Beris Artan

Res. Assist.

In this article, dialogical public relations, which has been frequently discussed among public relations scholars since the emergence of the Internet, is considered the ‘utopic’ approach. There are two main sides to the concept of utopia. The first emphasizes the impossibility of utopia as a place of ‘perfection’ that cannot be realized. The second states that creating utopia can open a window for ‘the better’. In this study, utopia was considered as a concept that includes two opposite approaches. One can say that utopia is important because it opens a discussion about a ‘better place’: in a broader scope for the world and in a narrower scope for a particular field (in this article that field is public relations). But at the same time, utopia’s compatibility with the real world and its practical application within the existing system must be discussed. Within this framework, ‘dialogical public relations’ was discussed as a utopic approach because it presents a new perspective by offering a more ethical model for public relations. However, its practicality in the existing capitalist world is controversial.The aim of this article is to evaluate the ‘dialogical public relations’ approach and discuss this within the context; for this purpose, the dialectic approach was used and the four steps that Ollman (2011) defines as a ‘dance’ were followed. The first step is analysis, and here the dialogical public relations approach was discussed in the context of utopia and an information society. In a dialectic way of thinking, it is very important to understand how pieces fit within the whole. Therefore, this study discusses first why dialogical public relations is considered utopia and then the relationship between dialogical public relations with information society. The concept of ‘dialogical public relations’ cannot be considered separately from an information society. This PR approach has emerged as an extension of information society thesis; developments that use this approach are the dynamics of the information society and this society must exist to implement the model. In other words, for ‘dialogical public relations,’ the propositions presented by the information society must be realized. The second step is historicization. Examining a ‘concept’ separately from its past means detaching it from its context and ignoring its meaning within the whole (Ollman, 2011). Therefore, this study addressed the basic approaches to public relations before the concept of dialogical public relations emerged. The possibility of the realization of a ‘dialogical public relations’ is related to both the past and the present public relations practices. The third step is a move forward that aims to create an image of the future. For this step, the practicality of dialogical public relations was discussed in the context of ‘public’ and ‘organization,’ which were transformed in the times that could be defined as postmodern, late modern, flexible capitalist or post-industrialist. In addition, by examining the research on dialogical public relations, the applicability of this model was discussed.As a result, in order to practice ‘dialogical public relations’, organizations should consider dialogue as an aim, not as a mean to realize its interests. However, within capitalist systems, the main aim of a commercial organization is profit maximization and public relations is used for the realization of the corporate purposes. For real dialogue to occur, organizations need to lose control and it is likely that that they would not want to take that risk. According to Theunissen and Noordin (2012) organizations only turn to dialogue when they think their existence depends on it (p. 12). Generally, the communication model that organizations use consists of a balance between persuasion and the dialogical model, because the dialogical model destabilizes the relationship between the organization and its public. Creating balance by persuasion is easier than using dialogue.&nbsp;Another problem regards the concept of the Internet. The Internet is an important part of the dialogical public relations. It can create new opportunities for public relations by direct communication through websites or social media channels and enable feedback practices. However, according to Kent and Taylor (1998) the Internet creates a potential for dialogue but it is not the only requirement (p. 325). Ethical public relations is not about answering and conversation, it necessitates dialogue and understanding. Therefore, one can say that using the Internet is not enough to form a dialogue.Public relations practices can be transformational. However, it should be discussed whether this change is two-way symmetrical to dialogue, or a shift toward more control and manipulation. Simulation of dialogue over the Internet creates a feeling like a ‘real dialogue’; however, it is not possible to talk about a dialogue where two sides have equal conditions. So, it should not be forgotten that the Internet can create a ‘dialogue’ feeling in a world where ‘as if’ and reality are intertwined and use this to manipulate and control public needs and desires. When we consider utopias, we should consider their applicabilities but also answer the question of “whose utopia it is?” Dialogical public relations emerged as a utopia for the public, but it can be said that it transformed into a utopia for organizations.In this article, dialogical public relations was discussed using three steps of dialectics. To conclude, it should not be forgotten that when we consider a dialogical public relations approach as a utopia, it offers new perspectives by questioning the existing system, even if it has a low potential for implementation in the existing system. With the emergence of this model, dialogue became a popular concept in public relations and scholars began to discuss how we can use the Internet to form a dialogue. What needs to be done now is to make ‘action plans’ for the last step of the dialectic dance. We should discuss new perspectives for more ethical public relations and alternative ways to form ‘real dialogue’.

A Public Relations Utopia: Dialogical Public Relations

Gül Banu

Assist. Prof.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between consumers’ brand reputation perception and perceived quality in Turkey’s mobile communication sector, highlighting the reputation of four brands: LG, Samsung, iPhone and HTC. It is commonly accepted that the information era in which we live underscores the importance of perceived brand reputation management. If brand reputation isn’t perceived as high, the product becomes worthless in an economic sense no matter how high the product quality is. According to Aaker (2009), if a company loses its reputation, neither money nor other resources can bring it back to life (p. 105). The corporation must maintain a good impression before all its stakeholders to increase profitability, continually widening its customer portfolio, to survive and sustain itself in the market. This “good impression” is the essence of reputation. Reputation is a cumulative total perception, which exist as a result of aggregate experiences of stakeholders, along with identifying features from the past about an institution in question (Alessandri, Un Yang &amp; Kinsey, 2006, p. 14; Fombrun, 1996, p. 57; GainesRoss, 2008, p. 6; Gotsi &amp; Wilson, 2001, pp. 25-27; Green, 1996, p. 21; Markwick &amp; Fill, 1997, p. 398). Within the context of corporate reputation research, a firm’s brand reputation concept is a specific area of interest. According to Corkindale and Belder (2009), brand only has a significant relationship for firm’s customers rather than for all stakeholders (p. 242). Consequently, while reputation is essential for success, it alone is not sufficient, because institutions need strong brands to achieve. “The major point is that brand reputation is not necessarily limited only to a local product or service. In services and business-to-business industries, brand appears to be more often connected to the reputation of the company rather than individual products or services” (Selnes, 1993, p. 20). High brand reputation is similar to a promise given to stakeholders. Customers expect to receive good products, and good customer service after purchasing them, along with a responsible, well-organized and wellmanaged institution that takes seriously its responsibility both to its workers and the environment. Therefore, within this study, the dependent variable to be analysed is brand reputation.&nbsp;Conceptually, quality varies according to subjective preferences of individuals. Indeed, the very concept of quality differs widely within the framework of individual perceptions. According to some scholars, quality can be analysed as either real or perceived quality. Real quality is objective whereas perceived quality is related to the image perceived by customers. In some studies literature, quality is classified as both real and perceived, where quality is regarded as objective and perceived quality is something else. Real quality is essential for client satisfaction. Nevertheless it is not sustainable unless it is also accompanied by perceived quality. Perceived quality differs from customer to customer and, as a result, products with perceived quality can command a higher price. Other customers consider appearance, configuration, fashion ability, durability, ergonomic design, and materials used to make the products as being indicative good quality although many customers automatically assume certain brands are recognized by good quality. According to Zeithalml (1988), objective quality can be proved by means of certain standards and sizes (pp. 3-4). However measuring perceived quality is difficult because it is subjective and is thus defined as a relative concept, given that it depends on the rate of customer attributions for the product in question.&nbsp;Within the context of this literature, consumers’ brand reputation perception and the associated relationship of perceived quality will be studied. The research population is composed of Turkish citizens that use mobile phones. A convenience sampling method was used to collect the data. To be able to increase the representativeness of the sample, participants from different socio-cultural and socio-economic backgrounds were chosen. Data were collected from the customers of the companies in mobile communications sector in Istanbul, where 434 customers’ answers were gathered. To measure the brand reputation quotient dimension, Fombrun’s (2000), “Reputation Quotient Questionnaire” was used (p. 253). In total there were twenty items in the scale used; four questions to measure products and services; three to measure visionary leadership; three to measure workplace environment; four to measure financial performance; three to measure corporate social responsibility, and three to measure emotional appeal. Turkish language adaptation of the scale was done by Dayanç Kıyat in 2012. The “Model of Quality Perception” developed by Aaker (2009), was used to assess quality perception and to investigate other aspects of the subject matter in seven dimensions (p. 112). Based on the literature and this model, a modified scale was developed by the author. In&nbsp;total, fourteen items were created for the scale; two to measure performance, two to measure features, two to measure conformity, two to measure reliability, two to measure durability, two to measure serviceability, and two to measure fit and finish.&nbsp;To test the relationship between perceived quality and brand reputation, statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 21. The results showed a positive relationship between perceived quality and reputation perception. That is to say, the rate of reputation perception for a brand increases in direct proportion to perceived quality. Similar results were found in the literature of analogous surveys, even though they were inadequate to examine the relationship between perceived quality and reputation quotient were not adequate (Caruana &amp; Ewing, 2010, pp. 1103-1107; Gatti, Caruana, &amp; Snehota, 2012 pp. 65-71). That is, the relationship between perceived quality and reputation quotient obtained during this survey parallels the findings of prior studies.&nbsp;

The Relationship Between Reputation Quotient and Perceived Quality of Brands in Turkey’s Mobile Communication Sector

Hayriye

IntroductionMass media has an important role in facilitating knowledge acquisition. The traditional media as well as the digital media provide an opportunity for citizens to receive local and global news. In this sense, news programs can be considered political socialization tools. Studies about political socialization in different countries and periods show that the majority of citizens use television to access news (Çaplı, 2002, p. 76).Like adults, children also have the right of access to information. According to Article 17 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, States Parties “recognize the important function performed by mass media and shall ensure that the child has access to information and material from a diversity of national and international sources, especially those aimed at the promotion of his or her social, spiritual and moral well-being and physical and mental health” (UNICEF, 2016).Should children have the possibility to access information about political or social matters through television like adults? Is there a possibility to raise awareness of political issues among children through the media? Currently, news programs for children in Turkey are lacking. The programs for children are limited to those with entertaining contents. It has been observed that educational and informative programs are overly didactic. However, it is obvious that the social space of children cannot be separated from their political space. Through their family, school, circle of friends or the media, children are directly or indirectly exposed to political subjects. Under the influence of these, children learn about politics, political values, attitudes, and culture, which are defined as processes of political socialization (Yılmaz, 2013, p. 319). Even if the Internet and social media become increasingly important for children, there is no doubt that the television is still the main tool for&nbsp;encouraging (political) socialization among the children, especially considering the amount of time children spend watching television (Çaplı, 2002; RTÜK, 2006; RTÜK, 2013).&nbsp;A Child News Program as a Political Socialization Tool: Logo! Die Welt und ich&nbsp;Children, like adults, should have access to information about the world and the country in which they live and also about undesirable events like war, terrorism, or natural disasters. This way, children can build a sense of reality. The study by Ertürk and Gül (2006) shows that the news programs in Turkey which are viewed in the family environment cause negative effects like stress or anxiety among children. Therefore the purpose of a news program for children is to inform children about political issues by transmitting it in children’s language. Logo! Die Welt und ich, a children’s news program produced by the German public-service television broadcaster, informs the children about current political and social events. It highlights and explains political and social subjects which are difficult to transmit through animation. Furthermore, the children have the possibility of participating in the program as active reporters.&nbsp;Purpose and MethodologyThis study intends to submit a proposal on the development of children’s news program by analyzing logo! Die Welt und ich, as an exemplary program for children. In the study, three news items related to political and social issues are selected and examined using positive discourse analysis. These news items are selected because they thematize current political and social issues during the study period. The three items are about the education system in the state North RhineWestphalia, an earthquake in Italy, and the Turkish military’s operation in Syria. Through the analysis the study intends to reveal how political contents can be transmitted in a comprehensive manner for children and what kind of messages can be transmitted. Further, the focus is on the textual and visual language of the news and the effect on children. In contrast to the critical discourse analysis, which focuses on power relations, dominance, and their reproduction in texts, positive discourse analysis focuses on the successful discursive interventions in texts, which are, for instance, peacemaking or those that create commonality (Reisigl &amp; Ziem, 2014, p. 89).FindingsAccording to the findings, logo! Die Welt und ich broadcasts news about tragic events, for instance, terrorism and war, in addition to entertaining content. In this sense the program does not have any thematic restrictions. By broadcasting tragic events, a factual attitude is noticeable. For instance, in the news about the earthquake in Italy or the operation of the Turkish military in Syria, the number of dead or injured people and the name of a terrorist group are reported. Therefore, names and terms which could frighten the children are not softened but are also not exaggerated. Furthermore, political and social issues in the program are transmitted along with some background information on the issues. This kind of presentation is considered useful in promoting political socialization among children. Moreover, the use of visuals or expressions that could have negative impact on children is avoided. Children’s participation and opinions are considered important and children are seen as members of society. Although the news program uses simple and comprehensive language to transmit political issues, it is important for parents to present to provide explanations to the children.&nbsp;Results and DiscussionLogo! Die Welt und ich is an exemplary news program for children because it informs children about actual events and supports their participation in social issues. Public-service television broadcasters should care about informing children about the events in the world, so as to promote political socialization among children. An example for a similar Turkish program is Haberin Olsun. The scope of this informative and entertaining program, which is an important tool for promoting socialization among children, could be extended to include political content. Given the intensive political agenda of Turkey, it could be helpful for children if these topics are discussed in simple language because the news as presented for adults can cause anxiety among children.

Proposal for Developing a Children’s News Program in Turkey: Logo! Die Welt Und Ich

Sevimece

Prof.

Sezgin

Today’s competitive environment tends to push corporations to differentiate themselves. One aspect of this process is seen in institutions’ building their own cultures. This construction involves a process that utilizes various elements, and also requires self-awareness. While in the process of identity creation, self-aware corporations accurately reflect their corporate culture; corporations with low selfawareness reflect themselves incorrectly. This situation is so important that it actually determines the line between success and failure. In a similar manner, being the first or second company in entering the market has an impact on the corporate culture. The absence of competition or the nature of competition pushes corporations to undertake certain behaviors. Culture (or personality) of corporations —which are considered organisms— varies according to competition. Therefore, it can be said that being the firstborn brand in the market, or being a second-born brand, shapes the corporate culture, too. The original contribution of this study is to link Adler’s birth order concept with corporate culture.The aim of this study is to advance how birth order affects the expressions of corporations by associating Adler’s birth order concept with them. Nevertheless, the results are not generalizable, and the data are only relevant for this case. Indeed, this study only provides data on the relationship between the two brands and prepares ground for future research. Discourses and the meanings of visual elements in advertisements are analyzed. The nature of expression strategies of the corporation is determined by analyzing discourses and visual items, and they are evaluated in the context of Adler’s concept. In other words, the firstborn corporation’s expression strategy is compared with the characteristics that Adler&nbsp;attributes to the firstborn child, while the second-born corporation is compared with the second-born child.This study focuses on the concepts of corporate culture, corporate identity, corporate image, and Adler’s birth order concept. Corporate ‘philosophy’ is the essence of the corporation. In other words, it indicates the basic views of the core members of the corporation about the corporation. It is a product of the thought of the founder and the manager. Corporate ‘culture’ is the ultimate personality of the corporate that is the result of the combination of many different factors. This structure is formed by adding employees’ values to corporate personality. Therefore, it is a mixed structure. As culture is the central factor that determines the behavior of people in society, corporate culture determines the behavior of corporations. Corporate ‘identity’ is how a corporation reflects its culture, or manifests its corporate self-expression. This identity is reflected via logos, emblems, colors, actions, etc. and it helps to create the image of the corporation for the stakeholders. ‘Corporate image’ is the perception that arises from the integration of corporate identity and stakeholders’ worldviews. Therefore, corporate identity and image are not the same. In short, corporate identity is framed by a corporation’s activities, while the corporate image is the perceptions of target audiences. Contrary to the corporate identity, image is not always based on facts. The consumers perceive corporate identity and hence create their own views of corporate image as a result of their experiences and expectations. ‘Corporate reputation’ refers to the sum of images created by society: consumers, investors and employees, etc. It is a perceptual representation of the combination of past events and future expectations. Just as with humans, identity arises from a certain cultural background. Therefore, culture precedes identity. Image is the result of reflecting on that identity. Adler’s place in the institutionalism literature stems from the features that he attributes to the formation of personality. Adler defines the first child as the representative of tradition, a responsibility-bearer, who is power-oriented and a leader; the second (median) child is independent and competitive; the youngest child has a tendency to shun conflicts and is attentionfocused. The only child is defined as being centrist and is likewise prone to display attitudes of sovereignty. At this point, the data presented has institutional characteristics, drawing from the nature of the competition between first- and second-born children.The results of this study may reveal that corporations are imbued with certain characteristics according to “birth” order, just as with human families. While many other factors are influential in shaping corporate culture, birth order appears to be quite influential and yet seldom considered. Adler’s approach may now recognized in institutional settings by relating some of the features he specified to corporations. In this context, the frequently-used expression “institutions are living organisms” takes on new meaning.&nbsp;This study focuses on corporate culture and, contrary to previous studies, it approaches the matter from a different angle. Indeed, starting from the intersection of the disciplines of psychology and communication, this study then emphasizes various psychological dimensions in the formation of corporate culture. Corporate culture research can benefit from multidisciplinary contributions. Corporate discourse and action play a key role in success as well. To sustain itself, a corporation must be able to understand itself and the environment or habitat in which it thrives. Consequently, there is value in understanding basic psychological factors pertaining to it.

Reflections of the Year of the Founding of Corporations Operating in Similar Sectors on Corporate Culture: An Analysis of Coca-Cola and Pepsi Corporations in the Context of Alfred Adler

Selin

Öğretim Görevlisi

Seyra

From a historical perspective, the concept of “subaltern” was first introduced by Antonio Gramsci in 1930 in relation to hegemony. However, the present day definition of subaltern Gramsci includes people who are termed “oppressed” or “the other,” and their voices are unheard in society. Another theorist that gives rise to current discussions on this issue is Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. Gramsci and Spivak’s views on this subject are not only associated with each person but also separated at certain points. According to Spivak, the main problem is the subaltern’s inability to speak, rather than being inaudible. Hereunder, it is impossible to speak for subaltern. In this context, when we use the concept of subaltern, the biggest problems that we are facing are women’s problems arising out of a hegemonic inequality and caused by gender. A woman can be identified as a subaltern because of social gender axis and counter-hegemony. New communication technologies have broadened the counterhegemony areas of subalterns, while also ensuring the digital activism movements.&nbsp;&nbsp;This article focuses on women’s campaigns, which are related to counterhegemony efforts of subalterns, and their effectiveness in terms of digital activism that appears on www.change.org. In this study, a content analysis of women’s campaigns, launched in Turkey between January 1, 2016 and May 1, 2017 on Change. org, are conducted, and the results thereof are evaluated.&nbsp;In this context, answers to the following research questions are sought:&nbsp;Between the related dates, how many campaigns were launched about women’s issues, and what are their success rates?Between the related dates, what kinds of organizations were made and what are their success rates?Who are the campaign initiators and who are the receivers? What are their success rates?What is the key role of the new communication technologies to create counterhegemony?&nbsp;In this study, a content analysis was conducted through the above-mentioned research questions. Content analysis is a type of descriptive research method. Therefore, www.change.org was chosen as the communication resource sample of the study. As sample documents, women’s campaigns on the web site were specified, and they were limited to the period between January 1, 2016 and January 5, 2017,&nbsp;From January 1, 2016 to May 1, 2017, a total of 226 women’s campaigns were launched on www.change.org, and only 26 of these campaigns were successful. Most of these campaigns were about violence against women (44.6 %).As per the statistics derived from the analysis, the most successful campaigns are about improving women’s representation in the media vehicles.&nbsp;&nbsp;The success rate of the campaigns, which were launched for increasing women’s employment as well as improving their working conditions, is 6.7 %. In addition, 5.8 % of the campaigns, which are regarding gender equality and positive discrimination in social as well as legal rights, were successful.The campaigns on those dates were 57.5 % launched by women, 26 % by men, and 16.3 % were launched by different organizations or platforms.&nbsp;Between the limited dates, a total of 59 men launched campaigns about women’s issues. Most of them launched campaigns on the web site after a case of violence against women occurred.&nbsp;&nbsp;Receivers of the campaigns about women’s issues are governmental authorities, bureaucrats, constitutional and security units, opposition parties, and local government members—such as governors and mayors. Since most campaign efforts are about violence against women, especially Ministry of Justice was targeted in the campaigns. The Ministry of Social Policies and Family and the Ministry of Interior were also targeted in the campaigns.Between January 1, 2016 and May 1, 2017, 26 of the 226 campaigns that were initiated on women issues were successful, and they created a change. The measure of success of a petition is to create change, as well as reaching the target number of signatures; as some of the petitions could not create any change even though they reached the target number of signatures. We do not consider these petitions as successful within our study. When we pay attention to receivers, the most successful campaigns are the ones sent to media companies and the Radio and Television Supreme Council (35.8 %). The other ranking rates are: private companies (21.7 %), political parties (19 %), the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (15.6 %), Presidency of the Republic (10 %), Ministry (9.7 %), Security and Forensic Units (6.3 %) and Prime Ministry (3.2 %).&nbsp;New media and technologies help the society in making developmental progress; further, the voices of the subaltern can be heard by creating alternative media channels. Subaltern who can-not hear the voice in the traditional media can include digital activism by the development of new media technologies and can be heard. The campaigns of Change.org save individuals from being subalterns in the “context of discourse,” and the oppressed can make themselves audible through these new media.

Change.org: The Problem of Subaltern in Women and Digital Activism in New Media as an Alternative

Atılım

Assoc. Prof.

In the light of recent studies on gender, we can propose that in male-dominated societies, men are the providers of not only the rules and ideas about how a woman must be but also of the ideas about how a man must be. In mid-1980s, a new sociology on man had started to be pronounced. This situation had evolved as an outcome of the mental and social liberation struggles made in the different waves of feminism. Feminist critiques toward patriarchy and LGBT critiques toward the value and actions of patriarchy had started enforcing the values of masculinity. The alteration in this field is very slow as are other social changes; however, the change is noticeable. This alteration in the masculine mind has started to attract the attention of producers and marketers. Men have started to be evaluated more intently in the media, especially in advertisements. Moreover, it has been observed that this alteration has affected the consumption behaviors of men. Men are now described as ‘consumers’ in many studies which observe men while they are shopping.According to the Big Dictionary of the Turkish Language Association (TDK), a man is an organism that has sperms to impregnate a female organism. The dictionary does not emphasize the biological gender and simply provides a connotation. Per this connotation, the term “man” is used to describe an organism that is rough, trustworthy, brave, and rigid. These connotations of the masculine gender are valid and associated with masculinity in every culture. It encompasses psychical power, bravery, wisdom, honor, and true acts (Meral, 2011, p. 300). In this context, we can say that besides its biological description, masculinity carries several social connotations.The term “masculinity” was changed in the second half of the 20th century, and thus, man has become a consumer in the mass media, particularly in advertisements. This alteration in the term “masculinity” has affected men’s consumption behaviors (Bocock, 2009, p. 103). Since the late 1950s, men are not considered and perceived as potential warriors by governments, the business sector, parents, and their friends. This is a big contradiction for men who completed his socialization in the shadow of the two world wars. At that time, the term “man” described an individual having active and potential war powers. In the absence of the conditions of war, the role of men became that of a consumer instead of a warrior (Bocock, 2009, p.104). A man who is not a warrior is now a ‘man consumer’. A man who is not included the consuming is now under the same social pressure as the man who was not a warrior in war periods.Besides the increase in the number of male consumers, the scope of products targeting men also increased. In the 1950s, the products that targeted men were limited to cars, alcohol, cigarette brands, mechanical tools, and life insurance (Wernick, 1996, p. 83). Men’s clothing sector also can be added to this list although the decisions for clothing purchases belonged to a man’s mother before his wedding and to their wives after his wedding. Men have been used for advertising numerous products, including erotic products. The style of men’s clothing and fashions have been intertwined. Major efforts were made to sell all types of personal care products and accessories, from jewelry to sports implements and from shampoo to deodorant and hair dye to men (Wernick, 1996, p. 83). The results of these efforts can be seen clearly in advertisements.The magazines FHM, Boxer, Esquire, and Men’s Health were analyzed in the scope of this study. Advertisements occupying one whole page or more than that in these magazines during January 2013–December 2013 were chosen as the research areas. The supplements of the magazines and the advertisements in these supplements were not included in the study. Advertisements that were republished in the magazine similarly were not included but if they were published with a different image, they was included.The method of this study was decided as “content analysis,” wherein a systematic analysis of written or verbal material was conducted. Content analysis provides an examination of raw data and collections of meaning from archives, documents, and mass media tools to the social scientists (Demirci &amp; Köseli, 2009, p. 344). For the advertisements that will be analyzed with content analyses, a coding schema was developed by using a coding schema developed by Mason (2003) and the advertisements were coded as coherent with this schema.When the results were reviewed, a particular male type (socially approved, legitimate, and thus consistent with social norms) was found to be presented to the consumers. This image was consistent with the images of males in the magazines described in Erdoğan’s (2011) study, which indicated that male types (socially approved, legitimate, and thus consistent with social norms) corresponding to a particular definition of men are dignified and legitimated by magazines related to men.When the results were evaluated, it can be said that if male images in men’s magazines are compared with different studies on female images or male images in man magazines in different time periods, better results will be obtained. Furthermore, research that focuses on male images in men’s magazines is thought as leading up to similar studies in the field.

Men in Turkey and Their Changing Images in Magazine Advertisements

Gülcan

Günay Motif

In this digitized age of speed and communication, the modern individual prefers short and concise messages, refrains from long messages, and even balks at the thought of reading lengthy texts. Our attention is now directed toward the use of symbols as shortcuts for text. Today we are experiencing the age of interaction rather than of communication, and the individuals of this age who think and talk digitally have a completely new common language in which to express themselves: emoji.Emoji have become an essential part of our daily lives as a way of symbolizing emotions in our communication. These symbols, some of which are regarded as part of a global language, vary across countries in terms of meaning, use, and frequency. This is because the meanings conveyed by symbols reflect the shared values of an individual’s society; the meaning of the same emoji in one society may not be the same as it is in another (İnceoğlu, 2011).The Theory of Interaction describes a ‘sociology of symbols’. Symbols make it possible for individuals to communicate, understand, and interact with each other in a society. The emergence of a variety of images during this period may result in an increase in the number of symbols. Because cultural identity is an essential element of both individuals and society, it is impossible to consider them independently of each other. Symbols and the meanings generated from them provide a continuity of interaction. “The most significant feature of the theory of symbolic interaction is assisting individuals in expressing themselves within their social environment” (Solomon, 1983, p. 320). Given the fact that a human has the ability to interact&nbsp;socially from the moment of birth, and that the most crucial problem of this digital age and the culture it generates is to create swifter interaction using symbols, we can surely predict that emoji will become even more commonplace. The potential of emoji to create a global language, along with their unlimited accessibility and popularity, make further academic discussions worthwhile.Emoji are increasingly becoming a global language in daily digital communications. By reminding others of their existence using their own unique emoji, countries are beginning to make a distinctive contribution to digital communication. In fact, a set of country-themed emoji specific to Finland has been created and published with the support of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs. Finland now has 30 identity-specific images to use in digital communication. These include a couple relaxing in a sauna, an iconic Nokia cellphone, and a passionate heavy metal music fan (Uygun, 2015).&nbsp;In Turkey, four out of five people now use emoji in their communication (“Türk insanı hangi emojileri kullanıyor?”, 2015). Taking this into consideration, one may question the lack of symbols which accurately reflect Turkish values on emoji keyboards. Cultural symbols are rarely portrayed in the world of emoji. The goal of this study is to assess the demand for “emojification” of Turkish cultural symbols and determine the appropriate symbols to use in cultural interaction in Turkey. The data was gathered from a sample of 1001 participants through quantitative questionnaires, and was analyzed using a general scanning model. The majority of participants (91.8%) stated they would like localized symbols to be included on Turkish emoji keyboards. The most requested localized cultural symbols for Turkey were tea glasses (68.5%), raki (58.8%), Turkish coffee glasses/coffee-fortune-telling (55.9%), the evil eye talisman (51.3%), and simit (45.9%). As no previous research on this subject was found in Turkey, this study may prove valuable in allowing these symbols to represent national Turkish qualities to the global market and may also be important in the field of national representation and branding. People who are aware of emoji and frequently use them in daily texting or messaging were included in the sampling, and researchers made contact with 1001 participants via their Facebook networks, so they were able to contact a network of networks.Gender distribution among the participants was 64.5% (646) females and 35.5% (355) males. The participants’ education levels showed that a clear majority of the&nbsp;participants was made up of undergraduates/graduates (58.1%) and postgraduates (37.5%). Students/graduates of secondary/high school (4.1%) and of primary school (0.3%) were among the minority.&nbsp;The cities with the highest rates of participation in emoji use are İstanbul (28.4%), Eskişehir (27.1%), Ankara (14.2%), İzmir (7.1%), Bursa (3.8%), and Antalya (2.6%). Participation by both national and international communities included 53 Turkish cities and 20 cities from other countries.The distribution of participants by age group is as follows: the highest participation level (31.7%) was found among ages 25–31; next was 28.2% for ages 32–38; 14.3% for those aged 18–24, and finally 13.2% for ages 39–45. Participation in groups from ages 46–54 (8.7%), 55+ (3.8%) and under the age of 18 (0.2%) was significantly lower than the other age groups.The majority of participants (91.8%) stated they would like local Turkish symbols to be included on emoji keyboards. The most requested localized cultural symbols for Turkey were tea glasses (68.5%), raki (58.8%), Turkish coffee glasses/coffeefortune-telling (55.9%), the evil eye talisman (51.3%), and simit (45.9%).11.4% of participants indicated that their suggestions were not represented in the list by marking the ‘other’ choice. In the event that an ‘other’ answer was stated at least 5 times, it was included in the list. As a result, these additional 114 answers were added to the list, including: Bhosphorus Bridge (1.3%), Atatürk (1%), Maiden’s Tower (0.9%), Turkish delight (0.9%), prayer beads (0.8%), crests of sports clubs (0.6%) and Galata Tower (0.5%). Symbols mentioned fewer than 5 times were not included in the analysis.It is unlikely that emoji can be created to represent everything in our culture. Global brands have the opportunity to instantly express themselves to other countries using emoji as a global language, and they can connect with the cultural spirits of other countries by taking a particular country’s local values into consideration, and therefore touch the feelings of its people. Because consumers react favorably to symbolic meaning more than functionality, this response meets both cultural and emotional needs.It is impossible to think of a global brand that doesn’t successfully build a cultural interaction with the societies in which it does business. While cultural interchange arises from a number of local values and symbols in global markets, it also leads to a cultural convergence. It is obvious that a platform such as an emoji keyboard that addresses the global market and increases the number of characters available daily due to demand has been able to achieve growth owing to local symbols. Emoji use succeeds at converging cultures entertainingly and deliberately, and this simply reflects an extrapolation of our digital communication culture. “Globalization is a process that incorporates localities into its scope without destroying them” (Taylan &amp; Arklan, 2008, p. 88). Since the emoji keyboard is on the way to transforming into another platform that can globalize local cultural symbols, its use provides an opportunity to create symbols of our own country in order to promote our Turkish values and symbols to other markets.As no previous research on this subject was found in Turkish literature, this study may prove valuable in allowing these symbols to represent national Turkish qualities to the global market and may also be important in the field of national representation and branding.

The Transformation of Unique Turkish Cultural Symbols into Emoji: A Study of Cultural Symbols in Digital Communications

Television in the Global South  Call for Papers: Special Issue of Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences and Online Conference

Special 69th Issue “Health Communication” Call for Papers

Ayşen

About the 66th issue

Badran

Tevhide

Remarks from the guest editors

Adwoa

Lecturer

Role of digital media as political communication tools in elections: A study on political science students at a public university in Ghana

Melis

Cihan

A field research on the effect of consumer sensitivity to equality in gender roles on their involvement in advertisements

Sertaç

Use of free labour in the media within the scope of citizen journalism: A case study of the main news bulletin on Show TV

Salvatore

New media and communication in creative society: A systematic review of articles published between 2012 and 2024, indexed in Web of Science

Çiçek

Meral

Prof. Dr.

The view of political knowledge gap among social media users in Türkiye

Simge

Mert

A bibliometric analysis of extended reality research trends in communication studies written in English: Mapping the increasing adoption of extended reality technologies

Derya

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

Elif

Assist. Prof. Dr.

From pandemic to post-pandemic: Understanding the digital platform usage experiences of older people

Yusuf

Recep

Serdar

A study on Kahramanmaraş Earthquake survivors : “Social media platforms were more effectively used than the traditional media”

Erkan

Abdullah

The optimal time-lag for media’s third-level agenda-setting effect

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Sevda

Mutlu

How past-present-future interconnect in China: CDramas as a tool of cultural governance and the possibility of a ‘Chinese wave’ in the case of GenZ

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Ulaş Başar

Our era of surveillance capitalism is characterized by pervasive rather than targeted surveillance. Currently, the big brother is not watching the dissidents but everybody for a tiny probability of disobedience. In the past there were mainly two kinds of surveillance: Physical chase which means undercover agents following the target anti-government figures in person and technical chase which mostly corresponds to phone taps. However nowadays there is no need for physical chase, as technical chase replaced it and expanded the areas and ‘opportunities’ of surveillance through ubiquitous surveillance devices including CCTVs, mobile tracking, net tracking etc.&nbsp;Citizenship education offered in schools that can form the basis of antisurveillance activism is usually from the governments’ perspective. A critical sense of citizenship is rarely promoted in these official contexts. Thus, acquisition of critical citizenship consciousness is usually through peer learning at informal and nonformal settings. In many countries, adults and especially young adults join protests, and usually they acquire citizenship education skills and knowledge in a blended way whereby offline and online political activisms support each other. Thus ICTs usually utilized for entertainment are educationalized to serve the pedagogical interests of the citizens. They learn more on social media about citizenship education than the formal citizenship education courses.&nbsp;We should reflect on informal and non-formal forms of critical citizenship education via ICTs including but not only limited to social media platforms. We propose that in order not to formalize and institutionalize citizens’ actively acquired critical citizenship skills and knowledge, the disconnect between formal non-critical, official forms of citizenship education and informal, non-formal, blended and citizen-based critical citizenship education should continue. Under the funding of governments or corporations, the criticality of citizenship education will be limited. That is why, citizens should support and develop their own citizenship initiatives and resources in both online and offline settings. The citizen and consumer rights movements are the perfect matches for such an endeavor.&nbsp;In the case of activist uses of social media, a remarkable point is the fact that most of the Internet users voluntarily release personal information on the web. They are&nbsp;fulfilling their needs for recognition, reputation, socialization etc. Thus, activist use of social media should be able to identify the motivations behind voluntary release of personal information and be cautious about what to share and not to share on social media. This brings up the notion of social media literacy. However, since social media literacy is not necessarily critical, as it may develop on the basis of conservative reactions to the corruption of traditional society by the influence of computers and internet, this literacy should be critical. Hence we have the term ‘critical social media literacy’ as a better match.&nbsp;Even under ubiquitous surveillance capitalism, either through literacies or by other means, we should still find the ways to resist. Citizen data activism can be about surveilling the corporate surveillers themselves. Data activist citizens can feed a website with corporate surveillance practices that they find unethical. Unlike the government who justifies surveillance on the basis of security, corporations have no excuse for surveilling other than maximizing profits. Under pre-big-data capitalism, a number of initiatives were successful to protect and promote consumer rights. For citizen data activism, those websites need upgrades to surveil the surveillers.&nbsp;&nbsp;Citizen data activism should be in close collaboration with citizen science movements which capitalize on crowdsourcing for scientific purposes. We need to develop alternatives to surveillers by collecting and interpreting our own data –to break ‘the monopoly of interpretation’ as stated previously.&nbsp;We urge data activists and rights movements to unite their forces for mutual benefit. The search on Google Scholar for ‘data activism’ and ‘consumer rights’ bring out almost no results. Same holds for ‘data activism’ and ‘rights movements’, and for ‘data activism’ and ‘social solidarity’, while a higher number of results are listed for ‘data activism’ and ‘human rights’ although the number is far from satisfactory considering the possible links between the two. This picture clearly shows that the links mentioned here are uncharted and understudied.&nbsp;To conclude, the resistance against big data, the new big brother is not in vain and neither hopeless. Instead, there are potentials not even utilized and links not considered. Through this article on data activism, our hope has been to show a way of resistance to be argued, elaborated on and ultimately evaluated in terms of its merits and demerits by the decision makers of the rights movements.

Data Activism: Reviving, Extending and Upgrading Critical Citizenship Education and Consumer Rights Movements

Ebru

Ezgi

Cammaerts (2007, p. 217) defines activism as the ability to create or change history. Digital technologies help to create a new channel for activism. Internet activism or rather, social media activism, is a sub-type of digital activism. According to the literature there are certain types of digital activism such as slacktivism, clicktivism, and hacktivism. Considine (2003, p. 134) refers to two types of digital activism strategies. The first one supports real life activism via digital content, and the second one is content created by activists just for the digital media and the Internet. Celebrities have been important figures in activism for a long time. Celebrity activism can be seen as the celebrity endorsement strategy of non-governmental organisations. Celebrities can be helpful for different issues such as raising awareness, fundraising, etc. However, if the celebrity activism and the celebrity involved in the cause are not sincere then this strategy does not work well. Celebrity activism is associated with role modeling, and McCracken’s meaning transfer model. According to McCracken’s (1989) meaning transfer model, consumers have certain perceptions of celebrities and those perceptions are transfered to the brand through celebrity endorsement. This also works for non-governmental organisations and social causes. Huddart (2005) developed a model for celebrity and civil society engagement. According to his model there are 4 types of celebrities in activism, namely; Patron, Spokesperson, Ambassador/Author, and Visionary Leader. Digital technologies are now serving as a new tool for activism. They are also serving as a new tool for celebrityactivism. Being a celebrity can only be possible through constant interaction with the public, and social media provides a good channel for interaction. Celebrities can join activist movements via their social media accounts by tweeting, using hashtags, etc. or they can start their own. Moreover, celebrities have a chance to reach a wider audience on their social media accounts.This study aims to examine celebrities’ reflections of their activist efforts and their activist celebrity identities on their social media accounts. In line with this objective, Haluk Levent’s (a Turkish singer) official Twitter account was examined using purposive sampling. There are multiple reasons for this choice of celebrity. First of all, Haluk Levent’s popularity has increased through his celebrity activist image. Secondly, it is seen that his number of Twitter followers is increasing steadily. This can be interpreted as his growing ability to reach more people, and to be reached by more people. The analysis was conducted using the content analysis technique. The analysis was limited to the period between October 15, 2018 and December 15, 2018. In total, 513 posts were examined.As a result of the study, it was determined that the majority of the posts belonged to the official Twitter account and 8.1% of the posts were retweets. The majority of the retweets belonged to the non-governmental organization established by Haluk Levent. This can be interpreted as his efforts to focus attention on his organization and the efforts of volunteers. The majority of the tweets had visual content. Visuals are considered as helpful tools to attract followers’ attention. The majority of the tweets were related to ‘Health’ issues, followed by ‘Donations and Scholarships’. When the text tone was examined it was seen that a warm tone was used in both activist content and non-activist content. This can be interpreted as him attempting to establish intimacy with his followers and to encourage them to work cooperatively. Finally, according to the celebrity activism model and his Twitter usage, he can be categorized as a ‘Spokesperson’.As a result, it can be said that the findings of the content analysis are consistent with the literature. First of all, he is known as a person who supports social aid on social media, and this is supported by his tweets. In the literature it is said that being a celebrity relies on the interaction and intimacy between the celebrity persona and the audience. This also applies to celebrity activism. His Twitter usage shows just such an example of establishing intimacy between the celebrity, audience, and activism.

Celebrities in Digital Activism: An Evaluation of  ‘Ahbap Platformu’

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Övünç Meriç

This article focuses on how the influence of online new media ecology has affected disability activism in Turkey. The framework of this article is ‘network society’ (Van Dijk, 2016) and ‘digital activism (Joyce, 2010). Van Dijk (2016) has observed the rise of the network society and according to that, he defines network society as communication networks that shape the most important forms of an organization in a society.&nbsp;New media technologies bring new ways for citizens and movements to mobilize and to organize. Joyce (2010) stated that citizens around the world have become increasingly aware of and interested in the expanding use of digital technologies - mobile phones and internet-enabled devices for example - in campaigns for social and political change. These practices, which we refer to as ‘digital activism’ have been reported by journalists, dissected by bloggers and eagerly studied by scholars. Students’ activities and enthusiast wish to understand and replicate the most effective tactics (Joyce, 2010).&nbsp;The transformation of traditional media into new media has initiated a new userdominated content publishing/broadcasting era. In the rise of the social media era, activists have made less dependent on traditional media like newspapers or televisions. Some researcher claim that new media offers some opportunities for&nbsp;‘non-elite’ actors and marginalized or disadvantaged groups to acquire visibility in the public sphere (Chadwick, 2013). In the west, some research shows that although the growth in digital activism has initiated new strategies for disability protest, its ability to influence traditional news media debates remains pivotal to its effectiveness and power to represent the voice of disabled people (Pearson &amp; Trevisan, 2015).&nbsp;Within the context of the literature reviewed, this article examines six main research questions:1. What are the socio-demographic characteristics of users who produce the digital content related to disability? 2. What are the occupations and interests of users who produce digital content on disability? 3. What is the geographical distribution of digital content produced on disability in Turkey? In which areas is the right to disability advocacy concentrated? 4. What kind of content has been produced by sharing the disabled hashtag in the digital environment? 5. What types of online media distribution in disability-related content produced in Turkey? Which platforms are used mostly to generate content? 6. How and for which purposes do disabled activists use new media?There are a growing number of options open to researchers seeking to capture and analyze online content. Network analysis tools increasingly used – reflecting a shift in the understanding and practice of the Web as a dynamic social context. In this study, open source new media monitoring tool is used. Monitoring tools allow for collecting and analyzing real-time information. In this article, content analysis technique was used to evaluate the data sets and the findings were evaluated through descriptive method. The notion ‘disabled’ as a term is searched through newspapers and online news, TV / Radio, news agencies, blogs, forums, Twitter, Google+, YouTube, EkşiSözlük. Data for the research is collected between 19-26th of January 2019.&nbsp;According to the results of the web content analysis: young adults between 18 and 34 years of age produced more content for disabled people than older adults aged between 55 and 64+. The gender distribution of the content about disability in the online environment, it was found that male users produced more content (61.5%). The percentage of women in content production is 38.5%. According to the&nbsp;conversation map, most active users in Turkey, live in Ankara, İstanbul, İzmir, and Eskişehir (73.2%). The share of media types analyze has shown that the most popular online environment and digital activist tool is Twitter (84.8%).Disabled people produced the content with the same theme (for example, they want to increase disabled quota from the 3 percent to 5 percent than shared a tweet with #disabledquota5percent) in Twitter to spread this content throughout the country and has contributed to creating well-targeted online networks. This analysis has shown how disabled activists have positioned themselves beyond the traditional activism and mainstream media barriers which have using online environments like Twitter and other social network platforms.

Online Outsiders: A Research on Digital Disabled Activism in Turkey

Akan

Mikail

The most obvious benefit of the new media emerging as a result of convergence is that it begins to easily convey all the information, ideas and facts, without any political, social and geographical boundaries. Although this benefit more often enables the transformation and globalization of communication systems, it has also made possible the rise of global protest networks (Ayers &amp; Maccaughey, 2003). Today, the potentials offered by the new media for social collective movements are more likely seen in practices such as co-ordinating activities, meeting and mobilizing new activists, planning protests and publicizing highly strategic information. However, recent studies emphasize that new media should focus not only on cost-effective solutions created in communication techniques, but also on new motivations, creative and tactical potential, propagation speed, participation frequency and power of legitimacy which are added to the collective actions. However, the detailed literature review in this study shows that although the technical and functional relationship between new media and activism is explicit, its effects on activist participation psychology and the capacity to create sustainable solutions are highly controversial. While the studies focusing on the intensity of online participation and&nbsp;the frequency of messages created by the new media in social movements shows an optimistic table, studies focusing on offline participation forms, sustainability and psychological details emphasize pessimistic results.According to techno-supporters who focus on the process of technologysupported cognitive demonstrations and who are optimistic about the relationship between activism and new media, the new media has created an activist approach that forms creative collective identities with the opportunities it offers, calls for transnational support by transcending borders, and organizes demonstrations against political pressures. Thus, the new media is the new intersection point between the social context, the political objective and the actional stance, which create social movements. At this point of intersection, the new media first settles into daily practices with functional benefit and then transforms the practices of creating needs, ideas, and actions with new usage behaviours and transformed media literacy. In other words, as a result of mobility, advanced interface and multimedia supported infrastructure, firstly the practices and media literacy changes, and subsequently the typographic and phonetic signification practices in communication begin to transform. Techno-supporters argue that this transformation process directly supports the idealistic concepts such as multicenterism, liberty, disconnection, cooperation and accessibility in the ideological infrastructure of social movements (Tarrow, 2011). The techno-supporter front, who views the new media as the most important center of media democracy and symbolizes it as ‘media carta’, supports this argument by the emergence of new types of digital activism and by the fact that the actions it carries out can create sensational effects. The optimistic approaches of the techno-supporters have been tried to be conveyed under the umbrella of cyber activism via new activist methods such as clicktivism, netactivism, smartmob, cyberdisobedience, hacktivism, cybervigilantism, netwarism and cyberterrorism.Techno-critics address the new media with the critical theories put forward by the representatives of Marshall McLuhan and the Frankfurt School, and seeing it as a global ideological device, state that it is an area that needs to be carefully managed. In addition, it is emphasized that the level of autonomy that the new media, which is announced as the new instrument of revolution in the events like Arab Spring and seen as the new fourth force, provides for such powerful promises is highly controversial. That is to say, the liberties and the opportunities offered for the production of content provide an asymmetric autonomy for the access and&nbsp;distribution of the created content. For example, it is completely enigmatic when a content spreading through popular monopolized platforms such as Google, Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter will pass through Sandbox-style filter algorithms placed on search consoles, and on which page or how often it will be accessed after being ranked. According to Horkheimer and Adorno (2002), as the sovereignty of this intelligent digital status quo, developed by algorithms, becomes legitimate, the presentations in the media will be seen as the only reality, and this situation, as predicted by techno-supporters, will result in a homology that imposes uniformity under the name of harmony rather than diversity of ideas. From this point of view, some techno-critics consider the analogous mass, called the new subject, as populist intellectuals with low self-consciousness and interpret cyber activism as ‘slacktivism’, i.e. activism of the lazy (Christensen, 2011). Consequently, two basic facts lie in the essence of the techno-critics’ thoughts. First, focusing on the potential benefits of the new media with complex adaptive and SPIN characteristics but ignoring the tyrannies it might legitimize may cause huge fallacies and consequences. The second point of criticism emphasized by the techno-critics is ignoring the fact that the change that the media will initiate in the reading style would cover a large area such as media literacy and have psychological effects. Techno-critics, pointing out to conformist individualization as those rushing to leave a mark behind by Gramsci (1997) emphasize that an activism that develops based on the belief in feeling good and not the belief in making a difference is a conformist approach and the enthusiasm and motivation directed by the media as the subject cannot make the actions sustainable.In conclusion, this study provides a technical and theoretical explanation that focuses on the effect of new media on the social, communicative, psychological and ideological dynamics underlying the collective social movements. Therefore, the perceptions and motives that enable the individual to participate in collective or individualistic networks in contemporary society, the debates between passive digital participation and active participation suggested as the new model of activism, and the important paradoxes in digital collective social movements will be further clarified.

Rich (New) Media Poor Activism Debates on Activism Movements in New Media

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Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences is an open access, peer-reviewed, scholarly and international journal that has been published biannually in June and December since 1992.  The articles submitted for publication in the journal must be scientific and original works in English or Turkish. 

Connectist publishes articles both from national and international communities, and focuses on systems, theories, methods, and applications in communication. Research articles and reviews covering all aspects of communication are published to provide a platform for scientific knowledge exchange between academic researchers, communication professionals and policymakers. Contributions from anthropology, philosophy, history, political science, psychology, and all other fields are welcome, provided they offer relevant and insightful commentary on communication. 

The target audience of the journal includes academics, researchers, professionals, students, and relevant academic and professional organisations. 

Istanbul University covers all expenses for the journal. No article processing charges or submission fees are required for submitted or accepted articles. A rigorous double-blind peer-review evaluation is implemented in the journal.

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Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences is an open access, peer-reviewed, scholarly and international journal that has been published biannually in June and December since 1992.  The articles submitted for publication in the journal must be scientific and original works in English or Turkish. The aim of the journal is to publish research articles and reviews from both international and national communities, providing an intellectual platform for academic researchers, communication professionals, and policymakers to share scientific knowledge across all fields of communication sciences. To encourage academic dialogue on an international scale, the journal has organised virtual international meetings and conferences in collaboration with esteemed universities and colleagues worldwide since 2022.  As such, the journal aims to expand international contributions, collaborations and authorship opportunities. Additionally, the journal provides its authors with international visibility, as it is indexed in several international research databases: Web of Science Core Collection - Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI), Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Erih Plus, EBSCO Communication Source, ProQuest Central, ProQuest Turkey Database, ProQuest Social Sciences Database, and ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection. The journal is indexed in TUBITAK ULAKBIM TR Index as well. Connectist focuses on systems, theories, methods, and applications in communication and publishes research articles and reviews covering all aspects of communication. Theoretical and/or applied research articles that explore current debates in the social sciences, humanities, and contemporary communication research fields, both disciplinary and interdisciplinary are welcome. A rigorous double-blind peer-review evaluation is implemented in the journal. The target audience of the journal includes academics, researchers, professionals, students, and relevant academic and professional organisations.

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Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences is committed to abide by the highest standards of publication ethics. It adopts the ethical publishing principles of the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a>. For the principles expressed under the heading of “Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing”, please visit the link below: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publishers) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.All submissions must be compatible with the aim and scope of the journal. Only the manuscripts that are original, not published (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under review of any other publication simultaneously are accepted for evaluation. The manuscripts must also be approved by each author in terms of its content and submission.The name of any author cannot be deleted from the manuscript without the permission of all authors. A new author name cannot be included in the manuscript, and author order cannot be changed without the permission of all authors.Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are accepted as unethical behaviors. All manuscripts that do not comply with the accepted ethical standards are removed from the publication. If a manuscript with illegal and/or unethical features is realized after its publication, it is also removed from the publication.Plagiarism Check Pre-controlled manuscripts are scanned for plagiarism via using iThenticate software. If plagiarism/self-plagiarism is detected, the authors are informed. If necessary, editors might check the manuscript for plagiarism at various stages of the evaluation or production process. High similarity percentages might cause a manuscript to be rejected before or even after it is accepted.For a manuscript to be published the similarity percentage must be less than 15% depending on the category of the manuscript.Double-Blind Peer Review Process <div>After the plagiarism check, the appropriate manuscripts are evaluated by the editor-in-chief in terms of originality, method, importance of the subject and the compatibility with the scope of the journal. The editor-in-chief presents the manuscripts complying with the formal principles to the evaluation of at least two referees from Turkey and / or abroad, and ensures that they pass through a fair double-blind refereeing. The editor-in-chief approves the publication of the manuscript after the necessary changes requested by the referees are done by the author(s).</div>

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Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences is an open access journal which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This principle is compatible with BOAI definition of open access. The articles in Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences are open access articles licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en</a>)

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Authors publishing with the journal retain the copyright to their work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC 4.0) (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a>) and grant the Publisher non-exclusive commercial right to publish the work. CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Editor should consider publishing correction if minor errors that do not effect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper are detected. Editor should consider retraction if major errors and/or misconduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected.Editor should consider issuing an expression of concern if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive. The guidelines of <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> and <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.RetractionJournal follows <a href="https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/retraction-guidelines-cope.pdf" target="_blank">COPE’s Retraction Guidelines</a> in case of retraction. The editor has the right to retract an article if: <ul><li>There is clear evidence that the findings are unreliable; either as a result of a major error (e.g. miscalculation or experimental error), or as a result of fabrication (e.g. of data) or falsification (e.g. image manipulation).</li><li>It contains plagiarised content. </li><li>It has been published elsewhere without proper attribution. </li><li>It contains material or data without authorisation for use.</li><li>There is copyright infringement or there is some other serious legal issue.</li><li>It reports unethical research. </li><li>There is evidence that the peer-review process is compromised or manipulated.</li><li>The author(s) failed to disclose a significant competing interest (also known as a conflict of interest) that, in the opinion of the editor, would have unduly influenced the interpretation of the work or the recommendations of the editors and peer reviewers.</li></ul>In case of retraction the following steps are followed:<ul><li>Retraction notice including article title is published in a subsequent issue of the journal. The retraction notice is paginated and listed in the table of contents. </li><li>A link is provided between the retraction notice and the original article in the electronic version. </li><li>The online article is preceded by a page containing the retraction notice; the reader can then proceed to the article itself.</li><li>The original article remains unchanged, except for a watermark on the .pdf on each page stating that it has been &#34;retracted”.</li></ul>Article Removal for Legal ReasonsIn the following circumstances, except the metadata (title and authors), the text of the article is removed and a page informing that the article has been removed for legal reasons replaces the article. <ul><li>The article is found to be defamatory or to infringe the legal rights of others, and retraction is not deemed to be an adequate solution.</li><li>The article has been, or is reasonably likely to be the subject of a court order.</li><li>There is a significant risk to public health. </li></ul>

To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publishers) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

Ethics

The journal adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.-    Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.-    The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.-    The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.-    Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.-    Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.-    The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.-    In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.-    If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.-    In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/57A4F95E9D1C4811BB98807DDDE88FDE" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>. The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two referees from abroad or from Turkey. After accomplishing necessary revisions requested by referees, the authors resubmit the manuscript by highlighting the changes made. Publication decisions are made by Editor-in-Chief after authors make necessary revisions requested by referees and the peer-review process is completed.Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing. Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed. Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal. Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective. Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side. A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process. The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Peer Review

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by Editor-in-Chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two external referees from abroad or from Turkey. After accomplishing necessary revisions requested by referees, the authors resubmit the manuscript by highlighting the changes made. Publication decisions are made by Editor-in-Chief after authors make necessary revisions requested by referees and the peer-review process is completed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.- Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?- Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?- Is the problem significant and concisely stated?- Are the methods described comprehensively?- Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?- Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?- Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

The language of the journal is both Turkish and English. -    All correspondence will be sent to the first-named author unless otherwise specified. Manuscpript is to be submitted online via http://connectist.istanbul.edu.tr and it must be accompanied by a cover letter indicating that the manuscript is intended for publication, specifying the article category (i.e. research article, review etc.) and including information about the manuscript (see the Submission Checklist). In addition, a Copyright Agreement Form that has to be signed by all authors must be submitted. -    Only one manuscript of each author is published in the same year (excluding special issues). -    Papers accepted but not yet included in the issue are published online in the Early View section. -    Authors are responsible for all statements made in their work submitted to the Journal for publication. -    Studies that are not prepared in accordance with the rules of the journal are directly rejected without the need for peer review. -    The manuscripts should be in A4 paper standards: having 2.5 cm margins from right, left, bottom and top, Times New Roman font style in 12 font size and line spacing of 1.5. -    Word count must be 6500 – 8500 words for “research articles”, 6500 – 8500 words for “review articles” and 2000-6400 words for “short notes”. -    Before the introduction part, there should be an abstract between 180 and 200 words in English and an extended abstract only in English between 600-800 words, summarizing the scope, the purpose, the results of the study and the method used. Underneath the abstracts, 5 keywords that inform the reader about the content of the study should be specified in Turkish and in English. Extended abstract in English is mandatory for all manuscripts. -    The manuscripts should contain mainly these components: title, abstract and keywords; extended abstract in English, sections, end notes and references. -    Tables, graphs and figures can be given with a number and a defining title only if it is necessary to follow the idea of the article. Otherwise features like demographic characteristics can be given within the text. Tables and figures in the studies should be placed within the text. -    Emphasis of the author(s) in the studies should be indicated with single quotes; only book, movie, newspaper names should be written in italics. Quotations exceeding 40 words should be given inside, single spaced and without quotation marks. -    In line with the Editorial Board decision and referee reports, the authors may be asked to make some changes in the text. -    The studies that were sent to the journal will not be returned whether they are published or not. -    The studies -according to their categories- should be prepared in line with the following flow:1. RESEARCH ARTICLES INTRODUCTION -The problem of the research should be defined by making references to the relevant literature. In the last paragraph before moving on to the sub-headings, the importance of the study, its difference from other studies, namely its originality, the purpose and method of the study should be specified and its boundaries should be drawn. Subheading(s) related to the topic AIM AND METHODOLOGY Introductory remarks for the aim and methodology Aim After the major aim of the study is indicated, research (sub)questions and/or hypothesis/hypotheses should be formulated. Method The following elements should be given in this section as content, even if they are not given as a title. •    Research Model •    Universe, Sample / Subjects/ Participants •    Data Collection Tool •    Operation The types of scale, questionnaire, interviews etc. should be clarified, and especially the research including statistical analyses should have reliability and viability coefficients. FINDINGS DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION After restating the aim of the study in short, findings should be summed up very briefly and discussed with reference to the relevant literature. Then the original opinions related to the research findings should be stated by the author as concluding remarks. Before finalizing the study some suggestions should be formulated for future research to contribute to the relevant field. ENDNOTES REFERENCES 2. REVIEW ARTICLES​INTRODUCTION​The problem of the research should be defined by making references to the relevant literature. In the last paragraph before moving on to the sub-headings, the importance of the study, its difference from other studies, namely its originality, the purpose and method of the study should be specified and its boundaries should be drawn.​Subheading(s) related to the topic DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION After restating the aim of the study in short, findings should be summed up very briefly and discussed with reference to the relevant literature. Then the original opinions related to the research findings should be stated by the author as concluding remarks. Before finalizing the study some suggestions should be formulated for future research to contribute to the relevant field. ENDOTES REFERENCES3. SHORT NOTES Within the scope of short notes, a critical evaluation of any subject, audio-visual/written text, an event or phenomenon that concerns the field of communication is presented. Unlike original research articles, short notes do not include field research but may include book criticism, film criticism, or evaluation of other audio/visual/written products or critical evaluations of organized events. Originality of the short notes is expected to be created via new and different perspectives of the experts and veteran scholars. There is no title system that authors must comply with for short notes. Authors may adopt a title system appropriate to their subject.

Author Guidelines

Before beginning the online submission process please read the Information for Authors and make sure you have the followings available:Article Submission <div>•    The article must be sent to https://iupress.istanbul.edu.tr/tr/journal/connectist/home •    While uploading Main Document, make sure that the main document has no information that clarify the author’s identity. Due to double blind peer review, Main Document must not include Title Page, the name of author or any other detail that can disclose the author identity (such as acknowledgements or headers including the author(s) name). •    Additionally, Supplemental File for Review must not include any detail that can disclose author identity as well. Files to be uploaded separately •    Copyright Agreement Form •    Permissions obtained for previously published material if used in the present manuscript •    Title page -    Category of the article -    The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English -    Authors' names, surnames, titles and affiliates (after the university and faculty information, the city and country information should also be included) and e-mail addresses. -    Corresponding author's e-mail address, open correspondence address, business phone, GSM, fax number -    ORCID numbers of the authors •    Main Manuscript Document -    The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English -    Abstracts (180-200 words) both in Turkish and in English -    Keywords: 5 words both in Turkish and in English -    Extended abstract (600-800 words) in English (only for Turkish articles) -    Main article sections -    Financial support (if applicable) -    Conflict of interest (if applicable) -    Acknowledgement (if exists) -    References -    All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</div>

References-    Author(s) are expected to cite primary sources in their studies.-    References to articles published as Early View should be given as &#34;publication in preparation&#34;.-    The author(s) are responsible for the accuracy of the references. All sources should be cited in the text and listed alphabetically.Reference Style and Format -    Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, adopts 7th edition of APA (American Psychological Association) style for in-text citation and references. The rules for this style can be found at the link below:-    https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/-    References should be cited as indicated in the examples below.In-Text CitationSources should be indicated in the text by writing the surnames of the authors and the publication date in parentheses. If more than one source is to be shown, a semicolon (;) should be inserted between the sources. References should be listed alphabetically.Citations in the Text <div>Citations must be indicated with the author surname and publication year and page number within the parenthesis. If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;). References should be listed alphabetically </div><div>Samples: Citation with one author; (Carpentier, 2011) Carpentier (2011) </div><div>Citation with two authors; (Deleuze &amp; Guattari, p. 1992) Deleuze and Guattari (1992) aim to explain schizophrenia in a positive manner (p. 45). </div><div>Citation with three or more authors; (Curran et al., 2009) Citation with abbreviation: First Citation: (World Health Organisation [WHO], 2020) Next Citations: (WHO, 2020) First Citation: World Health Organisation (WHO, 2020) Next Citations: WHO (2020) </div><div>To avoid ambiguity in in-text citations If the same author published more than one study in the same year: (Fiske, 2010a) (Fiske, 2010b) &#8288;If the first authors of multiple references share the same surname but have different initials, include the first authors’ initials in all in-text citations, even if the year of publication differs. (A.    A. Berger, 2010; J. Berger, 2010) If the authors of the same publication have the same surname, there is no need to include the first letters of their names. (Chen &amp; Chen, 2019) </div><div>Direct quotations When citing directly, sentence(s) are enclosed in quotation marks and page numbers are also indicated in in-text quotations. According to Luhmann (1982), “Subjectivity is an abstract term invented by philosophers which does not refer to human beings. The real subject of social action is the social system” (p. 324). If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;). References should be listed alphabetically. (Mulvey, 2012; Ryan &amp; Kellner, 2012, p. 152). </div><div>Citations in the Reference All the citations done in the text should be listed in the References section in alphabetical order of author surname without numbering. Below given examples should be considered in citing the references. </div><div>Book a) Citation with one author; Berger, A. A. (2017). Media analysis techniques. Sage Publications. Kamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. McGraw-Hill Education. </div><div>b) Translated book Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punishment: The birth of the prison. (A. Sheridan, Trans.). Vintage Books. </div><div>c) Book with Multiple Authors Bordwell, D. &amp; Thompson, K. (2010). Film Art: An Introduction. McGraw-Hill. </div><div>ç) Edited book Miller, T., &amp; Stam, R. (Eds.). (2004). A companion to film theory (Vol. 18). John Wiley &amp; Sons. </div><div>d) Chapter in an Edited Book Jenkins, H. (2004). The work of theory in the age of digital transformation. T. Miller &amp; R. Stam (Eds.), A Companion to Film Theory (pp. 234-261). Blackwell. </div><div>e) Chapter in the translation book Schmeder, G. (2015). İşbölümü dinamiğinde kopmalar ve kesintiler. C. Vercellone (Ed.) ve D. Kundakçı (Trans.). Bilişsel kapitalizm. (1st ed., 61-75). Otonom Yayıncılık. </div><div>Piaget, J. (1988). Extracts from Piaget’s theory (G. Gellerier &amp; J. Langer, Trans.). In K. Richardson &amp; S. Sheldon (Eds.) Cognitive development to adolescence: A reader (pp. 3-18). Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum. (Reprinted from Manual of child psychology, pp. 703-732, by P.H. Myssen, Ed., 1970. Wiley) </div><div>f) Book Review Gül Ünlü, D. (2018). Kitap incelemesi [Şeffaflık toplumu: Şeffaf toplumun eleştirisi üzerine bir okuma]. Galatasaray Üniversitesi İletişim Dergisi, 28, 279-290. http://iletisimdergisi.gsu.edu.tr/tr/pub/issue/37677/436058 </div><div>Seo, S. (2016). [Review of the book Journalism and Human Rights: How Demographics Drive Media Coverage by John C. Pollock]. Journal of Communication, 66 (6), E-15-E-17. https://academic.oup.com/joc/article-abstract/66/6/E15/4082402?redirectedFrom=fulltext </div><div>g) Book with Organization as Author American Psychological Association. (2009). Crediting sources: Citing references in text. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed., p. 177). </div><div>Article </div><div>a) Article Seyidov, I. (2020). On conceptual and methodological deficiencies of data journalism-related studies in Turkey. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, 58, 273-289. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2020-0070 </div><div>b) Online article without DOI Grist, L. (2007). Masculinity, violence, resistance: A new psychoanalytic reading of Raging Bull. Atlantis, 29(1), 11-27. Retrieved from https://go.gale.com/ </div><div>c) Popular magazine article Salmon, C. (2016, Oct). Ken Loach is right: British film and TV has become too cosy and conservative. Little White Lies. https://lwlies.com/articles/ken-loach-fake-nostalgia-tv-period-dramas/ </div><div>Thesis, Symposium </div><div>a)    Thesis Kendrick, J. (2005). Screen violence and the new Hollywood [Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation]. Indiana University. https://www.proquest.com/openview/433bbaa0b9973dad53d0aa735d1f941a/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;cbl=18750&amp;diss=y </div><div>b) Symposium contribution Gündüz, U. &amp; Pembecioğlu N. (2021, October, 26-27). Covid-19. H. Adıyaman (Chairs), The health agenda of media in the lights of information ethics and the Covid-19 sentiment analysis of garlic news [Symposium]. 18. International Communication in the Millennium Symposium, Erzurum, Turkey. </div><div>Other Sources </div><div>a) Newspaper Article Lee, E. (2019, February 1). Digital Media: What Went Wrong. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/01/business/media/buzzfeed-digital-media-wrong.html </div><div>b) İnternet sayfası kaynakları Bordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized. http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/ adresinden 15 Eylül 2020 tarihinde alınmıştır. </div><div>c) Official publications and press release Turkish Statistical Institute (2022). Foreign Trade Statistics (Publication number: 45536). https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Foreign-Trade-Statistics-January-2022-45536&amp;dil=2 The White House, Office of the Press Secretary. (2010, August 4). Administration officials continue travel across the country holding “Recovery Summer” events [Press release]. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/realitycheck/the-press-office/administration-officials-continue-travel-across-country-holding-recovery-summer-eve </div><div>ç) Dictionary Oxford University Press. (n.d.). Communication. In Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved January 1, 2022, from https://www.lexico.com/definition/communication </div><div>d) Podcast West, S. (2020, December). On Media pt. 1- Manufacturing Consent (Episode 148) [Audio podcast]. In Philosophize this!. https://open.spotify.com/episode/04YIh1REL6KOxlnaJWlvfh?si=86782f420d744114 </div><div>e) Video/Film Zizek, S. (2008). Violence [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_x0eyNkNpL0 Scorsese, M. (Director). (1976). Taxi Driver [Film]. Columbia Pictures.</div><div> </div><div>f) TV series Chase, D. (Producer). (1999-2007). The Sopranos [TV Series]. HBO. </div><div>g) Social Media Manovich, L. [@manovich]. In the late 1990s South Korea became the leader in Internet connections, and they launched one of the first social networks Cyworld. Next, they used YouTube to create k-pop global popularity. Can they repeat their success in metaverse? [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/manovich/status/1462405978356207626  [Tweet] for Twitter, [Twitter profile] etc., [Facebook status] for Facebook, [Timeline] etc., [Picture] for Instagram, [Highlight] can be used.</div>

Make sure that the information in the list below is complete: * Cover letter to the editor * The category of the manuscript * Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”. * Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement. * Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed. * Confirming that last control for fluent English was done. * Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed. * Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA 7. * Copyright Agreement Form * Permission of previously published copyrighted material if used in the present manuscript * Title page * The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English * All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses * Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax number * ORCIDs of all authors. * Main Manuscript Document * Abstracts (180-200 words) both in Turkish and in English * Extended Abstract (600-800 words) in English * Keywords: 5 words both in Turkish and in English * Financial support (if applicable) * Conflict of interest (if applicable) * Acknowledgement (if applicable) * References * All tables, illustrations (figures) should be placed within the text including their title, description, footnotes.

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