Verda

Prof.

In the present day, the discipline of “social policy” is mainly studied under the departments of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations (LEIR) since it includes topics such resolving problems of workers during production and reducing class conflicts. Apart from the departments of “Labour Economics and Industrial Relations,” courses and academic studies on “social policy” are also current in other departments such as social work, sociology, and public administration. Even though the development of social policy in Turkey is mainly covered by two prominent schools (Istanbul University and Ankara University), there are different opinions on the matter. The present study analyses the outlook of the academic projection of “social policy,” which has a long-standing tradition within the context of graduate theses. Narrowly defined, social policy aims to eliminate the conflicts, imbalances, and conflicts of interest that arise between employers and workers in the capitalist order, to harmonize between classes and to address the problems of industrial societies. Broadly defined however, social policy refers to studies that deal with issues of all social groups, covering common areas and producing solutions to problems. Social policy, which is one of the fundamental fields of the Labour Economics and Industrial Relations discipline, has spread to areas such as labour markets, labour, social security law, human resource management, sociology of work and organizational management, and work psychology.Difficult to define and limit, the scope of “social policy” is quite broad. In its fullest sense, it encompasses all policies aimed at making changes in the social structure. Even though its course of development differs from one country to another, the concept of social policy was influenced by the Industrial Revolution and conditions at that time and, in time, has become a scientific discipline. Its main feature can be defined as the aim of maintaining the continuity of the economic and social system by partly compensating and eliminating problems and adverse outcomes stemming from the system.&nbsp;In a narrow sense, social policy intends to eliminate inconsistencies, imbalances, and conflicts of interest emerging between employers and workers in the capitalist order and to maintain harmony between classes. It focuses on the problems of industrial societies. In a broad sense, it signifies the entire body of practices concerned with the issues of all social groups, covering social fields, and providing solutions for problems. In this context, social policy aims&nbsp;to offer solutions for the problems of all social groups by considering all social fields. Accordingly, it also includes factors like education, health, the protection of craftspeople, taxation policies, agriculture, and the cooperative system.&nbsp;While social policy grew as a scientific discipline and underwent changes and transformations in terms of practice, it mainly flourished under the departments of “Labour Economics and Industrial Relations” within the higher education system in Turkey. In other words, emerging and developing in parallel with the need for solutions to problems encountered in society, the discipline of social policy has also brought about the emergence of the department of “Labour Economics and Industrial Relations.” Nowadays, as a result of the diversification of social problems, the scope of the department has also widened within this context and, due to the rapid development of information technologies stemming from globalization, social policy has become more crucial. These developments have led to an increased interest in social policies and academic studies concerning social policy.&nbsp;Adopting a partly detailed perspective through the analysis of graduate theses, the present study attempts to answer the following questions:• How are the theses examined within the scope of the study distributed across years, graduate study levels, and universities? • How are the subjects of theses on “social policy” distributed? • Do the theses involve field research? • How are these theses connected with the definition and concept of social policy?These questions are answered within the framework of dimensions created based on the studies in the national academic literature.This study has a qualitative research design allowing the presentation of research results by reading the data one-by-one based on codes and categories. The qualitative research method was accepted as the most suitable research method for this study which aims to determine the thematic states of graduate theses, including the concept of “social policy” in their titles and analyze and comment on the theses thoroughly.&nbsp;The research population consists of 3836 theses written within the scope of “Labour Economics and Industrial Relations” in the database (National Thesis Centre) of the Turkish Council of Higher Education (CoHE). As for the study sample, it comprises 124 theses. The data obtained as a result of scanning using the keyword “social policy” in the “Title” tab in the “Detailed Search” section were transferred onto “Excel” spreadsheets, and MAXQDA Analytics Pro 2018 and the theses offering access to full texts were downloaded.&nbsp;The theses were classified according to publication years, levels of graduate study, and institutes. To ensure validity and reliability, the Excel data files created by the researcher based on the lists of theses from the CoHE database were presented to an expert for consultation. Based on the opinion of this expert, the keywords of the research questions were finalized.The document analysis method was employed in the study to analyze the content of the theses. The document analysis stages used in the present study can be listed as follows: “accessing documents,” “obtaining documents,” “analyzing the data,” and “using the data”.Due to the interdisciplinary nature of the concept, “social policy” covers a wide range of fields in academic studies. Following a general examination of research studies, it seems that the feared effect of the combination of the words “social” and “policy” does not occur. This issue, emphasized in the studies of Makal (2008), and Koray (2013), is worthy of further discussion. Just like this argument, the entire research is undoubtedly open to critique and further development. This is a qualitative study, and it is not independent of the value judgment, observations, and experience of the researcher. Given the number of studies conducted within the scope of this discipline in which each review is either the reason or outcome of another increase, a clearer picture regarding the subject matter will be revealed.

Evaluating Graduate Theses on Labour Economics and Industrial Relations in Turkey within the Context of “Social Policy”

Veysel

Aşkın

Haluk

Assoc. Prof.

Factors Predicting Life Satisfaction Among Social Media Users

Ayhan

Employees and employers in democratic countries are organised not only to negotiate wages and employment conditions, but also to protect and develop their interests. The organised representation and the process of the negotiation and making-decision by collective bargaining is a fundamental establishment to regulate the labour market and the main pillar of social dialogue at the national level. Also, rights to organise and collective bargaining are a fundamental right to work determined by the ILO Convention No. 98.It is well known that, as it is in Scandinavian countries, a high union density ensures the enhancement of collective bargaining coverage rates, and also the collective bargaining coverage can be boosted by the extension mechanism in countries with a high employer organisation density, as it is in France. Besides, the role of collective bargaining levels, coordination degrees between bargains in different levels and the extension mechanism should be investigated to fully understand the disparities in collective bargaining coverage rates across countries, and the differences of union density and collective bargaining coverage within the country.Although a detailed and comprehensive comparative literature about the developing nature and coverage of collective bargaining has been accumulated, notably in OECD countries, in the case of Turkey, it has been seen that there are limited empirical studies related to the coverage and changing structure of collective bargaining. This literature gap delimitates the access to reliable and updated knowledge about the factors of the collective bargaining coverage in Turkey. In this sense, by using data taken from the Amsterdam University database on ICTWSS and the OECD database, this research mainly aims to analyse the relationship between the collective bargaining coverage and the factors affecting the collective bargaining coverage such as union density, employer organisation density, levels and coordination of the collective bargainings and the extension mechanism based on the comparative industrial relations. Additionally, in the light of findings collected from the study, model proposals for the modernisation of the Turkish industrial relations system will be discussed.&nbsp;This study originally concluded that there is a significantly moderate size of correlation relationship between collective bargaining coverage rates and coordination degrees of collective bargainings, and the usage frequency of the&nbsp;extension mechanism while being of a significantly large size of correlation relationship between collective bargaining coverage rates and the employer organisation density and the predominant collective bargaining level. Also, the other results of the study are the following:Examining countries with a high collective bargaining coverage, the empirical results and literature imply that high union density, central level of collective bargaining and frequent usage of expansion mechanisms are the factors that increase the collective bargaining coverage. However, the increase in union density needs the existence of a gent system, as it is in the Scandinavian countries, whilst the central level of collective bargaining and the prevalent usage of extension mechanisms depend on a high employer organisation density.&nbsp;In Turkey, the predominant level of collective bargaining is the workplace and the enterprise levels, while in countries where the collective bargaining coverages are relatively higher than in other countries, collective bargaining is more predominant at the sectoral and national level. Additionally, the negotiation of collective bargaining at the sectoral level is legally impossible in Turkey, however, group collective bargaining, which negotiates at the workplaces and the enterprises in the same industry, may be qualified as the substitution of sectoral collective bargaining.It is seen that collective bargaining representation criteria in the majority of the countries compared vary according to the domestic dynamics of the countries, and are shaped by having a certain number of members, a legal arrangement, a social agreement, achieving a certain vote threshold in the ballot in which employees participate, and judicial decisions. However, in Turkey, the collective bargaining representation authority is designated by law and consists of a double threshold system: 1% industry threshold based on the union density in the industry, and the workplace and the enterprise thresholds: 50%+1 for workplaces and 40% for the enterprises. In practice, the fixation of the collective bargaining representation to the double threshold makes it difficult to achieve a representation authority for newly established unions and leads to a reduction of the collective bargaining coverage.&nbsp;Although industry and workplaces thresholds which are needed for a collective bargaining representative have been reduced in Turkey after the year 2012, collective bargaining coverage rates have still been lower than both trade union density and employer organisation density, and this negative difference continues to increase every year. This reveals that some of the employees, though they are union members, are not covered by collective bargaining, and they face some obstacles related to use their right to organise.Under the double affiliation principle in Turkey, only signatory bargaining parties and their members can benefit from wages and working conditions determined by collective bargaining. However, it is possible for employees who are not signatory union members to benefit from the collective agreement by paying a solidarity fee.&nbsp;Finally, although the extension mechanism has been legally regulated since the period of the institutionalisation of industrial relations in Turkey, it does not have a significant effect on the collective bargaining coverage. This is because, until now, it has been rarely used.

Factors Affecting Collective Bargaining Coverage: Modernisation of Turkish Industrial Relations System based on Comparative Industrial Relations

Today’s Syria lived under Ottoman rule for four hundred and three years. After leaving the domination of the Ottoman Empire, Syria’s relations with Turkey have consistently been problematic. Thanks to the efforts of the AKParty (JDP- (Justice and Development Party) which came to power in 2002, relations between Turkey and Syria were positive between 2004 and 2011. After 2011, the anti-regime events and conflicts that started in Syria caused a significant proportion of the Syrian people to leave the country. With its open-door policy towards Syrians, Turkey has become a host to about five million Syrians (including unregistered ones), which is far above what Turkey had expected to do. After this flood of refugees, Turkey has had to face the refugee problem. In previous years of migration, Turkey considered the events temporary and tried to overcome the problems with palliative solutions. In the face of the reality of Syrian refugees, Turkey has been engaged in intensive efforts to shape national migration legislation and produce policies. The country has made significant progress both in terms of legislative arrangements and institutional structures.While the Syrian refugees initially concentrated in the border cities, they later turned towards the big cities. They form a significant proportion of the population in some of our provinces such as Kilis and Hatay, which are located in the border regions. In cities such as Istanbul and Bursa, the ratio of the city to the general population is low, but they nonetheless form a significant proportion of the population and ghettoization can be observed in some districts of these cities. The current situation of the number of Syrian refugees today will cause significant economic problems and crime-based concerns in the future as well as today. The concerns are exacerbated by social media and these concerns are increasing day by day, sometimes for real reasons and sometimes not.&nbsp;The fact that 46.5% of Syrian refugees are in the 0-18 age range also highlights the issue of education. In order to adapt to society and save their future, the importance of refugee children receiving education is emerging as a very real concern. However, due to the language problem, the fact that the language of education is Arabic both makes it difficult to question the quality of the education given and also imposes significant costs on the country’s economy. In terms of health services, the right of refugees to benefit indefinitely and free of charge has been provided. This not only leads to a reduction in efficiency in overall service quality in terms of health, but also adds additional financial burdens to the budget by increasing the need for new institutions and staff. In order to reduce this cost, there is already a draft law in the TBMM (GNAT-Grand National Assembly of Turkey) to limit health services to one year. There is also concern that the economic difficulties of Syrians and their inability to integrate into society will increase their criminal tendencies. According to the data obtained, 1.32% of the incidents of crime in Turkey are carried out by Syrians. However, in provinces such as Kilis, where the population is densely populated, crime rates have increased to 30%. Of course, these rates do not include the number of incidents not referred to judicial authorities. These are due to tolerance, however, it is estimated that there may be a significant proportion. The reason why the incidents are not reported to the judicial authorities is the fact that the criminals are forgiven. However, the case rate is estimated to be high.There is a need for refugees to be economically empowered to live their lives while they are in Turkey. Therefore, they are supported in order to be present in the working life. This support may also lead to the development of some flexible situations, both in entrepreneurship and in ignoring situations where the agreement between the worker and the employer may just be informal.&nbsp;Almost all Syrians are in informal employment. In addition, some people perceive that Syrian refugees might be part of the reason why unemployment rates in our country are 1.5% higher than it is thought they should be and this perception might cause the refugees to be looked on unfavourably. Although the Syrians provide capital inflow to the economy in terms of entrepreneurship with the capital they brought with them, it is understood that forty billion dollars of expenditure was allocated to them, according to the government. This figure refers to the expenditure of a very important resource for a country such as Turkey which has problems with funds and payments. In this article, the social and economic status of Syrian refugees in Turkey is evaluated and their contribution to the social and economic life of our country is examined along with the cost that this has incurred.&nbsp;

Effects of Syrian Refugees on Socio-Economic Life in Turkey: An Overview on the Cost–Benefit Axis

Salih

Oğuz

As a result of the extension of the service sector, a consumer-centered economic system emerged (Rafaeli et al., 2012, p. 931). The fact that customer satisfaction has become so important, and today’s customer-oriented approach leads the companies running in this area to adopt the philosophy of “the customer is always right”, hence, this results in an unequal power mechanism between employees and customers (Grandey, Dickter &amp; Sin, 2004, p. 3; Choi, Kim, Lee &amp; Lee, 2014, p. 273). As a reflection of this, employees may be subjected to treatment such as verbal harassment, unfair demands and disrespectful behaviors from customers (Wang et al., 2013, p. 989). One of the concepts used in the literature to express negative behaviors caused by the customer is verbal customer aggression. The concept of verbal customer aggression expresses customer behaviors such as swearing, shouting, threatening, humiliation and mocking (Grandey, Kern &amp; Frone, 2007, p. 68; Yeh, 2015, p. 1; Li &amp; Zhou, 2013, p. 893).Studies show that customer-related aggressive behavior is quite common (Grandey, Dickter &amp; Sin, 2004; Hughes &amp; Tadic, 1998; Harrris &amp; Reynolds, 2003; Akgeyik &amp; Delen, 2009; Kavi &amp; Ceylan, 2016). The increase in the frequency of customer aggression also increases the burnout levels of employees (Grandey et al., 2004, p. 402). Also, social interactions based on unequal relationships between service workers and customers trigger greater resource loss and lead to emotional exhaustion (Kim, Paek, Choi &amp; Lee, 2012, p. 508; Gong, Sun &amp; Zhang, 2018; Demerdash &amp; Said, 2018; Kind, Eckert, Steinlin, Ferget &amp; Schmid, 2008). Studies show that customerrelated negative behavior and emotional exhaustion may be the sources of the turnover intention of employees’ (Walsh, 2011, p. 68; Liu et al., 2018; Gong et al., 2018; Bamfo, Dogbe &amp; Mingle, 2018; Onay ve Kılcı, 2011, p. 372; Yıldırım, Erul &amp; Kelebek, 2014, p. 40; Yıldız &amp; Çolak, 2018, p. 625; Interest, 2019, p. 34; Adams, Hollingsworth &amp; Osman, 2019, p. 455; Kim, 2019, p. 21). Also, there are some studies investigate the mediating effect of burnout in the effect of customer-related aggressive behavior on turnover intention (Han, Bonn &amp; Cho, 2016; Karatepe, Yorganci &amp; Haktanır, 2009b).Method The sample of the study consists of 351 employees working as sales and customer representatives in the service sector in Trabzon, Turkey. The survey form consists of four parts. The first part aims to determine the demographic characteristics of the participants. The second part aims to detect the verbal customer aggression that employees are exposed to. The scale used in this section is the 5-item verbal customer aggression scale, developed by Dormann and Zapf (2004), and the validity-reliability study is carried out by the authors. The third section aims to determine the level of emotional exhaustion experienced by customer representatives. The scale used in this section is the 9-item emotional exhaustion scale, developed by Maslach and Jackson (1981), and the validity-reliability study was performed by Üngüren, Doğan, Özmen and Tekin (2010). The last section aims to determine the turnover intention of the customer representatives. The 3-item turnover intention scale, developed by Cammann, Fichman, Jenkins and Klesh (1979) and the validityreliability studies conducted by Gül, Gökçe and Gökçe (2004) were used.ResultsAccording to the results, 50.4% of the participants are women, 48.4% are married and 39% have a bachelor-degree level. The ages of the participants ranged from 18 to 50, with an average age of 29 (± 5.96), and their experience ranged from 1 to 27 years, with an average of 6 years (± 4.97). Preacher and Hayes (2004: 721-722) macro was used to test the hypotheses in SPSS. For estimation, the 5000 bootstrapping and a bias-corrected percentile method were used to determine the 95% confidence interval. Accordingly, verbal customer aggression has a positive effect on emotional exhaustion (β: 0.40; t: 6.91), verbal customer aggression positively affects employees’ turnover intention (β: 0.51; t: 4, 97), emotional exhaustion positively affects the turnover intention (β: 1.42; t: 25.21) and finally, emotional exhaustion has a fully mediating role in the effect of customer verbal aggression on turnover intention (β ‘: -0, 60; t: -0.92 - Sobel Z: 6.66789; p: 0.00).DiscussionMany studies in the literature show that one of the important problems caused by verbal customer aggression is emotional exhaustion (Grandey et&nbsp;al., 2007; Ben-Zur and Yagil, 2005; Karatepe et al., 2010b; Dursun &amp; Aytaç, 2014; Sommovigo, Setti &amp; Argentero, 2019). Also, the literature shows that customer aggression has a significant impact on the turnover intention of employees’ (Karatepe et al., 2009a; Gong et al., 2018; Bamfo et al., 2018), emotional exhaustion has a positive effect on the turnover intention and lastly, emotional exhaustion has a fully mediating role in the effect of verbal customer aggression on turnover intention (Onay &amp; Kılcı, 2011; Yıldırım et al., 2014; Yıldız &amp; Çolak, 2018; Faiz, 2019; Adams et al., 2019; Kim, 2019; Grandey et al., 2004; Karatepe et al., 2009).

The Effect of Verbal Customer Aggression on Employee Turnover Intention: The Mediating Role of Emotional Exhaustion

Mehmet

Nursel

Res. Assist.

The concept of care can generally be defined as showing the necessary emotional, physical and socio-psychological attention and care to a person (s). In this context, care services cover a wide range of tasks and activities aimed at providing for those who are unable to provide personal health and wellbeing themselves. Whoever performs these tasks and activities is important for the social importance of care because its social meaning, which does not limit care to the private sphere, brings with it the institutional provision of care services and is one of the main welfare state practices. The inclusion of the concept of care in welfare regime analysis also means analyzing how care responsibilities are shared between the state, the market and the family in society, and how this sharing affects the social and economic relations of society as a whole. This situation especially emerged as a result of economic, social and demographic developments and transformation in welfare system since the 1970s. It is seen that the early periods of the modern welfare state were based on the principle of “familialism”, in which the man provided the livelihood of the house by way of paid work in the market, and the woman fulfilled the care and reproduction responsibilities as above unpaid labor in the house. However, during the transformation of the welfare system, increasing female employment, changing family structures, declining fertility rates and aging of the population etc. developments have made it necessary to introduce alternatives to the family-wide choice of care in the past. During this period, a “care crisis” has begun to be experienced in many European countries due to the supply deficit resulting from the increasing demand for care services, and welfare states have started to seek policies to solve this crisis. This has been a common search for all welfare regimes in the restructuring of welfare systems since the late 1970s. However, the trajectory of the policies pursued has varied according to the characteristics of the regimes.The gender structure on which welfare regimes are shaped and the structural conditions of the labor markets have determined the trajectory of care policies and the party which is primarily responsible for the provision of care services and the way in which funding and services are provided has differentiated. In this context, the aim of this study is to reveal the main features and trajectory of care policies in the transformation process of the welfare system in the axis of the conservative welfare regime. For this purpose, the examples of Germany, France and Belgium, which have the characteristics of the conservative welfare regime,were taken into consideration and an attempt was made to evaluate the policies regarding the care services implemented by these countries in the post-1980 period with their basic features. In the evaluation, it was seen that care policies in these countries in the post-1980 period were implemented for similar purposes as a result of similar stimuli in two main periods: (i) 1980-2000 and (ii) 2000 and later. Traditionally, care-oriented policies in the conservative welfare regime were built on three main characteristics. These are: a strong commitment to the principle of familialism, a micro-to-macro devolution of care responsibilities, and generous financial assistance to families to support their priorities in care roles. Care policies pursued in the first period after 1980 were shaped in coordination with the labor market situation within the framework of these basic characteristics. During the period from the mid1980s to the end of the 1990s, when unemployment rates remained high, in order to provide additional employment opportunities for the male labor force who traditionally supported the house, the care policies in these three countries were mainly configured on detering women from entering the labor markets and cash transfers encouraging care at home. With the paradigmatic change after the late 1990s, efforts to increase female employment rates have led to the extension of care policies with the emphasis on gender equality, and the government taking more responsibility in this area by focusing on institutional care services. In the same period, the threat of the care crisis, which has arisen as a result of the aging population and low birth rates and which is expected to deepen in the following period, has led the government to take more responsibility in this area. Therefore, instead of an approach that prioritizes care within the family, an approach that gives support to different alternatives and how to fulfill the responsibility of care is left to the parents’ own preferences has come into prominence. This approach, which has been supported by the development of institutional care services and flexible working practices in addition to cash transfers since the 2000s, represents the most defining characteristic of the changing trajectory of the care policies of countries with a conservative welfare regime under the discourse of “freedom of choice ”. Finally, in the last part of the study, on the axis care policies implemented in recent years in Turkey, an attempt has been made to demonstrate the issues which are similar and differentiated with the trajectory followed by care policies in the conservative welfare regime.

The Trajectory of Care Policies in the Process of the Transformation of the Welfare System: An Evaluation Based on the Conservative Welfare Regime

Demet

Assist. Prof.

ILO, which was founded in 1919 with the belief that a permanent and world-wide peace can only be achieved through social justice, agreeing on the fair and safe working conditions of workers in industrialized countries. ILO is currently working with 185 member states and it is the only tripartite United Nations organization - including the government, employers and workers- and all parties have equal rights to say in decisions. The parties have been trying to meet the needs of working men and women by coming together to form basic working standards and to develop policies and programs. The general policies of the ILO are determined by the International Labor Conferences that are held annually. Decent Work includes equal opportunity in employment and work life, fair working conditions and social protection for all women and men and social dialogue which was first mentioned in the report presented at the 87 th. International Labor Organization Conference in 1999. Decent work has four strategic objectives. The first objective covers the basic principles and rights at work. The second objective is to increase income opportunities for all women and men through more employment. In this aim, it was emphasized that poverty and inequalities can only be reduced by increasing employment. The third objective addresses social protection. Social protection is important in situations where the economy is fragile. The fourth and final objective is about social dialogue, representativeness and tripartite reconciliation. In 2003, models with various indicators and sub-criteria were developed by different experts to measure decent work within a country, region or just in an industry. The indicators and sub-criterias were finalized by the ILO in 2008. All the previously developed models were basically similar to each other and all involved a fairer, better working environment.2019 is the 100th anniversary of the ILO, and the ILO sees this anniversary as an opportunity for the future. In 2013 at the 102nd ILO conference, seven initiative titles were proposed for the 100th anniversary. These initiatives were approved by the management and it was emphasized that the future of work should be the focus point of the 100th year. Future of work discusses topics such as decent work policies for all, integration of young people with high qualified, productive and healthy working life, providing equal opportunity without gender discrimination, improvement of working conditions and social dialogue. In addition, it is underlined that the existing and potential gaps in skills and abilities should be identified and education and training systems should meet the needs of the labor market. People-oriented approach includes the concept of social dialogue, productive workplaces and safe and healthy working conditions necessary for decent work. Therefore, the future of the work, which has similar content with decent work, emphasizes the importance of skills development as a distinction of decent work.&nbsp;Skill is defined as the way people apply their thoughts, feelings and acting abilities that they use repeatedly while producing a job. Throughout history, the skills and skills required by employees have also changed. Works in the early periods required more simple and routine skills, today, due to technological developments, they have turned into jobs that require flexibility, creativity, problem-solving skills and complex communication skills. Therefore, organizations need to manage these skill changes.Approximately half of the current jobs and 60% of the professions can be done with technology. It is foreseen that 35% of the skills demanded for jobs in all industries will vary by 2020. Education and training systems need to keep up with the new demands of constantly challenging labor markets with technological and demographic changes, changing business models and the changing nature of work. However, employers state that education systems cannot keep up with the changing nature of the job and that they cannot find enough staff with the needed skills. Investments and innovations are urgent and indispensable for the global labor market, to provide new skills to employees because the market is facing the challenges of technological changes. One of the industries in which new talents should be created or existing talents should be changed is tourism within the services industry. Tourism industry employment, which does not have very positive results for every indicator in terms of decent work, is also threatened by technology and developments in the 4th Industrial Revolution. Skills development, which is dealt with in the future of work, should be planned and implemented immediately in the tourism industry to prevent potential threats from Industry 4.0. based technologies. The tourism industry will not be affected by technological threats by increasing developing skills, adding new skills to existing ones or gaining skills.

Skill Development in Future of Work: The Case of Tourism Industry

Noah

Billy

Youth Unemployment and Government Pro-Employment Policies in Zimbabwe

Osman

Abdullah

Throughout history, people have tried to earn their lives by evaluating their labor. In every period, the evaluation of labor has been done with different methods depending on production. Particularly in the production structure formed after the industrial revolution, the majority of the people sold/rented their labor with increasing acceleration and the name of their income is wage. Since most of the developed societies constitute wage earners, the policies to be put forward about them will have both economic and social effects.&nbsp;When we look at Turkey’s private wages and nature of the relationship between inflation and minimum wage, which has an important place in the income distribution and to determine the quantity, should inflation better understanding of the dynamics in the era of increasing both the minimum wage has the potential importance for progress and communication of monetary policy. This is because it has the structure to shed light on the course of labor costs in terms of being a reference to wages in the economy as well as the minimum wage prevalence.According to the wage-price spiral, which influences macroeconomic dynamics on the basis of any expanding aggregate demand policy, businesses would like to maintain the prices of their products and prefer to increase prices. When faced with the same situation, workers will try to increase their real wages in addition to maintaining their real wages.&nbsp;There are some studies in the literature examining the relationship between wage inflation. Most of the studies have tried to reveal the causal relationship between the general level of the economy, the general level of prices and wages and the direction of this relationship. Also, in the majority of studies, the effect of productivity and wages on inflation is examined.According to the literature review, the relationship between wages and inflation is generally positive and nominal wages are determined by taking into account the inflation rate realized in previous years. In Turkey, most of the studies performed to examine the relationship between inflation and wages together as a very strong relationship, where there is bidirectional causality is present in many works and pay the price spiral.Most of the studies conducted in other countries indicate that there is a relationship between wages and inflation. Inflation has a two-way effect on wages, both positive and negative. Thus, the findings obtained in the direction and severity of the impact vary. Another notable result was obtained from causality analyzes, and one-way or two-way relationships were determined.In this context, annual CPI and Minimum Wage data between 1987- 2018 were used. The relationship between inflation and Minimum Wage was determined by applying the ARDL Boundary Test Approach and the existence of the wage-price spiral by applying the Toda-Yamamoto Causality tests. According to the results of the econometric analysis, the long-term relationship between inflation and the minimum wage was found and in the short term, the relationship was found to be meaningless. Accordingly, a 1% increase in long-term inflation increases the minimum wage by approximately 2.59%. The increase in the minimum wage is higher than the increase in the inflation rate, that is, the coefficient of elasticity greater than 1 indicates the real increase in the minimum wage. According to the results of the Toda-Yamamoto Causality Analysis, a two-way causality relationship was determined from minimum wages to inflation and from inflation to minimum wages. This relationship suggests the existence of the 1987-2018 reference period in the range of wage-price spiral in Turkey. In the years following the crisis periods, the minimum wage increased by 3.65 units.As a result of causality analysis, the emergence of a two-way relationship and the fact that the average increases are close to each other reveals that minimum wages are determined by considering the inflation criterion. In determining the rate of increase in minimum wages, considering the inflation rates in previous years, that is, economic actors took decisions in 1956 within the framework of Adaptive Expectations Theory developed by American economist Phillip D. Cagan, and real wages increased as a result of the differences between expected inflation and actual inflation. It is seen that the real minimum wages, which are in a downward trend following the crisis periods, have been increased to compensate. In particular, since the inflation rates decreased to single households after 2004, the inflation expectation was predictable, leading to an increasing trend in the 8-9% band of monetary minimum wages after 2004.

Minimum Wage Relationship Between Inflation and The Wage-Price Spiral in Turkey

Yasin

The human being, the most fundamental being of the state, is social. Nations, states, and civilizations can revive society only when their focus is on the human factor. Civilizations that revive society have advanced socially, economically, politically and technologically. Their level of prosperity has increased, they have provided peace of mind, have successfully maintained their relations with other civilizations, and left positive marks in the history of the world.The Industrial Revolution revealed the social mind of Europe. Of course, a mentality with substance and interest will bring persecution. Although the liberal economic understanding is an apparently competitive understanding, it actually brought with it a wild exploitation. In this period, working conditions were unusually bad and wages were low. In addition to male workers, female workers and even children were exposed to heavy working conditions. The “Law on the Protection of British Children” was seen as a small step in the field of social policy in 1802, and it would be a start in the acquisition of other social rights. It would be Social Politics and labor economics that would prevent social disintegration during this period. In a narrow scope, Social Policy was a means of intervention in the relations between the worker and employer, but has expanded over time to include all disadvantaged groups and all social classes.In the 1929 economic crisis, the liberal view was replaced by the Keynesian view. After the Second World War, social welfare states were formed and for the next 30 years this was its golden age until the late 1970s oil crisis. After this crisis, the state tried to reduce many of its social duties over time, through privatization, and this situation developed the non-profit organizations of the future. Among the countries of the world, the USA is one of the most important examples of a neo-liberal approach. It is expected that the efficiency of foundations will increase in a period when NGOs are getting stronger.Foundations have existed in many cultures since it is also suitable for the creation of humanitarian aid without profit. Although there is not a very professional foundation system in Rome, it is seen that there is a foundation culture in Byzantium. However, it can be said that foundations gained their real identity through Islamic Civilization. The main reason for this is that the&nbsp;right to love and life for all living things is clearly recognized by the religion of Islam and that this right is clearly defended.Islamic Civilization is human oriented and has an attached importance to social ties. With the order of the Prophet Muhammad, even if religious beliefs are different, kinship ties have not been broken. Islamic Civilization, where helping, doing good and dividing wealth is a religious duty, has linked these aid organizations to a systematic over time, even in the second (at the seventh year of the migration). This systematic is called habs, hubs, or “foundation” in the literature.Foundations gained meaning when the Islamic Civilization existed in Turkey, during the Seljuk period, and reached its peak in the Ottoman period. Today, it has successfully carried out many socio-economic activities performed by states. The Ottomans further strengthened the foundation culture they inherited from the Seljuks. For this reason, foundations in the Ottoman period have many types in terms of their qualities and subjects.The foundations weakened in parallel with the collapse of the Ottoman state. Foundations prevented the dispersion of the homeland for a while during the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. The empire was brutally criticized by some western undersecretaries, especially because of this function.Foundations institutions, together with the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, following the adoption of the Civil Code in 1926, protects a portion of the remaining foundations from the Ottoman era and the foundation established with the new term “new foundation” has been described. Both the increase in the population and the presence of a sense of solidarity and solidarity at the core of the Turkish Nation sustained the foundation institution.The foundations, which took a large part in the economic life during the Ottoman period, served alone in many areas. This is a civil society movement that has never been in any western state until then. It is known that foundations functioned as a social policy tool in the Republican period parallel to the Ottoman period. It is possible to gather these functions under the titles of education, housing, social activity, social assistance, care services and health.

Foundations in Turkey, Profit Nonprofit Social Policy Functions: “Social People”

Azime

&nbsp;An important component of the implementation of social services for the elderly and disabled people in Turkey are home care services. According to TUIK data; 8% of Turkey’s population are individuals aged 65 and over. According to the 2019 Disabled and Elderly Statistical Bulletin; 6.9% of the total population consists of individuals with disabilities. On the one hand, the elderly population, and the increase of chronic diseases and disabilities increase the density in hospitals. On the other hand, it also causes a serious financing problem. This situation causes home care services to come to the fore.Although important arrangements have been made in the laws related to home care services, what is the public perspective on this issue? Which cultural dimensions dominate the home care attitude? A number of questions come to mind. Indeed, culture plays an important role in the formation of attitudes and behavior. People act within the values they adopt. Cultural values lie behind the attitudes adopted. It also guides behavior. In Turkish society, which is expressed as a collective society, the concept of family and collective behaviors are important. At this point, the family also has important duties in patient care. On the other hand, it is stated that the healing process of the patients will be extended under the stressful and negative conditions of the hospital environment (Akdemir et al., 2011: 57).From this point of view, this study was carried out in order to determine whether the culture structure that is dominant in the society has an effect on home care services attitude. This study was carried out in 2019. The research consists of individuals aged 18 and over, who live in the province of Burdur. In the study, data were collected from 384 people in total. All of the surveys are included in the analysis. A survey was used to collect the necessary data for the research. In this questionnaire, two different scales were used, namely the “Collectivism and Individualism Culture Scale (INDCOL)” and the “Home Care Services Attitude Scale (HCSAS)”. In both of these scales used, a 5-point Likert-type rating was used: 1) I definitely agree and 5) I definitely disagree.It was determined that the gender distribution of the participants included in this study is almost equal. The majority of the participants are married individuals. It was determined that the groups formed regarding the age distribution of the participants were close to each other. On the other hand, it is observed that only 58 of the participants have individuals who benefit from home care services. When the educational status is analyzed, it is observed that primary and high school levels are the majority. Income status has been determined to be at the level of 4500+ TL.It is seen that the collectivist culture dimension has a higher average than the individualistic cultural dimension. In the dimensions of home care attitude scale, the highest average belongs to the relationship dimension. Then, the comparison dimension, home care services attitudes as a whole, and the support dimension.It has been determined that both the collectivist and the individualist cultural dimensions have a significant and positive relationship with all the dimensions of home care services attitudes at a high reliability level. It is seen that the collectivist culture dimension is mostly related to the implicit variable of home care services attitudes. In addition, the individualistic culture dimension was found to be mostly related to the comparison dimension. When the findings are examined, it can be seen that both the collectivist and the individualist cultures significantly and positively affect the attitudes of home care services. The collective culture dimension affects the home care services attitude scale the most. The individualist culture has been found to affect the comparison factor the most. On the other hand, in this study, the individualist culture dimension has been found to positively affect the attitude of home care services. This may relate to the prevalence of communityism throughout society, the dominant norms and rules that it still holds, and its validity. Although people yearn for independence, autonomy, hedonism and individual prosperity, it is thought that there is still a high need to adopt with social rules. Because when the norms and rules are violated, there may be sanctions, such as exclusion from the society and deprivation of social approval.&nbsp;

The Effect of Cultural Dimensions on the Attitude of Home Care Services: A Case of Burdur City

İsmail

Halim

Lecturer

Social security is considered one of the measures of social policy that concerns and covers all segments of society. As a result of the fundamental rights that the social state undertakes to guarantee, social security has been systematized. It offers a guarantee of protection against physiological and socioeconomic risks that lead to consequences such as deducting income and increasing expenses.On the other hand, there is a direct interaction between social security systems and the economic and demographic structure of a country. In the 1970s, as a result of the excessive financial burden of the social security administration, Turkey was faced with a disruptive revenue-expenditure imbalance. These excessive financial burdens were as follows: Giving pension rights regardless of age limit, using funds in a wrong and inefficient manner, forgiving premium receivables, and service debt, etc. In the mid-1990s, the need for reform of social security emerged in Turkey. Within the scope of the reform works that started in 1999, a voluntary Individual Pension System (IPS) was introduced with law Number 4632 which was put into practice in 2001. With this system, it aimed to establish an administrative structure to control the lack of existing social security institutions.The IPS is a beneficial system for directing the savings of individuals in longterm investments and increasing the savings of the country. This study’s aim was to determine the factors that affect an academicians’ decision to participate in the IPS. While determining these factors, the institutions where academicians work was taken into consideration. They were analysed separately as a foundation university or a public university. This was because all foundation university academicians are insured under 4/a Compulsory Insurance and public university academicians are subject to Civil Servants’ Act No. 657. For this purpose, 405 academicians participated in the survey. The survey consisted of 18 statements and with the help of factor analysis; these statements were divided into three different dimensions. These dimensions are; (1) Saving Habits and Investment, (2) Financial Literacy Level, and (3) Future Anxiety and Assurance. The answers given to the survey were analysed using a Logistic Regression Model.According to the findings obtained from these demographic features, 325 state university employees and 80 foundation university employees participated in the survey. The results for public university employees showed&nbsp;that the variables of the habit of saving and investment, financial literacy, future anxiety and assurance, gender and experience affected an academics’ decision to enter the IPS. At the same time, this model correctly predicted public university academicians with individual pensions, with a success of 83.7%. On the other hand, according to the results for foundation university employees, the variables of the habit of saving and investment, financial literacy and age affected an academics’ decision to enter the IPS. This model correctly predicted foundation university academicians with individual pensions, with a success of 77.1%.Although academic staff working at the state and foundation universities are considered to have the same occupation, their social security coverages are different. In parallel, their salary scales are also different. For this reason, it may be different for people belonging to these two groups to participate in the IPS and what kind of financial asset they consider the IPS funds to be. The results showed that both the habit of saving and investment and financial literacy affected both groups positively. However, future anxiety and the assurance variable was statistically positive for academic staff at public universities, but not for academic staff at a foundation university. At the beginning of the study, it was assumed that a contrary finding would be obtained. The researchers believed that academic staff at a foundation university would be anxious for the future as they will probably have a lower monthly salary during retirement. For this reason, it was thought that they should feel more positive towards the IPS.For both individual pension companies and the government, it was important to identify occupational groups that could contribute more to the IPS. The increase in funds collected by companies would mean more resources for investments. Pension companies operating in the IPS must focus on occupational groups with income levels that can save. In this regard, awareness should be increased to encourage participation in the IPS and therefore providing clear guidelines that determine factors so that employees would consider participating in the IPS. Knowing these factors can help IPS companies in sales and marketing strategies. Besides, this system also contributes to individuals’ earning additional income during their retirement.&nbsp;

The Factors Determining the Entry Decisions to Individual Pension System: A Comparison of Academicians Working in Public and Foundation Universities

Büşra

The values that form the focus of the study; philosophy, sociology, psychology, anthropology are among the topics discussed in the social sciences literature. However, the values have not been clarified conceptually. According to one of its common definitions values; is defined as the desired goals that vary from person to person and guide the lives of people. Values are dynamic; ıt varies from society to society, from person to person. In the life cycle, while the importance given to some of the values hierarchy increases, the importance given to some decreases. In this cycle, new beliefs and behaviors that are compatible with general changes are gained and new priorities and needs are developed for how to deal with changing situations. Values can be explained and interpreted both by the effect of individuals on attitudes and behaviors and the impact of different structural variables on values; ıt is very popular in the social sciences, as it allows for cross-cultural comparisons.On the other hand, the subject of “work” as well as the subject of “values” has been the focus of interest in various disciplines from antiquity to the globalized world of today and researches have been made on it. Work, is one of the most important and basic requirements for people. It is an activity that benefits the individual both materially and morally in order to exist in social life. In addition, it is an important phenomenon that plays a role on the welfare and economic development of societies. The concept of work has different values and perceptions in different cultures. The work values related to the values and attitudes held for the study are narrower and include the importance given to the results of the study or the preferred results. When working values are mentioned, attitudes towards working in a society are understood. Therefore, the attitudes of a society towards work may differ in another society. While some societies develop a positive attitude towards work, others prioritize free time rather than work. In other words, the cultural characteristics and structure of the society in which it is located, is one of the variables that have an impact on the working values of individuals.Researches on how to understand the working values in different societies and cultures and how they attach importance to these values remain important and ıt is also discussed how the values follow between young and old groups. Are there differences in value priorities between generations socializing with different values due to changes in cultural values as a result of social change? The subject of this study, by considering the age factor out whether the value change in Turkey, is to examine the factors that influence the value changes. Within the scope, the value model of Ronald Inglehart, which has an important effect on value studies, has been handled and evaluated accordingly.The World Values Survey (WVS) conducted by Inglehart on six continents as of 1981, focuses on the transformation between generations in value orientations and this transformation is analyzed on the basis of underdeveloped and developed countries. These studies have shown that there are serious differences between younger generations and older generations in terms of value priorities. Especially in the Western world after the Second World War, it is possible to say that the lives of the generations are in prosperity. For this reason, it has shown that older generations give more importance to the priority of physical security and economic conditions, which are “materialistic values” and values that include self-expression and autonomy, which are “post-materialist” values as younger generations are passed. Inglehart states that due to its nature, the transgenerational value transformation is slow, but underlines that this transformation will be greater in the long run. Therefore, based on these results, even though the system of values is seen as stationary; ıt is influenced by culture, beliefs of individuals and the characteristics of the society in which they grow.In the study, prior to 1980 in Turkey in the context of Inglehart’s thesis and taken some years after 1980 and Mugla Sıtkı Koçman University Academic Staff sample examined whether there is a difference in study values between those born before 1980 and after 1980. Accordingly, an attempt was made to seek answers to three basic hypotheses. The first is that one of the participants materialist or postmaterialist values is more dominant and this is different among those born in different years. The second is that one of the participants’ internal and external working values is more dominant and different between those born before and after 1980. The third is that the materialist values and the external values coincide with the post-materialist values and the internal values.

Inglehart’s Theory of Value Transformation: An Application on Academics

Yaşar

Disability refers to a number of deficiencies, either physically or mentally, as well as difficulties in the participation or adaptation to social life. That is, disabilities prevent the individual from fulfilling his/her duties in social and business life.Like every human being living in society, people with disabilities endeavor to produce and develop themselves. Together with working and producing, people not only meet their economic needs but also their social needs. Therefore, people with disabilities who are looking for a job can work either in the public or private sector.&nbsp;The fact that a person has a disability does not require him/her to give up or be hindered from his/her working life and right to work. Because, like all individuals, people with disabilities must meet their daily needs and health expenses. Thus, people with disabilities will not only be consuming but also producing. If a person with a disability is placed in a job suitable for his/ her qualification, education and disability, he/she will also feel confident, in addition to facilitating his/her daily life and meeting his/her needs. In addition, facilitating the lives of disadvantaged groups is the basic principle of being a social state and a social municipality.The Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Directorate of Disabled People has a wide service network and infrastructure in terms of services for the disabled. The Directorate of Disabled People contacts 700 companies annually on the subject of employment of disabled people, and provides employment to 400 people with disabilities. Thus, it contributes to the employment policies of Turkey and Istanbul. In this context, when the services for disabled people are evaluated, the Directorate of Disabled People ensures the participation of the disabled people in social life, increases their self-confidence and helps them to have a social status.As in many developed countries, Turkey has necessary legal laws and arrangements on the employment of disabled people, such as kind of businesses, rights, work and social adaptation, and vocational training, etc.. Employment laws for disabled vary somehow from one country to another, but there are many similarities. All legal arrangements for the employment of disabled have been guaranteed under the law enacted by the Turkish Grand National Assembly, and are identified as below.For the first time in 1986, a council recommendation was made on the employment of persons with disabilities at the European Community level. Again in 1997, the ‘European Employment Strategy” was adopted. In this context, a “National Action Plan for Employment” was requested from the member countries. It is also expected that job opportunities, including groups of people with disabilities, will be explored, and efforts will be made to improve the work skills of people with disabilities. In 2000, the European Commission issued the “Equal Treatment of Employment and Work” directive. With this directive, all kinds of discrimination were challenged. It is emphasized that if a regulation on the work environment of the disabled individual is issued, the disabled individual may be suitable for the job.&nbsp;In Turkey, according to Article 30 of the 4857 Act; employers are obliged to employ %3 disabled people in private sector work places where they employ fifty or more workers. According to the same article, individuals are obliged to work in jobs that are appropriate to their occupational, physical and mental status. According to the Civil Servants Law No. 657; public institutions and organizations are obliged to employ disabled people in their staff. The obligation to employ disabled people in the public institutions and organizations with fifty or more employees is 4%.As a result of the discussions and researches on how, in what conditions and under what conditions the persons with disabilities brought about by the legal obligations regarding the employment of persons with disabilities, various methods of employment of persons with disabilities have emerged. Because, when the literature studies and researches are examined, it can be seen that there are seven different methods of employment for the disabled. These seven different methods of employment for the disabled are: The Quota System Consists of Protected Workplaces, Personal Working Methods, Employers’ Employability without Obligation, Working at Home, Cooperative Working Methods and Employment Method in Selected Jobs, where only Disabled People are Employed.The Istanbul Municipality Directorate of Persons with Disabilities first invites the disabled to apply for employment. A face-to-face interview is held with the disabled person, who comes to the employment office upon invitation. These interviews are usually conducted with psychologists. A resume pool is formed by psychologists filling in the resumes of the disabled. Essentially,&nbsp;the aim is to find out what qualifications are required by the employers. The qualified resumes are called for interviews according to the qualifications demanded by employers. In this way, employers have interviews with disabled people who can work in their own positions. In other words, they do not meet the staff who cannot meet their needs. Thus, employers do not have to waste time unnecessarily interviewing people with disabilities. Therefore, due to this classification of resumes, private sector workplaces generally apply directly to the Directorate of Persons with Disabilities for the employment of persons with disabilities.&nbsp;As mentioned above, the Directorate of Disabled People not only organizes private sector employer and employee meetings, but also organizes for free the disabled public personnel selection exam (E-KPSS) courses for the disabled. Thus, people with disabilities who attend the courses are better equipped and prepared for the examinations organized and conducted by the state. Candidates who take the exam as a result of the courses can become civil servants if they pass the exam. As can be seen, the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Directorate of Disabled People carries out its activities in a multi-dimensional manner in order to enable disabled people to work in both the private and public sectors.

Employment Services Provided to Disabled by Local Governments: Case of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Directorate of Disabled People

One of the oldest social policy problems of all times, poverty has direct impacts on many aspects of human living conditions through physical, moral, and psychological outcomes. Therefore, countless numbers of criteria and approaches have been developed to conceptualise poverty so far. While many of them analyses the traditional aspects of poverty in the form of insufficient and irregular income to secure basic needs, others partly examine poverty in its intangible dimensions, such as education, health, life expectancy, child mortality etc.The problem of identifying and measuring poverty is extremely complex due to the different factors that contribute to the problem. Thus, the problem requires more than economic growth. There are still a significant number of people struggling to survive even in the developed countries with strong economies. Understanding well-being and poverty is the first step to reduce poverty. Meaningful definitions are important to determine the causes of poverty and poverty reduction goals as well as the scope of what needs to be done. Local governments need the concepts of welfare and poverty to help them make the right decisions at the local level. These concepts can be a starting point for central and local governments to better understand the relationship between poverty and welfare.However, if the necessary coordination and harmony between local governments and central government cannot be achieved in combating poverty, it is inevitable that there will be repeated interventions. This will lead to the inability to use the resources which are very precious and limited, as well as to prevent individuals from getting out of poverty. Therefore, the ability of local governments to fully fulfil the roles expected from them in the fight against poverty depends primarily on their work in a compliant and complementary manner with the central government.Local governments also have some natural obstacles to tackle poverty. As a matter of fact, they often face problems such as determining the causes of poverty, prioritizing those interventions among other obligations, or lacking data and information that primarily target certain poor groups. Local governments, which have not been given sufficient roles with central planning before, naturally have little experience in the preparation and implementation of local development plans. Other problems and obstacles such as insufficient delegation, insufficient and disproportionate resources, and poor coordination among sectors have further restricted local governments’ capacity to meet local needs. Nevertheless, since poverty is a problem that needs to be eliminated completely, local governments have important contributions to this issue.Poverty occupies the socioeconomic policy agenda of governments all over the world. Collaborations between partners, participatory processes, and local stakeholders are key features of the new initiatives reviewed. One of the most common trends in tackling poverty at the local level is the development of new programs to improve the level of living of poor individuals clustered in slum areas. These programs are much more than traditional direct cash supports. They are more suitably called social inclusion policies. As a matter of fact, it is now clear that poverty is not only a lack of material income, but rather a decrease in the welfare levels and rights of individuals.&nbsp;Another precise point is that central governments cannot fight poverty by themselves anymore. Therefore, it is a definite necessity for a large number of actors, such as central-local governments, the private sector, supranational organizations, and non-governmental organizations, to combat and struggle against poverty altogether. However, such partnerships are vulnerable. When the interests of one of the partners change, the entire partnership can be resolved and excellent initiatives deprived of political support and resources may collapse. The most common cause of conflict among partners is political privileges and preferences. Excessive politicization of problems and cuts in leadership can lead to disruptions. Election strategies, political maneuvers, and personal conflicts within local authorities and partner organizations may result in partial or complete separation.In studies related to poverty and local governments, it appears that the local government capacity is an important determinant of the level of effectiveness in poverty prevention. This supports the latest local economic development literature, which argues that local governments have some degree of control over local resources that can override the effects of poverty and other structural inequalities. Therefore, it is a definite necessity to support and increase the autonomy levels of local governments in the fight against poverty in many ways, especially the sharing of authority.

Local Government in the Struggle against Poverty: New Trends from Global to Local

Sayım

CALL FOR PAPERS - THEMATIC ISSUE

Ayda

Assist. Prof. Dr.

Özcan

Betül

Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Organizational Movement of Theater Workers: A Case of Istanbul

The Effect of Efficiency and Cost Changes in Labor Factor on Physical Capital Investments: Dynamic Panel Data Analysis

Sümeyra

Uzman

Aslıhan

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

The family is the natural and primary environment for the individual, because it supports the socialization and personality and identity development of children. A divorced family is a type of family that occurs in three major forms, namely, death, divorce, and separation. Specifically, the study discusses the disintegration of families through divorce. Scholars note that children may become alienated, especially from the parent without custody, during the divorce process and related disputes. The dominant view in the literature is that alienation pertains to one of the parents knowingly alienating children from the other parent with various motivations. Previous studies point out that alienation develops due the negative behaviors of the parent who obtains custody toward the parent who is unable to obtain custody. Once again, according to the literature, alienation may occur due to the negative attitudes, feelings, and thoughts of parents toward each other in the presence of the children. In addition, alienation is widely known to occur for various reasons before, during, and/or after divorce, which may be due to dysfunctional communication patterns within the family, especially between parents. In this regard, this study intends to elucidate the experiences of the currently adult children of divorced families who underwent the divorce process when the children were less than 18 years. The study examines alienation from parents using structural family systems theory and aims to develop recommendations for solutions to this issue. Toward this end, it conducts in-depth interviews with 29 subjects. According to structural family systems theory, the relationships between and roles of family members are determined by interpersonal boundaries, which act as a barrier that protects integrity. Boundaries are defined according to their flexibility, such as solid, clear, and messy. Communication boundaries that emerge from dysfunctional interaction patterns within the family before the divorce and the relationship structures that are consequently formed are the first and most important connection with the alienation experience that occurs during this period. In addition, the abovementioned functional interaction patterns are a family structure that can provide clear boundaries. Scholars observe that divorce and related problems can reinforce adding to the experience of alienation. For a few of the subjects, the fact that divorce exerted a negative or no impact on their lives demonstrated the importance of family structure and relationships among members. The feelings and thoughts of the subjects toward their parents were shaped by the events they experienced due to dysfunctional relationships within the family and the consequences of divorce. It has been observed that the alienation experienced in the after-divorce period stems from before divorce life experiences. In the study, it was observed that the subjects experienced alienation before and after the divorce due to the previous process, and there was no subject who experienced alienation that did not originate from the before divorce process. The events before or during the divorce led their relationship with their parents to reach a level of alienation. This situation can be explained by the fact that alienation arises from the relational boundaries within the family, and the relationships that begin with these boundaries reach these boundaries again. In the light of these findings, one of the most prominent suggestions within the framework of social work is the implementation of family counseling services and support programs, which are currently offered by certain public institutions and organizations, such as the municipality, and are accessible to all family members throughout the process. However, the need emerges to be systematic, functional, and developed specifically for the context of parental alienation. Evidently, family counseling services that will monitor family relationships before, during, and after divorce are also important. The second recommendation is to promote the practice of joint custody, which should be put forward as an alternative option for families deemed suitable in custody cases.&nbsp;

Family Life Experiences of Children After Divorce: A Qualitative Research Parental Alienation

Yusuf

Long-term care is one of the biggest challenges of our time. Care services have become expensive and difficult to access. People are very likely to require long-term care at least once in their lifetime. This situation is a major financial risk, especially for countries with growing older adults populations. From this perspective, the issue of long-term care has received increasing attention in recent years and is likely to continue to do so.&nbsp;Within the scope of this study, the basic dynamics of long-term care are discussed. Factors such as the increase in the elderly population, the rise in life expectancy, the spread of one-person households, the breakdown of family structures, and the increase in women’s labour force participation rates are clear facts that increase the need for long-term care. In this context, long-term care may require more professional care in the future, and the number of traditional unpaid family care providers may decrease.The main objective of this study is to examine scientific studies on long-term care insurance using bibliometric analysis. Bibliometric analysis makes it possible to assess the breadth and quantity of research in the literature. Unlike a systematic literature review, bibliometric analysis is a functional method used to examine the literature through numbers. It is also increasingly used as a functional analysis tool to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the literature, to reveal gaps in the literature, and to identify widespread influences. The analysis conducted in this context provides a perspective for understanding the dynamics of long-term care insurance and assessing the current situation.&nbsp;In 2023, 1497 articles were found in the Web of Science (WoS) database because of a search for the concept of "long-term care insurance". These data were analysed using VOSviewer software. Within the scope of this study, scientific publications on long-term care insurance between 1984 and 2023 were analysed. In the structuring phase of the study, an overview of long-term care insurance was presented. Then, the methodology and findings are explained in detail.The results of the analysis show that interest in long-term care insurance has increased in recent years and that demographic trends are an important factor behind this increase. This interest has increased especially since the early 2000s. It is evident from the literature that there is a wide range of research on long-term care insurance. The existence of 112 different research areas proves this. On the other hand, scientific studies on long-term care insurance are generally concentrated in the field of health and are less interested in other research areas. This situation can be shown as a potential research area for future studies. More research is needed, especially in areas such as social policy and social security.A closer look at the results obtained within the scope of the analysed studies shows that most of the studies are in the field of gerontology and are mostly based in Japan. However, Gerontologist is the journal that hosts the highest number of publications on long-term care insurance. The National Centre for Geriatrics Gerontology stands out as the institution that published the most studies.Ichiro Tsuji was the author of most studies. The 2018 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures" is the most cited study, while Takako Tsutsui and Naoko Muramatsu’s (2005) "Care-Needs Certificate in Long-Term Care Insurance System of Japan" stands out as the most cited study.Geographically, studies on long-term care insurance are concentrated in countries such as Japan, the United States, Germany, China, and South Korea. The absence of a study centred on Turkey indicates that long-term care insurance has not been adequately addressed in Turkey. Therefore, this situation reveals the need to understand the nature of long-term care insurance in Turkey. Within the scope of this study, the distribution of keywords in the field of long-term care insurance was also analysed. In this context, "long-term care insurance," "long-term care," and "Japan" are among the most frequently used keywords.&nbsp;Indeed, it is clear that long-term care insurance needs to be further examined as a social need and that more research is needed in these areas. This study presents a bibliometric analysis of research on long-term care insurance, identifying current trends and focal points in the literature. The results show that the public dimension of the issue needs to be given more prominence.

Traces of Long-Term Care Insurance in the Literature: A Bibliometric Review

Nükhet

Prof. Dr.

Asuman

Çağnur

Özlem

Zeki

Üzeyir

Ceyhun

Yakup

Öğretim Görevlisi Dr.

The Economic, Social and Environmental Effects of the Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes: The Case of Elbistan

Zehra

BackgroundSince the 1970s, neoliberalization in the West and the goal of promoting democracy and development in the non-Western world have created a context in which civil society and volunteering have been discussed together. New social movements made volunteering more popular by associating it with active citizenship. Volunteering in Türkiye came to fore in the 1990s as part of the contextual transformation of what had been opposed to civil society and citizen participation. However, the search and rescue activities after the 1999 Marmara earthquake constitute a turning point, as it triggered cooperation between different civil society organizations (CSOs) and a structural transformation of civil society in Türkiye. In the 2000s, legal regulations and policy priorities included in development plans gave momentum to volunteer work.At the narrow end of the spectrum of the definitions of volunteering is formal volunteering, which is defined as activities that do not involve coercion or reward, are undertaken through an organization, and do not involve a relationship between the volunteer and the beneficiary (Cnaan, Handy ve Wadsworth, 1996). Broader definitions of volunteering may include activities based on coercion (e.g., compulsory service in schools, community service by court order), remuneration, and direct involvement with the recipient. Within these broader definitions of volunteering is informal volunteering. It includes unregistered activities usually measured in terms of assistance to foreigners and has been receiving increased attention. In the case of Turkiye, research has indicated formal volunteering to occur at a lower rate than informal volunteering. On the other hand, the number of active associations and the rate of formal volunteering have increased over the years. This indicates that volunteering in civil society, CSO-volunteer relations and the management of these relations have gained importance over time in Türkiye.The relevant literature draws attention to the concept of the psychological contract to explain the link between individuals’ decisions to become a formal volunteer and their volunteer experiences. This contract has two dimensions: transactional (material conditions and expectations) and relational (social and emotional expectations). Situations where the conditions of this contract are unfulfilled or interrupted can create obstacles to volunteering and make its continuity problematic. In this context, the study benefits from focus group discussions with 10 groups that have high potential to provide information about volunteering in Türkiye with the aim of understanding and describing the factors and processes that prevent the formation of or undermine the psychological contract.MethodsThis study is based on a re-analysis of the qualitative research that was the first part of the Türkiye Volunteering Research1 , which aimed at identifying the status and potential of volunteering in Türkiye. The moderation flow designed for the 22 focus group meetings held between May 3-June 14, 2021 included open-ended questions on the main characteristics of volunteering in Türkiye, the reasons for volunteering or not volunteering, and the relationship volunteering has with civil society and government. In order to understand the expectations and problem areas within CSO-volunteer relations, the reasons for continuing volunteering, problems related to volunteering, reasons for not volunteering, and reasons for leaving volunteering in Türkiye have been coded using content analysis. The codes have been analyzed under the themes of relational problems and transactional problems.Findings﻿Relational problems regarding CSO-volunteer relations in Türkiye are concentrated on the following areas: some CSOs do not open the necessary space for volunteers due to their bureaucratic and hierarchical structure, some CSO employees/professionals do not have volunteering experience or awareness, some CSOs consider volunteers as cheap labor and do not allow volunteers to take initiative, the authorities defined for volunteers remain fixed in the process, and volunteers as a result are unable to develop a sense of belonging to their CSO. The transactional problems regarding the relations between CSOs and volunteers involve the following: some CSOs are late at contacting volunteer candidates who’ve applied to them and fail to establish the necessary contact, most CSOs do not have an active volunteer management system resulting in volunteers’ rights and responsibilities being unclear and following up on volunteers not being done properly, not enough room is provided for volunteers in accordance with their interests and abilities, the necessary and sufficient training to enable volunteers to carry out their activity with competence fails to be provided, volunteer performance fails to be measured and no feedback is provided to them, and volunteers’ expectations regarding work that requires a short time commitment fail to be met.&nbsp;

Volunteering in Turkish Civil Society and the Psychological Contract

Hasan

As a key term frequently used in social policy literature, disadvantageous groups are those who are continually exposed to social exclusion, alienation, and discrimination due to their gender roles, ideology, political choices, physical or psychological handicaps, and so forth. In a way, there is no hesitation in saying that they always experience ‘otherness’ syndrome. These groups include many people from different spheres of life like immigrants, workers, disabled people, women, children, young and old men, and so on. Therefore, the portrayal of disadvantageous groups in cinematography is of great significance to ascertain the causes and effects of their situations. Therefore, the main goal of this article is to analyze selected Aamir Khan movies on the basis of disadvantageous groups and their representations in cinematography. In order to reach that aim, nine Khan movies like Lagaan (2001, Ashutosh Gowariker), Fanaa (2006, Kunal Kohli), Taare Zameen Par (2007, Aamir Khan), 3 Idiot (2009, Rajkumar Hirani), Dhobi Ghat (2010, Kiran Rao), Talaash (2012, Reema Kagti), Dangal (2016, Nitesh Tiwari), Secret Superstar (2017, Advait Chandan), and Laal Singh Chaddha (2022, Advait Chandan) were determined for qualitative analysis via content analysis research method.In line with the understanding of social realism, cinema can be referenced as a gorgeous instrument for the depiction of social, economic, and even political problems such as unemployment, disability, urbanization, poverty, economic doctrines, gender roles, discrimination, income distribution, industrialization and many others. The more cinema deals with these types of issues, the more attractive and realistic it will be. From this realistic and social perspective, it can be claimed that Aamir Khan movies are perfect laboratories, in particular, their representations of disadvantageous groups.As a result of the research, it was determined that each Khan movie selected as a case for this qualitative analysis included disadvantageous groups from India and the reasons behind this problem, with outcomes as well as certain solutions. The research puts forward that Lagaan (2001) is the portrayal of poor villagers and disabled people, Fanaa (2006) can be associated with disability, Taare Zameen Par (2007) tells the story of a kid, 3 Idiot (2009) mentions those who are in need of special education, Dhobi Ghat (2010) is about poverty and women, Talaash (2012) is so critical about women and impaired people, Dangal (2016) and Secret Superstar (2017) tackle the ceaseless attempts of women to overcome the glass ceiling and gender roles predefined in Indian cultures and traditions, and finally Laal Singh Chaddha (2022), the modern adaptation of Forrest Gump (1994) focuses upon disability. In general, it was found that traditions, cultural factors, an indoctrinated education system closed to diversity and differences, the glass ceiling effect, prejudices about women, bullying behaviours of peers, social gender, and alienation are the major reasons behind the phenomena of this disadvantageous philosophy in Khan movies. According to Khan’s perspective, ambition, decisiveness, social and family support are the only ways to overcome these barriers in a particular society.The study contributes to the current literature in various ways. At first, associating disadvantageous groups with cinematography by considering Indian cinema is a novel idea that enables theory-practice overlapping. By means of this study, those who are focusing on disadvantageous groups and their problems in real-life settings may possibly comprehend the dimension of this matter, the vehemence of the case and the causes, as well as the results in an overall way. This philosophy of research also contributes to multidisciplinary studies that will be quite original for scientists conducting scientific research on cinema and disadvantageous groups, or let’s say in social policy as an academic field.&nbsp;On the other hand, the current work has several limitations due to its qualitative origin in nature. Initially, it can be stated that Aamir Khan’s movies selected as cases so as to be analyzed from a qualitative perspective are fairly limited on a quantitative basis. That’s why, the number of those movies belonging Aamir Khan is to be enhanced in upcoming studies. In addition, computer programmes were not benefited so that the data could be confirmed and validated. For this reason, those who will grapple with the same issue from a different perspective are advised to use statistical programmes like Nvivo, Maxqda, and Atlas.&nbsp;

Representation of Disadvantageous Groups in Cinematography: Evidence from Aamir Khan’s Cinema

Filiz

Meltem

The Trajectory of Decent Work in Türkiye: A Review with Gender-Oriented Statistics

Şenol

The relationship between the welfare state and culture is a multidimensional one. The preferences of different social actors in the formation and implementation of social policies remain incomplete when considered independently of culture. Preferences in the formation process of social policies are affected by culture, whether explicitly or implicitly. The size of this impact varies depending on different variables such as the personal characteristics of policymakers, policy legacies, and legal infrastructure. Examining the direct impact a phenomenon such as culture has on social policies is difficult, as culture’s effects are felt in every aspect of life. In this context, examining policymakers’ discourses will provide significant benefits.Fighting poverty has been one of the most important goals of social policy throughout the history. Proposals for solving the poverty problem have been widely influenced by culture, just as in other areas of social policy. Policymakers’ approach to the problem is intensely shaped by their perspective on the poor and poverty. Therefore, the discussions in parliaments and commissions while enacting social policies, including the fight against poverty, are valuable in terms of showing the perspectives of legislators and the cultural dimensions of the discussions. The initial part of the study examines the developments in the literature regarding the relationship between social policy and culture.Since its establishment, the Republic of Türkiye has created and implemented various mechanisms to combat poverty. However, most of the policies aimed at compensating for income losses in Türkiye have been structured within the scope of social security systems with a premium. The financial weight of the social security system with a premium is maintained among all social policies today. In terms of scope, the Social Assistance and Solidarity Encouragement Law No. 3294 that was adopted in 1986 was issued to ensure that the fight against poverty is carried out throughout Türkiye. The law was the first with this feature. Other factors that made the proposed bill important are its basis on a system without a premium and heavy reliance on public resources.With the Social Assistance and Solidarity Encouragement Law No. 3294, foundations were established in all provinces and districts of Türkiye, the contents of which were determined by law and whose board of trustees consisted mainly of public officials. Foundations provide in-kind and cash aid to people in need. Social Assistance and Solidarity Foundations (SYDVs) are important in terms of social policy due to the wide area they cover and their usage of public resources. This study aims to examine from a cultural perspective the discussions that took place in Parliament during the legalization of these foundations. In this context, the study addresses the specific discussions that took place at the General Assembly of the Turkish Grand National Assembly (TBMM) on May 28, 1986.The study uses the content analysis method and aims to initiate a new discussion in Turkish literature with regard to addressing the relationship between culture and social policy. The study discusses the debates that took place in Parliament under four dimensions in the context of their relationship with culture. The first dimension evaluates the perspective of the ruling and opposition Members of Parliament (MPs) regarding the concept of poverty and the poor, with all MPs being observe to have no views stigmatizing or blaming the poor. The general approach of the MPs can be said to be similar to the approach of Turkish society. The second examined dimension focuses on the debates regarding the concept of foundation. The most important argument put forward by the ruling party throughout the discussions was that the foundations, which had operated as important actors in the field of social policy in the past but had lost their importance over time, would emerge as an important actor once again with this bill. Meanwhile, the opposition parties were opposed to a foundation-based system in two respects. The first of these was the claim that the scope of the draft having the state establish foundations contradicted the traditional understanding of foundations. The second point to which they objected was the idea that foundations contradict the understanding of secularism when considering the functions of foundations in the Ottoman Empire.Discussions regarding the qualifications of the foundations that were planned to be established within the scope of the bill make up the third dimension and is discussed in the context of culture. The main axes of the discussions involved who the board of trustees of the foundations that were planned to be established would be, what their sources of income would be, and how they would be audited. The last cultural aspect of the discussions relates to the timing of the bill. The opposition criticized the fact that the bill had been brought to the General Assembly of the Turkish Grand National Assembly during the month of Ramadan, a month that is considered sacred for Muslims. The opposition claimed that by following such a path, the ruling party wanted to portray criticism of the bill as an attack on faith in the eyes of pious people.Throughout the General Assembly discussions, the ruling party was observed to resort to cultural arguments to emphasize the necessity and legitimacy of the bill. The MPs from the opposition parties were observed to develop criticisms regarding technical issues such as the content of the bill and the qualifications of the foundations to be established. In response to these criticisms, the ruling party noteworthily tried to present the bill as a necessity of Turkish tradition and Turkish culture. The technical criticisms of the bill can be said to have remained unanswered most of the time.

Cultural Foundations of Social Policy: A Study on the Establishment Discussions of  the Social Assistance and Solidarity Foundations

Merve

Family is an essential institution that enables unprotected children to hold on to life and be protected. It ensures the continuation of the human race through physiological functions such as family, nutrition, shelter, and reproduction. For humans to continue their existence, it is not enough to meet their physiological needs, such as nutrition and shelter. Many abstract concepts, such as tradition, religion, morality, aesthetics, and education, are necessary for the continuation of human life. A family provides a multifunctional structure where people can meet their basic needs and is the first place for people to socialise. In addition to physiological and sociological functions, the family performs the economic functions necessary for a person to continue their life. It is believed that the family has lost its economic function. However, the family continues to exist as both a consumer and production unit. In a society based on monetary economics, production without monetary rewards is not accepted. Of course, the concept of work is of great importance in societies based on monetary economics.&nbsp;Acting according to purely economic criteria in the functioning of working life and regulating legislation in accordance with the functioning of the monetary economy causes values produced in the family that cannot be measured with money to be ignored. Moreover, according to the progressive paradigm of capitalist society, it is mandatory for both women and men to be included in working life to allow society to continue its existence. The exclusion of a group of women or men from the system means that almost half of the society does not produce anything that can be measured in dollars. This is a significant obstacle to the development of a capitalist society. While the family must be protected for the sustainability of society, society is becoming individualised based on the same purpose. Thus, family balance becomes impossible for both men and women.&nbsp;A society based on a monetary economy in which values produced by the family are ignored and work is at the centre of life cannot produce a strong family. As a requirement of being a social state, the family must be protected through legal regulations and social policies. It is important to protect the family, especially in working life. Labour law regulations that protect workers in working life must also protect the family. The worker is not a single individual; he or she has a family. He spends most of the wages he earns for his work on his family. Likewise, they spend the rest rights they obtain in exchange for work with their families. The damage that occurs when a worker is exposed to a work accident or occupational disease because of his/her job also negatively affects the family. Therefore, although business relationships seem like individual relationships, they have a social aspect that also affects the family.&nbsp;This study evaluates how labour law regulations protect the family because of the relationship between the concept of family and work. It is possible to examine the protection provided by labour law to the family in three ways: establishment of the business relationship, continuation of the business relationship, and termination of the business relationship. However, since such an examination would be very comprehensive, labour law regulations that provide protection during the continuation of the employment relationship were evaluated. The reason for choosing this stage is that protection is concentrated throughout the continuation of the business relationship. Because of this evaluation, three basic areas that labour law regulations protect families are identified: "Family Income", "Family Relations and Privacy" and "Family Responsibilities". Family income, wage being constitutionally protected, not being seen as just a reward for work from a social wage perspective, maintaining a certain wage level with the minimum wage, paying the wage at regular intervals, protecting the wage from deductions, imposing sanctions in case of non-payment, and preventing the worker from suffering work accidents and occupational diseases. Payments made in this case are protected by limiting sanctions for violations of business duty and non-competition duties.&nbsp;However, sanctioning non-payment of wages poses a significant risk of family protection. However, it has been observed that the minimum wage is not sufficient for the livelihood of the worker’s family.Second, family relations and privacy are protected during business relationships. Limiting the worker’s duty of obedience, loyalty, and protection of personality, family relations and privacy are protected. While fulfilling the duty of obedience and loyalty, it is necessary to allow the family to be prioritised when the interests of the employer conflict with those of the employee and family. However, the protection of the worker’s personality is not only an individual protection but also a protection to the worker’s family life. Therefore, regulations such as protection of personal data and protection from harassment should also be considered for the family. Third, family responsibilities are protected during business relationships. Practises such as normal and overtime regulation.Working hours, paid holidays, excused leave, annual leave, and parental leave protect family responsibilities. The regulation of working and rest periods is an important regulation for workers and their families to spend time. However, compassionate leave is insufficient to meet the needs of the family in cases such as marriage, death, and illness. Therefore, it does not serve its purpose. Maternity leave, on the other hand, lags behind other examples in the world. Supporting parental leave application with family insurance will ensure family protection in this regard. Policies produced based on a capitalist society focus on keeping women active in the labour market. However, this need of the system is short-term and saves the day; however, in the long term, it negatively affects the family, reduces fertility rates, makes work-life balance impossible, damages the complementary relationship of spouses by making men and women compete, and feeds the social crisis. Social policies that provide long-term solutions must be developed, and this can only be achieved by focusing on the family.

Evaluation of Labour Law Regulations to Protect Family-to-Business Relationships in The Terms of Social Policy

Ayşıl

When looking at the development of the work element, it is seen to be a concept that is affected by socioeconomic factors and to be in transformation. The increasing sectoral share of the knowledge economy is seen daily as the basis of the transformation. This transformation constitutes the main subject of the study and emphasizes the fact that the act of working within a limited area is an activity that can also be carried out remotely. With the emergence and development of the activity of remote working, the most used remote working method today is known to be teleworking from home. This method has now created diversified methods, especially teleworking from home. The teleworking method dates back to the 1970s and has spread to large audiences with the COVID-19 pandemic. Teleworking from home is predominantly seen as a working method for white-collar employees and brings with it many benefits and risks. These benefits and threats have been interpreted in different ways by different authors in the literature. In fact, some factors regarding teleworking from home have been considered both benefits and risks. This situation has been observed to create unclear areas in the literature, with one of the leading factors in this uncertainty being occupational health and safety.Although positive opinions have been presented in the literature about occupational health and safety regarding teleworking from home, the dominant opinion is that occupational health and safety is a risk factor for teleworking from home. Despite the positive views, teleworking from home is a way of working that threatens the occupational health and safety of white-collar employees. Teleworking from home is known to be able to eliminate some risks arising from the physical conditions of the workplace for white-collar employees. For example, the factors that may threaten one’s occupational health and safety during the course of going to and from work are not valid for those teleworking from home. However, due to the nature of the work they do, white-collar employees may be exposed to risks while working from home. In other words, situations may arise where the home poses more risks than the workplace.Psychosocial risks and ergonomic risks are important risk factors that white-collar workers are exposed to in terms of occupational health and safety. These risks pose a threat to occupational health and safety while teleworking from home. Psychosocial risks are a little-known dimension of occupational health and safety, but these risks are known to have become more visible and dangerous with the new ways of working. The psychosocial risk factors involve such risks as stress, mobbing, long work hours, and social isolation. Psychosocial risks are also seen to be just as effective when working from home as they are in the workplace, with some psychosocial risks having a more negative effect when teleworking from home.Ergonomic risks are related to issues such as the employee’s work environment, suitability of equipment, and correct working position. Based on these factors, eliminating ergonomic risks does not appear to be possible for employees who work from home compared to working at an office. Ergonomic risks for white-collar workers arise from the work environment and not the workplace. Workplaces are designed to produce and provide services and are subject to legal regulations and measures. As the center of teleworking from home, however, the home is a place designed as employees’ private space. If adequate precautions are not taken and a suitable working environment cannot be provided, inadequate ergonomic conditions experienced when teleworking from home become a significant occupational health and safety risk.This study has been conducted as a compilation and attempts to eliminate the conceptual confusion in the literature between telework and teleworking from home, which are types of remote work. The study also examines studies on the effects teleworking from home have on the occupational health and safety of white-collar employees and includes positive and negative opinions on the subject. Lastly, the study expresses its purpose as the view of teleworking from home being an important issue for the occupational health and safety of white-collar employees and one that contains an element of risk and supports this view with various arguments.

From Remote Work to Telework from Home: Occupational Health and Safety of White-Collar Employees

İbrahim

This study concerns the union rights of civil servants in Türkiye during the Cold War (1946-1991). The article discusses trade union rights through the right to organize a union, the right to collective bargaining, and the right to strike. The study aims to compare the developments regarding civil servants’ union rights in Türkiye during the Cold War with the developments that occurred in the Western bloc by carrying out a document analysis. The study evaluates the changes that were experienced in Türkiye primarily through the Constitution and laws of the period, as well as through the discussions that occurred in the Parliament as these legislations were being formed. The study uses the international documents established by the United Nations (UN), the International Labour Organization (ILO), and the Council of Europe to examine the developments that occurred in the Western Bloc . In this context, the study examines the UN’s Universal Declaration of Human Rights (established by the UN), the ILO’s Convention No. 87 on Freedom of Association and the Protection of the Right to Organize, the ILO’s Convention No. 98 on the Right to Organize and Collective Bargaining, and the Council of Europe’s European Social Charter.In terms of civil servants’ union rights in Türkiye during the Cold War, the period of 1961-1971 was when the most important positive developments were experienced. The 1961 Constitution, which had clearly adopted the social state approach, accommodated a more progressive and egalitarian approach compared to the previous Turkish Constitutions. The right to organize a union is among the classical social rights, and the 1961 Constitution guaranteed this right for its civil servants. Although the 1961 Constitution clearly recognized the right of civil servants to organize a union during this period, the same was not the case for the right to collectively bargain or the right to strike. When looking at the international documents containing provisions on civil servants’ union rights in the Western Bloc during this period, the rights to organize a union, collectively bargain, and strike are seen to have been clearly recognized and guaranteed apart from certain exceptions. Although the 1961-1971 period should be noted as the time when Türkiye experienced the most important developments regarding its civil servants’ union rights, Türkiye remained far behind the regulations contained in the international documents the Western Bloc had created at that time.The 1971-1980 period, also known as the Cold War’s détente period, was when Türkiye abolished civil servants’ limited union rights. With the Constitutional Amendment made in 1971, Article ## that had guaranteed the right of civil servants to organize a union was altered. Not only were civil servants deprived of any guarantee of this right, but the amendments made in Article 119 of the Constitution expressly prohibited civil servants from becoming members of a union. These amendments made to the Turkish Constitution in 1971 can be argued to have abolished civil servants’ right to unionize, as well as to have “returned [conditions] to the pre-1947 period when the concept of unions was intolerable” (Mahiroğulları, 2011, p. 70).Regarding civil servants’ union rights in Türkiye, the first draft of the 1982 Constitution differed from the first draft of the 1961 Constitutions as well as the version that existed after the amendments that had taken place in 1971. The first draft of the 1982 Constitution had no regulation explicitly recognizing or prohibiting civil servants’ union rights. With regard to civil servants’ union rights during the last decade of the Cold War, no amendments were made to Türkiye’s 1982 Constitution. In terms of the rights to organize a union and bargain collectively, the fact that civil servants didn’t acquire a constitutional guarantee until after the end of the Cold War is important to emphasize.Türkiye which had been trying to integrate into the Western Bloc both militarily and ideologically during the Cold War, can consequently be argued to have differed from its allies in terms of civil servants’ union rights, even during the 1961-1971 period. During the Cold War, Türkiye can be claimed to have fallen far behind its Western allies in terms of recognizing and securing civil servants’ union rights at the constitutional and legal levels.

Civil Servants’ Trade Union Rights in the Cold War Era: The Western Bloc and Türkiye

Furkan

Neoliberalism, which reduces the purpose of all social life to making profits and winning by any means, continues to increase the intensity of this goal. In today’s world, where the small is devalued, especially technological developments, individuals imagine unlimited power in themselves. The individual sees themselves as the most important and unchangeable part of the economic and social structure and lives his/her life between production and consumption. The individual who has become alienated from reality understands only economic growth from gain, success, or production. Thus, all production activities that do not contribute to the economy, including intellectual knowledge, should be ignored and should not be seen as an achievement. The idea that the technology or information produced has the right to be developed if it provides maximum profit, whether or not it is compatible with the creation of the individual; It bypasses the spiritual dimension of all values and sacredness existing in social life and causes money to take place above all values.Today’s working life, based on this reality, causes individuals to view money as a completely negative obsession, where working conditions are determined by the system, and employees have to endure their work in return for their wages. The individual constructs his/her world according to the meanings he/she gives to himself/herself and his/her environment, and this also applies to work. What the individual understands regarding work or what he/she expects from work, the meaning he/she will add to the world he/she lives in is shaped by this perspective. However, the problems related to working life cause the individual to remain at a more basic level without being able to shape their world of meaning. While the working individual plans to work and earn to achieve his/her goals and to build a prosperous life for himself/herself when he/she is involved in working life, he/she encounters the state of deprivation conceptualised with the phenomenon of working poverty in today’s working life. This is because today’s socio-economic structure aims for individuals to work more and consume more.&nbsp;Within the goal of a prosperous life, the individual first starts to think and then believes that he/she has needs beyond what he/she can imagine. Thus, consumption tends to go beyond the basic needs of the working individual, and a new period begins as soon as what a person spends exceeds what he or she earns: debt. Today’s world is being reshaped within the framework of the theory that claims to organise economic life through debt. With the imbalance between production and consumption, the desire to consume, which increases day by day with the imbalance between production and consumption balance, is perceived as a need. When consumption is accepted as a reward for work, borrowing becomes inevitable. Thus, the typology of indebted people is increasing numerically day by day. Naturally, working people are also involved in a vicious cycle of entering their working life, with a tendency to consume and borrow. In addition, when labour poverty, a global problem, affects working life beyond estimates, the problem becomes insurmountable.&nbsp;There are no human beings in the world who do not need a job to survive. Therefore, making a living by selling labour to someone else is not a new phenomenon in the world. Within the historical process and in parallel with the economic structure, each society has formed its own way and method of working, and the construction of meaning has been placed in the codes of societies. In relation to work, the realisation of a purpose is expressed as the first criterion. The physical, mental and emotional labour expenditure of an individual to produce goods and services for the consumption of himself/herself or someone else comes to mind as the equivalent of this goal.The individual’s relationship with work is also considered a response to his/her efforts to make sense of the world he/she lives in. The answer to the question "Why does a person work?" varies both individually and socially. The ancient past of the question leads to concepts such as employment, labour and profession in today’s world with different answers. Today, it is accepted that there is a directly proportional relationship between working and earning income, but work also includes voluntary activities that provide spiritual satisfaction. Through work, individuals can gain happiness, satisfaction, and mental health. In the same way, it is possible for the individual to achieve what he/she wants through work and the "success" he/she gains afterwards. Therefore, work is becoming an indispensable field for individuals to develop intellectually along with maintaining life. Today’s people feel complete with success and gain self-confidence as they gain in material and moral terms. The relationship between work and poverty caused labour movements due to the poor working conditions of workers in pre-industrial times, and while poverty aids were provided for everyone, after a while, these aids for employees were cut off, and the presumption that employees were not poor emerged. In this context, the answer to what poverty is or who can be poor will also determine the basic concept of the subject, the phenomenon of "working poverty". The problem of creating a conceptual framework, which is the most important disadvantage of social phenomena, also reveals itself in the concept of poverty. There is no common prototype of the poor that is accepted or understood by every person or society living in the world. Each mind develops poverty solutions, or national/international policies against it at the level it sees and makes sense of in its own mental world and physical geography. The common situation regarding the phenomenon of poverty is that it is a shameful situation for every society and mind.In modern times, individuals are no longer working to save the day or to meet their basic nutritional needs. In today’s world, individuals are eager to work and buy many products that they need beyond their needs, which they feel as a need with the guidance of popular culture. In today’s economic life, the human desire for consumption drives the cult of production. In addition, consuming does not arise because of any need; the individual’s freedom to consume is also related to their position in social life. Employees who tend to consume what they earn in their working life in their social life face the danger of debt due to the attractiveness and limitlessness of consumption. With the effect of the change in the answers given to the question "why does a person work?" discussed in the first chapter, individuals are now involuntarily entering the cult of existence through consumption.Again, in working life, individuals can eliminate many workloads with the development of technology, but at the same time, they acquire new workloads. Employees who purchase many electronic devices for work life think that these devices will lighten their work hours and even enable them to be smart assistants at many points. In reality, many technological developments that will facilitate working life do not reduce or regulate the workload and intensity of employees; on the contrary, they cause workflows to be moved out of working hours. In the big cities of the world, the first hour of the first day of work goes to the expenses of that day. Although this situation has become commonplace, it is now a means of spreading precarity despite the fact that the theoretical infrastructure of work is considered an important means of avoiding precarity. In recent years, the likelihood of full-time employed workers facing poverty in the workplace has increased. The most important indicators of this are credit card utilisation rates, exceeding credit limits, and banks’ high profits.Today, a significant proportion of labourers live in the "survival" level. Liveability indices give important clues into today’s working conditions, which do not differ significantly from societies of the first era that made a living by hunting and gathering. This situation, expressed as a result of the perspective focused on money, is reflected in the indices; according to ILO reports, 327 million wage earners today are paid at or below the minimum wage. Crisis periods witness significant disruptions both in labour life and in the individual lives of employees. Borrowing mechanisms work faster during crises, and employees are involved in borrowing mechanisms, especially during crises. In this case, the relations of production undergo certain changes, and the processes of individual self-control are transferred to banks or institutions to which they are indebted. Thus, the shifting centre of control will also change the spending habits and behaviours of the individual. Borrowing from employees is generally realised in order to reproduce their labour power. Thus, borrowing begins to be effective in working life through production processes. In periods when borrowing increases, significant decreases occur in wages or situations where wages remain constant, which leads to the impoverishment of employees and the forced abandonment of consumption habits. In this context, consumer loans are seen as an important saviour (!) that ensures the continuity of consumption habits that are preferred as a borrowing method. As a matter of fact, consumer credit has been shown to be an important cause of the crisis experienced in our country recently. The existence of individuals working to pay off their debts or working for the duration of their debts confirms this fact.This article titled "The Effects of Consumption Habits and Borrowing on Working Life in the Context of Employee Poverty" aims to analyse the transformation experienced by individuals in working life while simultaneously interpreting how this transformation affects the entire working order, especially the individual. The study, in which a literature review, one of the qualitative analysis methods, and data related to working life are used, consists of three parts. The first part is titled "Employee Poverty as a Global Problem" and analyses, discusses, and evaluates the phenomenon of employee poverty through the change in the individual’s perception of work, the working individual, and poverty and work. Based on the fact that the change in the sociological view of work paves the way for many changes in the social structure, not paying attention to such problems, especially on a global scale, will bring about important social, economic, political, and therefore social problems. The second part of the study is entitled "A Vicious Cycle in Working Life: Working, Consuming and Borrowing". It is discussed that the whole life of the working individual undergoes a change first at the stage of thought and then at the point of behaviour with the change in the tendency to consume in the working life, followed by borrowing. In this section, how means and purposes of consumption manipulate the individual are also conveyed, and the social implications of this are highlighted. The last chapter is titled "The Changing Content of Working Life and the Effect of Borrowing on Working Life". In this section, the changing nature of today’s working life and the effect of borrowing on working life are discussed. The framework of this discussion is the passive structure of an individual in today’s working life, the desire to consume, and the efforts of an exhausted individual to save the day. The changing content of work becomes more valuable in this sense, and individuals lose their ability to be themselves among the gears of the economy. This situation, which can be considered the beginning of social problems, will open the door to many more problems in the future. The study concludes with a concluding chapter discussing the current situation within this framework.

The Effects of Consumption Habits and Borrowing on Working Life in the Context of Employee Poverty

@JOURNAL_BOX_CURRENT

Kubilay

Res. Assist. Dr.

Enes

The global population is rapidly ageing, a trend propelled by the combination of increasing life expectancy and declining fertility rates, thanks to advancements in health care and medical technology. This demographic shift necessitates the development of city policies that prioritize the well-being of senior citizens, ensuring they can lead healthy and harmonious lives. In this context, the significance of age-friendly cities and municipalities becomes even more pronounced, underlining the urgency of the issue.Population projections also show that Türkiye’s population is ageing rapidly. The decrease in childbirth and prolonged life expectancy are reasons for the population ageing. Age-friendly city and municipality practices are critically crucial for Türkiye, which is undergoing demographic change. The urgency of this issue cannot be overstated. In this sense, the World Health Organisation (WHO) Global Network of Age-Friendly Cities and Communities is vital in identifying different practices and using them as a model.TheWHOGlobal Network for Age-Friendly Cities and Communities, launched in 2010, plays a crucial role in meeting the needs of the ageing population. The network not only promotes age-friendly cities and communities but also facilitates the sharing of knowledge, experience, and good practices. The commitment of cities and communities to implement age-friendly practices, with the cooperation of various stakeholders, is a testament to the network’s influence. It provides guidance, resources, and information sharing, and organizes training programmes and workshops to ensure the effective implementation of age-friendly practices.A qualitative method was used in the study. The services provided by Muratpaşa, Kadıköy, Beşiktaş, Seyhan, Bornova Municipalities and Mersin Metropolitan Municipality, which are included in the WHO Age-Friendly Cities and Communities Network from Türkiye, were obtained through document review data collection method within the framework of the strategic plans of the member municipalities covering the years 2020-2024 and the annual reports published between 2020-2023. These documents were then analyzed using a content analysis approach. The findings were associated with the sub-themes of age-friendly cities published by WHO. Thus, the age-friendly activities of the Network member municipalities in Türkiye were revealed, providing crucial insights for the audience. In addition, the themes under which these services are concentrated have been associated.The world population and the population of Türkiye are ageing. Municipalities provide services within the age-friendly city concept, focusing on specific service groups. This study aims to reveal the current state of age-friendly city practices and the relationship between activities and sub-themes.This research focuses on identifying and tracking age-friendly city policies implemented by municipalities, particularly in Türkiye. It highlights the lack of studies evaluating age-friendly municipal practices in Türkiye and emphasizes the importance of the research. The findings show that municipalities generally focus on home health and care services for older adults, but there is a lack of activities offered in areas such as civic participation, employment, transport, accommodation, and physical structures. Increasing municipal service diversity can contribute to the happy and active aging of elderly citizens. Spreading elderly home-type applications can facilitate older adults’ access to services and help them easily follow authority and responsibility in services.During the COVID-19 pandemic, the policy development and implementation of the network of member municipalities for older adults were disrupted. There was a significant increase in demand for some services before and after the pandemic. Some of the services provided for older adults were not offered after the pandemic. It was concluded that a significant portion of these services were meaningful during the pandemic, while their provision became meaningless after the pandemic.In the activity reports for 2020-2023, duplicate data of the municipalities’ health and social service units were found. It is considered that there needs to be more clarity in authority and responsibility. For a solution, the unit responsible for determining the strategic plan must share the data in reporting. There are also various irregularities in the activity reports. It is observed that some data are shown under different headings by years, some are combined, and some data are not included at all. Maintaining the reporting method adopted by the Municipality within the strategic plan period will contribute to solving this problem.Six municipalities in Turkey are showing interest in age-friendly initiatives, aligning with global trends and WHO objectives. While progress has been made in infrastructure and healthcare, more comprehensive policies are urgently needed to address economic security and employment opportunities for older individuals. Immediate action is necessary to tackle these issues.

Age-Friendly Municipalism Practices in Türkiye: A Review in the Context of the Global Network of Age-Friendly Cities and Communities

@JOURNAL_BOX_EARLYVIEW

Toker

The article below is a tribute to the centennial foundation of the International Labour Organization. Following deliberations over various various criticisms by the ILO, the Turkish legislature had enacted the new i legislation of Turkey, i.e. the Labor Unions and Collective Agreements Act of 7 November, 2012, no.6356 which constitutes the present legal framework of industrial relations in Turkey. Aiming to bring the labor relations law of Turkey into conformity with ILO norms on freedom of association as well as to find solutions to various practical problems of implementation, Act no.6356 carries various positive provisions, i.e.simplifying some of the earlier formal requirements; restrenghening the job security of the union shop steward; clarifying the rights of union administrators; abolition of the condition for public notary approval for the worker’s acquision of and withdrawal from union membership. But the Act also seems flawed in certain respects, i.e. uncertainties in the protection of the worker against acts of antiunion discrimination; maintenance of the socalled “double criteria” for collective bargaining authorization, ( that is , while seemingly reducing the first condition to 1/% from the previous 10% cent industry-level representation , making the union’s ability to achieve the authorization certificate more difficult due to forced mergers among industries ; certain strike restrictions in sectors not deemed to fall into essential services in the strict sense of the ILO; and suspension of strikes and lock-outs by the government due to reasons of general healt or national security where, in the absence of agreement between the parties, industrial conflict is to be suspended and the process must result in compulsory arbitration.More recently with a view to lessen the workload of labor courts, the amendment to the Labor Courts Act by Act no. 7036 dated 25 October 2017, has in the settlement of workers’ claims including reinstatement demands brought the precondition of calling on the process of ‘mediation’ before filing the lawsuit. Although mediation shall not entail a binding decision, it may lead the worker to accepting a lower amount than what he would be awarded under legal action in the court system.As the mandate of the so-called ‘mediation as a precondition for legal action’ encompasses requests for compensation in union-related dissmissals as well, the mediation technique may create consequences detrimental of the protection of freedom of association and as such is likely to be challenged before the Constitutional Court or to be brought to the agenda of the ILO.&nbsp;Furthermore, coupled with the declining rate of union density in Turkey, the prevalence of the so-called ‘single channel representation’ i.e. the absence of workers’ representatives and/or a works council system at least in workplaces where union shop stewards do not exist, seem lead to various voids which must be filled for the performance of various functions in the Turkish industrial relations system (e.g.collective layoffs) . Therefore this paper advocates the adoption of a ‘dual-channel representation system including labor labor unions and elected employee representatives’ who must be active anyhow as Turkey had ratified ILO Convention 135 in the year 1993.At a stage where the government’s avowed goal was to launch reforms to bring Turkish industrial relations into conformity with international norms on freedom of association, the outcomes of Act no. 6356 have been rather mixed, in some respects disappointing, in others encouraging. Various dimensions of Act no.6356 are clearly tilted against the interests of workers and labor unions Thus, despite the introduction of various positive elements and certain ameliorations made since the year 2012, Act no 6356 is still likely to continue being challenged in national and international fora.This article, based partly on the observations of the writer as the government representative in the supervisory organs of the ILO, is a general evaluation of the main changes brought about by Act no.6356 on freedom of association in Turkey as well as on a few a other amendments made after its passage in 2012. Despite the presence of the above-stated weaknesses, , it is clear that the present legal framework of industrial relations in Turkey represents a better-balanced and advanced stage than the previous legislative environments . In reaching this level of maturity, the impact of the ILO and the jurisprudence of the ILO’s Freedom of Association Committee, coupled of course with the contributions of the Turkish social partners should be acknowledged.

The Impact of International Labour Organisation on the Development of Industrial Relations in Turkey (A Critical Approach from the Perspective of International Norms on Freedom of Association)

Hülya

After the Second World War, European states attempted to overcome major economic difficulties by inviting guest workers to their countries in order to resolve the manpower deficit left by the war. Over time, however, immigrants who moved from developing countries like Turkey to Western European states abandoned their “guest worker” status and began to settle permanently in these countries. Because of this, immigrants’ cultural problems, identity issues and concepts of culturalization, integration, and assimilation began to be studied to a much greater extent in the fields of sociology and political science.Turkish labor migration to Germany started following an agreement signed between Turkey and Germany on October 30, 1961. In the first year, 6,800 Turks arrived in Germany, and their population steadily increased over the years. The Turkish population in Germany rose to 652,000 in 1971, 1,546,000 in 1981, and 1,780,000 in 1991. Turks who moved to Germany in the first decade following the agreement are considered to be the first generation of Turkish immigrants. Members of this generation had no information about Germany before their arrival and experienced serious difficulties in adapting to their new country. They were generally unskilled workers, they could not speak German, and they preserved Turkish values rather than assimilating German ones. As this group was seen by the Germans as temporary guest workers, integration policies were not applied to them&nbsp;The second generation of Turkish immigrants in Germany appeared from 1974 to 1984. They were the children of the first generation, or they came to Germany under the laws of family reunification. In fact, beginning from the 1980s, the German government sought certain ways to encourage Turkish immigrants to return to their country, but these efforts proved largely ineffective. Even if a number of Turkish immigrants returned to Turkey, their children opted to stay in Germany, and thus the Turkish population continued to increase. Members of the second generation could speak some German, and some of them were educated in German schools. Following the formation of the second generation, German officials realized that presence of Turks in Germany would be permanent, and accordingly initiated some policies to ensure the integration of next generations to German society.The third generation of Turkish immigrants is the product of these policies. These people are young, aged 18-29, and living in Germany. Compared to the previous generations, members of the third generation have a much closer relationship to German society. They were born and educated in Germany, they can speak German fluently and their friends are generally German. As they have also adapted to German culture and lifestyle to a great extent, it can be argued that the integration&nbsp;policies launched by the German state took root in this generation. Because of their proximity to German language and culture, these young Turks are quite active in the daily and professional life of Germany. On the other hand, they have not learned Turkish language and culture very well; they have some persistent conflicts with their families and previous generations. Alienation from Turkish identity is the most crucial problem in the overall structure of third generation.In this study, the process of migration and integration of Turkish immigrants in Germany is examined and a comparison of the first and third generation Turks is made. The article argues that the changing cultural dimension of the Turkish immigrants in Germany originated from state policies to bring third-generation Turks closer to German culture and society.

Process of Migration and Integration of Turks in Germany: Comparison of the First and Third Generations

@JOURNAL_BOX_FEATURED

Metin

After the international norms of trade union freedom were determined by ILO Convention 87 (1948), a rapid increase in complaints about member states was observed. Since 1951, the ILO Administrative Council has used the Committee on Freedom of Association (CFA) for assistance in investigating these complaints.The Committee on Freedom of Association has also explained what procedures and principles it considers when reviewing and resolving complaints about member states: the first of its decisions is that it is not a judicial decision that compels the member state. According to the statement, a decision which is made is not intended to condemn a member state or a trade union organization; on the contrary, it aims to make trade union freedom valid in all countries by making use of the trilateral structure, which is the most prominent feature of the ILO.While making decisions, the second principle of the CFA is that it does not, as a rule, take into account the level of development of the complained country. The third principle is that the change of political regime or political power in a member state will not affect the previous decisions. The new political regime or the new government is under the obligation of producing solutions based on the decisions of the Committee in terms of trade union freedom.Lastly, the CFA requires that, in accordance with the decision of the Administrative Council with respect to multinational companies, the existence of a provision contrary to trade union freedom among the conditions of investment in another country shall never be tolerated.The reason why we choose the issue of strike is that employers’ associations in the ILO and in our country argue from time to time that the right to strike does not have a legal relationship with trade union freedom. The most important justification of the allegations in this regard is that there is no direct provision regarding the right to strike in Convention 87 or other legislation of the ILO regulating trade union freedom.For many years, the CFA has advocated a totally opposite view. According to them, the right to strike is an integral part of trade union freedom. In this case, it is not possible for trade unions to exclude the right to strike while freely regulating their activity programs.&nbsp;Based on this basic view, the CFA does not accept all actions where employees collectively agree to stop working as a legal strike within the framework of trade union freedom. For example, according to the CFA, a strike initiated by a trade union for purely political purposes does not fall within the framework of trade union freedom. As such, the CFA does not accept the strike which is done in order to prove that the trade union is the authority in collective bargaining. The CFA acknowledges that the issue of authority is a problem that needs to be examined separately.As such, the committee acknowledges that the right to strike may be restricted or even banned in basic services that threaten the health and safety of society. In the case of government officials in public service, the CFA accepts that high level bureaucrats who use public power on behalf of the state can be included in the scope of the ban on strikes. The Committee tries to clarify the concept of basic services in its decisions and gives examples from various business lines.The CFA has also made important decisions on peaceful solutions to ensure that workers do not lose their rights in the event of restrictions or prohibitions on the right to strike. According to the CFA, the peaceful solutions that are put into action in such a situation should definitely have gained the trust of parties through their impartiality and independence.It is determined that an independent body should decide for such strikes which are delayed for a certain period due to national security and general health, and if the government is the decision body, this postponement should be made with a good faith interpretation considering the narrow meaning of the words ‘national security’ and ‘general health’.&nbsp;If serious health and safety problems arise in society due to the prolongation of the strike and its widespread nature, it may be decided to meet the minimum needs of society by the decision of an independent body; however, as a result of this decision, the effect of the decision to strike should not diminish and the public image of the union should not decrease.

The ILO’s Committee on Freedom of Association - Some Important Decisions on the Right to Strike

Murat

Özge

According to the referendum held in the United Kingdom (UK) in June 2016, the proportion of “leavers” was much higher. Since the referendum, the debate about the future of the European Union (EU) has progressed into a different dimension. In total, 51.9% of the citizens of UK voted to leave the EU as a result of the referendum where European skepticism was evident. This led to some doubts about the future integration model of the EU. In this period, many factors were observed as the impulsion that generated the mode of debates on the future of European integration. One of the most important and controversial factors at the EU level can be identified as migration. Especially after the Syrian Crisis, the number and the types of migrants coming from Syria to other regions were seen as a concern by many states in political, economic, and social terms. Even if the EU’s security and border management policies had taken root far before the start of the Syrian Civil War, the Syrians who escaped from the civil war have increased the security concerns of member states to the highest levels. In parallel with the increase of security concerns, the perception of the EU regarding migrants exists as a controvertible subject at a political level because of the differentiated approaches of EU members regarding this issue. Anti-immigration discourses have become a very effective form of populist expression in certain policy areas. One of the examples of this style of expression that has gained more ground in recent years can be observed in UK’s EU referendum process. In this context, evaluating anti-immigrant discourses in referendum campaigns presents important clues regarding the rise of Eurosceptic trends in the EU.In this article, discourses on immigration and migrants during the referendum campaigns are presented as one of the main drivers that paved the way for Brexit (Britain-exit). The instrumentalization of the immigrant opposition arose out of debates between the Conservative Party and the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP), and this provides an example of the position of migration in the EU. The rise of far-right politics and populist radical discourses are a defined problem that the EU must overcome and the UK referendum process is supposed to be held as a concrete sample regarding this problem. Therefore, as a tool of populist and far-right wing discourses, explaining the anti-immigration aspects in the UK’s referendum process is the main aim of this study. In this context, the presentation of the immigrants as an economic and social burden on the EU member states is a critically moot point that questions the future of the EU. So, as a factor that is pushing the discourses of the far-right wing, populists, and anti-immigrant can be defined as a risk for the EU and its normative characterization. This study aims to explain how anti-immigrant discourses can influence the campaign process and to what extent it affected the UK’s decision to leave the EU.According to the literature, Brexit has been held in terms of the process itself, and a future model of European integration is now on the agenda of many scholars&nbsp;in terms of the many risks that the EU has confronted. Even if Brexit does not seem like an astonishing step, it is a factor pushing anti-immigrant discourses that draw a considerable scene. Among the member states, UK has been defined as the representative of Eurosceptic tradition for a long time. In the EU, where there has been a developing culture of solidarity among member states in areas such as the Eurozone, the Justice and Home Affairs, and the Schengen Area, the separation of UK politics from the culture of solidarity has been assessed as the axis of European skepticism. When considering UK’s isolated preferences in some European level policy areas and its Eurosceptic tendency, we can evaluate Brexit as not being a surprising event. However, anti-immigrant discourses in the process can be evaluated as a challenging dimension. Anti-immigrant discourse has not only widened its influence in the UK’s political scene, it has reached a worrisome dimension in many other parts of the EU today. Therefore, analyzing the Brexit process presents a tangible outcome about to what extent anti-immigrant and populist discourses can widen their influence in the European Union.

The Impact of Anti-Immigration Discourses in the United Kingdom on the Brexit Process

The Journal of Social Policy Conferences, which since 1948 has been published within the body of the Faculty of Economics, Labor Economics, and the Industrial Relations Department at Istanbul University, Turkey, plays an important part in the formation and maintenance of social policy tradition. With the stages, changes, and transformation it has undergone from 1948 to the present, the journal offers an outstanding academic setting for research in the field of social policy in Turkey. In addition, 1948 is an important year in terms of the International Labour Organization (ILO) conventions approved by Turkey. Turkey, which ratified only one ILO convention between the years 1932 and 1946, signed 11 conventions between the years 1946 and 1959. In this context, ILO, which is an important institution at international level in the field of labor relations and social policy, and the journal that created the first social policy corpus in Turkey were founded in the same period.The main hypothesis of this study is to highlight the importance within scientific and academic development of long-term academic publications being able to present to their readers the reflections of the social, political and economic developments of the periods with which they are concerned. Starting from this, the purpose of the study is to examine how ILO, which is one of the major international institutions in terms of industrial relations and working life, is reflected in the Journal of Social Policy Conferences as a journal that has been maintaining its publishing activities through 71 years.This study firstly presents the history of the Journal of Social Policy Conferences. Then, within the scope of “Qualitative Analysis of the Journal of Social Policy Conferences”, the articles in the journal are subjected to qualitative analysis regardless of periods. After that, the journal articles dealing with ILO, -and those covering the basic ILO conventions are examined under the title of “ILO in the Journal of Social Policy Conferences”.&nbsp;&nbsp;The literature review shows that different academic publications such as journals and graduate studies are analyzed through various qualitative research methods, namely document analysis, content analysis, and bibliometric analysis. With 71 years of history, the Journal of Social Policy Conferences is too deep to be analyzed through a single method. This is because when the origin and history of the journal is examined, it is clear that different periodizations can be made (e.g before and after 2003 according to the criterion of being a peerreviewed scientific journal; before and after 2009-2010 based on the criterion of transfer to the internet environment from the printed journal).In this article, the reflection of ILO in academia is presented through the Journal of Social Policy Conferences, the academic representative of the social policy field in the national arena. The fact that the study is the first one to subject the Journal of Social Policy Conferences to qualitative bibliometric analysis shows its originality. However, this originality also carries with it the difficulties of making an analysis that complies with the spirit of the journal. In this context, the study should be considered as an “exploratory” preliminary study that can guide future studies with how it all started and how it continued as well as the research method it employed.The database used in the research was created by transferring all the files in the journal archive to the Excel program through the DergiPark system. Analyses were performed on 830 files excluding the records coded as “Imprint, Editorial, Table of Contents”, “Editorial”, and “Foreword” from among the those included in the dataset created within the scope of the study.&nbsp;The calculation results indicate that the journal does not comply with the 80/20 rule, which states that 80% of all articles published in the journal should be written by 20% of the authors, and neither does it comply with Price’s law, which measures the productivity of the authors. However, it does comply with Lotka’s law, which measures the contribution to the literature. In light of the calculation made according to Lotka’s law, which is a quantitative estimation of how many articles the authors have contributed to the literature, it can be said that the 71-year journal will continue to contribute to the field as an academic platform in the following years as well.There are 30 studies directly containing the word “ILO” in their titles. This number amounts to 3.6% of the total number of studies. There are few studies directly addressing ILO which can be repeated within the scope of the journal covered in the present study as well.The Journal of Social Policy Conferences, which has grown and developed concurrently with the social policy history of Turkey, has aspects that, by maintaining its mission from tradition to future, flourish, create a tradition, sustain such tradition, and have a significant collective power.

Journal of Social Policy Conferences and International Labor Organization (ILO)

Emel

Çetin

Turkey has been caught unprepared for the influx of asylum seekers and migrants since the 1990s and the increasing number of refugees fleeing the Syrian war since 2011. Today, more than 3.5 million Syrians and over 300,000 non-Syrian asylum seekers are residing in Turkey. They are among the most disadvantaged groups in Turkish society. Turkey’s migration and asylum system has been undergoing a transition process since the early 2000s. Recently, the Law on Foreigners and International Protection (LFIP) in 2013 and the Regulation on Temporary Protection (RTP) in 2016 have been adopted to categorize and manage different asylum-seeker groups. The main difference between them is that non-Syrian asylum seekers can apply for international protection to be resettled to a third country and must register in a satellite city. Today, there are more than 60 satellite cities as defined by the Ministry of Interior Directorate General of Migration Management (DGMM). According to the Article 82-1 of Law on Foreigners and International Protection (2014), refugees and asylum seekers are only allowed to live in satellite cities for reasons of security and public order, and to prevent accumulation in big cities. Düzce is one of the satellite cities as defined by DGMM. More than seven thousand asylum seekers, mostly from Iraq, Syria, Iran and Afghanistan, are currently living in Düzce. This paper explores the difficulties of accessing social services and the social integration problems of asylum seekers in Düzce from a gender- and human rights-based social-work perspective.This paper is based on an empirical research using a qualitative approach and a snowball sampling method. In-depth interviews with 21 asylum seekers and two key informants from public institutions, Düzce Governorship and the City Branch of Migration Management, were conducted. In addition, several public institutions in education, health, and social services, as well as non-governmental organizations’ activities for asylum seekers, were investigated. The socio-economic support options in Düzce include free education for children, Turkish-language courses for adults, free access to health care (including free medications) and 120 TRY given by Kızılay Card to meet some requirements such as food and shelter. Also, some NGOs provide irregular economic support based on humanitarian aid. Our findings show that although asylum seekers are entitled to access some social services, including education, health services or employment, they have difficulties accessing them due to language barriers, work obligations, health problems, and gendered responsibilities.Asylum seekers cannot access healthy accommodations and usually face lowpaying or irregular employment and/or non-payment problems, social exclusion and stigmatization in Düzce; and these problems deepen their psychological problems&nbsp;caused by the war. In particular, female asylum seekers have serious problems meeting their daily needs, such as food and shelter, accessing to health care, and public services. As a result of limited access to psycho-social and economic support mechanisms, female asylum seekers face unique gender-based risks, including sexual harassment in their search for employment or aid.&nbsp;At the local level, the needs of asylum seekers are met through a “philanthropist” approach, where social workers are not involved. Asylum seekers consist of different groups, including children, youth, the elderly, disabled individuals, and single women, and they all have different problems and needs. Based on empirical research, some recommendations can be made to support asylum seekers more effectively. In general, these recommendations include the empowerment of asylum seekers via different support mechanisms, such as an easy access to multi-lingual information services, accommodation, and human rights-based socio-economic supports. Most importantly, in order to fight against gender-based violence, human rights based and gender-sensitive psycho-social and economic support mechanisms should be developed for female asylum seekers in Düzce and all over Turkey.

Asylum Seekers’ Social Integration Problems and Access to Social Services: A Case of Düzce Satellite City

@JOURNAL_BOX_MOSTREAD

Journal of Social Policy Conferences is a peer-reviewed bi-annual journal which is published by the Department of Labor Economics and Industrial Relations of Istanbul University Faculty of Economics. The journal aims to publish, theoretical and applied studies on labor economics, employee-employers relations, unemployment, poverty, social assistance, social services, social security, social insurance and all studies on the social, legal and economic aspects of working life as well as social policies regarding women, youth, elders and all disadvantageous groups. 
Contributions are welcome from economics, finance, sociology, social policy, international relations, law and all other fields which have relevant and insightful comments to make about financial science.

Article Submission: sosyalsiyasetdergi@istanbul.edu.tr

Before submitting your manuscript, please ensure you carefully read and adhere to all the guidelines and instructions to authors provided in the “Guide for Authors” section.

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Journal of Social Policy Conferences aims to represent an interdisciplinary academic platform for both national and international social policy debates, to construct the links between academic research and social policy regulations in Turkey, to make a contribution to comparative and international studies by publishing both theoretical and empirical research on the field of social policy, labour economics, industrial relations, social security, social services, labour law, sociology of work, organizational behavior, psychology of working and human resources management and by doing so, to reflect a comprehensive approach to solve the social policy issues in the Turkey.Journal of Social Policy Conferences is a scientific journal for the publication of research and studies including theoretical, philosophical, historical and political essays, research papers, case reports and reviews, international and comparative papers; encompassing all aspects of social policy, labour relations, labour economics, labour law, sociology of work, work and organizational psychology and human resources management.· Topics of interest may include-but not limited to- social policy studies, such as history of social policy, instruments of social policy, unemployment, poverty, social services, social security, income distribution, working conditions, migration, discrimination, social exclusion and social policies regarding women, youth, the elderly and all disadvantaged groups, education and environmental policies and international social policy debates.· In the field of Labour Economics; labour supply and demand in labour markets, employment, unemployment, wages, productivity and labour market policies.In the field of Industrial Relations;From the historical perspective, workers 'movements, labour unions, civil servants' unions, employer unions, collective labour disputes and solutions, collective bargaining, the role of the state in industrial relations, comparative industrial relations, social dialogue with the effect of globalization on industrial relations.In the field of Social Security;historical development of social security, management, techniques, institutional structure, financing, economic and financial dimension, legal dimension, new applications in social security systems.Social Services;methods and techniques, social services for the family, women, children, young people, disabled and elderly people, social work practices in the fields of health, education and justice and social services organizations.In the field of Labour Law;collective labour law issues such as the obligations arising from the employment contract, termination of the employment contract, severance pay, working hours, applications to disadvantaged groups, labour law issues, unions, collective bargaining, strike and lockout practices.In the field of Sociology of Work;classical and contemporary approaches, the effect of technology on working life, social stratification and classes, alienation, leisure industry, globalization, gender issues in working life, generations and transformation.In the field of Organizational Behaviour; corporate culture, leadership, motivation, organizational commitment, job satisfaction, work ethic, stress in organizations, conflict, power and politics.In the field of work psychology;meaning and importance of working in an individual's life, career development, ergonomics, work monotony, burnout syndrome.In the field of Human Resources;management, organization, planning, business analysis, training, performance appraisal, career management, wage management, strategic human resources management, international human resources management, information systems.*The Journal of Social Politics Conferences includes academic articles as well as book reviews in relevant fields and decision-making studies in the field of business law.

Aim and Scope

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Indexing and Abstracting

The journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> The subjects covered in the manuscripts submitted to the Journal for publication must be in accordance with the aim and scope of the Journal. Only those manuscripts approved by every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Changing the name of an author (omission, addition or order) in papers submitted to the Journal requires written permission of all declared authors.Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unethical behaviors. All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. PlagiarismSubmitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. If plagiarism/self-plagiarism will be found authors will be informed. Editors may resubmit manuscript for similarity check at any peer-review or production stage if required. High similarity scores may lead to rejection of a manuscript before and even after acceptance. Depending on the type of article and the percentage of similarity score taken from each article, the overall similarity score is generally expected to be less than 15 or 20%. Double Blind Peer-Review After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by the editors-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The editor provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles and hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Policies

The journal is an open access journal and all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read" target="_blank">BOAI</a> definition of open access.The open access articles in the journal are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) license.

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

Authors publishing with the journal retain the copyright to their work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a>) and grant the Publisher non-exclusive commercial right to publish the work. CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Editor should consider publishing correction if minor errors that do not effect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper are detected. Editor should consider retraction if major errors and/or misconduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected.Editor should consider issuing an expression of concern if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive. The guidelines of <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> and <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.

To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

Journal of Social Policy Conferences is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publishers) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

Ethics

The journal adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.- Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.- The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.- The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.- Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.- Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.- The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.- In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.- If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.- In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/8DBF2AEBD8FE47FABD56531152311269" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>. The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by editor-in-chief  upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing. Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed. Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal. Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective. Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side. A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process. The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Peer Review

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by Editor-in-Chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international external referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by Editor-in-Chief upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.- Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?- Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?- Is the problem significant and concisely stated?- Are the methods described comprehensively?- Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?- Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?- Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

LanguageArticles in Turkish and English are published. Submitted Turkish article must include an English abstract, keyword and an extended abstract. Extended abstract in English is not required for articles in English.Manuscript Organization and FormatAll correspondence will be sent to the first-named author unless otherwise specified. Manuscpript is to be submitted online via <a href="mailto:sosyalsiyasetdergi@istanbul.edu.tr" target="_blank">sosyalsiyasetdergi@istanbul.edu.tr</a> and it must be accompanied by a cover letter indicating that the manuscript is intended for publication, specifying the article category (i.e. research article, review etc.) and including information about the manuscript (see the Submission Checklist). Manuscripts should be prepared in Microsoft Word 2003 and upper versions. In addition, <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/8DBF2AEBD8FE47FABD56531152311269" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a> that has to be signed by all authors must be submitted.<ol><li>The manuscripts should be in A4 paper standards: having 2.5 cm margins from right, left, bottom and top, Times New Roman font style in 12 font size, line spacing of 1.5 and “justify align” format. For indented paragraph, tab key should be used. One line spacing should be used for the tables and figures, which are included in the text.</li><li>The title of the text should be centered on the page, in lower-case letter, bold, Times New Roman font and 14 font size.</li><li>Information about the author is to be written on the left part of the page skipping one line space after the title, and it should be in Times New Roman font, 10 font size, with one line spacing. After indicating the name of the author in lower-case letter and surname in capital letter, the title, affiliation, and e-mail address should be included.</li><li>Before the introduction part, there should be an abstract of 200-250 words both in the language of the article and in English. An extended abstract in English between 600-800 words, summarizing the scope, the purpose, the results of the study and the methodology used is to be included following the abstracts. If the manuscript is in English, extended abstract is not required. Underneath the abstracts, 5 keywords that inform the reader about the content of the study should be specified in the language of the article and in English.</li><li>The manuscripts should contain mainly these components: title, abstract and keywords; extended abstract (If the manuscript is in English, extended abstract is not required), sections, footnotes and references.</li><li>Tables, graphs and figures can be given with a number and a defining title if and only if it is necessary to follow the idea of the article. Otherwise features like demographic characteristics can be given within the text.</li><li>A <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/9A81F22189C1441EA0295B632B933403" target="_blank">title page</a> including author information must be submitted together with the manuscript. The <a href="http://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/FileHandler2.ashx?f=sskd_title-page_637060533239753097.docx">title page</a> is to include fully descriptive title of the manuscript and, affiliation, title, e-mail address, ORCID, postal address, phone and fax number of the author(s) (see The Submission Checklist).</li><li>The rights of the manuscripts submitted to our journal for publication, belongs to the author(s).</li><li>The author(s) can be asked to make some changes in their articles due to peer reviews.</li><li>A copy of the journal will be sent to each author of the accepted articles upon their request.</li><li>The studies that were sent to the journal will not be returned whether they are published or not.</li></ol>

Author Guidelines

Before beginning the online submission process please read the Information for Authors and make sure you have the followings available:Article submissions should be submitted <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/login" target="_blank">Dergipark</a> or directly to the e-mail address <a href="mailto:sosyalsiyasetdergi@istanbul.edu.tr" target="_blank">sosyalsiyasetdergi@istanbul.edu.tr</a>Cover letter to the editor<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.</li> <li>Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement.</li> <li>Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.</li> <li>Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA.</li> </ul> </ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/8DBF2AEBD8FE47FABD56531152311269" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>Permission of previous published material if used in the present manuscript<a href="http://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/FileHandler2.ashx?f=sskd_title-page_637060533239753097.docx" target="_blank">Title page</a><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>The title of the manuscript both in the languge of the manuscript and in English</li> <li>All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses</li> <li>Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax number</li> <li>ORCIDs of all authors.</li> </ul> </ul>Main Manuscript Document<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The title of the manuscript both in the language of manuscript and in English</li> <li>Abstracts (200-250 words) both in the language of manuscript and in English</li> <li>Key words: 5 words both in the language of manuscript and in English</li> <li>Extended Abstract (600-800 words) in English (for the articles which are not in English)</li> <li>Grant Support (if exits)</li> <li>Conflict of interest (if exits)</li> <li>Acknowledgement (if exits)</li> <li>References</li> <li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li> </ul> </ul>

Although references to review articles can be an efficient way to guide readers to a body of literature, review articles do not always reflect original work accurately. Readers should therefore be provided with direct references to original research sources whenever possible. On the other hand, extensive lists of references to original work on a topic can use excessive space on the printed page. Small numbers of references to key original papers often serve as well as more exhaustive lists, particularly since references can now be added to the electronic version of published papers, and since electronic literature searching allows readers to retrieve published literature efficiently. Papers accepted but not yet included in the issue are published online in the Early View section and they should be cited as “advance online publication”. Citing a “personal communication” should be avoided unless it provides essential information not available from a public source, in which case the name of the person and date of communication should be cited in parentheses in the text. For scientific articles, written permission and confirmation of accuracy from the source of a personal communication must be obtained.Reference Style and FormatJournal of Social Policy Conferences complies with APA (American Psychological Association) style 6th Edition for referencing and quoting. For more information:-    American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.-    <a href="http://www.apastyle.org" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org</a>Citations in the TextCitations must be indicated with the author surname and publication year within the parenthesis.If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;).Samples:More than one citation;(Esin, et al., 2002; Karasar, 1995)Citation with one author;(Akyolcu, 2007)Citation with two authors;(Sayıner &amp; Demirci, 2007)Citation with three, four, five authors;First citation in the text: (Ailen, Ciambrune, &amp; Welch, 2000) Subsequent citations in the text: (Ailen, et al., 2000)Citations with more than six authors;(Çavdar, et al., 2003)Citations in the ReferenceAll the citations done in the text should be listed in the References section in alphabetical order of author surname without numbering. Below given examples should be considered in citing the references.Basic Reference TypesBooka) Turkish BookKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8th ed.) [Preparing research reports]. Ankara, Turkey: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Book Translated into TurkishMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler [Mindsets] (A. Kotil, Trans.). İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim Yayınları.c) Edited BookÖren, T., Üney, T., &amp; Çölkesen, R. (Eds.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi [Turkish Encyclopedia of Informatics]. İstanbul, Turkey: Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Turkish Book with Multiple AuthorsTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y., &amp; Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme [Performance evaluation in Turkish search engines]. Ankara, Turkey: Total Bilişim.e) Book in EnglishKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.f) Chapter in an Edited BookBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.g) Chapter in an Edited Book in TurkishErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi [Organization culture: Its functions, elements and importance in leadership and business management]. In M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi [Organization sociology] (pp. 233–263). Bursa, Turkey: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Book with the same organization as author and publisherAmerican Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American psychological association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Articlea) Turkish ArticleMutlu, B., &amp; Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri [Source and intervention reduction of stress for parents whose children are in intensive care unit after surgery]. Istanbul University Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 15(60), 179–182.b) English Articlede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002c) Journal Article with DOI and More Than Seven AuthorsLal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184d) Journal Article from Web, without DOISidani, S. (2003). Enhancing the evaluation of nursing care effectiveness. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 35(3), 26–38. Retrieved from http://cjnr.mcgill.cae) Journal Article wih DOITurner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910f) Advance Online PublicationSmith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867g) Article in a MagazineHenry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today’s schools. Time, 135, 28–31.Doctoral Dissertation, Master’s Thesis, Presentation, Proceedinga) Dissertation/Thesis from a Commercial DatabaseVan Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9943436)b) Dissertation/Thesis from an Institutional DatabaseYaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Retrieved from: http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portalic) Dissertation/Thesis from WebTonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). Retrieved from http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar /phd/ickapak.htmld) Dissertation/Thesis abstracted in Dissertations Abstracts InternationalAppelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica&#173;tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.e) Symposium ContributionKrinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B., &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.f) Conference Paper Abstract Retrieved OnlineLiu, S. (2005, May). Defending against business crises with the help of intelligent agent based early warning solutions. Paper presented at the Seventh International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Miami, FL. Abstract retrieved from http://www.iceis.org/iceis2005/abstracts_2005.htmg) Conference Paper - In Regularly Published Proceedings and Retrieved OnlineHerculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105h) Proceeding in Book FormParsons, O. A., Pryzwansky, W. B., Weinstein, D. J., &amp; Wiens, A. N. (1995). Taxonomy for psychology. In J. N. Reich, H. Sands, &amp; A. N. Wiens (Eds.), Education and training beyond the doctoral degree: Proceedings of the American Psychological Association National Conference on Postdoctoral Education and Training in Psychology (pp. 45–50). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.i) Paper PresentationNguyen, C. A. (2012, August). Humor and deception in advertising: When laughter may not be the best medicine. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.Other Sourcesa) Newspaper ArticleBrowne, R. (2010, March 21). This brainless patient is no dummy. Sydney Morning Herald, 45.b) Newspaper Article with no AuthorNew drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.c) Web Page/Blog PostBordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/d) Online Encyclopedia/DictionaryIgnition. (1989). In Oxford English online dictionary (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://dictionary.oed.comMarcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.). The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/e) PodcastDunning, B. (Producer). (2011, January 12). in Fact: Conspiracy theories [Video podcast]. Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com/f) Single Episode in a Television SeriesEgan, D. (Writer), &amp; Alexander, J. (Director). (2005). Failure to communicate. [Television series episode]. In D. 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