Feridun

Prof.

Süleyman Pasha, the Conquerer of Rumelia: Problems and Remarks

Mustafa

Greeting the Liberated Gazi Osman Pasha: A Welcoming Ceremony that made him Forget his Defeat

Özgür

Assoc. Prof.

Throughout history, epidemics were an important cause of human deaths in addition to natural disasters such as earthquakes, fires, famines, and climate disturbances. The most deadly of these epidemics was the plague. The plague, which caused the deaths of millions of people in three major pandemics or global epidemics, was eliminated in Western Europe in the late 17th century. It continued to surface in the Ottoman area, bridging the east and the west, and caused significant destruction until the first half of the 19th century. The Ottoman territories suffered greatly from plague outbreaks, which emerged in the Far East and journeyed to the west from there. Fortunately, in the Ottoman Empire, the plague lost its former power in the first period of the 19th century because of the quarantine system, which was implemented in the 1830s. However, eventually a more dangerous epidemic disease, cholera, became a global threat in this period. Cholera, which was an endemic disease in India until 1817, subsequently spread rapidly out of the country and was evident in Asia, Africa, Europe, and America. It caused great pandemics within a century. The quarantine system established against the plague epidemics of Europe proved to be inadequate against this new disease. Spreading all over the world, cholera cost thousands of lives until the necessary measures were taken. According to studies on cholera, it has had six major pandemics in the 19th century, namely, in 1817, 1829, 1852, 1863, 1881, 1889, and during 1892–1895. The six major cholera pandemics followed three main routes to reach the west. The first was the route that reached Russia via North India, Afghanistan, Persia, and Central Asia. The second was the sea and highway passing through the Oman Sea and Basra Gulf to Baghdad. The third was the sea route that leads to India through Egypt and Mediterranean via the Red Sea. As Pollitzer stated, the cholera outbreak of 1847–1848 was a part of the second pandemic period of 1829–1851. The disease, which emerged in India, continued to spread towards the West, reached Europe in the 1830s, and killed innumerable people. The disease reached Istanbul for the first time in 1831 and took more than 5,000 lives in the capital. However, it was more devastating in the Hejaz, the western part of modern-day Saudi Arabia. Cholera reappeared in India in 1840, and quickly spread to the West. In its path, cholera brought devastation to Persia. By virtue of the geographical location and breadth of the country, epidemics were very common in Persia. Persia—adjacent to Russia across the Caspian Sea, to&nbsp;the Persian Gulf in the south, to the Ottoman Empire in the west, and to Afghanistan and the British Indies in the east—served as a bridge for disease movement from the east to the west. The outbreak that occurred in 1840 spread to Persia in 1845 and left more than 20 thousand dead. The disease reached the Ottoman territories via Persia and appeared in Erzurum, in eastern Turkey, in late 1846. In the summer of 1847, the evidence of people afflicted by the disease, which had been seen since the beginning of the year in the city, showed a great increase and caused nearly a thousand people to die. Likewise, the disease continued to occur in the surrounding areas as well as in Erzurum. Cholera, which spread from Persia to Georgia, moved across the sea to reach Trabzon in northeastern Turkey in September 1847. Panicked by the plague, the people of Trabzon evacuated town; despite this, approximately 1,200–1,300 people died between September and October, according to the information received from the city’s quarantine authorities. Because of the quarantine regulations, trade came to a halt for three months after the outbreak. However, the Quarantine Council abolished the quarantine regulations for the sea route in late October as the epidemic weakened. Trabzon faced the worst losses in 1847 in the southern Black Sea coast. The epidemic of 1847–1848 primarily affected Istanbul. The first cholera epidemic, which appeared in 1822 in the Ottoman lands, was seen in Istanbul for the first time in 1831. A ship from Odessa transmitted the disease to the capital. In this period, there was no experience of this disease in the capital and the quarantine system was not yet established. It is stated that in the first visit of the disease, it claimed more than 5,000 people of Istanbul were victims of the disease. A similar threat resurfaced in Istanbul 16 years later, at the end of 1847. According to sources, the disease arrived in Istanbul by a steamship from Trabzon. The first case was discovered on September 12 on the steamship Sultan from Trabzon. Because of this, both the Sultan and other ships from direction of Trabzon were subjected to a 10-day quarantine in the Kavak Quarantine Station. At the end of 1846, the news that cholera had appeared among the pilgrims in Mecca spread in İstanbul. Moreover, three people died in the steamship Stamboul, which journeyed from Trabzon to Istanbul. The second case occurred in Ortaköy and the third in Beyoğlu district. In November, the disease continued to proliferate in the capital. In Galata on November 2–4, 7 cholera cases were noted. Later, the disease spread to Tatavla, Beyoğlu, Kasımpaşa, Balat, and İstinye districts and changed to its direction so that it was observed also in Hasköy, Fener, Üsküdar, and finally in the center of Istanbul. By the end of December, cholera was seen in the&nbsp;warships that anchored in the shipyard of Tersane-i Amire. According to the reports of foreign physicians in the capital, the disease, which continued to be infectious in the capital during the first months of 1847, increased its effects in the spring period when the weather warmed. In addition, the epidemic spread to all the districts of Istanbul. Death cases were usually seen in places where adequate hygiene measures were not taken and which were inhabited by mostly poor families. Mortality rates rose in July–August when the weather was warmest. The month of Ramadan, which coincided with this period, increased mortality rates. However, it was announced on October 18 that cholera had entirely lost its influence in Istanbul. During this epidemic period, nearly 10,000 people were affected and, according to different sources, more than 4,000 people succumbed to the disease. With the help of Turkish and foreign physicians, the authorities of the capital assumed a series of measures to fortify public health against the effects of the cholera, which paralyzed life in Istanbul for a year. Although we could not delineate the course of the disease as in the example of Erzurum, Trabzon and Istanbul, the 1847–1848 cholera was also effective in other regions of the empire. For example, more than 500 people in Kars fell victim to the disease, and in Çıldır, Ardahan, Penek, Oltu, Olur, and Narman districts, the outbreak claimed the lives of a thousand people. The epidemic showed its influence in the southeast of Anatolia and advanced through Diyarbakir, Mardin, and Siirt. In addition, cholera caused catastrophic damages in Hejaz and took 15,000 lives. However, the disease, which also appeared in other parts of Anatolia and Rumeli, began to lose its effect in October 1848. In this way, the disease that progressed rapidly not only in the Ottoman territory but also in all the surrounding countries caused many deaths and astonished the scientific world for some time. The European states were required to muster international cooperation to adopt better and more effective measures against cholera outbreaks. In this context, international health cooperation was initiated with the first International Sanitary Conference in Paris, which opened on July 23, 1851. The objective of this conference was to unify and reduce to a safe minimum the conflicting and costly maritime quarantine requirements of different European nations. As a result, we find that new documents and findings in local history research can reveal the effects of epidemic diseases in Ottoman provinces. However, for the early periods of the cholera epidemics, the Ottoman archival sources are not detailed in this regard, but consular reports provide important information on the spread and progress of the diseases. As consuls were primarily trade officials, they particularly&nbsp;focused in their reports of events that can affect commercial relations in their consular regions. Since epidemics such as plague and cholera affected interregional trade, consuls gave detailed information that we could not find in Ottoman documents on the progress of the disease as it is evident in the consular correspondences on Erzurum and Trabzon. Undoubtedly, applying this method to the other provinces in terms of the history of cholera or other epidemic diseases will make new contributions to the subject.

The Cholera Epidemic of 1847–1848 and its Effects on the Ottoman Empire

Oktay

Arctic Policy of the Russian Federation

Ceren

Stephen Mitchell, Geç Roma İmparatorluğu Tarihi M.S. 284-641, (çev. Turhan Kaçar), Türk Tarih Kurumu yay., Ankara 2016, xxvii+750, 10 harita ve 33 levha, ISBN 978- 975- 3246-3

Esra

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

Assist. Prof.

CALL FOR PAPERS

Bahram

Hasan

As a result of the Mongol attacks on Iran, scholars, dervishes and sheikhs of different Sufi orders in Iran preferred Anatolia as a region that they deemed suitable in terms of security and where they could easily transfer and spread their thoughts and beliefs. Mawlawism, which gained importance in the last periods of the Anatolian Seljuk State and the Ottoman period, emerged in Konya, the capital of the Anatolian Seljuk State, in 1280 as a result of these migrations. Mawlawism, whose source is the ideas of Mawlana, is undoubtedly the most important of the Sufi movements that make Anatolia rich in spiritual values. The absence of religious oppression in Iran during the Ilkhanids and Timurids led to the devel opment of Sufism and the emergence of various sects. Mawlawism, which also bears important traces of Iranian culture, spread in Iranian lands during these periods and had a significant influence on the society.However, the establishment of the Safavid State in Iran at the beginning of the 16th century by Shah Ismail with the support of the Turkmens of the Kizilbash in Iran stopped the spread of Mawlawism in this geography. With the support of the Turkmens, Shah Ismail assumed the role of the absolute protector of the Shiite sect. The Safavid State’s efforts to spread Shiism in Iran were met with political and sectarian struggle by its strong rival Ottoman Empire in the west and the Uzbeks in the east. This struggle caused some Sunni groups in Iran to migrate to the Ottoman lands and Shi’ite elements in the Ottoman lands to migrate to Iran. Eventually, the Safavid State became an important political and religious rival of neighbouring Sunni states such as the Ottoman Empire. Finally, as a result of the policies pursued by the state, Shiism began to spread rapidly among Iranians. The Safavid State’s adoption of a Shi’ite identity also negatively affected the Sufi movements in Iranian lands.Although the Safavid State emerged on the basis of Sufism, its policy towards Sufism changed after the establishment of the state. The sources of the sects and their relations with the states in the region played a decisive role in the approach of the Safavid shahs towards the sects. Shah Ismail and the succeeding shahs oppressed the sects that were opposed to the Shi’ite understanding. Sufi views and orders based on the Sunnite understanding were unable to survive in Iran. As a result of this oppression, some of the Sunni sects in Iran became&nbsp;Shi’ite, while a significant number had to migrate to Anatolia and India. Despite some cultural commonalities, Mawlawism was one of the sects that could not survive in Iranian lands due to the lack of favourable conditions during the Safavid period. Even the possession of Mawlana’s Mesnevi, which played a leading role in determining the procedures, manners and etiquette of Mawlawism, was considered dangerous.&nbsp;The Mawlawis were oppressed by the Safavids not only because they were Sunnites but also because of their proximity to the Ottoman court. The Mawlawis were expelled from Iran during the reign of Shah Tahmasb, the second ruler of the Safavid State. The main aim of the Shah was to create a new political, religious and social unity in Iran under the umbrella of Shiism by suppressing or expelling different Sufi beliefs. Shah Tahmasb’s expulsion of those belonging to the Mawlana order from Iran and his suppression of other orders led to the weakening of Sufism in Iran.Towards the end of the Safavid Empire, the strengthening of the Shiite ulema and their increasing influence on the state and society led to a change in the attitude of the central authority towards both Shiite and Sunni-oriented Sufism. In the Mawlana order, Mawlana was the murshid and after him the çelebis were regarded as murshid. For this reason, Mawlawism also contradicted the basic principles of the Shiite sect. This attitude of the Shiite ulema was one of the reasons why Mawlawism could not spread in Iran in the last periods of the Safavids.&nbsp;In return for the duties of lodges and dervish lodges in the social, political and religious life of the Ottoman Empire, the state supported these orders with various subsidies. Mawlawism was one of the most important orders supported by the Ottoman State. Since it was the sect most supported by the Ottoman sultans, Mawlawism was regarded as the official sect of the Ottoman Empire.In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Shiite propaganda launched by the Safavids especially in Eastern Anatolia in order to attract the Kizilbash Turkmens in Anatolia to their side had become a major threat to the Ottoman Empire. For this reason, the Ottoman Empire allowed Mawlawism to spread in Eastern Anatolia. In return, Mawlawis played an important role in the elimination of the Shiite propaganda in Anatolia. The good relations between Mawlawism and the Ottoman Empire is another important reason why Mawlawism could not spread in Iran.

In The 16th Century, The Reasons for The Failure of Mawlawiyya to Spread in Safavid Iran

Qasım

The Caucasus is one of the most fascinating regions in the world. A significant portion of this region, which is divided into two areas based on natural and geographical orientation, includes the Southern Caucasus. Recent studies on the history of the Southern Caucasus have led to numerous works, marking important steps toward understanding the region. However, it remains challenging to claim that the region’s history is fully understood. The scarcity of written sources, limited information on historical and auxiliary disciplines, and the influence of imperial interests have hindered an objective narration of Southern Caucasian history. Additionally, the politicization of the histories of various states and efforts by some groups to downplay it have further complicated the situation.&nbsp;The Southern Caucasus is densely populated with numerous peoples and ethnic groups, both in terms of its natural-geographical landscape and geopolitical significance. Unfortunately, until recently, the history of this region, especially its ancient period, has been marked by confusion and distortion. Researchers have frequently complicated the region’s history, leading to the creation of stereotypes and fabricated narratives about its ethnic cultures and civilizations.The Southern Caucasus is home to a dense and diverse array of peoples and ethnic groups, both in natural-geographical and geopolitical terms. Unfortunately, until recently, the history of this region, particularly its ancient period, has been subject to confusion and distortion. Researchers have often complicated the history, contributing to stereotypes and fabricated narratives about the area’s ethnic cultures and civilizations.&nbsp;With the dissolution of the USSR and the emergence of independent states, greater transparency across various fields has made it possible to address and correct historical distortions. Such cursory investigations, which classified information primarily through selective written sources and maps, have been increasingly challenged by historical scholarship. To establish a reliable history of the Southern Caucasus, it is essential to adopt new methods, especially those emphasizing critical analysis and realism.There is ancient source material regarding the ethnos, peoples, and states of the Southern Caucasus, encompassing details about mutual relations, land disputes, border determinations, conflicts, incidents of terrorism, deportations, and genocides. However, these processes have often been presented in a non-objective manner, lacking serious investigation into the underlying political and ideological issues. The arrival of non-native Armenians in the Southern Caucasus in the early 19th century contributed to this distortion.Despite the establishment of a state in the Southern Caucasus in the early 20th century, unfounded land claims were made against Azerbaijan to assert an “ancient tradition of statehood” in the region. These claims persisted and proliferated, aiming to maintain a narrative of ancient history and civilization. Distortions introduced by the Mekhitarists in the mid-19th century were further developed from the late 19th to early 20th centuries and gained widespread acceptance during the Soviet era, resulting in the creation of a fabricated history, including the notion of an “ancient Armenian warrior tradition.”The unfounded land claims made by Armenia and the Armenian community against Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey, and other regional states have created significant problems. It is crucial to counter these fraudulent and harmful activities to ensure a safe environment. Our investigations suggest that the current narrative, driven by false ideologies and baseless land claims, has led to conflicts and tragedies in the Southern Caucasus region. Our aim is to draw attention to these issues and address them appropriately.One critical issue that requires objective clarification is the history and geography of the Southern Caucasus and its historical reflections. Ancient states in the region include Urartu, Media, Colchis, Iberia, Atropatena, and Albania. Understanding the formation, history, development, political and socio-economic conditions, civilization, ethnic composition, and relations among these states and their neighboring peoples is essential. Additionally, there is fascinating information regarding the early human ancestors of the Southern Caucasus peoples.Objective writing about Southern Caucasian history is essential. Armenian authors have often transformed years of research into ideology by fabricating histories, compiling historical sources and maps, and constructing material monuments that claim to represent civilization. These classifications complicate the understanding of the true history of the Southern Caucasus, leading to a distorted perception perpetuated by certain researchers. Countering these efforts is crucial for improving the quality of historical information.This situation arises from separatist policies imposed by powerful empires that have influenced the former USSR states. The spread of false narratives regarding the region’s ancient economic history and fabrications like “Great Armenia” persisted until the end of this era. To address these issues, it is necessary to consult historical facts and arguments while providing objective historical interpretations.In conclusion, analyzing the sabotage of the Southern Caucasus’ ancient history necessitates consulting original sources and engaging with historical scholarship regarding hoaxes. These&nbsp;issues must be brought to light and thoroughly annotated. This approach will help preserve the reliable and positive traditions of Southern Caucasus history while effectively addressing classifications and fabrications.

The Importance of New Research on The History of The South Caucasus

Rabia

The Unveiling Campaign in Uzbekistan and Its Local Support

Karolina

During World War II, Türkiye and Poland experienced significantly divergent circumstances. Poland suffered under the occupation of German and Soviet forces, while Türkiye managed to maintain its neutrality throughout the war. However, the post-war world divided into two significant spheres of influence—Western and Soviet. The Yalta Conference in 1945 marked the beginning of Poland’s integration into the Soviet sphere, whereas Türkiye eventually aligned itself with the Western bloc. Despite these contrasting trajectories, the two countries shared notable similarities in their interactions with the two emerging superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, which sought to influence their political and strategic choices during this era.This article delves into the geopolitical dynamics between 1945 and 1952, focusing on how the Cold War powers—Washington and Moscow—competed over Poland-related issues and simultaneously pressured Türkiye to align with their broader strategic interests. Türkiye’s strategic location and Poland’s symbolic and practical significance as part of the Soviet sphere made both nations critical players in the superpowers’ rivalry. The analysis emphasizes how these pressures manifested politically and diplomatically, shaping not only the bilateral relationships between Türkiye and the superpowers but also Türkiye’s indirect involvement in Polish affairs.The study explores key events and policies during this period, including Türkiye’s struggle to navigate the dual pressures of maintaining its sovereignty while appeasing its Western allies, particularly the United States. Similarly, Poland’s integration into the Soviet bloc illustrates how Cold War dynamics dictated the political trajectory of Eastern Europe. By juxtaposing these two nations, the article identifies parallels in the strategies employed by the United States and the Soviet Union to consolidate their influence.One of the central objectives of the research is to analyze how Cold War rivalries extended beyond immediate bilateral relations to impact regional and global alliances. For instance, the United States leveraged Türkiye’s strategic importance to counterbalance Soviet expansion, including efforts to limit Soviet influence in Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean. Conversely, the Soviet Union’s dominance over Poland served as a cornerstone of its Eastern European strategy, which sought to reinforce its sphere of influence against Western encroachment. This interplay highlights the interconnectedness of Cold War geopolitics and how Türkiye and Poland became arenas for broader ideological and strategic contestation.The article also sheds light on the mechanisms of political pressure and negotiation that defined Türkiye’s position during this period. While Poland was firmly integrated into the Soviet bloc, Türkiye’s alignment with the West was not without challenges, including diplomatic tensions with the Soviet Union and domestic debates over its foreign policy orientation. The analysis provides a nuanced understanding of how Türkiye balanced its national interests against the backdrop of growing U.S.-Soviet rivalry.Ultimately, the research aims to contribute to the broader understanding of Cold War history by examining the interplay between major powers and middle-sized nations like Türkiye and Poland. It argues that the Cold War was not merely a bipolar conflict but a complex and multilayered interaction involving countries with varying levels of agency. Through this lens, the article offers insights into how Türkiye and Poland navigated the pressures of global politics and how their respective experiences reflected the broader patterns of Cold War diplomacy and competition.By focusing on the period between 1945 and 1952, the article captures a critical phase in Cold War history when the foundations of the post-war order were being established. It underscores the importance of Türkiye’s strategic location and Poland’s geopolitical significance as case studies for understanding how smaller states negotiated their roles within the global rivalry of the Cold War powers. Through an analysis of selected events and policies, the article reveals how the United States and the Soviet Union sought to use these nations as instruments of their broader geopolitical strategies while also highlighting the agency of Türkiye and Poland in responding to these pressures.In conclusion, this study offers a comparative perspective on Türkiye and Poland during the Cold War’s formative period, illustrating how the global contest for influence shaped their political and diplomatic paths. By examining the interplay between superpower ambitions and national agency, the article contributes to a deeper understanding of Cold War geopolitics and the enduring significance of Türkiye and Poland in the 20th-century international relations.

Turkey as an Area of Competıtıon Between The Cold War Partıes Between 1945-1952 in The Case of Poland

Nonna

By the time L.N. Tolstoy began his literary career, there were works already known in world literature that were written as recollections of an adult life journey, beginning from early childhood. However, the theme of childhood, with which Tolstoy began his creative path lasted for more than half a century and took on special significance for him. In studying the stages of human development, the first of which is childhood, Tolstoy sought to show the formation of the human personality in direct and complex relationships with the surrounding reality and to identify the factors that hinder human spiritual growth.For Tolstoy, childhood is a beautiful period of a person’s life, which should be accepted as an unconditional good. The main qualities of the child’s soul, according to the writer, are the ability to establish harmony with the world and the purity of moral feeling. He was convinced that the child knows the purpose of their life, which they see as happiness achieved through peaceful, loving interaction among people. Tolstoy places great importance on showing that children, who have not yet experienced adult life, believe that “life is good”. Childhood, in Tolstoy’s view, is a prelude to adult life, in which he reveals causal relationships between childhood and subsequent stages of human development. Tolstoy believed that people are naturally endowed with high potential, including a moral character, which he saw as the strength of humanity. However, the surrounding environment, particularly in the form of the upper echelons of society, instills distorted views of life and its purpose in the first stages of a person’s life.According to Tolstoy, a child begins to internalize false views and behavioral principles typical of their social surroundings, which negatively affects their spiritual development. Therefore, the child interests him primarily as a being that is inherently harmonious, whole, and not yet touched by the influence of society, and at the same time, as a human personality whose character is still in the process of formation.In his works, Tolstoy repeatedly emphasizes the natural observance of children, which allows them to observe adults and see the falseness in their relationships.In this context, the education of children takes on particular importance for Tolstoy, who considers it fundamental in the process of a person’s development. The author advises a careful approach to the educational process, placing responsibility for it on adults, particularly on the parents of the child. For Tolstoy, childhood is an exclusive sphere of responsibility for the preceding generation. Moreover, as Tolstoy notes, the educational process should not take the form of moralistic preaching. The author is convinced that only real-life examples of approaching moral ideals, accessible to the child’s understanding, can strengthen the child’s best feelings. At the same time, Tolstoy emphasizes that an educator, or any adult interacting with the delicate, sensitive soul of a child, must first possess the moral qualities that they want to develop in the child.Tolstoy considers family education to be of enormous importance. According to the author, the family is a special world with its own values and laws, and it has a tremendous influence on the child. He places the greatest importance on the role of the mother, whose influence represents the natural force of love that aligns with the child’s initial essence. From Tolstoy’s perspective, the best traits of a child’s character are shaped under the influence of the mother, whose upbringing teaches the child to be sensitive to the world and to love. Only a mother, according to Tolstoy, can change the world through her ennobling influence because the future of humanity is quite literally, in her hands.It is significant that in his first work, dedicated to the brightest period of human life, childhood, Tolstoy already speaks of forces threatening human happiness. From the very beginning of his literary career to the last days of his life, Tolstoy’s main goal was to implement the life program he was developing, the overall meaning of which is the moral renewal and spiritual rebirth of the individual and humanity, and the return to the lost harmony of the past, to what he understands as “childhood” or the original bliss of the “natural state”. He firmly believes that this depends on the individual, on how resolute and persistent they are in following the high ideals of good. In this, Tolstoy sees the highest calling of humanity

The Theme of Childhood in L.N. Tolstoy’s Works in the Context of His Worldview

Seyran

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the increase in the Muslim population living in St. Petersburg led to the emergence of a number of needs in the political, social and cultural life of the city to the detriment of Muslims. One of these needs was the lack of a Muslim place of worship in the city. Although Muslims occasionally express their distress about the lack of places of worship and submit their demands for a solution to the problem, they cannot get positive results on this issue for a long time.It was only in the early 20th century that the government of Tsarist Russia responded positively to the Muslim demand for a mosque. The first effort in this direction began when Tsar Nicholas II allowed Muslims to purchase a plot of land in the capital to build a standalone masjid building. According to Nicholas II’s order of July 18, 1906, the Muslims of St.&nbsp;Petersburg were allowed to collect donations totaling 750,000 rubles from Muslims living in the empire for only 10 years to help build the masjid. Sources indicate that in a short period of time about 300,000 rubles were collected. In 1907, the city’s Gronverksky Avenue and Konnoy Avenue intersection was purchased for 312,000 rubles donated by the Emir of Bukhara, Sayed Mir Abdul Ahad Khan.&nbsp;After the purchase of the land, the project submitted by engineer Nikolay Vasilyev was successful in the project competition for the mosque, but it was decided to prepare the final version of the project with the contributions of architect Stepan Krichinsky and senior architect Aleksandr Ivanovich von Hohen. After securing the necessary financial support to start the construction of the mosque, construction began with the permission of Tsar Nicholas II. The groundbreaking ceremony took place on February 3, 1910 on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the reign of Sayed Mir Abdul Ahad Khan.Although the mosque was inaugurated on February 21, 1913, on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty, the mosque was opened to Muslims during Ramadan on April 30, 1920, after the completion of the interior decorations, decoration and calligraphy.With its two 49-meter-high minarets and 39-meter-high dome, this place of worship, which was built as one of the largest mosques in Europe in its time, was closed and used for various purposes between 1940 and 1955 during the years of Soviet rule, and was reopened as a place of worship on December 10, 1955 with the decision of the USSR Council of Ministers.It is recorded in the records that Azerbaijani Muslims made the biggest contribution to the aid campaign launched among Muslims for the construction of the mosque. It is thought that the Azerbaijani press played an important role in the adoption of the issue by Azerbaijani Muslims in a period when communication opportunities were limited. The Ottoman press of the same period also provided the public with valuable information about the construction of the mosque. Especially conservative publications such as “Sırat-i Mustakim”, “Hakikat,” “Güneş,” which were well known in both countries, showed more interest in the issue.The publications are highly qualified in terms of conveying concrete information and correcting misinformation. The main focus of the articles is on the efforts initiated to meet the needs of the mosque, the difficulties in obtaining permission for the construction of the mosque, the criticism of the Russians who opposed the construction of the mosque, the value of the mosque in the eyes of Muslims and the charity activities of Baku Muslims.We understand from the publications that the reason why the Tsarist government did not respond to the mosque demand for years was related to the reaction of some chauvinist Russians as well as state policy. In this context, the articles of the famous musician Uzeyir Hajibeyli in issues 29 and 43 of the Hakikat newspaper published in 1910 are important. The articles criticize the unjust attitude of the Russians, who opposed the construction of mosques by Muslims, who were second only to Russians in the Russian Empire in terms of population,&nbsp;and who did not respect the decrees signed on the granting of religious freedoms in Russia, by creating some “fears” for themselves.The news articles in the press are very valuable in terms of the groundbreaking ceremony of the mosque and the events that took place there, as well as providing accurate and credible information about the building. For example, in the news article titled “Masjid Building in St. Petersburg” published in the 29th issue of the Hakikat newspaper dated February 5, 1910, the groundbreaking ceremony of the mosque, the participants of the ceremony, the speeches made, and on the first page of the same issue, a telegram containing information about the presence of Tsar Nicholas II, the minister of the palace, some princes, the ministers of military and foreign affairs of the Russian Tsardom, and the head of the government at the banquet held with the participation of 78 people after the groundbreaking ceremony.&nbsp;The press reports that the Emir of Bukhara played a special role in the construction of the mosque, and his work for the mosque was appreciated by Muslims living in Tsarist Russia at that time. In this regard, Haji Zeynalabidin Tagiyev’s letter of thanks to Sayyid Mir Abdul Ahad Khan is very significant. In this letter, published in the 24th issue of the newspaper “Güneş” dated September 24, 1910, Haji Zeynalabidin Tagiyev, returning from abroad, says that he stopped by the capital of the Empire to see the mosque, how happy he was when he saw the mosque, thanked the Emir for the mosque built by him, and expressed how important this building was for Muslims.&nbsp;&nbsp;According to the information given, after receiving permission to collect donations and start construction, Baku Muslims started to support donation campaigns by forming working groups in newspaper printing houses, charity associations and charitable organizations. The article titled “Mescid Üçün Bakıdan İane” in the 29th issue of Hakikat newspaper dated February 5, 1910 mentions one of the activities carried out in this direction. The article mentions the participants in the charity meeting organized in the house of Haji Zeynalabidin Taghiyev and the sending of 30.000 manat donation to Petersburg.We learn from the news in issue 58 of the Güneş newspaper of 1910 that after the donations were sent to Petersburg, the committee supervising the construction of the masjid sent a telegram to Haji Zeynalabidin Taghiyev expressing their thanks. The construction of the St. Petersburg Mosque and the efforts made to realize its construction are considered as the product of the efforts of Muslims living in the Russian Empire in the early 20th century for a common goal.

The Construction Process of Petersburg Mosque in Azerbaycan Press

Okan

Prof. Dr.

Gülcan

Assist. Prof. Dr.

One of the most critical achievements of the Azerbaijani army during the Second Karabakh War (September 27-November 10, 2020) was the liberation of Shusha on November 8, 2020, after 28 years of Armenian occupation. Founded in the 18th century by Karabakh Khan Panah Ali Khan, Shusha is strategically located on a plateau at an altitude of approximately 1,400 meters on the foothills of the Karabakh mountains. Its natural fortress-like features, surrounded by steep cliffs and fortified walls, made it historically difficult to capture militarily. The city holds great value not only for its strategic position but also for the roles it has played in the cultural and socio-political life of Azerbaijan and the South Caucasus. Shusha became the center of the Karabakh Khanate shortly after its founding in 1752, and despite facing numerous sieges in the 18th century by powerful regional leaders like Muhammad Hasan Khan Qajar and Agha Muhammad Khan Qajar, the city’s rugged terrain and well-defended walls thwarted their attacks. By the early 19th century, Russia’s expansionist policies led to the abolition of the Karabakh Khanate, but Shusha remained a key administrative center. During this period, Russia’s policy of relocating Armenians from Iran and Ottoman lands to Karabakh altered the region’s demographic composition, thus laying the seeds for future tensions.Under Soviet rule, Shusha retained its cultural and tourism significance. However, during the First Karabakh War of 1992, the city was occupied by Armenia, forcing its Azerbaijani Turks to flee. This occupation lasted for nearly 30 years and became a painful wound in Azerbaijani society. Reclaiming Shusha remained a central goal of Azerbaijan’s political and diplomatic efforts. The “Four-Day War” in 2016, during which Azerbaijan made military advances in certain areas, reinforced public belief that Karabakh could be reclaimed through military means.Provocative actions, such as the Armenian leadership’s provocative statements like “Karabakh is Armenia, period!” and moving the so-called “parliament” from NagornoKarabakh to Shusha, stalled the negotiation process between Azerbaijan and Armenia. On September 27, 2020, Armenia violated the ceasefire by launching intense artillery attacks on the Azerbaijani settlements, igniting the Second Karabakh War. In response, the Azerbaijani army launched a counteroffensive, rapidly liberating strategically important cities, including Fuzuli, Jabrayil, Zangilan, and Gubadli.A key factor in this success was the use of modern military technology, including Turkishmade Bayraktar TB2 UAVs and Israeli-made kamikaze drones, which played a crucial role in neutralizing Armenian armored units and air defense systems. The Armenian army, relying on traditional Russian defensive strategies, found its defense tactics ineffective against the advanced use of UAVs by the Azerbaijani forces.As the war progressed, reclaiming Shusha, the heart of Karabakh, became critical. Shusha’s strategic position dominated the mountainous areas and provided an opportunity to besiege Hankendi and its surroundings. On November 4, 2020, Azerbaijani forces captured the village of Dashalty and brought them to the doorstep of Shusha. Special forces and ground troops performed difficult maneuvers, including climbing steep rocks and engaging in urban combat with light weapons and anti-tank systems. Despite the unfavorable weather conditions, Azerbaijani soldiers managed to neutralize Armenian armored units in street fighting in Shusha.The intense clashes continued until November 7, when the Armenian forces reinforced their position to defend the city. However, they could not withstand the Azerbaijani army’s superior maneuverability and morale. By November 7, much of the city had been captured, and on November 8, Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev officially announced the complete liberation of Shusha. This victory forced Armenia to admit defeat, and on November 10, a trilateral communiqué was signed, marking the end of the war. Under the terms of the agreement, Armenia had to withdraw from Aghdam, Kelbajar, and Lachin, ending its approximately 30- year occupation of these territories.The liberation of Shusha was not only a military triumph but also a cultural and emotional victory for Azerbaijan. The raising of the Azerbaijani flag over this historic city, referred to as the “Jerusalem of Karabakh” by Armenia, symbolized the restoration of Azerbaijan’s territorial integrity. President Aliyev declared 8 November as “Victory Day” in honor of this achievement.Following the victory, a large-scale reconstruction process began in Shusha, which restored historical mosques, fortress walls, and cultural landmarks to preserve the city’s original texture. Shusha has since become an internationally recognized cultural hub, earning titles such as the “Cultural Capital of Azerbaijan” and the “Cultural Capital of the Turkic World.” It was also named the “Tourism Capital” for 2026 by the Organization of Turkic States. The “Battle of Shusha” remains a critical turning point in the Second Karabakh War, showcasing a high-risk military operation conducted by special forces in challenging terrain. It reinforced Azerbaijan’s military, political, and spiritual strength, ensuring Shusha’s place in Azerbaijani history.

The Ancient Turkish City of Shusha and The Battle of Shusha in The Second Karabakh War

Adem

Functionalizing Social Capital from Outside to Inside: Syrian Immigrants as a Liminality

@JOURNAL_BOX_CURRENT

@JOURNAL_BOX_EARLYVIEW

Bengül

Ahmet

Kemalettin Sami Pasha And Berlın Embassy Actıvıtıes (1924-1934)

Seda

A Legal Struggle After Lausanne: Mixed Arbitral Tribunals

@JOURNAL_BOX_FEATURED

Elşad

The Process To The Khojaly Massacre And Khojaly Massacre In The Turkish Press

Russıa’s Polıcy In Syrıa In The New Geopolıtıcal Envıronment In The Mıddle East

@JOURNAL_BOX_MOSTREAD

The Journal of Eurasian Inquiries (AVID) is a research journal published within the Research Institute of Turkology at Istanbul University. It was established in 1924 and holds the distinction of being Turkey's first research institute. AVID aims to share scientific studies, with the academic world. Prepared in the field of social sciences related to the Eurasian region, spanning from Turkistan to the Caucasus, and from the Balkans to the Middle East.

The Journal of Eurasian Inquiries was first published in 2012 and is released twice a year, in March and September. It is an internationally refereed journal that is currently indexed by TR Index, Index Islamicus, Research Bible (Academic Research Index), Social Science Research Network (SSRN), SOBIAD, Turkish Education Index (TEI), EBSCO, and DOAJ.

Muhammed

Index Islamicus

ResearchBib

Türk Eğitim İndeksi

EBSCO

Social Science Research Network (SSRN)

DOAJ

SOBIAD

Gale Cengage

Ulrichsweb

@METRIC_VOLUMES

@METRIC_ISSUES

@METRIC_ARTICLES

@METRIC_OPENACCESS

Journal of Eurasian Inquiries

@INFO_TAB_ABOUT

Editor in Chief

Co Editor in Chief

Section Editor

Editorial Assistant

Editorial Management Board Member

Ethics Editor

Language Editor

Editorial Board Member

@INFO_TAB_BOARDS

The Journal of Eurasian Inquiries (AVID) aims to provide a platform for scientific studies related to the Eurasian geography and serve as a discussion platform for these studies. AVID aims to increase the accumulation of knowledge in the Eurasian field by featuring high-quality, original, and scientific publications. Thus, it can contribute to the resolution of current issues related to Eurasia. AVID also aims to enrich the Turkish literature on the Eurasian region and adopts a double-blind peer-review and open access process.The Journal of Eurasian Inquiries primarily focuses on theoretical and conceptual studies in the social, political, and economic field related to Eurasia. As an open-access and international journal, AVID has become an important resource for researchers worldwide.AVID publishes research and compilation articles, evaluation studies, book reviews, conference, symposium, and congress papers, as well as field research reports mainly in Turkish, in Turkish dialects which are independent state languages, as well as in English and Russian.

Aim and Scope

Index IslamicusResearch Bible (Academic Research Index)Social Science Research Network (SSRN) SOBİADTurkish Education Index (TEİ) EBSCODOAJGale Cengage<a href="https://about.proquest.com/en/products-services/Ulrichsweb/" target="_blank" style="font-size: 14.6667px;">Ulrichsweb</a>

Indexing and Abstracting

The journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> The subjects covered in the manuscripts submitted to the Journal for publication must be in accordance with the aim and scope of the Journal. Only those manuscripts approved by every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Changing the name of an author (omission, addition or order) in papers submitted to the Journal requires written permission of all declared authors.Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unethical behaviors. All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. Plagiarism Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. If plagiarism/self-plagiarism will be found authors will be informed. Editors may resubmit manuscript for similarity check at any peer-review or production stage if required. High similarity scores may lead to rejection of a manuscript before and even after acceptance. Depending on the type of article and the percentage of similarity score taken from each article, the overall similarity score is generally expected to be less than 15 or 20%. Double Blind Peer-Review After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by the editors-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The editor provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles and hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Policies

The journal is an open access journal and all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read" target="_blank">BOAI</a> definition of open access.The open access articles in the journal are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) license.

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

Authors publishing with the journal retain the copyright to their work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a> ) and grant the Publisher non-exclusive commercial right to publish the work. CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Editor should consider publishing correction if minor errors that do not effect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper are detected. Editor should consider retraction if major errors and/or misconduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected.Editor should consider issuing an expression of concern if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive. The guidelines of <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> and <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.RetractionJournal follows <a href="https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/retraction-guidelines-cope.pdf" target="_blank">COPE’s Retraction Guidelines</a> in case of retraction. The editor has the right to retract an article if: <ul><li>There is clear evidence that the findings are unreliable; either as a result of a major error (e.g. miscalculation or experimental error), or as a result of fabrication (e.g. of data) or falsification (e.g. image manipulation).</li><li>It contains plagiarised content. </li><li>It has been published elsewhere without proper attribution. </li><li>It contains material or data without authorisation for use.</li><li>There is copyright infringement or there is some other serious legal issue.</li><li>It reports unethical research. </li><li>There is evidence that the peer-review process is compromised or manipulated.</li><li>The author(s) failed to disclose a significant competing interest (also known as a conflict of interest) that, in the opinion of the editor, would have unduly influenced the interpretation of the work or the recommendations of the editors and peer reviewers.</li></ul>In case of retraction the following steps are followed:<ul><li>Retraction notice including article title is published in a subsequent issue of the journal. The retraction notice is paginated and listed in the table of contents. </li><li>A link is provided between the retraction notice and the original article in the electronic version. </li><li>The online article is preceded by a page containing the retraction notice; the reader can then proceed to the article itself.</li><li>The original article remains unchanged, except for a watermark on the .pdf on each page stating that it has been &#34;retracted”.</li></ul>Article Removal for Legal ReasonsIn the following circumstances, except the metadata (title and authors), the text of the article is removed and a page informing that the article has been removed for legal reasons replaces the article. <ul><li>The article is found to be defamatory or to infringe the legal rights of others, and retraction is not deemed to be an adequate solution.</li><li>The article has been, or is reasonably likely to be the subject of a court order.</li><li>There is a significant risk to public health. </li></ul>

To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

The Artificial Intelligence Policy, prepared in light of developments in artificial intelligence (AI) and practices in scholarly publishing, sets out the editorial and ethical principles that authors, reviewers, and editors should follow when using such technologies. The following sources have been considered in the preparation of the AI policy:Committee on Publication Ethics <a href="https://publicationethics.org/guidance/cope-position/authorship-and-ai-tools" target="_blank">(COPE) - Authorship and AI tools</a>; International Committee of Medical Journal Editors <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html#four" target="_blank">(ICMJE) - Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Assisted Technology; World Association of Medical Editors  (WAME) Chatbots, Generative AI, and Scholarly Manuscripts</a><a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html#four"></a>AI-assisted technologies (such as large language models [LLMs], chatbots, or image generators) can develop and produce a wide variety of content, including text, images, audio, and synthetic data. When used ethically and safely, these capabilities can increase productivity and foster innovation, but when used without human guidance, they pose risks such as inaccurate and biased results, omissions and errors in citations, deficiencies in protecting privacy and intellectual property rights, and potential violations of authors' and publishers' rights. IUPress adopts the following core principles to avoid these risks in the use of AI:  <ul><li>Details of any AI used in the production of content (including but not limited to text, figures, images, and code) must be declared and clearly explained in the appropriate section of the paper (as an acknowledgement and/or in the methods section). </li><li>No AI tool may be listed as an author in any scientific paper. </li><li>Authors are responsible for the accuracy, completeness, and originality of their work, even if AI is used in any way; they are responsible for the proper referencing and attribution of others' ideas, data, words, or other materials. </li><li>Reviewers and editors must not upload submitted work, in whole or in part, to any generative AI application.</li></ul>In the editorial processes of IUPress publications, tools are available to assist editors in identifying AI-generated content. On the other hand, it is common to use AI tools that provide suggestions for improving and enhancing readability, language, and grammar, and such AI tools can be used in IUPress publications under the supervision of editors and authors.

Artificial Intelligence Policy

<ul><li>Authors are required to declare if they have used AI-assisted technologies (such as large language models [LLMs], chatbots, or image generators) in the creation of their submitted work. </li><li>Authors should explain, both in the cover letter and in the appropriate section of the submitted paper (as a footnote and/or in the methods section), which AI tool and which version of it they have used and for what purpose. </li><li>Authors should also indicate how they used the AI tool and how they assessed the validity of the results obtained using this technology, and what aspects of the paper, manuscript content, data or supporting files were influenced by the use of the AI tool or were generated by AI.</li><li>It is the authors' responsibility to ensure the accuracy, validity and appropriateness of content and citations generated by AI-assisted technologies and to eliminate potential errors, inconsistencies and biased results. </li><li>Authors should always check the original sources to eliminate possible plagiarism, recognising that there is a potential for plagiarism in texts produced with AI-assisted technologies. They should confirm that they have checked and that the sources are original.  </li><li>AI-assisted tools (such as ChatGPT) cannot be listed as authors because they cannot be responsible for the accuracy, integrity, and originality of the work, and these responsibilities are essential to authorship. Therefore, authors are responsible for all material involving the use of AI-assisted technologies. Authors should ensure that all statements in the article that state the hypotheses, interpretations, conclusions, limitations, and implications of the study represent their own opinions.  </li><li>Studies created by authors using AI tools in the following ways, which substitute for the basic researcher's and author's responsibilities, violate the principles of scientific publishing and publication ethics, and such studies are not eligible for inclusion in publications: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Generation of text or code without rigorous review, </li><li>Generation of synthetic data to replace missing data without a robust methodology, </li><li>Creation of any inaccurate, synthetic content, including abstracts or supplementary materials, </li><li>Creation and manipulation of images and figures (pictures, graphs, data tables, medical images, image snippets, computer codes and formulae) or original research data (enhancing, hiding, moving, removing or adding a particular feature within an image or figure) using AI.</li></ul></ul>

It is essential to maintain confidentiality in the peer review process and not to share or use the reviewed work in this process. <a href="https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/ethical-guidelines-peer-reviewers-cope.pdf" target="_blank">(COPE – Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers</a>)<ul><li>Reviewers should not upload a manuscript or part of a manuscript submitted to them for review to generative AI tools or large language models to assist in the review, evaluation or decision-making process, as uploading content to such AI tools by reviewers violates the authors' privacy and property rights.  </li><li>Reviewing a scientific paper is a responsibility that can only be undertaken by human beings. The critical thinking and original evaluation required for peer review is beyond the scope of this technology, and there is a risk that the technology will produce inaccurate, incomplete or biased conclusions about the paper. The peer review report and decision letters should reflect the personal assessment of the reviewers and editors of the submitted content. The reviewer is responsible and accountable for the content of his/her report. </li><li>AI tools may be used in a limited way to improve the quality of the language of the peer review report (for translation or language editing) in the context of peer review. If such use is made, the reviewer must declare the use when submitting the report. </li><li>Reviewers who suspect inappropriate or undisclosed use of generative AI in a submission should report their concerns to the editor.</li></ul>

Editors are obliged to ensure that the confidentiality of the manuscripts submitted to the journal is maintained during the evaluation process, and it is essential that the peer-reviewed work is not shared or used outside the parties involved in that process. (COPE - Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors) <a href="https://publicationethics.org/files/Code_of_conduct_for_journal_editors_Mar11.pdf" target="_blank">(COPE – Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors)</a>.<ul><li>Editors should not upload a submitted article, or any part of it, to generative Artificial Intelligence tools or Big Language Models to assist in the review, evaluation or decision-making process, as this may violate authors' privacy and property rights. </li><li>Managing the editorial review of a scientific article implies responsibilities that can only be attributed to humans. Generative AI or AI-assisted technologies should not be used by editors to assist in the evaluation or decision-making process of an article, as the critical thinking and original evaluation required for this task is beyond the scope of this technology and there is a risk that the technology will produce inaccurate, incomplete or biased conclusions about the article. The editor is responsible and accountable for the editorial process, the final decision and its communication to the authors.</li><li>Editors should not use generative AI tools to compose decision letters or abstracts of unpublished research. </li><li>Editors may use generative AI tools to help find appropriate reviewers.</li><li>If editors suspect the use of generative AI in a submitted manuscript or a submitted referee report, they should conduct an editorial review of the matter and consider the policy.</li></ul>

Journal of Eurasian Inquires is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publishers) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

Ethics

The journal adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.<ul><li>Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.</li><li>The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.</li><li>The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.</li><li>Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.</li><li>Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.</li><li>The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.</li><li>In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.</li><li>If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.</li><li>In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.</li></ul>

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/D6721902505A4BFEAE344C7B9108B155" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form.</a> The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.The editor hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for double-blind peer review evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Peer Review

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by Editor-in-Chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international external referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by Editor-in-Chief upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.- Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?- Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?- Is the problem significant and concisely stated?- Are the methods described comprehensively?- Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?- Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?- Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

All correspondence will be sent to the first-named author unless otherwise specified. Manuscpript is to be submitted online via <a href="http://dergipark.gov.tr/login" target="_blank">http://dergipark.gov.tr/login</a> that can be accessed at <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/iuavid" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/iuavid</a> It must be accompanied by a <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/1D8ADA340B044B1FA1E360891054CAE3" target="_blank">title page</a> specifying the article category (i.e. research article, review etc.) and including information about the manuscript (see the Submission Checklist). Manuscripts should be prepared in Microsoft Word 2003 and upper versions. In addition, <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/D6721902505A4BFEAE344C7B9108B155" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a> that has to be signed by all authors must be submitted. 1. The journal publishes manuscripts in Turkish, English, Russian. 2. Manuscript should be written in MS Word format, double-spaced and in 11 point Times New Roman font. We kindly ask you not to send a pdf file. The title should be written with capital letters (12 point, bold), sub-headings in lower case letters (11 point, bold). 3. Research and review articles, as well as articles in translation should each include on its title page two abstracts (in the language of article and in English) of 180-200 words each. Key words (max. 10 words each) will also be provided underneath both of the abstracts. No abstract and bibliography are needed for research notes, addendum, book &amp; scientific meeting reviews, and letters to the editor. While uploading addendum, book review and letter to the editor files on the DergiPark system, please enter the first paragraph of the article in the abstract section. 4. Appendixes, with related bibliographical references,are placed after the main text, and before the bibliography. Their references should be included in the bibliography. 5. Short quotations should be given between double quotes within the paragraph. Long quotations (10 points) should have double indentation on the left (only), without quotes. 6. Figures and images should include captions with related bibliographical references. Bibliographical references mentioned in the captions should be included in the bibliography Their captions should be incorporated within the text, and not be collected at the end of the manuscript. Also, they should be separately uploaded to DergiPark system. Captions of images and figures should be numbered separately. Captions should be in 9 points. 7. Notes and bibliography must be in line with journal’s reference style based on Chicago Manual of Style (16th edition). 8. Notes (8 point) should be given at the bottom of every page, signalled by superscript numbers in the main text. Reference numbers should follow the punctuation marks (.35 or ,23).9. Submitted manuscripts and abstracts should be conformed with the grammar and orthography of the language (Turkish, English, Russian) in which they were written. 10. A <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/1D8ADA340B044B1FA1E360891054CAE3" target="_blank">title page</a> including author information must be submitted together with the manuscript. The title page is to include fully descriptive title of the manuscript and, affiliation, title, e-mail address, postal address, phone, fax number of the author(s) and ORCIDs of all authors (see The Submission Checklist).

Author Guidelines

<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/D6721902505A4BFEAE344C7B9108B155" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a> <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/1D8ADA340B044B1FA1E360891054CAE3" target="_blank">Title page</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/BA6134942D0E4293B50B7A5B224AD16C" target="_blank">Information for Authors</a>

Ensure that the following items are present: <ul><li>Confirm that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.</li><li>Confirm that final language control is done. </li><li>Confirm that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed. </li><li>Confirm that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with journals’s reference system based on Chicago Manual of Style.</li></ul>● <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/D6721902505A4BFEAE344C7B9108B155" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a> (will only be sent after the article has been accepted for publication) ● Permission for non-published material ● <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/1D8ADA340B044B1FA1E360891054CAE3" target="_blank">Title page</a> <ul><li>The category of the manuscript </li><li>The title of the manuscript both in the language of the manuscript and in English </li><li>All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses </li><li>Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax number </li><li>ORCIDs of all authors. </li></ul>● Main Manuscript Document <ul><li>Important: Please avoid mentioning the the author (s) names in the manuscript. </li><li>The title of the manuscript both in the language of the manuscript and in English </li><li>Abstracts (180-200 words) both in the language of manuscript and in English </li><li>Extended Abstract (600-800 words) in English for the Turkish and Russian articles which are not in English </li><li>Key words </li><li>Manuscript body text </li><li> Acknowledgements, grant supports, conflicts of interest should be indicated </li><li>References and bibliography </li></ul><ul><li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title)</li></ul>

Issue Type	Regular
Editor(s)	Esra Özsüer, M. Sait Türkhan
Cover (PDF)
Front Pages (PDF)

Journal of Eurasian Inquiries

VOLUME 6, ISSUE 1, 2017

Süleyman Pasha, the Conquerer of Rumelia: Problems and Remarks

Greeting the Liberated Gazi Osman Pasha: A Welcoming Ceremony that made him Forget his Defeat

The Cholera Epidemic of 1847–1848 and its Effects on the Ottoman Empire

Arctic Policy of the Russian Federation

Stephen Mitchell, Geç Roma İmparatorluğu Tarihi M.S. 284-641, (çev. Turhan Kaçar), Türk Tarih Kurumu yay., Ankara 2016, xxvii+750, 10 harita ve 33 levha, ISBN 978- 975- 3246-3

INFORMATION

SHARE