This is the reason why immigrants’ native language is frequently used and known in the host country and that migrants carry information about their consumption preferences in their own countries to the host country. It is stated that bilateral trade between countries will increase by means of these interaction mechanisms.In the literature, a large number of empirical studies were encountered, which examined the relationship between international trade and international migration for different countries. In these studies, the bilateral trade relations between the immigrant-receiving country, which is a center of attraction, and the emigrant countries were analyzed. From this point of view, this study aims to examine the relationship between international trade and migration for Germany, which is the center of attraction of Europe. Germany is the country with the highest number of immigrants among the European Union countries and the share of Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries is very high among the emigrant countries in Europe. In view of this situation, in the study, it was aimed to examine whether the migration of Germany from the mentioned countries was effective in the foreign trade activities with these countries.CEE countries, based on the definition of the OECD have been determined as Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. In the study covering the data set from 2000 to 2016, a panel gravity model was used.In the study the dependent variables are export and import while the independent variables are the number of immigrants, GDP and per capita GDP of the emigrant countries, the distance between the host country and emigrant countries, and the dummy variable which represents the Customs Union memberships of the countries.In the study, which was modeled for both export and import, findings showed that there was not any significant relationship between the migration and foreign trade of Germany. In the study, which was modeled for both export and import, findings showed that there was not any significant relationship between the migration to Germany and the foreign trade of Germany with CEE countries. On the other hand, GDP, per capita GDP, distance and dummy variables were found to be significant in the model in which export is the dependent variable. According to this, a positive relationship was found&nbsp;between the GDP level of CEE countries and Germany’s exports in accordance with theoretical expectation. On the other hand, there is a negative relationship between GDP per capita in CEE countries and Germany’s exports, contrary to theoretical expectation. Accordingly, per capita income, which represents the level of welfare in CEE countries, reduces imports from Germany. This situation, which is contrary to theoretical expectation, is thought to be related to the fact that these countries are former Soviet Union countries. The distance variable has a negative effect on the export, in line with the expectation. The dummy variable added to determine the impact of the Customs Union membership of the CEE countries revealed a statistically significant and positive relationship. In other words, countries’ membership to the Customs Union positively affects the export of Germany. In the import model, only the Customs Union dummy variable was significant. Accordingly, the membership of the CEE countries to the Customs Union has an increasing impact on Germany’s imports.In summary, it can be stated that Germany did not see an increase in exports from migration. On the other hand, it can be stated that both sides of the relationship are benefiting from regional integration through Customs Union membership.

Analysis of Gravity Model on the Relationship Between Foreign Trade and Immigration: The Case of Germany

Reyhan

Introduction The aim of this study was to reveal the effects of internal migration on poverty in Turkey. In other words, in addition to the many factors that affect poverty, determining how and on what level interregional migration affects poverty is one of the main purposes of the study. The focus of the study were 12 regions in Level 1 and qualitative and quantitative methods were applied together using secondary data. The main purpose of the study is to reveal how migration that took place in the recent past and the differentiation between the regions had an effect on poverty and thus, to guide the policymakers and relevant actors. The aim of the study was to suggest opinions about which regions the individuals, who were forced to migrate due to socio-economic reasons, should incline towards and thus, to reveal alternative migration routes. Another aim of this study is to reveal the final outcomes of migration for the individuals who were living in relatively behind regions and whose poverty had become chronic in creating added value. Thus, it might be possible to determine the impact on individual wealth for those who migrate or those who choose an alternative to migration and to suggest policies.&nbsp;Literature Summary The following studies, which analyze the relationship between poverty and migration, were used as a reference in this study: Bustillo and Anton (2009), Chapman and Bernstein (2003), Güneş (2009), Martin and Taylor (2003), Raphael and Smolensky (2008), Tümtaş (2009), Suro et al. (2011), Tümtaş and Ergun (2014), and to Yıldız and Alaeddinoğlu (2011). In all of this research, it was emphasized that poverty changes with migration and most of the studies drew attention to the effect of migration from rural areas.&nbsp;Econometric Analysis The aim of this study was to reveal the effects of migration in 12 regions in Level 1 segregation of TSI on national and regional poverty. Accordingly, the necessary data set was obtained by determining indicators in accordance with the studies conducted on the relationship between poverty and migration. The used data is from 2008-2014 and was obtained from TSI on Level 1. Subsequently, the created model was estimated with panel data analysis. The econometric problems that were encountered during the analysis were corrected with necessary operations and thus, efficient estimators were obtained.InNumberOfPoorPeopleit= α + β1 lnDependencyit+ β2 lnMigrationit+ β3 lnAgricultural_Empit + β4 lnGNPPCit+ β5 lnAgricultural_Migrationit+ eit InNumberOfPoorPeopleit Number of poor individuals lnDependencyit Total age dependency ratio lnMigrationit The migration that the region receives lnAgricultural_Empit Agricultural employment lnGNPPCit Gross national product per capita (dollar) lnAgricultural_Migrationit Migration from the regions in which the agricultural sector has 6% or more share in the regional GDP (regions in which agricultural employment and production have become relatively prominent) to other regions. i Region t Date (Year)Findings and Evaluation The obtained results reveal that the relationship between the dependency ratio, migration and GNPPC are not statistically significant. However, it was observed that agriculture-based migration decreases the total number of poor people. In other words, an increase in agricultural migration by 100%, decreases the number of poor people in the country by approximately 49%. This result proves that a good number of individuals who migrate from rural to urban areas do not bring their poverty with them by finding new job opportunities. That is, by leaving the agriculture sector, the migration into regions where industry and services are prominent significantly decreases the number of poor people in the country. As a result of the analysis, it can be stated that the autonomous poverty in the discussed regions which can’t be explained with independent variables are different from each other. In other words, the effect of independent variables, such as rural migration, differs in regions in the reduction of poverty with the TR1-Istanbul region ranking first in terms of the magnitude of this effect. According to this ranking which is followed by the TR-3 Aegean and TR6-Mediterranean Regions, it can be stated that other factors which were not included in the model affected the poverty of these regions. This study in which the relationship between poverty and migration was discussed indicates that rural-based migration has a significant effect on poverty. At this point, it should not be overlooked that the knowledge-skill levels of migrated individuals would change the magnitude and direction of this effect. In other words, since agricultural-based migration is effective in the reduction of the number of poor people, this effect can be positively increased by educating the migrating population.

The Effect of Internal Migration on Regional Poverty in Turkey: The Determining Role of the Agricultural Sector

This paper discusses the relations between international migration and masculinity crises, grounding on the data from the findings of a number of cross-cultural studies that focus on men’s loss of power under migration. Although the debates on migration and gender are a growing field in social sciencessince the late 1970’s, issues related to men and masculinities were not discussed until recently in this field. Critical studies on men and masculinities had developed concurrently with the debates on gender and migration on a different side of social sciences, as an ally of feminist scholarship.&nbsp;With the studies of founding scholars, such as Raewyn Connell, Michael Kimmel, Michael Messner and Jeff Hearn amongst others, this interdisciplinary field critically investigated issues such as men’s identities, experiences of being a man in different cultural contexts, men’s roles, men’s differential access to patriarchal privileges, discourses of masculinity, masculinity crises and men and masculinities’ experiences of migration lately. Connell and her colleagues emphasized that men and masculinities are neither essentialistic, nor universal. From the very beginning, this field emphasized that men and masculinities are social constructs that present social and cultural diversities and that are subject to change. Therefore, from the beginning, pluralistic notion “masculinities” became one of the trademarks of this field. Based on the notion of social construction, this field presented that masculinities are subject to “crises”, as well as possessing and being in dominant positions of patriarchal power.&nbsp;Discourses around “masculinity crises” have a quite a long history, even dating back to works of the late 19th century and early 20th century authors such as Fyodor Dostoevsky, Henry David Thoreau and Sigmund Freud. From the beginning, the idea of “masculinity crises” suggests the loss of men’s power, shaking and quaking of the grounds under men and masculinities, and the transformation of existing masculinity into something unknown and something undesirable. Indeed, from the beginning, the discourses of masculinity crises imply anxiety, regression and fear of the loss of men’s power. Later, with the rise of second wave feminist activism and feminist scholarship in the 1970’s, those discussions were transferred to the debate of men’s (widespread) loss of privileges and power under the development of women’s empowerment and expansion of gender-based rights. Those scholarly and political debates found acceptance amongst mainstream discussions and were reflected in journalism and the media as well.The emergence and development of critical studies on men and masculinities brought concrete grounds for debates on masculinity crises. Authors such as Joseph Pleck, Lynne Segal, Raewyn Connell, Stephen Whitehead and Robert Levant were amongst those who discussed whether there was a&nbsp;prevalent contemporary masculinity crisis that shook the grounds under masculinity. Those authors pointed out that, “masculinity crises”, the anxieties that arise from the dislocation of contemporary masculinities is predominantly a discourse rather than a historical situation of widespread crisis of present-day masculinities. However, those discussions were carried to fields and reasons in which men feel anxieties because of loss of power, dislocation of men’s prestige-attributed social statuses, loss of contexts where men’s identities were constructed and re-constructed, such as unemployment, subcultures and representations of masculinities in cinema.&nbsp;This paper brings emergent literature on masculinity crises to the contemporary debates on masculinities and migration. As a developing area of discussion since the early 2000’s, masculinities and migration literature began to investigate migrant men in different cultures. Focusing on concurrent debates with critical studies on men and masculinities, this literature covered issues such as unemployment, power, transnationalism, identity, health and regional patterns of change of gender identities of men under the conditions of migration. One of the issues of this recent field of research is men’s loss of power and status as a result of migration. Investigated by scholars such as Bartolomei (2010), Haile and Siegmann (2014), Sarti (2010), Scrinzi (2010), Sinatti (2014), Charsley and Wray (2015), Nare (2010), Hibbins and Pease (2010), Pease (2009), Bozok ve Bozok (2019) and Güney and Konak (2016) amongst others, was discussed with approaches such as men’s “feminization”, “loss of power”, “change of roles”, “loss of patriarchal privileges”, “demasculinization” or “invisibility”. Here, focusing on studies on migrant masculinities, this paper considers this pattern as masculinity crises experienced as the loss of masculinity as a result of migration.In conclusion, this paper argues that migration may lead to masculinity crises through the loss of masculinity, especially amongst lower class men who are more unprepared for cultural differences and integration. This form of masculinity crises amongst migrant men manifests itself as a backlash from men’s privileged positions of power and authority, and loss of income and status. Therefore, they feel themselves demasculinized under circumstances of migration, and experience a masculinity crisis. Finally, this paper underlines that since crisis is a temporary position, these perceptions of loss of masculinity may lead to reconstructions of other patriarchal masculinities with different constructive dynamics.

Loss of Masculinity as a Face of Masculinity Crises Experienced as a Result of Migration

Nuray

Res. Assist.

Aim The working environment is an area where people spend most of their lives and it has many direct and indirect effects on their lives. In this area, it is inevitable that a number of psychological and physical factors affect the person. The happier the person is in the working environment (assuming it is appropriate under other conditions), the efficiency, performance and success will also increase accordingly; and the more unhappy the person, the lower the productivity, performance and success. Therefore, it is important for employees to be aware of what needs to be done to ensure their happiness at work, whether they are private or public organizations. For this; a policy should be developed according to the factors that affect happiness at work. But, it can be said that the factors affecting happiness at work in the research conducted up to this day are not very scientific, or are used in the same sense as job satisfaction, and the lack of much work for public organizations in particular, is a deficiency in this field. Whence, the aim of this study is to reveal the factors affecting happiness at work of the academic and administrative staff of the university.&nbsp;Method In this study, the structured interview method, which is one of qualitative research methods, is used. The reason why the structured interview method is preferred is to get the opinions of the academic and administrative staff about the factors affecting their happiness at work, to get the opinions of the interviewee without asking and directing the same number and the same content, to reveal the similarities and differences in these views and to make comparisons. The universe of the research consists of the academic and administrative staff of a public university. Participants were selected from the academic and administrative staff of this university by the simple random sampling method. Of the participants, 23 were male and 14 were female. The average age is 36.8 years. 22 of the employees are academicians and 15 are administrative staff. In the first phase of the study, a literature review was conducted regarding happiness at work, and factors affecting happiness at work, behind 7 questions were introduced to be used in the research. Afterwards, opinions were taken from two academicians on the subject, in terms of the suitability of the interview questions. The necessary corrections and arrangements were made according to these returns, and after the questions were deemed valid and sufficient, a pilot study was carried out with two academicians and administrative staff before the research was conducted, and the main study was carried out after the pilot study. In the final form of the interview form, 7 questions and demographic variables were included.Findings The factors affecting happiness at work became evident as personal, environmental, work-related attitudes, relationship-related and managerial factors. Among these factors, the most important factor affecting happiness at work for the academic staff is the attitude towards work, while the least important factor is the relationship-related factor. The most important factor for administrative staff is managerial; the least important is the environmental factor. In addition, job satisfaction has emerged as a result of happiness at work. In addition, the frequency of the factors affecting happiness at work is differentiated between academicians and administrative staff. Another remarkable result is; job satisfaction has emerged as a result of the happiness of working. The participant expressions of the managerial factors to the affect happiness at work also allowed the classification of leadership characteristics.Conclusion As a result; the working environment is a physical space where the person works, where he earns money and where he is employed. A work environment with a robust infrastructure, a healthy environment, appropriate security measures, appropriate working hours, important rules and safety procedures for employees at all levels will provide better efficiency for the organization (Sharma and Jain, 2018). For these reasons, it is thought that the findings of the research will provide a comparison for the factors affecting happiness at work of the academic and administrative staff, while also providing a prediction for the areas to be developed in this regard. In addition, it is expected to provide each university factors for investigations affecting happiness at work within itself, and create a resource for them to make improvements with the development required in this regard is important, and benefits in Turkey for future research. For this reason, it can be suggested that future studies related to happiness at work should be done in other universities and that the studies can be enriched by comparing happiness at work public and private universities. In addition, research can be done according to occupations. Thus, the subject will be improved and deepened, and original scientific studies will emerge.

Factors Affecting Happiness of a Public University Staff: Case of Qualitative Research

Mehmet Şükrü

From the Archaic period to the present, people have exchanged surplus goods for the goods they need in certain periods of their lives. The exchange economy, which forms the basis of any economic system and trade, is assumed to both meet a need and protect social fabric by improving social relations. In fact, the exchange mechanism differs according to various principles within the historical development phase of the economy such as mutual exchange, distribution, redistribution, and market exchange in which goods and services are traded nationally and globally. Many of these approaches, which conceptualize as exchange economics, carry cultural modes. This is because, in many ways, the obtaining and sharing of food has both economic and cultural characteristics. Therefore, when a person is taking part in an economic cycle or making a decision, he/she considers not only the existing conditions but also many criteria such as religious beliefs, attitudes and behaviors, ideology, historical background, and value judgments.In this sense, primitive societies used natural resources to a minimum extent due to the lack of technological facilities and limited needs. The economic cycle varied according to traditions, habits, religious beliefs, and geographical conditions. Since primitive societies did not have surplus production, the economic operation was associated with the collection of products, sharing and distribution, consumption, and redistribution due to the accumulation of resources, and to a certain extent these principles differed from one community structure to another. The most important rule of trade in the era when economic relations were mostly based on natural rules was the sharing of goods and services by means of the economy of exchange.The gradual increase in population and the fact that mankind passed from garden agriculture or hunter-gatherer stage to settled life caused agricultural activities to be more intense. The principle of equal product sharing, which was valid among the community members in the past, became outdated and the most productive or dominant members of the community started to receive the largest share. As a result, social and economic differences between members increased, and social stratification began. In this period, social stratification was reshaped depending on kinship relations, sacredness, and age and sex classification. In this sense, traditional societies, different from hunter-gatherer groups, are thought to have consumed the products they accumulated from nature in the context of the subsistence economy and save the remaining resources using their underdeveloped technologies. Traditional communities, which have a self-sufficient economic structure, usually obtain the products they need by means of a system of exchange with neighboring tribes. This process lasted until the 18th-century industrial revolution. By that time, as production increased, the local economy was not enough anymore, and trade was moved beyond the nation as new markets were sought. The segments that were further&nbsp;enriched by trade (especially multinational corporations) obtained a significant capital accumulation. New classes or distinct groups such as capitalists, employers, and employees arose. The relations between production and trade were re-determined according to technological developments.Moving to today, modern social economy has frequently faced financial crises since money began to be used as a tool of exchange. The most well-known of these is the 1929 economic crisis that is called the Great Depression. Aside from this crisis, the recent economic crisis started in the US real estate market caused a global crisis in 2008, and negatively affected many countries. While some countries are less affected by this financial crisis, some European countries such as Greece, Spain, and Italy and Latin American countries such as Argentina, Venezuela, and Mexico are economically deprived. In order to get rid of this impasse and meet economic needs, people and civil society organizations tend to return to the primitive trade practices implemented in the archaic period. For example, in Argentina, people in the economic crisis established exchange markets called “Trojans” in many parts of the country. A similar situation can be seen in another Latin American country, Venezuela. Groups starting among friends and spreading through social media aimed to get rid of the negative effects of the crisis by exchanging products they needed such as rice, corn flour, oil, eggs, sugar, and napkins. In Greece, in order to minimize the negative effects of the economic crisis, exchange markets were established with the method called “Trouke” in ancient Greek, in cities with a high density of population, such as Athens, Volos, and Patras. In order to overcome the economic crisis in Ukraine, companies obtained the goods they needed by exchanging goods.Therefore, in cases where money is not used or is insufficient, simple/primitive exchange methods such as silent commerce and potlatch can be used to address the basic needs of people, even though they are not considered to be an alternative to modern or retrogressive economic models used. Furthermore, the exchange economy can coordinate societies’ different practices, both in socio-economic and cultural terms and can reorganize social relations, thus helping the societies form their sense of belonging.

Exchange Economy from Archaic Times to the Present and Practices from Example Countries

Serhat

Emin Can

Couchsurfing (CS) is a suitable field for research in both tourism and social psychology. CS reveals social change, relationships and interactions within the cross-cultural context (Chen, 2017). CS is associated with voluntary or intimate tourism concepts in tourism (Bialski, 2006). This is because the development of CS has focused more on social relations than on any material return. The basis of CS is made up of travel and accommodation. CS literature generally relates to online confidence, confidence in the initial phase between the host and the guest, technological infrastructure and demographic characteristics of CS users (Luo and Zhang, 2016).Rosen et al., (2011) investigated participation activities in an online resource exchange community that explored the elements of belonging, commitment and trust. Adamic et al. (2011) tried to identify the relationship between friendship and trust through CS. Ayers-Greenidge (2012) identified the motivation and demographic characteristics of CS members in this qualitative study on Taiwanese CS members. Hellwig et al. (2014) focused on the question of why CS members make their homes available to foreigners. Geiger and Germelmann (2015) explored concepts of social interaction such as sharing, reception and reciprocity through CS. Based on the theory of interpersonal relations, Luo and Zhang (2016) aimed to explore the process of interpersonal trust building in CS, which includes both online and offline interactions. Liu et al. (2016) focused on discovering critical success factors to ensure CS’s sustainable development. Avcikurt et al. (2017) examined CS’s member behavior in the context of slow tourism. Schuckert et al., (2017) interview 14 people living in Austria to understand the motivations and behaviors of CSs and hosts, to learn more about travel experience in general, to understand hostguest relationship perception, and travel behavior. Geiger et al., (2018), explores reciprocity and expectations as well as obligations in the free choice of free accommodation sharing or social context shape preferences.The aim of this research is to evaluate the Couchsurfing within social change theory. This research was designed as a qualitative research. In this context, semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven participants who are members of CS in Eskişehir. The data was analyzed without using any qualitative data analysis program. Research participants were selected based on pre-defined criteria such as reference number, return rate, last online status, and hospitality number. The research question is to determine why people do not know why they host people in their homes. Social change theory explains the social and economic interactions between people. In this study, it is assumed that the social element of the theory is important. The reason for this is that CS is kept on the economic side and is based on free exchanges. Furthermore, there is a negative situation for the tourism sector through the emergence of a different social psychological point of view. The aim of this research, is to learn the&nbsp;motivations, experiences and relationships of the CS users with the guests. Because of human relations, this research was evaluated within social exchange theory. As a result of the research, CS experience was evaluated within social change theory and a model proposal explaining the process was presented. It was concluded that CS is similar in terms of the interaction of social change theory with the interaction of two people, but usually in terms of the interaction of any two people. It was stated that such applications are based on technology and it should be re-adapted to the theories depending upon past and social relations. In this context, instead of the concept of reciprocity, which is a key element in social change theory, the concept of partial reciprocity was proposed. In addition, the CS experience process is explained in a theoretical model. According to this model proposal, people encounter three stages through CS. The first step is the internet interaction. The second is the face-to-face interaction and the last step is the communication after the CS experience. In addition, trust for participants is a prominent concept for research. This is due to the fact that the first encounter is carried out over the internet. In the context of social exchange theory, the prominent concept is reciprocity. Future research can be structured on the variableso of trust and reciprocity. In addition, CS research can be developed through participatory observation and collection of field notes.

The Postmodern Unexpected Guest: The Couchsurfing Experience Process

Gözde

According to the Planned Development Principle of the 1961 Constitution, Aliaga was declared a heavy industrial zone and Horozgediği Village found itself surrounded by industry. The villagers have started to work in transportation and the village itself has undergone a rural transformation in this context. Health migration is now taking place in the village due to the heavy air pollution and the diseases and health problems considered to be related to this that came about following the transformation of agricultural areas into industrial sites after the 1970’s. The air pollution caused by the industry has disrupted the whole ecological balance of the village. All living creatures from vegetation to animals have become sick and cancer has started to be frequently mentioned in the village (Sofuoğlu, Baytak, Bayram, Müezzinoğlu, Odabaşı, Seyfioğlu, Elbirve Tuncel, 2008). These frequently experienced health problems in the village, have caused households to migrate slowly over time. The problems created by this rural transformation have been interpreted through the works of social scientists such as Zerzan (2009), Güvenç (2016, 2010, 2008), Latour (2008), Beck (2011), which are considered to be covered by critical ecological medical anthropology (Young, 2002). Critical ecological medical anthropology critically approaches the effects of unplanned development projects on the environment and human health made by multinational companies for high profits in the name of “development” (Young, 2002).&nbsp;Zerzan (2009) emphasizes that multinational corporations take shelter behind the discourses of development and sustainable economy, where, in fact, they are only interested in their profit margins. Progress in the name of development is an ecological disaster, and the individual is almost completely dehumanized.Bozkurt Güvenç (2016, 2010, 2008), in parallel with Zerzan, has critically approached the policies of 1970s that viewed economic growth as the driving force of social development or development&nbsp;through the concepts of economic growth progress and development.Bruno Latour (2008) under the title of ‘1989: The year of miracles’ in his book We Have Never Been Modern states that these first conferences on the global situation held in Paris, London and Amsterdam, are not consensual; he emphasizes that the victory belongs to the multinational companies that dominate nature and states that these companies pretend to be protecting the nature but do nothing and he also draws attention to environmental and human massacres.Ulrick Beck (2011) stated that the environmental problems created by these multinational corporations have a boomerang effect which put the whole ecology at risk.Fieldwork was conducted in April and August, in two periods for two years in Horozgediği village between 2015 and 2018. The area was first investigated in detail by Bahadır Doğutürk, spokesperson and founder of the Foça Environment and Culture Platform. All the factories surrounding the village and the places where these factories dump their waste were examined on site. The same area was visited on site by other platform members, journalists, peasants, and individually and unstructured in-depth interviews were conducted, either individually or as group interviews. In-depth interviews were carried out - sometimes in the old stone walled coffee house in the village, sometimes in the gardens of the participants, and sometimes in the houses as face-to-face interviews.The interviews were conducted with people who had migrated from the village but still continue to work in the factories in the village, retired people who had to leave their furnished homes and move elsewhere because of the air pollution and one retired person who had to move back to his house in the village because he could not afford the rent in the city.&nbsp;In-depth interviews were conducted on health issues related to air pollution with three public health doctors who had previously worked in the region.The villages of Ilıpınar and Kozbeyli, which are located in the vicinity of Horozgediği Village and near the slag mountain, were visited and interviews were conducted. Written documents, documents, statistics, previous EIA meeting minutes, reports about the region, documentaries, and photographs were collected and documentary observations were made. These documents were used to the extent permitted by the ethical rules.The intensive air pollution in the village has left the whole ecology and people facing many diseases such as respiratory tract diseases and cancer. Due to this air pollution, the possibility of developing lower and upper respiratory tract diseases and lung cancer in the local population is increasing and even the products grown in fruit and vegetable gardens carry the risk of disease (Eroğlu &amp; Bozyiğit, 2015: 190).People living here, nature and the environment are struggling under these unhealthy conditions. People who have the means, migrate from the village in order not to get sick and those who do not have the means desperately seek hope. Therefore, the village has turned into a truckers’ village. However, as the factories could not provide them with the business they hoped, the villagers became even more poor.&nbsp;The findings were evaluated by discourse analysis. The findings obtained from the study were discussed under the titles of “Like Hell: Air Pollution and Its Effects on Health”, “Health Migration: Karanfil Street” and “From Bağ-Bahçe to Industry from Farming to Nakliyecilik”. As a result, people in this region, which was expected to become economically developed, have become more impoverished and their health has been adversely affected.

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Journal of Economy, Culture and Society is an open access and peer-reviewed scholarly journal published biannually in June and December. It has been the official publication of the Methodology and Sociology Research Center at the Istanbul University Faculty of Economics since 1960. Starting from the 57th issue, published in 2018, the journal changed its name from “The Istanbul Journal of Sociological Studies / Sosyoloji Konferansları” to Journal of Economy, Culture and Society.
 
As of 2022 the publication language of the journal is only English and the print version has been stopped; the journal continues as an electronic only journal. The manuscripts submitted for publication in the journal must be scientific work in English.

Journal of Economy, Culture and Society is dedicated to the unlimited circulation of high quality academic contributions relevant to the field of Sociology, with an international focus. The journal provides a forum for exploring issues mainly in Sociology, but also welcomes manuscripts from other disciplines that are suitable for international and interdisciplinary audiences. The target group of the journal comprises academicians, researchers, professionals, students, related professionals and academic bodies and institutions.

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Journal of Economy, Culture and Society is an open access and peer-reviewed scholarly journal published biannually in June and December. It has been the official publication of the Methodology and Sociology Research Center at the Istanbul University Faculty of Economics since 1960. Starting from the 57th issue, published in 2018, the journal changed its name from “The Istanbul Journal of Sociological Studies / Sosyoloji Konferansları” to Journal of Economy, Culture and Society. Journal of Economy, Culture and Society aims to provide a forum for exploring social, economic and cultural issues with an international focus. Because of the interdisciplinary and international character of the journal, manuscripts that are not suitable for an interdisciplinary and international audience should be submitted to more appropriate venues.  As of 2022, the publication language of the journal is only English. Therefore, the manuscripts submitted for publication must be scientific and original work in English. Preference will be given to manuscripts that make clear empirical contributions and/or comprise methodological and theoretical innovations.

Aim and Scope

<ul><li>Web of Science - Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)</li><li>TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR Dizin</li><li>DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals)</li><li>ProQuest Central   </li><li>ProQuest Turkey Database    </li><li>ProQuest Social Sciences Database     </li><li>ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection​</li><li>EBSCO Central &amp; Eastern European Academic Source</li><li>EBSCO Sociology Source Ultimate</li><li>RePEc IDEAS</li><li>RePEc EconPapers</li><li>Erih Plus</li><li>SOBİAD</li></ul>

Indexing and Abstracting

The journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> The subjects covered in the manuscripts submitted to the Journal for publication must be in accordance with the aim and scope of the Journal. Only those manuscripts approved by every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Changing the name of an author (omission, addition or order) in papers submitted to the Journal requires written permission of all declared authors.Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unethical behaviors. All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. Plagiarism Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. If plagiarism/self-plagiarism will be found authors will be informed. Editors may resubmit manuscript for similarity check at any peer-review or production stage if required. High similarity scores may lead to rejection of a manuscript before and even after acceptance. Depending on the type of article and the percentage of similarity score taken from each article, the overall similarity score is generally expected to be less than 15 or 20%. Double Blind Peer-Review After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by the editors-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The editor provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles and hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Policies

The journal is an open access journal and all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read" target="_blank">BOAI</a> definition of open access.The open access articles in the journal are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) license.

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

Authors publishing with the journal retain the copyright to their work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a> ) and grant the Publisher non-exclusive commercial right to publish the work. CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Editor should consider publishing correction if minor errors that do not effect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper are detected. Editor should consider retraction if major errors and/or misconduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected.Editor should consider issuing an expression of concern if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive. The guidelines of <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> and <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.

To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

Journal of Economy Culture and Society is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publishers) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

Ethics

The journal adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.-    Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.-    The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.-    The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.-    Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.-    Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.-    The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.-    In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.-    If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.-    In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/58A51CDB5B23462FBD0E47E0A50DCDF2" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>. The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.The editor hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for double-blind peer review evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Peer Review

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by Editor-in-Chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. Editor-inChief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international external referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by Editor-in-Chief upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.- Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?- Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?- Is the problem significant and concisely stated? - Are the methods described comprehensively? - Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?- Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?- Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

LanguageThe language of the journal is American English.Manuscript Organization and SubmissionAll correspondence will be sent to the first-named author unless otherwise specified. Manuscpript is to be submitted online via <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jecs" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jecs</a> and it must be accompanied by a cover letter indicating that the manuscript is intended for publication, specifying the article category (i.e. research article, review etc.) and including information about the manuscript (see the Submission Checklist). Manuscripts should be prepared in Microsoft Word 2003 and upper versions. In addition, <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/58A51CDB5B23462FBD0E47E0A50DCDF2" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a> that has to be signed by all authors must be submitted.1. The manuscripts should be in A4 paper standards: having 2.5 cm margins from right, left, bottom and top, Times New Roman font style in 12 font size and line spacing of 1.5.2. The manuscripts should contain between 4500 and 8500 words and the page numbers must be at the bottom and in the middle.3.  The name(s) of author(s) should be given just beneath the title of the study aligned to the right. Also the affiliation, title, e-mail and phone of the author(s) must be indicated on the bottom of the page as a footnote marked with an asterisk (*).4.  Submitted manuscripts must have an abstract between 180 and 200 words, before the introduction, summarizing the scope, the purpose, the results of the study and the methodology used. Underneath the abstracts, 3 to 5 keywords that inform the reader about the content of the study should be specified.5. The manuscripts should contain mainly these components: title, abstract and keywords; body text with sections, footnotes and references.6. Research article sections are ordered as follows: “INTRODUCTION”, “AIM AND METHODOLOGY”, “FINDINGS”, “DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION”, “ENDNOTES”, “REFERENCES” and “TABLES AND FIGURES”.7. Introduction section at the beginning of the manuscript must be indicated as “1. INTRODUCTION”. All sections and sub-sections where the research question is described and importance of the study is explained must be numbered. The numbering format must be as 1,2,3, 4 for the main sections, and 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2 and 1.1.1, 1.2.1, 1.2.2 for the sub-sections.8. The 6th version of the APA (American Psychological Association) reference style should be used for in-text citation and references list. For information and samples on the APA 6 style please refer to http://istanbul.edu.tr:8080/en/journal/jecs/information/author-guideline and/or REFERENCES section in the Information for Authors.9. Tables, graphs and figures can be given with a number and a defining title if and only if it is necessary to follow the idea of the article. the article. The title of table should be placed above the table; caption of figure should be placed beneath the figure. Features like demographic characteristics that can be given within the text should not be indicated as tables separately.10. A title page including author information must be submitted together with the manuscript. The <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/C61BA5F19B814CA8830C10C055284DD8" target="_blank">title page</a> is to include fully descriptive title of the manuscript and, affiliation, title, e-mail address, postal address, phone and fax number of the author(s) (see The Submission Checklist).11. Authors are responsible for all statements made in their work submitted to the Journal for publication.12. The author(s) can be asked to make some changes in their articles due to peer reviews.13. A copy of the journal will be sent to each author of the accepted articles upon their request.14. The manuscripts that were submitted to the journal will not be returned whether they are published or not.

Author Guidelines

Manuscript Submission GuideBefore beginning the online submission process please read the Information for Authors and make sure you have the followings available:fCover letter to the editor <ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.</li> <li>Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement.</li> <li>Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.</li> <li>Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA 6.</li> </ul> </ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/58A51CDB5B23462FBD0E47E0A50DCDF2" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>Permission of previous published material if used in the present manuscriptTitle page<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>The title of the manuscript</li> <li>All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses</li> <li>Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax number</li> <li>ORCIDs of all authors.</li> </ul> </ul>Main Manuscript Document<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The title of the manuscript</li> <li>Abstracts (180-200 words) </li> <li>Key words: 3 to 5 words</li> <li>Main article sections</li> <li>Grant support (if exists)</li> <li>Conflict of interest (if exists)</li> <li>Acknowledgement (if exists)</li> <li>References</li> <li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li> </ul> </ul>Manuscript Submission<ul type="disc"> <li style="text-align: left;">DergiPark manuscript submission site of the journal is: <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/2249/submission/step/manuscript/new" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/2249/submission/step/manuscript/new</a> </li> <li style="text-align: left;">The manuscript must be submitted through the account of the corresponding author. The account of authors other than the corresponding author or someone else who is not included as an author in the work must not be used for submission. All correspondence regarding the submission is made with the corresponding author through e-mail via the DergiPark system.</li> <li style="text-align: left;">While uploading Main Document, make sure that the main document has no information that clarify the author’s identity. Due to double blind peer review, Main Document must not include Title Page, the name of author or any other detail that can disclose the author identity. </li> </ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>Files to be uploaded separately<ul type="disc"> <li>Copyright Agreement Form</li> <li>Permissions obtained for previously published material if used in the present manuscript</li> <li>Title page</li> <li>Main Manuscript Document</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The title of the manuscript </li> <li>Abstracts (180-200 words) </li> <li>Key words: 3 to 5 words</li> <li>Main article sections</li> <li>Grant support (if exists)</li> <li>Conflict of interest (if exists)</li> <li>Acknowledgement (if exists)</li> <li>References</li> <li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li></ul></ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>

Although references to review articles can be an efficient way to guide readers to a body of literature, review articles do not always reflect original work accurately. Readers should therefore be provided with direct references to original research sources whenever possible. On the other hand, extensive lists of references to original work on a topic can use excessive space on the printed page. Small numbers of references to key original papers often serve as well as more exhaustive lists, particularly since references can now be added to the electronic version of published papers, and since electronic literature searching allows readers to retrieve published literature efficiently. Papers accepted but not yet included in the issue are published online in the Early View section and they should be cited as “advance online publication”. Citing a “personal communication” should be avoided unless it provides essential information not available from a public source, in which case the name of the person and date of communication should be cited in parentheses in the text. For scientific articles, written permission and confirmation of accuracy from the source of a personal communication must be obtained.Reference Style and FormatJournal of Economy Culture and Society complies with APA (American Psychological Association) style 6th Edition for referencing and quoting. For more information:-    American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.-    <a href="http://www.apastyle.org" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org</a>Citations in the TextCitations must be indicated with the author surname and publication year within the parenthesis.If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;).Samples:More than one citation;(Esin, et al., 2002; Karasar, 1995)Citation with one author;(Akyolcu, 2007)Citation with two authors;(Sayıner &amp; Demirci, 2007)Citation with three, four, five authors;First citation in the text: (Ailen, Ciambrune, &amp; Welch, 2000) Subsequent citations in the text: (Ailen, et al., 2000)Citations with more than six authors;(Çavdar, et al., 2003)Citations in the ReferenceAll the citations done in the text should be listed in the References section in alphabetical order of author surname without numbering. Below given examples should be considered in citing the references.Basic Reference TypesBooka) Turkish BookKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8th ed.) [Preparing research reports]. Ankara, Turkey: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Book Translated into TurkishMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler [Mindsets] (A. Kotil, Trans.). İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim Yayınları.c) Edited BookÖren, T., Üney, T., &amp; Çölkesen, R. (Eds.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi [Turkish Encyclopedia of Informatics]. İstanbul, Turkey: Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Turkish Book with Multiple AuthorsTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y., &amp; Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme [Performance evaluation in Turkish search engines]. Ankara, Turkey: Total Bilişim.e) Book in EnglishKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.f) Chapter in an Edited BookBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.g) Chapter in an Edited Book in TurkishErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi [Organization culture: Its functions, elements and importance in leadership and business management]. In M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi [Organization sociology] (pp. 233–263). Bursa, Turkey: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Book with the same organization as author and publisherAmerican Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American psychological association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Articlea) Turkish ArticleMutlu, B., &amp; Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri [Source and intervention reduction of stress for parents whose children are in intensive care unit after surgery]. Istanbul University Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 15(60), 179–182.b) English Articlede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002c) Journal Article with DOI and More Than Seven AuthorsLal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184d) Journal Article from Web, without DOISidani, S. (2003). Enhancing the evaluation of nursing care effectiveness. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 35(3), 26–38. Retrieved from http://cjnr.mcgill.cae) Journal Article wih DOITurner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910f) Advance Online PublicationSmith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867g) Article in a MagazineHenry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today’s schools. Time, 135, 28–31.Doctoral Dissertation, Master’s Thesis, Presentation, Proceedinga) Dissertation/Thesis from a Commercial DatabaseVan Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9943436)b) Dissertation/Thesis from an Institutional DatabaseYaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Retrieved from: http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portalic) Dissertation/Thesis from WebTonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). Retrieved from http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar /phd/ickapak.htmld) Dissertation/Thesis abstracted in Dissertations Abstracts InternationalAppelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica&#173;tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.e) Symposium ContributionKrinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B., &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.f) Conference Paper Abstract Retrieved OnlineLiu, S. (2005, May). Defending against business crises with the help of intelligent agent based early warning solutions. Paper presented at the Seventh International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Miami, FL. Abstract retrieved from http://www.iceis.org/iceis2005/abstracts_2005.htmg) Conference Paper - In Regularly Published Proceedings and Retrieved OnlineHerculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105h) Proceeding in Book FormParsons, O. A., Pryzwansky, W. B., Weinstein, D. J., &amp; Wiens, A. N. (1995). Taxonomy for psychology. In J. N. Reich, H. Sands, &amp; A. N. Wiens (Eds.), Education and training beyond the doctoral degree: Proceedings of the American Psychological Association National Conference on Postdoctoral Education and Training in Psychology (pp. 45–50). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.i) Paper PresentationNguyen, C. A. (2012, August). Humor and deception in advertising: When laughter may not be the best medicine. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.Other Sourcesa) Newspaper ArticleBrowne, R. (2010, March 21). This brainless patient is no dummy. Sydney Morning Herald, 45.b) Newspaper Article with no AuthorNew drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.c) Web Page/Blog PostBordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/d) Online Encyclopedia/DictionaryIgnition. (1989). In Oxford English online dictionary (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://dictionary.oed.comMarcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.). The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/e) PodcastDunning, B. (Producer). (2011, January 12). in Fact: Conspiracy theories [Video podcast]. Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com/f) Single Episode in a Television SeriesEgan, D. (Writer), &amp; Alexander, J. (Director). (2005). Failure to communicate. [Television series episode]. In D. Shore (Executive producer), House; New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting.g) MusicFuchs, G. (2004). Light the menorah. On Eight nights of Hanukkah [CD]. Brick, NJ: Kid Kosher.

<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/58A51CDB5B23462FBD0E47E0A50DCDF2" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/B0CDC112EC994891B39C43D4117F7DDD" target="_blank">Title page</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/8AA0D406EF1440A283EF753F11677E15" target="_blank">Author Form</a>

Ensure that the following items are present:●    Cover letter to the editorü    The category of the manuscriptü    Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.ü    Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement.ü    Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed.ü    Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.ü    Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.ü    Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA 6.●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/58A51CDB5B23462FBD0E47E0A50DCDF2" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>●    Permission of previously published copyrighted material if used in the present manuscript●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/4CF3D066F2D841EAA202550103DA014C" target="_blank">Title page</a>ü    The category of the manuscriptü    The title of the manuscriptü    All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addressesü    Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax numberü    ORCIDs of all authors.●    Main Manuscript Documentü    The title of the manuscriptü    Abstract (180-200 words)ü    Key words: 3 to 5 wordsü    Main article sectionsü    Grant support (if exists)ü    Conflict of interest (if exists)ü    Acknowledgement (if exists)ü    Referencesü    All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)

Issue Type	Thematic
Editor(s)	Veysel Bozkurt
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